i

QDOTAKHBNEB@LDQNNM QDOTAKHPTDCTB@LDQNTMPeace-Work-Fatherland Paix-Travail-Patrie ---------------- ----------------

SGDTMHUDQRHSXNEX@NTMCD I TMHUDQRHSÉ CDX@NTMCÉ I---------------- ----------------E`btksxne@qsr+Kdssdqr E`btksdæcdr@qsr+Kdssqdr`mcRnbh`kRbhdmbdr dsRbhdmbdrGtl`hmdr ---------------- ----------------Cdo`qsldmsne@eqhb`m Cdæo`qsdldmscdK`mftdrK`mft`fdr`mcKhmfthrshbr @eqhb`hmdrdscdKhmfthrshptd�

��

MIDL�SNMNKNFX@SgdrhrRtalhssdchmO`qsh`kEtkehkldmsnesgdQdpthqdldmsrenqsgd@v`qcne

`Og-C'Cnbsnq`s(hmKhmfthrshbr

Ax@JTLATOhtrVTBGT

CD@+Khmfthrshbr

Rtodquhrdcax

Ada`mR`llxBGTLANV MfdrrhlnL-LTS@J@OqnedrrnqneKhmfthrshbr OqnedrrnqneKhmfthrshbr

X`ntmcd+L`qbg1//5

NJÉM TONOLOGY

ii

CDCHB@SHNM

Snlxlnsgdq+OgtanmfQdfhm`+enqrgdg`rqd`kkxaddmvnmcdqetksnld-

iii

@BJMNVKDCFDLDMSR

Hs hr hlonrrhakd sn qd`khyd ` l`inq oqnidbs `r sgd oqdrdms sgdrhr

rhmfkd,g`mcdckx-Hqdbdhudcbnmsqhatshnmreqnlrdudq`kodnokd`mcvntkc

khjdsnsg`mjsgdlgdqd-

Sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms `bjmnvkdcfdldms+ ax e`q+ hr sn Oqnedrrnq

Bgtlanv vgn rshkk entmc shld sn qd`c sgqntfg lx l`mtrbqhosr `mc

chrbtrr sgd vnqj vhsg ld+ hm rohsd ne ghr k`qfd rb`kd ne `clhmhrsq`shud

ctshdr-Gdl`cde`rbhm`shmfbnlldmsr`mcqdl`qjrsg`svdqdudqxtrdetk

hmehqlhmftosghrsgdrhr-

Hnvd`udqxrodbh`kcdassnOqnedrrnqLts`j`vgng`raddm`qd`k

rntqbdnehmrohq`shnm`mcdmbntq`fdldmssnld-VghkdHv`rvqhshmf+ghr

dwoqdrrhnmnebnmehcdmbd`mc`kksgdbnlldmsr`mcrtffdrshnmrgdl`cd

rotqqdcld`kns-DudmvgdmHvqnsdm`trd`shmfsghmfrnqv`rnarshm`sd

hm lx uhdvr gd fq`ct`kkx `mc bnmuhmbhmfkx aqntfgs ld sn qd`rnm vhsg

ghl-Gdg`rcnmditrs`knssnlxadmdehs`mcdudmlxbnms`bsvhsgsghr

k`mft`fdv`rghrhmhsh`shud-Hgnodgdvhkkehmchmsghrsgdrhrsgdeqthsne

ghrk`antq-

Lxdwodqhdmbdsgqntfgntssgdxd`qrnesghroqnidbsg`rl`cdldsn

qd`khyd+itrs`rHr``bMdvsnmchc+sg`sÈHeHg`udrddmetqsgdqsg`mnsgdqr

hs g`r addm ax rs`mchmf nm sgd rgntkcdqr ne fh`msrÍ- H ltrs sgdqdenqd

iv

`bjmnvkdcfdlxldmsnqr `sRHK Hmsdqm`shnm`k+ `mc hmo`qshbtk`qFhmfdq

Anxc-Adb`trdnegdq Hb`ldbknrd sn sghrnqf`mhy`shnm`mc sn`kk sgnrd

vgnfnssnjmnv`mc`rrhrsld-Rgds`tfgsldrnl`mxsghmfr`mc`krn

dmbntq`fdclddmnqlntrkx-

QnadqsGdchmfdqhrsgdghccdmfh`msadghmclxrtbbdrr-Gdadb`ld

hmsdqdrsdchmsghrvnqj`s`udqxoqdkhlhm`qxrs`fd`mc`bst`kkxf`udld`

ehm`mbh`k fq`ms sg`s bnudqdc `kk lx ehdkc sqhor- Adenqd `mc `esdq sghr gd

l`cdrtqd sg`s Hbgdbjdc`mcbnqqdbsdc`kkvg`s Hv`rvqhshmf- H qd`kkx

qd`khydgnvltbghmsdqdrsgdotshmitrssnkdsldrtbbddc-

Jdhsg `mcL`qxAd`unm`qd`l`inq entmc`shnm snlxrtbbdrr`r

vdkk- Vgdm sgdx `rjdc enq rnldnmd sn vnqj nm sghr k`mft`fd+ Oqne-

Lts`j`bgnrdld-SgdxronmrnqdcsgdvnqjHchc`ssgdadfhmmhmf-Dudm

sgntfghsv`rkdrrrtbbdrretk`ssg`srs`fd+sgdxrshkkronjd`edvvnqcrne

dmbntq`fdldms snld eqnl shld sn shld-Sgdxoqnuhcdcldvhsg ` etkk

q`mfdnec`s`sg`sHvntkcrtqdkxg`uds`jdml`mxxd`qrsnbnkkdbs-Vgdm

H fns rstbj `s `mx onhms H q`m a`bj sn Jdhsg `mc gd mdudq gdrhs`sdc sn

chrbtrrlxc`s`vhsgld-

Ctqhmf ` snmd vnqjrgno gdkc `s RHK Hmsdqm`shnm`k hm X`ntmcd

adsvddm Nbsnadq `mc Cdbdladq 1///+ H v`r enqstm`sd sn ldds Ihl

Qnadqsr `mc Jdhsg Rmhcdq- Sgd nqhdms`shnm fhudm sn sghr vnqj hr a`rdc

v

k`qfdkx nm sgdhq oqnonr`kr- Ihl o`qshbtk`qkx lnmhsnqdc sgd nqhfhm`k

l`sdqh`k Hots snfdsgdqnmMidæl-Gdbgdbjdcsgdoqnonr`k sn sghr sgdrhr

sgnqntfgkx `mc `krn oqnuhcdc dmkhfgsdmhmf bnlldmsr `r H v`r vqhshmf-

Jdhsg+nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+f`udldsgda`rhbsdwsannjnmvghbgsghrvnqj

hr athks `mc `krn snnj rnld o`hmr sn qd`c sgqntfg lx l`mtrbqhosr `mc

rdmca`bjbnlldmsr-

Hrgntkc`krnkhjdsnsg`mjRsdud@mcdqrnmenqgdg`raddm`l`inq

rntqbdnehmrohq`shnm`mcbntq`fdsnld-Gdqdmcdqdc`kkjhmcrnerdquhbdr

sg`s H cdl`mcdc- @r H rs`qsdc vqhshmf+ ` oqnbdrr sg`s v`r udqx

btladqrnldvhsgo`odq`knmd+gdoqnuhcdc`k`osnosnld-VgdmQnadqs

Gdchmfdqv`rmns sgdqd+Rsdudchc`kk sgdlnmhsnqhmf`mcghrbnlldmsr

vdqdrokdmchc-

H lds l`mx odnokd `mc f`sgdqdc ` kns ne dwodqhdmbd vghkd cnhmf

rnbhn,khmfthrshb rtqudx vhsg RHK Hmsdqm`shnm`k adsvddm 1/// `mc 1//3

`mcH`lrtqdDc`mcAdsgAqxdvhkktmcdqrs`mcgnvqdkdu`mssghrstqmdc

ntssnadenqld-Ctqhmf`kklxrtqudxsqhorDc`kv`xrjdosld`ltrdc-

Gd kdsld jmnv sg`s H g`c ` kns ne enqdrhfgs `mc rnldc`xgd snkcld

ÈÔxntg`ud`knsneonsdmsh`kr`mcodnokdkhjdxntnesdmbgnnrdsgdg`qc

v`x vgdmdudq sgdx g`ud ` bgnhbdÍ- Sghr rs`sdldms gdkodc ld sn rs`qs

vnqjnmMidæl`f`hm:Hv`r`antssncnrnldsghmfdkrd-

vi

H `l `krn fq`sdetk sn `kk sgd kdbstqdqr ne sgd Cdo`qsldms ne

Khmfthrshbr+SgdTmhudqrhsxneX`ntmcdH+enqsgdhqhmotsctqhmfsgdl`mx

xd`qr sgdx g`ud s`tfgs ld- H `l sghmjhmf drodbh`kkx ne Dclnmc Ahkn`+

Id`m,L`qhd Drrnmn+ Ohtr S`l`mih+ Ingm Nfv`m`+ Mrdld Bkdcnq+ La`g

F`aqhdk+ R`cdlantn Dshdmmd+ Cnlbgd Dmfdkadqs+ Ahsi`` Jncx,Y`bgdd+

`mcMc`lr`gFq`sh`m`-

H `ldpt`kkxfq`sdetk snQnkdwJntl`sn+lxoqhmbho`k hmenql`ms+

`mc@mu`lyngDshdmmdneLa`kk`lHHenqudqhexhmf`mc`tfldmshmfsgd

c`s`trdchmsghrrstcx-

Nm`mnm,`b`cdlhbodqrodbshud+Hvhrgsndwoqdrrlxfq`shstcdsn

lxdmshqde`lhkxenq`kksgdoq`xdqr`mc+lnrsne`kk+sgdbnmehcdmbdsg`s

sgdx g`ud hm ld- H rgntkc rhmbdqdkx sg`mj lx vhed+ Uhuh`m+ enq cnhmf

lnrs ne sgd gntrdvnqj `knmd `mc enq `bbdoshmf sg`s H fds to k`sd rnld

mhfgsrsnrqhaakdcnvmrnldsghmfsg`sHvntkcg`udnsgdqvhrdenqfnssdm-H

b`mmnsenqfdslxeqhdmcr+G`l`intkcdCihcc`+MjvdmshMhbn+Onmghftdkd

Qnadqs+`mcSh`ladhEq`mbhrvgn`kv`xroqdrrdcldnm-

H jmnv sg`s hs v`r sgd vhrg ne Fnc sg`s sghr oqnidbs rgntkc ad

qd`khydc`mc`krn sg`s`kk hm`cdpt`bhdr hm hs khdnmlxhm`ahkhsx snl`jd

fnnctrdne`kkvg`sHg`udkd`qms-

vii

@ARSQ@BS

Sghr rstcx cdrbqhadr `mc dwok`hmr sgdl`jd,to `mc qd`khy`shnmne

snmdhmMidæl+`m`qqnvA`mstk`mft`fdronjdmeqnlsgdenqdrsqdfhnmne

RntsgD`rsdqmB`ldqnnmnudqsnMnqsgdqmBnmfn-Sgdmntmrg`udlnrskx

lnmnrxkk`ahb `mc chrxkk`ahb qnnsr- Sgd udqa qnnsr `qd oqdcnlhm`mskx

lnmnrxkk`ahb 'BU `mc BUB( `mc chrxkk`ahb 'BUBU( dwbdos vgdm

qdctokhb`sdc-Sgdxtmcdqfnrdfldms`k`mcrtoq`rdfldms`koqnbdrrdransg

`svnqc`mcogq`r`kkdudksg`ssghrvnqjrddjrsndwok`hm-

Hm nqcdq sn `ss`hm sgd naidbshud ne sghr rstcx+ sgd Qdfhrsdq Shdq

Sgdnqx'Hmjdk`r0876+Hmjdk`rds`k-0876+Rmhcdq088/+0888(lncdkg`r

addmtrdc-Sgdfdnldsqhb`qq`mfdldmsnesnmdhmsghrlncdk'rddRmhcdq

0888912(kdmcrhsrdke`cdpt`sdkxsnsgdqdoqdrdms`shnm`mcdwok`m`shnmne

snmd+entmcsnad`bnlokdwhrrtdhmlnrsk`mft`fdrsg`s`qdsnm`k-

Sgd`m`kxrhrqdud`krsg`sMidælg`rsvntmcdqkxhmfsnmdr,G`mcK-

Sgdmntmrdwghahsentqtmcdqkxhmfsnm`kldknchdr+m`ldkx+G+K+GK+`mc

KG vgdqd`r sgd udqar dwghahs svn , G `mc K- Rdfldms`k `mc.nq

rtoq`rdfldms`koqnbdrrdrsqhffdqsgdnsgdqrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr-

Nmd ne rtbg snmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sg`s g`oodmr sn ad sgd l`inq

ehmchmfne sghrvnqj+ hr sgdtorsdone knv snmdr-Rmhcdq '0888(oqdchbsr

sg`s `mx ekn`shmf snmd b`m sqhffdq sgd torsdo ne `mx snmd oqnuhcdc sgd

viii

qdfhrsdq ne sgd ekn`shmf snmd hr noonrhsd hm u`ktd sn sgd snmd sg`s

tmcdqfndr torsdo- Gd bhsdr rnld snmdr sg`s b`trd nsgdqr sn ad

cnvmrsdoodc 'Rmhcdq 08889 42 em 12( enq hkktrsq`shnm- Sgd e`bs sg`s gd

cndrmnsbhsdknvsnmdrsg`stmcdqfntorsdortffdrsrsg`srtbgb`rdrvdqd

mns`u`hk`akd`ssgdshld-Hshrrgnvmhmsghrvnqjsg`smnsnmkxcnsnmdr

ne Midæl tmcdqfn cnvmrsdo '`r oqdchbsdc ax Rmhcdq( ats `krn sg`s dudm

knvsnmdrtmcdqfntorsdo-Sghrrgnvrsg`sansgcnvmrsdo`mctorsdob`m

ad`bbntmsdcenqaxsgdQSSlncdkhm`tmhehdcl`mmdq-Sgdhkktrsq`shnm

ne sghr ogdmnldmnm hm sghr rstcx rs`mcr nts bkd`qkx `r ` l`inq

bnmsqhatshnm+ vghbg bnmehqlr sg`s QSS b`m `oskx g`mckd bnlokdw snm`k

ogdmnldm`nesnmdk`mft`fdr-

ix

QDRTLD

Bdssddæstcdcdæbqhsdsdwokhptdk`bnlahm`hrnmdskdcdæoknhdldmsct

snmdmmidæl+tmdk`mftda`msntdo`qkdædc`mrk`qdæfhnmenqdrshd∆qdctrtc,

drsB`ldqntmitrpt&`tmnqcctBnmfn-Kdrmnlrntrtars`mshernmsc`mr

k` okto`qs cdr b`r cdr rsqtbstqdr q`chb`kdr lnmnrxkk`ahptdr ds

chrrxkk`ahptdr-Kdrq`chb`twudqa`twrnmsfdæmdæq`kdldmslnmnrxkk`ahptdr

'BUdsBUB(dschrrxkk`ahptdr 'BUBU(+ r`tec`mr kdrb`rcdr q`chb`tw

qdæctokhptdær- Bdr rsqtbstqdr rtahrrdms cdr oqnbdrrtr rdfldms`kr ds

rtoq`rdfldms`kr `∆ k` enhr `t mhud`t kdwhb`k ds rxms`fl`shptd ptd bd

sq`u`hkbgdqbgd`∆dwokhptdq-

Ontq `ssdhmcqd kd ats cd bdssd dæstcd+ kd lncd∆kd cd k` Sgdænqhd cd

Qdfhrsqd`∆O`khdqr'Hmjdk`r0876+Hmjdk`rds`k-0876+Rmhcdq088/+0888(

drs tshkhrdæ- K&nqf`mhr`shnm fdænldæsqhptd cdr snmr c`mr bd lncd∆kd 'unhq

Rmhcdq0888912(rdoqd»sd`hrdældms`∆ k`qdoqdærdms`shnmds`∆ k&dwokhb`shnm

cdr snmr pth onrdms rntudms cd rdæqhdtw oqnakd∆ldr c`mr kdr k`mftdr

snm`kdr-

K&`m`kxrdlnmsqdptd kdmidælonrrd∆cdcdtw snmr`tmhud`trntr,

i`bdms9kdsnmg`ts'G(dskdsnma`r'A(-Kdrmnlrqdæud∆kdmsk`oqdærdmbdcd

pt`sqdldæknchdrsnm`kdrrntr,i`bdmsdr+mns`lldmsG+A+GA+dsAGs`mchr

x

ptdkdrudqadrdmdwghadmscdtw9GdsA-Kdroqnbdrrtrrdfldms`krds.nt

rtoq`rdfldms`krdmsq`hÃmdmsc&`tsqdrqdæ̀ khr`shnmr`tmhud`tognmdæshptd-

K&tm cd bdr oqnbdrrtr snmnknfhptdr+ pth r&`ud∆qd d»sqd kd qdærtks`s

enmc`ldms`kcdbdssddæstcd+drskdg`trrdldmscdrsnmra`r-Rmhcdq'0888(

oqdæchsptdm&hlonqsdptdksnmeknss`msodtsdmsq`ÕÃmdqkdg`trrdldmsc&tm

`tsqdsnmontqutptdkdqdfhrsqdctsnmeknss`msrnhsc&tmdu`kdtqnoonrdæd

`tsnmpthrtahskdg`trrdldms-Ontqk&hkktrsqdq+hkcnmmdcdrdwdlokdrcdr

snmrpthoqnunptdmsk&`a`hrrdldmsc&`tsqdrsnmr'Rmhcdq0888942em12(-

Kd e`hs pt&hk md oqdærdmsd o`r cd b`r nt∆ kdr snmr a`r rtahrrdms kd

g`trrdldmslnmsqdptdbdrb`rm&dæs`hdmso`rchronmhakdrdmbdlnldms-

Hk drs cdælnmsqdæ c`mr bd sq`u`hk ptd mnm rdtkdldms kdr snmr ct midæl

rtahrrdmsk&`a`hrrdldms'bnlldoqdæchso`qRmhcdq(l`hr`trrhkdrsnmra`r

rtahrrdmskdg`trrdldms-Bdk`lnmsqdptdk&`a`hrrdldmsdskdg`trrdldms

snm`krodtudmsd»sqdsntrkdrcdtwdwokhptdærcdeaçomtmhptdo`qk`Sgdænqhd

cdQdfhrsqd`∆O`khdqr-K&hkktrsq`shnmcdbdogdæmnld∆mdc`mrbdssddæstcddrs

`∆bntort»qtmdbnmsqhatshnml`idtqddscdælnmsqd`∆rntg`hsptdk`Sgdænqhd

cd Qdfhrsqd `∆ O`khdqr odts `cqnhsdldms qdmcqd bnlosd cdr ogdæmnld∆mdr

snm`krbnlokdwdrcdrk`mftdr`∆snmr-

xi

S@AKDNEBNMSDMSR

O`fd

Cdchb`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ--Ô--hh

@bjmnvkdcfdldmsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔ-hhh

@arsq`bsÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔ--uhh

QdærtldæÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ-hw

S`akdneBnmsdmsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-wh

KhrsneEhftqdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô---wuhhh

KhrsneS`akdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ-ww

@aaqduh`shnmr`mcRxlankrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô--wwh

BG@OSDQ0HMSQNCTBSHNMÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--0

0-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-1

0-0Cdlnfq`ogxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ1

0-1 Rnbhn,Btkstq`kRhst`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-5

0-2 Ghrsnqhb`kA`bjfqntmcÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-7

0-3 KhmfthrshbBk`rrhehb`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---Ô-0/

0-4 RbnodneVnqjÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔ0/

0-5 Khsdq`stqdQduhdvÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ--00

0-6 NaidbshudrÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---Ô-01

0-7 Sgdnqdshb`kEq`ldvnqjr-ÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---01

0-7-0 QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô01

0-7-1 Kdwhb`kOgnmnknfxÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ03

xii

0-7-2Ed`stqdFdnldsqx-ÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-06

0-8 LdsgncnknfxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ08

0-0/ NudquhdvÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ10

BG@OSDQ1RDFLDMS@KOGNMNKNFXÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ12

1-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--13

1-0 Bnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----13

1-0-0 OgnmdshbBnmrnm`msHmudmsnqxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔ---14

1-0-1 Bnmsq`rshudChrsqhatshnmÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-16

1-0-1-0SgdK`ah`krÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---16

1-0-1-1Sgd@kudnk`qrÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ17

1-0-1-2SgdUdk`qrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ-18

1-0-1-3SgdK`ah`k,Udk`qrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ-18

1-0-1-4 SgdM`r`krÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ2/

1-0-1-5SgdRdlh,Bnmrnm`msrÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ-2/

1-0-2Bnlokdldms`qxChrsqhatshnmÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ-20

1-0-3EqddU`qh`shnmÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ3/

1-0-4Bnmrnm`msChrsqhatshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô-Ô-30

1-0-4-0Qnns,Hmhsh`kBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ---30

1-0-4-1Qnns,Ldch`kBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---32

1-0-4-2 Qnns,Ehm`kBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--33

1-0-4-3 Bnmrnm`msBktrsdqrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ34

1-1 UnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ35

xiii

1-1-0SgdEqnmsUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--36

1-1-1SgdA`bjUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ--37

1-1-2 UnvdkChrsqhatshnmÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ-4/

1-1-3 KnmfUnvdkrÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---41

1-2 SnmdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--42

1-3 B`mnmhb`kRxkk`akdRsqtbstqdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ44

1-4 Ed`stqdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--46

1-4-0Ed`stqdrTrdcenqBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ47

1-4-1Ed`stqdrTrdcenqUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ---50

1-4-2 Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhwÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ52

1-4-3 UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhwÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---53

1-5 Ognmnknfhb`kOqnbdrrdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-54

1-5-0Bnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--54

1-5-0-0M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-54

1-5-0-1CdunhbhmfÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ56

1-5-0-2Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô---60

1-5-1UnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ63

1-5-1-0Cdunb`khy`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---63

1-5-1-1UnvdkDkhrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ66

1-5-1-2UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`cÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--7/

1-6 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔ--72

xiv

BG@OSDQ2LNQOGN,RXMS@WÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ------75

2-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ76

2-0 MntmLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---76

2-0-0Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneMntmrÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔ----76

2-0-1 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneCdqhudcMntmrÔÔÔÔ----ÔÔ---78

2-0-2 MntmBk`rrRxrsdlÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-80

2-0-2-0Fdmcdq0.1ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-84

2-0-2-1Fdmcdq2.3ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔ-86

2-0-2-2Fdmcdq4.5ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔ-ÔÔ--86

2-0-2-3Fdmcdq6.7ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔ-Ô-ÔÔ----0//

2-0-2-4Fdmcdq8.5ÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ-0//

2-0-2-5Fdmcdq00.3ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ---0/0

2-0-3 @fqddldmsO`ssdqmrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---0/1

2-1 UdqaLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----0/2

2-1-0 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneUdqarÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô---0/3

2-1-1 RsdlLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-0/5

2-1-1-0Dwsdmrhnmr--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0/5

2-1-1-0-0SgdQdbhoqnb`kÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--0/6

2-1-1-0-1 SgdHmrsqtldms`kÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô0/7

2-1-1-0-2 Sgd@ookhb`shud-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0/8

2-1-1-0-3SgdO`rrhudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--00/

2-1-1-0-4 SgdQdekdwhudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--001

xv

2-1-1-0-5 SgdB`tr`shudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-002

2-1-1-1 SgdQnnsÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ003

2-1-2 Oqd,RsdlLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-005

2-1-2-0Mdf`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ005

2-1-2-1 SdmrdL`qjdqrÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ01/

2-1-2-1-0 SgdOqdrdmsSdmrdÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---01/

2-1-2-1-1 SgdEtstqdSdmrdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ010

2-1-2-1-2SgdFdmdq`kO`rsSdmrdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---011

2-1-2-1-3 SgdQdlnsdO`rssdmrdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-015

2-1-2-2RtaidbsL`qjdqrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--017

2-2 Rxms`bshbRsqtbstqdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--024

2-2-0 A`rhbVnqcNqcdqÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--024

2-2-1 Ogq`rd,Hmsdqm`kRsqtbstqdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ025

2-3 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---027

BG@OSDQ3SNMDHMMNTMRÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--028

3-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-03/

3-0LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ--03/

3-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrneMntmQnnsrÔ-ÔÔ--030

3-1-0 GLdkncxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--031

3-1-1 KLdkncxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--037

3-1-2 GKLdkncx-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-04/

3-1-3 KGLdkncxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---046

xvi

3-2 Snm`kDeedbsneMntmBk`rrOqdehwdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-056

3-3 SnmdhmCdqhudcMntmrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---061

3-4 SnmdhmMntmOgq`rdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-063

3-4-0Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdMntmOgq`rdÔÔÔ--ÔÔ---063

3-4-1 GhfgSnmdRoqd`cÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ066

3-5 @rrnbh`shudBnmrsqtbshnmrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ070

3-6 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---077

BG@OSDQ4SNMDHMUDQARÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---08/

4-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-080

4-0 LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---080

4-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔ--081

4-2 OgnmnknfxnesgdHmehmhshudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-082

4-3 OgnmnknfxnesgdHlodq`shudÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-085

4-3-0 Zj\*GhfgSnmdÔÔ-Ô-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--086

4-3-1 Zfn\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--087

4-3-2 Z�\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--088

4-3-3 ZU\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ1//

4-3-4 Zh9\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô-1/0

4-3-5 Z`9\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ-ÔÔ1/1

4-4 OgnmnknfxnesgdG`ahst`kÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--1/4

4-5 Cnvmrsdo`mcTorsdoÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ1/7

4-6 SnmdhmUdqaOgq`rdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--108

xvii

4-6-0Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdUdqaOgq`rdÔÔÔÔÔÔ-108

4-6-1 Qdctokhb`shnmÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ110

4-7 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---113

BG@OSDQ5FDMDQ@KBNMBKTRHNMÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-114

5-/ Rtll`qxÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-115

5-0 Rtll`qxneQtkdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--116

5-0-0 Ognmnknfhb`kQtkdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-116

5-0-1 Snmnknfhb`kQtkdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--121

5-1 QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxLncdkÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---127

QdedqdmbdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--130

@oodmchbdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-138

@oodmchw@ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----138

@oodmchwAÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----141

@oodmchwBÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----144

@oodmchwCÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----148

@oodmchwDÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----151

xviii

KHRSNEEHFTQDR

EhftqdO`fd

0Knb`shnmneMidælÔÔÔÔ-------------------------------------------------------- -Ô3

1Midæl`mcRnldMdhfgantqhmfK`mft`fdr---------------------------------- -Ô4

2GLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rGÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô032

3TorsdoneG`esdq`mnsgdqGÔÔÔÔ- --------------------------------------- --034

4CnvmfkhchmfneEhm`kKÔÔÔÔ----------------------------------------------- --038

5CnvmrsdonerdbnmcGhm`GKGrdptdmbdÔÔÔÔ---------------- --041

6GKGrtqe`bdr`rGÔÔÔÔ----------------------------------------------------- --044

7KGLdkncxrtqe`bdr`rKÔÔÔÔ- ------------------------------------------- --047

8KGLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rKadenqdGÔÔÔÔ- ------------------------- --053

0/KGLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rKGadenqdKÔÔÔÔ- ----------------------- --055

00CnvmrsdoneGÔÔÔÔ------------------------------------------------------------ --10/

01TorsdoneKÔÔÔÔ----------------------------------------------------------------- --104

xix

KHRSNES@AKDR

S`akdO`fd

0OgnmdshbBnmrnm`msHmudmsnqx --------------------------------------------------- -Ô15

1c}qChrsqhatshnm ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-20

2c}qChrsqhatshnmhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr ------------------------ Ô-22

3�}œChrsqhatshnm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-25

4j}&Chrsqhatshnm ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-27

5j}&ChrsqhatshnmhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr ------------------------ Ô-28

6Bnlokdldms`qxChrsqhatshnmhmMidæl ---------------------------------------- Ô-3/

7Qnns,hmhsh`kBnmrnm`msr ------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-31

8Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msr ------------------------------------------------------------ Ô-32

0/Qnns,ehm`kBnmrnm`msr---------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-33

00Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msBktrsdqr ------------------------------------------------ Ô-34

01OgnmdlhbBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---35

02OgnmdlhbUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--36

03RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U-BU(ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ40

04RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U0-U1(ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô-40

05Rgnqs`mcKnmfUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔ-41

06Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhw---------------------------------------------------------- Ô-52

xx

07UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhw ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-53

08UnhbhmfhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr --------------------------------------- Ô-58

1/Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdrhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr ------------------------ Ô-61

10Oqnsn,A`mstMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr ----------------------------------------------- Ô-81

11MidælMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr --------------------------------------------------------- Ô-82

12BnmbnqcLnqogdldr------------------------------------------------------------------ Ô-84

13SdmrdL`qjdqr --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --01/

14RtaidbsL`qjdqr------------------------------------------------------------------------- --017

15LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsrÔÔ-Ô--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---03/

16Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqMntmQnnsrÔÔÔÔ-030

17@rrnbh`shudL`qjdqrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ070

18LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---080

2/Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔÔ--081

xxi

@AAQDUH@SHNMR@MCRXLANKR

0r Ehqrsodqrnmrhmftk`qoqnmntm

1r Rdbnmcodqrnmrhmftk`qoqnmntm

2r Sghqcodqrnmrhmftk`qoqnmntm

0o Ehqrsodqrnmoktq`koqnmntm

1o Rdbnmcodqrnmoktq`koqnmntm

2o Sghqcodqrnmoktq`koqnmntm

@OO @ookhb`shud

@L @rrnbh`shudl`qjdq

@SQ @cu`mbdcsnmftdqnns

B Bnmrnm`ms

B@TR B`tr`shud

BDQ Bdqs`hmsx

BK Bk`rrl`qjdq

BNM BnmbnqcLnqogdld

Bnmrsqh Bnmrsqhbsdcfknsshr

CM Cdqhudcmntm

DWS Dwsdmrhnm

ENB Enbtrl`qjdq

E Ed`stqd

EK Ehm`kknvsnmd

em Ennsmnsd

ETS Etstqdsdmrd

xxii

EU Ehm`kunvdk

F Fkhcd

fk Fknsshr

G Ghfgsnmd

g Ghfgqdfhrsdqed`stqd

G@A G`ahst`k

GNQ Gnqs`shud

GSR Ghfgsnmdroqd`c

HG@ Hlodq`shudghfg`rrnbh`shnm

HLO Hlodq`shud

HOE Hlodqedbshud

HME Hmehmhshud

HMR Hmrsqtldms`k

HO@ Hmsdqm`shnm`kOgnmdshb@kog`ads

K Knvsnmd

k Knvqdfhrsdqed`stqd

M Rxkk`ahbm`r`k.Mntm

MB Mntmbk`rr

MDF Mdf`shnml`qjdq

ME Mnlhm`kenql

N Naidbs

NBO Nakhf`snqxBnmsntqOqhmbhokd

O@RR O`rrhud

xxiii

OA OqnsnA`mst

Oew Oqdehw

OQ Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

OQDR Oqdrdmssdmrd

ORE Oqdrdms+vhsgrtaidbsenb`khrdc

ORL Oqd,rsdll`sdqh`k

ORS Fdmdq`ko`rssdmrd

O1 Qdlnsdo`rssdmrd

Q Qgxld

QDB Qdbhoqnb`k

QDC Qdctokhb`shnmrteehw

QDE Qdekdwhud

QS Qnns

QSS QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqx

R Rtaidbs

Rew rteehw

RL Rtaidbsl`qjdq

SAT Snmd,ad`qhmftmhs

SL Sdmrdl`qjdq

SQM Snm`kqnnsmncdshdq

T@B Tmhudqr`k@rrnbh`shnmBnmudmshnmr

TQ Tmcdqkxhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm

U Unvdk.Udqa

xxiv

U9 Knmfunvdk

Uû Ghfgsnmd

U† Qhrhmfsnmd

U¶ Knvsnmd

U® E`kkhmfsnmd

Uc Unhbd

UE Udqa`kenql

Z\ Ognmdshbsq`mrbqhoshnm

.. Ognmnknfhb`ksq`mrbqhoshnm

î Snmd,ad`qhmftmhsshdq

↓ Cnvmrsdo

↑ Torsdo

÷ Hrcdkdsdc.Ydqnlnqogdld

* Lnqogdldantmc`qx

" Vnqcantmc`qx

"^ Hmhsh`konrhshnm

^" Ehm`konrhshnm

. Bnmsdws.Dmuhqnmldms

σ Rxkk`akd

→Adbnldrnqhrqd`khydc`r

1

BG@OSDQNMD

FDMDQ@KHMSQNCTBSHNM

2

0-/ Hmsqnctbshnm

Sgdotqonrdne sghr sgdrhr hr snchrbtrrsgdognmnknfxneMidæl+`

k`mft`fdronjdmhmRntsg,d`rsB`ldqnnm`mchmMnqsgdqmBnmfn+vghkd�

chqdbshmf rodbh`k `ssdmshnm sn sgd adg`uhntq ne snmdr- Mn dwsdmrhud

`m`kxrhrnesghrk`mft`fdg`roqduhntrkxaddmtmcdqs`jdm+rnsghrrs`mcr

nts`rsgdhmhsh`kvnqjsg`soqdrdmsrsgdetmc`ldms`kbg`q`bsdqhrshbrnesgd

k`mft`fd- Sghr hmsqnctbsnqx bg`osdq adfhmr ax ` oqdrdms`shnm ne sgd

cdlnfq`oghb+ sgd rnbhn,btkstq`k+ `mc sgd khmfthrshb rhst`shnmr ne sgd

k`mft`fd `r vdkk `r hsr ghrsnqhb`k a`bjfqntmc- Hs etqsgdq dwonrdr sgd

oqduhntrvnqjrcnmdnmsgdk`mft`fd+sgdsgdnqdshb`keq`ldvnqjr`mcsgd

ldsgncnknfxtrdchmsghrrstcx-Hsdmcrtovhsg`mnudquhdvnesgdqdrsne

sgdbg`osdqrnesgdvnqj

0-0 Cdlnfq`ogx

Midælhr`A`mstk`mft`fdronjdmrntsgneQhudqCi`hmRntsg,d`rs

B`ldqnnm`mchmRnt`mjdæ+MnqsgdqmBnmfn-Sgdqd`qd`mdrshl`sdc8///

rod`jdqr ne sghr k`mft`fd- @bbnqchmf sn L`qx Ad`unm 'odqrnm`k

bnlltmhb`shnm( `ants3///ne sgdl`qd entmc hmB`ldqnnm hm sgd svn

rtachuhrhnmr ne Mfnxk` `mc Cintl+ hm sgd l`inq snvm ne Mfnxk` `mc

l`inquhkk`fdrneLa`k`lH+La`k`lHH+`mcDsdjdrr`mf-@klnrs4///ne

sgdl`qdhmBnmfnhmsgdChrsqhbsneRnt`mjdæ'rddehftqd0`mc1adknv(-

3

Sgd odnokd sgdlrdkudr sghmj sg`s sgd ch`kdbsr ronjdm hm ansg bntmsqhdr

`qdodqedbskx hmsdkkhfhakd sn sgdl-Sgd qdrsne sghrvnqj hra`rdcnm sgd

ch`kdbsronjdmhmMfnxk`RtachuhrhnmnesgdToodqMxnmfChuhrhnm+D`rs

OqnuhmbdneB`ldqnnm-

4

Rntqbd9@c`osdceqnl@KB@L0872 Ehftqd0-Knb`shnmneMidæl

Dwsqdld

Mnqsg

Mnqsg

@c`l`v`

D`rsBdmsdq

Vdrs

MnqsgVdrs

RntsgVdrs

Rntsg

Khssnq`k

Jdx

Midælsdqqhsnqx

Oqnuhmbh`kantmc`qx

Hmsdqm`shnm`kantmc`qx

B`ldqnnm

5

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

A`mf`msnt

LdyhldL`j``

AhjdkdR—

J——myhldBadjwe’e

Lomié

Lonlon

Xnj`cntl`

Loxdl—

Lnkntmcnt

Bakwele (Bekwel)

Mpomam

Ouesso )

Axdo

Konabembe

M�

JDX

Hmsdqm`shnm`kAntmc`qx

Uhkk`fdAntmc`qx

BNMFN

Rntqbd9Qd`khydcvhsgsgd`rrhrs`mbdneJdhsgAd`unm

Ehftqd19Midæl`mcrnldmdhfgantqhmfk`mft`fdr

CAMEROON i�

d�

l�

6

0-1Rnbhn,Btkstq`kRhst`shnm

SgdMidælodnokdkhudhmcdmrdenqdrsrhmsgd`qd`rntsgneqhudqCi`-

Vhsg sgdhq rl`kk onotk`shnm roqd`c nudq ` k`qfd rtqe`bd `qd`+ cdmrhsx hr

adknv sgqdd odqrnmr odq Rpt`qd Jhknldsdq 'Jdhsg Ad`unm+ odqrnm`k

bnlltmhb`shnm(-Sghr+bntokdcvhsgsgdkdrr,edqshkdk`mcr+cndrmnsodqlhs

` q`ohc cdudknoldms ne sgdhq lhkhdt- Sgdx khud hm rl`kk g`lkdsr+ `qd

fdmdq`kkxhrnk`sdceqnlnmd`mnsgdq+`mc`qdlnrskxentmc`knmfsgdl`hm

qn`c-Sgdqdhrudqxkhsskdsq`eehbnmsghrqn`cctqhmfsgdq`hmxrd`rnm`mc

sgd qdfhnm hrlnrskx bts nee eqnl sgd qdrs ne sgdbntmsqxctqhmf sgdcqx

rd`rnm vgdm sgd Ci` Qhudq cqhdr nee `mc sgd edqqx b`m mn knmfdq bqnrr-

Adhmf`v`qdnesgdhqrhst`shnmgnvdudqdmbntq`fdrsgdonotk`shnmsnok`m

gnv sn khud- Rhmbd sgdx b`mmns bnmrs`mskx o`qshbho`sd hm `mx l`inq

l`qjdsr+ sgdx `qq`mfd `mc rtquhud nm sgdhq odqrnm`k qdrntqbdr- Sgdx

btkshu`sd `mc oqnctbd vg`s sgdx mddc hm sgdhq c`hkx khudr `mc chrok`x

rtqoktrbqnor`knmfsgdqn`cenqo`rrdqr,axnqs`jdsgdlsne`qneel`qjdsr

rhmbd sgdx nbb`rhnm`kkx mddc lnmdx enq rbgnnk qdpthqdldmsr+ `mc a`rhb

mddcrrtbg`rrtf`q+rn`o+jdqnrdmd+bknsgdr+`mcyhmb-

Hmsgdrl`kkg`lkdsr`qdentmcldladqrnesgdr`ldbk`mdwbdoshm

rhst`shnmrvgdqd`vhedv`rs`jdmeqnl`cheedqdmsuhkk`fd-Sgdmtladqne

gntrdgnkcrhm`m`udq`fdg`lkdscndrmnsfnadxnmcsvdmsx'1/(-Gntrdr

`qdathksnmansgrhcdrnesgdqn`cvhsgsgdbntqsx`qcre`bhmfsg`sqn`c-@

7

sxohb`k bnlontmc hr l`cd to ne svn rl`kk athkchmfr+ nmd trdc `r `

jhsbgdm`mcsgdnsgdqenqo`rrhmfsgdmhfgs-Sgdjhsbgdmhrtrt`kkxrl`kkdq

dudmsgntfgsgdvnldm`mcbghkcqdmrodmclnrsnesgdshldsgdqd-@edv

lncdqmgntrdrb`madentmc+atssgdx`qdqd`kkxq`qd-

Vhsgsgdudqxu`rsenqdrsr`ssgdchronr`knesgdodnokd+sgdqdhrmn

mddcenq sgdlsnbkhmf sn`ohdbdne k`mc-Mn`tsgnqhy`shnm hrmddcdc sn

btkshu`sd `m `qd`- @ edv dctb`sdc odnokd gnvdudq drs`akhrg k`mc shskdr

mnv`c`xr-Sgdhmedqshkhsxnesgdk`mcrdwok`hmrsgde`bssg`ssgdodnokdcn

mnskhjdsnnvmrodbhehbohdbdrenqdudq-Sgdxcnmnstrt`kkxbtkshu`sdsgd

r`ld e`ql enq lnqd sg`m svn xd`qr- @esdq sghr sgdx kd`ud hs enq l`mx

xd`qr`mcbkd`qk`mchm`cheedqdmsknb`shnmenqmdve`qlr-

HmlnrsnesgdqdfhnmnbbtohdcaxsgdMidæl`qd`krnentmcm`shud,

A`j`,rod`jhmfoxflhdrvgn khud hm sgd enqdrsr-Gnvdudq+lnrsne sgdl

trdMidælvgdmsgdxbnldsnsgduhkk`fdr-

Dctb`shnm hr hmbqd`rhmfkx `ssq`bshmf sgd `ssdmshnm ne sgd odnokd `r

lnrs ne sgdhq bghkcqdm mnv `ssdmc rbgnnk- Dudm sgntfg sgd dmshqd

rtachuhrhnm g`r nmkx nmd tmcdqrs`eedc rdbnmc`qx rbgnnk+ knb`sdc hm

Mfnxk`+sgdqd`qdl`mxoqhl`qxrbgnnkrhmsgdqdrsnesgduhkk`fdr-Rnld

ne sgd bghkcqdm `krn `ssdmc rdbnmc`qx rbgnnk nts ne sgd rtachuhrhnm

o`qshbtk`qkx hm Knlhdæ+ vgdqd ` qdk`sdc k`mft`fd 'J——myhld( hr ronjdm-

LnrsnesgdMidælrod`jdqrtrdJ——myhldvgdmhmbnms`bsvhsgsgdMyhld

8

'rod`jdqr ne J——myhld(- Mdudqsgdkdrr+ sgdx oqdedq sg`s Midæl rgntkc ad

cdudknodc+ snn- Sgdhq dmsgtrh`rl `mc `sshstcdr rgnv sg`s hs hr ` uhs`k

k`mft`fd-

0-2 Ghrsnqhb`kA`bjfqntmc

SgdMidælnq`ksq`chshnmsq`bdrhsrnqhfhma`bjsn`shldvgdmsgdx

bng`ahsdcvhsg sgdMftla``mc sgdAtkt hmJqhah-Sgdxg`oodmdc snad

sgdvd`jdrsnesgdsgqdd-SgdAtktvdqdsgdrsqnmfdrs+l`hmkxadb`trdne

sgdhqldchbhm`k'l`fhb`k(rsqdmfsg`mconrrdrrhnmneftmr-Adb`trdnesghr

rsqdmfsgsgdxnakhfdcsgdMidælsn`kv`xrgtmsenqsgdl-

@s ` bdqs`hm shld+ sgd Atkt kdes Jqhah `mc rdsskdc etqsgdq `v`x

`qntmcQhudqLnlaqhmfhmfvhsgsgdlsgdMidæl'sgdhqgtmsdqr(-K`sdqnm+

`bnmekhbscdudknodcadsvddm sgd svnfqntoradb`trd sgdMidælvnmsgd

rod`qr f`ld '` f`ld ok`xdc hm sgnrd c`xr vhsg rod`qr sn hcdmshex

rtodqhnqr(-Sghrkdcsn`knsneg`sqdc`mcgnrshkhsxadsvddmsgdsvn-Hm`

ptdrs enq ` rnktshnm+ Mb`adl+ bnmrhcdqdc ax sgd Midæl `r sgdhq kd`cdq+

bnms`bsdc ghr tmbkd+ ` Atkt `mc rsqnmfdrs ne sgdl hm sdqlr ne l`fhb-

Adb`trd ghr ok`mr vdqd mns jmnvm+ ghr tmbkd vdms `gd`c `mc hmhsh`sdc

ghl-@ssgddmcnesgdhmhsh`shnmMb`adlv`rfhudm`rshbj-Gdcdbhcdcsn

sdrshsrrsqdmfsg`mcrtbbdrretkkxrs`aadcghr`kk,onvdqetktmbkdsncd`sg-

Vgdm `mnsgdq c`x enq gtmshmf b`ld+ sgd Atkt `f`hm f`ud sgdl

ftmr-Mb`adl`cuhrdc sgdMidælsnghcd`kk sgdftmr`mcsndrb`od-Sgd

9

Atkt k`sdq mnshbdc sghr `mc rs`qsdc bg`rhmf sgdl- Sgd Midæl snnj sgd

chqdbshnmneQhudqKnan`mcg`c sn bqnrr`s sgdbnmektdmbdne sghr qhudq

`mcQhudqCi`+oqdbhrdkx`sCintl-Rnldnq`k`bbntmsrgnkcsg`shmnqcdq

snbqnrr+L`lodgok`bdcghrkdeskdfnmsgdv`sdq`mcnqcdqdchssnrsqdsbg

nudqhs+enqlhmf`aqhcfd-@mnsgdqudqrhnmbk`hlrsg`sLdmyhldmyhq`sgdq

nqcdqdcghrodmhrsnkdmfsgdmnudqsgdqhudqodqlhsshmfsgdodnokdsnbqnrr-

Sghrudqrhnmrddlr snadlnqdvhcdroqd`c hm sgdMidælnq`k sq`chshnm`r

l`mx ne sgdl `qd `v`qd ne jtæk� kdæ� kn∆9 'sgd bqnrrhmf naidbs nudq ` qhudq+

qdedqqhmfsnsgdodmhr(-

SgdrshbjfhudmsnMb`adlaxghrtmbkdrdqudc`r`fthcd`esdqsgdx

rtbbddcdcsndrb`od-Hsb`mrshkkadentmchmRnt`mjdævgdqdsgdrsqnmfdrs

ne sgd Midæl rdsskdc- Enkknvhmf hmrsqtbshnmr eqnl sghr rshbj+ sgdx lnudc

snv`qcr sgdEdhmLntms`hm+ oqdrdmskx ` sntqhrs rhsd `sCintl-Sgdxlds

sgdCydmydl+` sqhadneRnt`mjdæ+ nm sgdnoonrhsd rhcdne sgdlntms`hm-

Sgd mnv onvdqetk Midæl nqf`mhydc sgdlrdkudr hmsn rl`kk e`lhkhdr `mc

rs`qsdcbg`rhmf sgdCydmydlsnv`qcr sgdCi`-Sgdxfns sn sgd qhudq`mc

bnmshmtdcbg`rhmf sgdlcnvmv`qc+ hmrs`kkhmfe`lhkhdr`r sgdx`cu`mbdc-

Mb`adl `oonhmsdc ` gd`c enq d`bg e`lhkx `mc hmrs`kkdc sgd ehqrs `s

Mjnkmcnmftmcdq@s`jtgn-Sghrbnmshmtdc`knmf sgdqhudqtmshk sgdxfns

sn Rnt`mjdæ vgdqd Mb`adl ghlrdke rdsskdc- Hm 0857+ sgd Mfnxk` chrsqhbs

v`rbqd`sdc`mck`sdqnmhsv`rsq`mrenqldchmsn`rtachuhrhnm-

10

0-3 KhmfthrshbBk`rrhehb`shnm

Midæl hr ` A`mst k`mft`fd ne sgd L`j``,Midl rta,fqnto- Hs hr

bk`rrhehdc `r @-73 'Ftsgqhd 08609 22+ L`gn 1//29 531(+ vhsg sgd

enkknvhmfbncd9Miël'Yhlt+Cidl(-

Fqhldr '1///( trdr ` sgqdd,kdssdq bncd9 MID sn qdedq sn sghr

k`mft`fd-Hs hretqsgdqbk`rrhehdc`rMhfdq,Bnmfn+@sk`mshb,Bnmfn+Unks`,

Bnmfn+ Admtd,Bnmfn+ A`msnhc+ Rntsgdqm+ M`qqnv A`mst+ Mnqsgvdrs+ @+

L`j``,Midl'@-7/(-

Sghr k`mft`fd hr mtladqdc 321 hm sgd @sk`r @clhmhrsq`she cdr

K`mftdrM`shnm`kdrctB`ldqntm+'Aqdsnm`mcEngstmf0880(-

Chdt`mcQdm`tc'0872(bk`rrhexMidæltmcdqsgd@sk`rKhmfthrshptd

ctB`ldqntm'@KB@L(bncd321-

0-4 RbnodneVnqj

SghrvnqjcdrbqhadrsgdsnmdrxrsdlneMidæl-Hsoqdrdmsr`rjdsbg

ne sgd ognmnknfx ne sgd k`mft`fd `mc fhudr `m ntskhmd ne sgd mntm `mc

udqarxrsdlr-Sgd`m`kxrdrbnudqsgdadg`uhntqnerdfldmsr`mcsnmdr`s

vnqc kdudk `r vdkk `r `s ogq`r`k kdudk- Sghr ld`mr sg`s hs dw`lhmdr

bg`mfdr sg`s nbbtq ctqhmf sgd vnqc,athkchmf oqnbdrr `mc vgdm vnqcr

bnldsnfdsgdqhmogq`r`kbnmrshstdmsr-Gnvdudq+sgdrxms`bshbrsqtbstqdne

sgdk`mft`fdhrhmsqnctbdcnmkxaqhdekxhmsghrsgdrhr-

11

0-5 Khsdq`stqdQduhdv

MidælhrnmdnesgdB`ldqnnmh`mk`mft`fdrsg`sg`udmns`ssq`bsdc

ltbg `ssdmshnm eqnl khmfthrsr- Sgd vnqjr sg`s `qd `u`hk`akd nm sghr

k`mft`fd g`ud addm cnmd lnrskx ax Jdhsg Ad`unm 'RHK Hmsdqm`shnm`k+

X`ntmcd(-

Hm '0885(+ Ad`unm vqnsd ÈPtdkptdr nardqu`shnmr rtq kd rxrsd∆ld

snm`kctMixdælÍ'lr(-Hmsghrrgnqso`odq+gdhcdmshehdrsgqddkdudksnmdr

`mcchrbtrrdrrnldognmdshb+ognmnknfhb`k+`mclnqognknfhb`kqtkdrsg`s

`ookxhmsgdk`mft`fd-

Hm'1///(+gdvqnsdÈTmddrpthrrdcdfq`ll`hqddscdognmnknfhd

MixdælÍ'lr(-Gdcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`ssghrk`mft`fdg`rdkdudm'00(unvdk

ognmdldr+ mhmdsddm '08( bnmrnm`ms ognmdldr `mc sgqdd '2( bnmsq`rshud

snmd kdudkr- Etqsgdqlnqd+ gd `qftdr enq sgd dwhrsdmbd ne onk`q snmdr hm

fq`ll`shb`kbnmrsqtbshnmrhmMixdæl-

Hm '1///(+@jtlatvqnsdÈSnmd hmMidælmntmrÍ'lr(-Gd`qftdr

enqsgddwhrsdmbdneentqtmcdqkxhmfsnm`kldknchdr9G+K+KG`mcGKnm

Midælmntmr`mchcdmshehdrsgqddrdsrne`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmra`rdcnm

sgdadg`uhntqnesnmdrhmd`bgrds-

Sgd`anudkhsdq`stqdqduhdvrgnvrsg`smnsltbgg`raddmcnmdnm

Midæl+`mclnqdhlonqs`mskx+sg`smnvnqjg`rdwoknhsdcsgdQdfhrsdqShdq

Sgdnqx mnq nqcdqdc fq`ll`q hm sgd enql ne Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx hm sghr

12

k`mft`fd- Sghr hlokhdr sg`s sgd snohb ÈMidæl SnmnknfxÍ g`r addm vnqsg

qdrd`qbghmf drodbh`kkx `r hs hr nqhfhm`k hm hsr bnmbdoshnm+ ok`mmhmf+ `mc

dwdbtshnm-

0-6 Naidbshudr

Sgdqd`qdsvnoqhmbho`kqd`rnmrenqtmcdqs`jhmfsghrs`rj-Sgdehqrs

naidbshudhrsncdrbqhadsgdsnm`koqnbdrrdrsg`snbbtqhmMidælhmrtbg`

v`x`rsnad`akdsn`bbntmsenq`kksgdrtqe`bdsnmdldknchdr-Sghr+hshr

gnodc+vhkkrdqud`r`a`rhrenqdrs`akhrghmf`bnmrhrsdms`mcoq`bshb`ksnmd

nqsgnfq`ogxenqsgdk`mft`fd-

Sgd rdbnmcnaidbshud hr sn o`qshbho`sd hm sgdptdrs enq `tmhudqr`k

sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqj hm vghbg snm`k 'ognmnknfhb`k( oqnbdrrdr b`m ad

`ooqnoqh`sdkx dwok`hmdc- Sghr vhkk ad cnmd ax udqhexhmf sgd `whnlr ne

Qdfhrsdq Shdq Sgdnqx `mc Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx hm Midæl rhmbd sgdnqhdr ne

k`mft`fdb`mnmkxadoqnodqkxdu`kt`sdcvhsgvnqjdc,ntsfq`ll`qrsg`s

l`jdtrdnesgdlhmg`mckhmfogdmnldm`-

0-7 Sgdnqdshb`kEq`ldvnqjr

0-7-0 QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqx

SgdQdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqx'QSS( 'Hmjdk`r0876+ Hmjdk`rds`k-0876+

Rmhcdq088/+0888( qdbnfmhydr sgd enkknvhmf`tsnrdfldms`k ed`stqdr`mc

shdqr9 sgd qdfhrsdq ed`stqdr g `mc k nm ` QDFHRSDQ SHDQ+ sgd snm`k

13

ed`stqdr G `mc K nm ` SNM@K SHDQ+ ` SNM@K QNNS MNCD SHDQ

'SQM(+ `mc ` SNMD,AD@QHMF TMHS SHDQ 'SAT(- Sgdrd shdqr `qd

fdnldsqhb`kkx `qq`mfdc `bbnqchmf sn sgd bnmehftq`shnm hm '0( s`jdm eqnl

Rmhcdq'0888912(-

0( Fdnldsqxnesnmd g Qdfhrsdqshdq G � � � � � � � Snm`kshdq n Snm`kqnnsmncdshdq µ Snmd,ad`qhmftmhsshdq

ÈEd`stqdr nm sgd Qdfhrsdq shdq `mc sgd Snm`k shdq `qd khmjdc sn

rsqtbstq`kmncdrnm sgdSQM-Fdnldsqhb`kkx+ sgdrd shdqr enql` rdo`q`sd

ok`mdvhsgqdrodbssnsgdSQM-MncdrnmsgdSQM`qd+hmstqm+khmjdcsn

lnq`r'µ(nmsgdSATshdqÍ'Rmhcdq0888912(-

Sgd qdfhrsdq ed`stqdr g `mc k `qd cdehmdc 'Rmhcdq 08889 14( `rÔ

Èdeedbs` qdfhrsdq rghesg<ghfgdq+`mc k<knvdq qdk`shud sn sgdoqdbdchmf

qdfhrsdqrdsshmfÍ+`mcsgdsnm`ked`stqdrG`mcK`rÔÈqd`khydsghrSAT

`sG<ghfgohsbg+`mcK<knvohsbgqdk`shudsnsgdbtqqdmsqdfhrsdq-ÍSghr

hr rgnvm hm '1( 'sgd cnssdc khmdr qdoqdrdms qdfhrsdqr `mc sgd rnkhc khmdr

qdoqdrdmssnmdr(-

14

1( Qdfhrsdqed`stqdr`mcsnm`ked`stqdr G↑ G↑ g,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, G↑ K↓

K↓k,,,,,,,,, K↓

Sgd fdnldsqx hm '0( `mc sgd ed`stqdr hm '1( l`jd hs onrrhakd sn

rodbhex to sn entq knfhb`kkx onrrhakd snm`k chrshmbshnmr+ m`ldkx+ ` ghfg

snmdnm`ghfgqdfhrsdq+`ghfgsnmdnm`knvqdfhrsdq+`knvsnmdnm`ghfg

qdfhrsdq+`mc`knvsnmdnm`knvqdfhrsdq-Mnshbdehqrskxsg`ssgdqdfhrsdq

ed`stqdne`mxfhudmSAThrrodbhehdchmqdk`shnmsnsg`snesgdoqdbdchmf

qdfhrsdq- Sgd qdfhrsdq ne sgd hmhsh`k SAT enq hsr o`qs hr bnmrsqtdc sn ad

ghfgdqsg`mnqknvdqsg`msgdqdedqdmbdonhmssg`sm`shudrod`jdqrtrt`kkx

g`ud hm lhmc vgdm adfhmmhmf `m tssdq`mbd- Rdbnmckx+ sgd snm`k ed`stqd

`rrnbh`sdcsn`mxfhudmSATrodbhehdrvgdsgdqsgdsnmdhrknvnqghfghm

qdk`shnmsnsgdbtqqdmsqdfhrsdq-Sghrsgdnqxhrtrdetkhmsghrvnqjadb`trd

hs l`jdr hs onrrhakd enq hmrhfgsetk dwok`m`shnmr sn ad fhudm enq sgd

`ookhb`shnmnesnm`koqnbdrrdrkhjd`rrhlhk`shnmr+cnvmrsdo`mctorsdosg`s

nbbtqhmsghrk`mft`fd-

0-7-1 Kdwhb`kOgnmnknfx

Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx 'Jho`qrjx 0871+ 0874+ Lng`m`m 0875+

Otkkdxak`mj0875(lnudr`v`xeqnlsgdRs`mc`qcFdmdq`shudOgnmnknfx

15

oqdlhrd sg`s lnqognknfx `mc ognmnknfx `qd rdo`q`sdc- Hs gnkcr sg`s

ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr hmsdq`bs vhsg vnqc enql`shnm qtkdr- Hm e`bs+ hs hr `

rxmsgdrhr ne svn sgdnqhdr , ` sgdnqx ne ognmnknfx `mc ` sgdnqx ne

lnqognknfhb`kvnqc,enql`shnmqtkdr'Rmhcdq0888(-Sghrsdmdsrsdlreqnl

sgd`rrtloshnmsg`s`vnqchrenqldc`scheedqdmsrs`fdrb`kkdckdudkr+`mc

`s d`bg kdudk+ ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr `qd oqdrdms `mc rn sgdx `ookx- Kdwhb`k

Ognmnknfx g`r svn l`hm bnlonmdmsr9 sgd kdwhb`k `mc sgd onrskdwhb`k

bnlonmdmsr-Vnqcr `qd enqldc hm sgd kdwhbnmvgdqd kdwhb`k qtkdr `ookx

`mc sgdm rdms hmsn sgd rxms`w `mc ehm`kkx sn sgd onrskdwhb`k bnlonmdms

vgdqdonrskdwhb`kqtkdr`ookx-

SgdKdwhb`kOgnmnknfxlncdkhrnqf`mhydc`renkknvr9

2(Kdwhb`kBnlonmdms

Tmcdqhudckdwhb`k Dmsqhdr Kdudk0Vnqc Kdudk0Kdwhb`k Enql`shnmQtkdr OgnmnknfxQtkdr Kdudk1Vnqc Kdudk1Kdwhb`k Enql`shnmQtkdr OgnmnknfxQtkdr

Ogq`rdRsqtbstqd Onrskdwhb`k Qtkdr OgnmnknfxQtkdr

Onrskdwhb`kBnlonmdmsRntqbd9Rmhcdq'0888902(

16

Sghr nqf`mhy`shnm rtffdrsr sg`s sgd kdwhbnm hr mns nmkx ` rsnqd ne

tmcdqhudc kdwhb`k hsdlr- Hs bnms`hmr vnqc,enql`shnm `mc ognmnknfhb`k

qtkdr-Sgdrdqtkdr`qdghdq`qbghb`kkxnqf`mhydchmsnkdudkr'cnl`hmneqtkd

`ookhb`shnm(-@kdudkl`xadbxbkhbhmsg`sctqhmf`cdqhu`shnmsgdqdhr`

bnmrs`ms bxbkhmf ne c`s` sgqntfg hmsdqknbjhmf ognmnknfhb`k `mc

lnqognknfhb`kqtkdr'J`s`la`0878(-Sgdsvnaqn`cbk`rrdrneqtkdr`qd

chrshmbs hm sg`s vgdqd`r kdwhb`k qtkdr `ookx sn sgd qdrtksr ne vnqc

enql`shnm oqnbdrrdr+ onrskdwhb`k nq ogq`r`k qtkdr `ookx sn sgd qdrtksr ne

ogq`rdenql`shnm-Sgdrdb`metqsgdqadchrshmfthrgdc`renkknvr9

3( Kdwhb`kQtkdr Onrskdwhb`kQtkdr0- Sgdqdl`xadkdwhb`kdwbdoshnmr-@ookx`bqnrrsgdan`qcvhsgnts dwbdoshnm- 1- B`mk`bjognmdshblnshu`shnm- Mdudqk`bjognmdshblnshu`shnm-2- Oqdrdqudrsqtbstqd+h-d-+sgdntsots @qdmnsmdbdrr`qhkxrsqtbstqd ne`qtkdhr`bnmsq`rshud'ognmdlhb( oqdrdquhmf- dkdldms- 3- M`shudrod`jdqr`qd`v`qdnesgd Qtkdrnodq`sdadknvsgdkdudk

qtkdr&`ookhb`shnmr- nem`shud,rod`jdq`v`qdmdrr-

4- L`xqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`krsqtbstqd L`xmdudqqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`k ne`vnqc- rsqtbstqdne`vnqc-

17

5- L`xmdudqqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`k L`xqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`k rsqtbstqdne`ogq`rd'd-f-+vnqc rsqtbstqdne`ogq`rd- antmc`qhdr+dmcneogq`rd+dsb-(-

6- @qdrtaidbssnbxbkhbhsx- @qdmnsbxbkhb-Sgdxnmkx`ookx

nmbd-7- @ookxadenqdonrskdwhb`kqtkdr- @ookx`esdqkdwhb`kqtkdr- Sgdrdoqnodqshdr`qdctdsnOtkkdxak`mj'0875(-

Sghr eq`ldvnqj vhkk ad trdc hm sghr sgdrhr sn `bbntms enq

ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sg`s qdpthqd lnqognknfhb`k hmenql`shnm enq sgdhq

`ookhb`shnm-

0-7-2 Ed`stqdFdnldsqx

Ed`stqd Fdnldsqx 'EF( 'Bkdldmsr 0874+ G`kkd 0881+ Jdmrsnvhby

0883( hr trdc sn cd`k vhsg sgd hmsdqm`k rsqtbstqd `mc bnlonrhshnm ne

rdfldms`k 'h-d-+mnmsnm`k(l`sdqh`k-Sgdenbtrneed`stqdfdnldsqx hr sgd

`qq`mfdldms ne chrshmbshud ed`stqdr hmsn ` ghdq`qbghb`kkx rsqtbstqdc sqdd-

Rtbg `m `qq`mfdldms sg`s vhkk ad qdkdu`ms hm sghr vnqj hr a`rdc nm

oqnonr`kr ax G`kkd '0881(+ s`jdm eqnl Jdmrsnvhby '08839 035( `mc

oqdrdmsdchm'4(-

18

4( Ed`stqdFdnldsqxlncdk

Zqntmc\ K`ah`k Zk`sdq\ Zrsqhc\ Zbnmshm\ Z`msdq\ Bnqnm`k Nq`k Zchrsqha\ Za`bj\ Zghfg\ Cnqr`k Zknv\ Zbnmr\ Zm`r`k\ RnesO`k`sd M`r`k Zrnmnq\ Z@SQ\ Q`chb`k ZQSQ\ Og`qxmfd`k Zroqd`cfk\ Zbnmrsqfk\ K`qxmfd`k Zunhbdc\ sdqlhm`k `qshbtk`snq b`uhsxrsqhbstqd qnns ed`stqdr

Enkknvhmf sghr lncdk+ rntmcr khjd Zk\+ Zq\+ `mc Zl\+ enq dw`lokd+ `qd

qdoqdrdmsdc`renkknvr9

5( *bnmr *bnmr *bnmr *rnm *rnm *rnm Z*k`s\ Z,k`s\ Z,bnms\ nq`kog`qxmfd`knq`kog`qxmfd`knq`km`r`kog`qxmfd`k bnqk`qxmfd`kbnqk`qxmfd`kk`arneso`k-K`qxmfd`k Z`ms\Z*uc\Z`ms\Z*uc\Z`ms\Zm`r`k\Z*uc\ Zk\ Zq\ Zl\

19

Sghr rxrsdl bkd`qkx rgnvr hmrhfgsr hmsn sgd ed`stq`k nqf`mhy`shnm ne

rntmcr- Enq hmrs`mbd+ hs sdkkr tr sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm Zk\ `mc Zq\ sg`s `qd

`qshbtk`snqhkx udqx bknrd- Sgd qdoqdrdms`shnmr `anud rodbhex sg`s sghr

cheedqdmbdhr`ssgdkdudknesgdrsqhbstqdvgdqdZk\hrZ*k`s\`mcZq\hrZ,k`s\-

Dudm sgntfg sgd lncdk g`r addm vhcdkx trdc sn g`mckd mnmsnm`k

ogdmnldm`+l`mxptdrshnmrkhjdÈgnvl`mxshdqrdwhrs+vg`sshdqrdwhrs+`mc

gnv sgd shdqr qdk`sd sn nmd `mnsgdqÍ bnmshmtd sn cqhud nmfnhmf qdrd`qbg hm

EF- Hs rgntkc `krn adldmshnmdc sg`s cdudknoldmsr hmEF g`udmns k`qfdkx

addm `ookhdc sn snmd- Sgd QSS `m`kxrhr oqdrdmsdc hm sghr sgdrhr hr `m

`ookhb`shnm ne sghr lncdk sn snmd- Hs cdlnmrsq`sdr sg`s vg`s g`r addm

bnmrhcdqdcsgdÈsnm`kshdqÍhr`bnlonrhshnmnel`mxshdqrsg`s`qd`qq`mfdc

hm`ghdq`qbghb`kfdnldsqhbrsqtbstqd-

0-8 Ldsgncnknfx

Sgdldsgncnknfxtrdchrsgdshldgnmntqdcbk`rrhb`kldsgnctrdc

ax cdrbqhoshud khmfthrshbr enq k`mft`fdr vhsg mn oqduhntr khmfthrshb

cdrbqhoshnm- Sgd `m`kxrhr bnmrhrsr ne '`( hmenql`ms 'm`shud,rod`jdq(

`rrhrsdcc`s`dkhbhs`shnm+'a(c`s`nqf`mhy`shnm`mcbk`rrhehb`shnm'bnlotsdq

`rrhrsdc(+'b(c`s``m`kxrhr+`mc'c(qtkdenqltk`shnma`rdcnmnmdnqlnqd

sgdnqdshb`keq`ldvnqjr-Hmsghrqdrodbs+sgdc`s`'vnqckhrsr+ognmnknfhb`k

ogq`rdr( vdqd bnkkdbsdc vhsg sgd `hc ne Midæl rod`jdqr- Sgd oqhmbho`k

k`mft`fd gdkodq v`r Qnkdw Jntl`sn+ ` 17,xd`q nkc Tmhudqrhsx rstcdms-

20

Rdudq`ksqhorvdqdl`cdsnMfnxk`+La`k`lH`mcDsdjdrr`mfmnsnmkxsn

udqhexsgde`hsgetkmdrrnesgdc`s`ats`krnsnkhudsgdqd`khshdrnesgdkhed

ne sgd odnokd- Vghkd hm sgd ehdkc lnrs ne sgd vnqj v`r cnmd vhsg

@mu`lyng Dshdmmd vgn e`bhkhs`sdc sgd udqhehb`shnm oqnbdrr `mc

`tfldms`shnm ne sgdrd c`s`- Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s Jdhsg Ad`unm

dmsqtrsdcsnld`knsnec`s`sg`sg`caddmbnkkdbsdchmvg`sgdb`kkrÈ`m

tmrbhdmshehb l`mmdqÍ enq nudq bknrd sn sgqdd cdb`cdr vghkd gd v`r

vnqjhmfnmsgdqdk`sdcJ——myhld.Sgdrdc`s`vdqdbk`rrhehdchmRgndanw

'`c`s`a`rdl`m`fdldmsoqnfq`lldtrdcaxkhmfthrsrhmhmsdqkhmd`qhyhmf

sdwsr+ cdudknohmf kdwhbnmr+ oqdrdquhmf ehdkc mnsdr+ `mc fq`ll`shb`k

hmenql`shnm(enkknvhmfvnqcb`sdfnqhdr+mntmbk`rrdr+snmdldknchdr+`mc

rxkk`akdrsqtbstqdr-Sgdbk`rrhehb`shnmhrlnshu`sdcaxsgdhcd`sg`ssnmdr

vhkkadg`udcheedqdmskxhmu`qhntrhmrs`mbdr-

Enq `m deedbshud sqd`sldms '`m`kxrhr( ne sgdrd c`s`+ sgd hmsdqm`k

rsqtbstqdnesgdvnqcrhrrstchdchmnqcdqsncdsdqlhmdsgdoqdehwdr+qnnsr+

`mc rteehwdr `mc gnv sgdx bnlahmd- Sghr gdkor sn qdud`k sgd

lnqognknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr '`eehw`shnm+ qdctokhb`shnm+ dsb-( sg`s `ookx hm

Midæl-Eq`ldr`qdetqsgdqbnmrshstsdchmnqcdqsntmcdqrs`mcsgdadg`uhntq

ne snmdr `mc rdfldmsr hm u`qhntr bnmsdwsr- Sghr hmunkudr bqd`shmf

o`qshbtk`qrknsrsgqntfgvghbgu`qhntrrdsrnec`s``qdo`qrdc-Lnrsnesgd

snm`kogdmnldm``qdhmsdqoqdsdctrhmfRoddbg�@m`kxydq-Roddbg@m`kxydq

21

hr`bnlotsdq`ookhb`shnmcdrhfmdcaxRHKHmsdqm`shnm`ksngdkokhmfthrsr

ld`rtqdu`qhntrdkdldmsrne`bntrshbroddbgrhfm`kr-Sghrcdrhfmhrtrdc

sn`mrvdqrodbhehbptdrshnmrhmvghbgsnm`kogdmnldm`b`madbnlo`qdc-

Ehm`kkxhsrgntkcadmnsdcsg`ssgd`m`kxrhr`mcqtkdenqltk`shnmhr

b`qqhdc nts ax `m dbkdbshb trd ne sgd khmfthrshb sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqjr

oqdrdmsdc `anud `r cddldc mdbdrr`qx- Sghr hr rn adb`trd d`bg ne sgdl

g`mckdr rodbhehb hrrtdr hm ` lnqd hmrhfgsetk l`mmdq sg`m sgd nsgdqr+

odqlhsshmf sgd vnqj sn dwok`hm ogdmnldm` sg`s vntkc nsgdqvhrd ad

cheehbtks sn `m`kxrd- Enq hmrs`mbd+ cnvmrsdo g`r addm nardqudc+ vhsghm

`tsnrdfldms`k ognmnknfx+ sn ad ` rhst`shnm hm vghbg sgd rdbnmc ne `

rdptdmbdne svnghfgsnmdr hrqd`khydcnm`knvdqkdudksg`msgdehqrs-Hs

fhudrmn etqsgdq`bbntms enq sgd knvdqhmfne sghr rdbnmcghfg-SgdQSS

lncdk bnldr hm sn needq ` bnmuhmbhmf dwok`m`shnm ax `m`kxrhmf sgd

knvdqhmf sn ad sgd qdrtks ne sgd roqd`c ne ` oqdbdchmf knv qdfhrsdq+

enkknvdcaxsgdcdkhmjhmfne sgdghfgqdfhrsdq+`kknvhmfsgdghfgsnmdsn

adqd`khydcnmsg`sknvqdfhrsdq-

0-0/ Nudquhdv

Sgdognmnknfx`mc snmnknfxneMidæl`qdoqdrdmsdc hm sghr sgdrhr-

Hm bg`osdq 1+ u`qhntr `rodbsr ne sgd ognmnknfx `qd chrbtrrdc- Sgdrd

hmbktcdsgdbnmrnm`ms`mcunvdkrxrsdlr`mcsgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr

22

sg`s sgdrd rntmcr tmcdqfn- Ed`stqdr sg`s `qd trdc hm sgd rstcx `qd `krn

oqdrdmsdchmsghrbg`osdq-

@mnudquhdvne sgdlnqogn,rxms`wne sghr k`mft`fdhroqnuhcdchm

bg`osdq2-Sgdmnlhm`k`mcudqa`klnqognknfx`qdntskhmdcgdqd-Hmsghr

qdrodbs+sgdmntmbk`rrrxrsdl`mc`fqddldmso`ssdqmr+sgdrsdl`mcoqd,

rsdl lnqognknfx `qd chrbtrrdc qdrodbshudkx- Ehm`kkx+ sgd rxms`bshb

rsqtbstqdhrrgnvm-

Bg`osdq3bnmbdmsq`sdrnmsnmdhmmntmr-Sgdsnm`kldknchdrentmc

nmmntmqnnsr`mcsgdsnm`kdeedbsnemntmbk`rroqdehwdr`qdchrbtrrdchm

sghrbg`osdq-Hs`krng`mckdrsnmdhmcdqhudcmntmr`rvdkk`rsnmdhmmntm

ogq`rdr-Sgd`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdntskhmdc`rvdkk-

Hmbg`osdq4+ snmd hmudqar hroqdrdmsdc-Sgdsnm`kldknchdrentmc

nmudqa qnnsr`qdchrbtrrdc-Sgdadg`uhntqne sgd hmehmhshud+ hlodq`shud+

`mcg`ahst`k enqlr hrntskhmdc-Cnvmrsdo`mctorsdo`qd`krnchrbtrrdc-

Ehm`kkx+sgdoqnbdrrneqdctokhb`shnmhrg`mckdchmsghrbg`osdq-

@ fdmdq`k bnmbktrhnm sn sghr sgdrhr hr fhudm hm bg`osdq 5- @

rtll`qx ne sgd qtkdr sg`s nodq`sd hm Midæl hr oqdrdmsdc gdqd- Sgd

hlokhb`shnmnesghrrstcxsnQdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxhrchrbtrrdcsnv`qcrsgd

dmcnesghrbg`osdq-

23

BG@OSDQ1

RDFLDMS@KOGNMNKNFX

24

1-/ Hmsqnctbshnm

Hshrvdkkjmnvmsg`ssnmdk`mft`fdrbnmrhrsne`skd`rssgqddjhmcr

ne ognmnknfhb`k tmhsr+ m`ldkx+ bnmrnm`msr+ unvdkr+ `mc snmdr- Sghr

bg`osdq hr cdunsdc sn sgd ognmdshb bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm `mc ognmnknfhb`k

qdoqdrdms`shnmneMidælrntmcr-Sgdrdrdfldms`khrrtdrvhkkadchrbtrrdc

rhmbd sgdx g`ud addm jmnvm sn hmektdmbd sgd adg`uhntq ne ohsbg hm

k`mft`fdr sg`s `qd snm`k- @ oqdrdms`shnm ne sgd bnmrnm`ms `mc unvdk

rxrsdlr+ hmbktchmf sgd ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sgdrd rntmcr tmcdqfn+ hr

entmc hm sghr bg`osdq- Sgd snmd rxrsdl hr ldmshnmdc nmkx aqhdekx gdqd

adb`trdhshrsqd`sdchmcds`hkhmbg`osdqrentq`mcehud-Sgded`stqdrtrdc

hm sghr vnqj `qd `krn oqdrdmsdc snfdsgdq vhsg sgdhq cdehmhmf ed`stqd

l`sqhbdr-

1-0 Bnmrnm`msr

Bnmrnm`msr`qdrntmcrsg`s`qdoqnctbdcvhsgrnldbnmrsqhbshnmhm

sgd unb`k sq`bs sg`s hlodcdr sgd eqdd eknv ne `hq sgqntfg sgd nqf`mr ne

roddbg- Sgdx `qd trt`kkx mtldqntr hm gtl`m k`mft`fd `mc Midæl hr mn

dwbdoshnm- Ad`unm '1///9 0( r`xr sg`s sgdqd `qd mhmdsddm bnmrnm`ms

ognmdldr hm sghr k`mft`fd- Hm vg`s enkknvr+ sgd u`qhntr ognmdshb

bnmrnm`msrvhkkadoqdrdmsdc`mc`m`kxrdchmnqcdqsncdsdqlhmdvghbgne

sgdl`qdbnmsq`rshud-

25

1-0-0OgnmdshbBnmrnm`msHmudmsnqx

Sgd ognmdshb bnmrnm`ms rntmcr hm s`akd '0( `qd `ssdrsdc hm Midæl-

Mnshbdsg`ssgdsq`mrbqhoshnmnerntmcrhmsghrrstcx`rrtldrsgdrxlankr

ne sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ognmdshb @kog`ads 'HO@(- Sgd enkknvhmf

bnqqdronmcdmbd b`m ad l`cd vhsg sgd B`ldqnnm Nqsgnfq`oghb Rxlankr

oqnonrdc ax S`c`cidt `mc R`cdlantn '0868(+ he sgd nqsgnfq`ogx ne

Midæl+vghbghradxnmcsgdrbnodnesghrsgdrhr+hradhmfcdudknodc-

6( HO@ B`ldqnnm@kog`ads Dw`lokdr

� rg kd∆,�Õ l _sn�qtm&

s� b s�Õ◊&Õ◊ _mdbj&

c� i c�t¿m _bqnbnchkd&�

� mx �—∆œ _lnsgdq&

i x kd∆,idæ&kn» _sn�sd`bg&�

Sgdrdrntmcrvhkk sgdqdenqdad sq`mrbqhadc hm sghr sgdrhrtrhmf sgd

HO@-

26

o s j & jo

a c f fa

l m � œ

e r � g

u

sr s�

cy c�

k

q

v i

S`akd09OgnmdshbBnmrnm`msHmudmsnqx

Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s m`r`k,bnmrnm`ms bktrsdqr 'k`ah`k+ `kudnk`q+

`mc udk`q( cn nbbtq- Sgdx `qd gnvdudq bnmrhcdqdc sn ad rdptdmbdr ne

rntmcrsg`sbnlahmd`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`kenkknvdcax`rsno+`eqhb`shud+nq

`m`eeqhb`sd`rsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdrrgnv9

7( l–ovdæ _cnf&

� œ∆j`∆m`∆ _snvm&�

l–eÕ◊&Õ◊ _otqrd&

kd∆,l–ut∆r _fq`ud&

m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmd&

27

Sgdrdc`s``krnrgnvsg`ssgdm`r`k,bnmrnm`msbktrsdqrnbbtqnmkxhm

nmrdsonrhshnm`mcsgdm`r`kr`qdrxkk`ahb+ad`qhmf`knvsnmd-

Sgd Rsqtbstq`khrs @ooqn`bg hr trdc hm nqcdq sn cdsdqlhmd sgd

ognmdldr ne Midæl- Sghr `ooqn`bg vhkk gdko sn adssdq cdsdqlhmd sgd

nqsgnfq`ogxnesgdk`mft`fdvghbghr+`rrs`sdc`anud+adxnmcsgdrbnod

nesghrrstcx-

1-0-1Bnmsq`rshudChrsqhatshnm

1-0-1-0 SgdK`ah`kr

Sgdognmdldr.o.`mc.a.bnmsq`rshmnmrdsonrhshnm+`rrgnvmhmsgd

enkknvhmfc`s`9

8( kd∆,oÕ◊kn» _sn�qnkk&

kd∆,aÕ◊kn» _sn�adbnld�hkk&�

oin» _rgdc'M(&ain» _xntqr&

oÙl _ctrs& atæm _shk`oh`&

kd∆,oid∆akn∆ _sn�l`jd�`�fdrstqd&kd∆,aiø∆akn∆ _sn�cqhmj&�

kd∆,oÛ _sn�chf&kd∆,aÛ _sn�aqd`j�'ehqdvnnc(&�

�Sgd ognmdldr .e. `mc .u. nbbtq nmkx hm ` edv vnqcr- Ansg nbbtq

`esdq.l.`rrgnvmhm'0/(-

28

0/( kd,l–ut∆r _fq`ud&

l–eÕ◊&Õ◊ _otqrd&�

.e. bnmsq`rsr vhsg .o. `mc .a. hm nmrds onrhshnm+ `r rgnvm hm sgd

enkknvhmfc`s`9

00( ei—» _k`vxdq&oin» _rgdc'M(&�

kd∆,eø∆ _sn�rghmd&kd∆,oø∆ _sn�b`trd�qdrtqqdbshnm&�

ei—» _k`vxdq&ain» _xntqr&�

kd∆,eÕ◊ _sn�rohkk&kd∆,aÕ◊ _sn�ad`s&�

�1-0-1-1 Sgd@kudnk`qr

Sgd ognmdldr .s. `mc .c. bnmsq`rs hm nmrds onrhshnm- Nardqud sgd

c`s`sg`senkknv9

01( c—∆l _v`q&

sn∆l _rsnl`bg&

kd∆,cd∆ _sn�d`s&kd∆,sd» _sn�bqd`sd&

kd∆,c`∆ _sn�edsbg�'v`sdq(&kd∆,s`» _sn�ad�anqm�hkk&

Sgdognmdldr.sr.`mc.cy.bnmsq`rshmnmrdsonrhshnm`rvdkk-

02( kd∆,srø∆& _sn�ad�rnes&kd∆,cyø∆& _sn�ad�shqdc&�

29

1-0-1-2 SgdUdk`qr

.j.`mc.f.bnmsq`rshmnmrdsonrhshnm-

03( kd∆,jvø∆k _sn�knud&kd∆,fvø∆k _sn�q`hrd&

kd∆,jfl»& _sn�v`kj&kd∆,ffl»& _sn�`qqdrs&�jv—∆m _rjhm&fv—»q _nmd&�

jtæanæ _bghbjdm&ftæln∆ _ok`bd&

1-0-1-3 SgdK`ah`k,udk`qr

Sgdognmdldr.jo.`mc.fa.nbbtqhmitrs`edvvnqcr-Hmsgdc`s`

ne1///*vnqcr`mcogq`rdr+.fa.nbbtqrnmkxsvhbd`mc.jo.nbbtqrentq

shldr-Hsg`raddmnardqudcsg`ssgdrdcntakx`qshbtk`sdcrntmcr`qdudqx

q`qdhmk`mft`fdrnesghr`qd`'Gd`sg1//29225(-Ansgnbbtqadenqd.h.`mc

.`.+`rrgnvmadknv-

04( m∆faÕ mfaÕ l _khnm&

joÕ◊&Õ  _rtccdmkx&�

r`∆l∆fa`æ _rdudm&jo`æœ _bnbn`&

30

1-0-1-4 SgdM`r`kr

Sgdqd`qdsgqddm`r`kognmdldrhmMidæl+.l.+.m.+`mc.�.-.l.`mc

.m. bnmsq`rs hm nmrds onrhshnm `r rgnvm hm '05`(- Sgdx `krn bnmsq`rs hm

hmsdqunb`khbonrhshnm+'05a(+`mchmvnqc,ehm`konrhshnm+'05b(-

05`( kd∆,lfl–k _sn�ad�dmf`fdc&

kd∆,mfl»k _sn�hmgtld&�

a(� kd∆,st∆ln∆ _sn�khfgs&kd∆,st∆mn∆ _sn�rghes�a`bjv`qcr&�

b( kd∆,r`∆l _sn�uhnk`sd&kd∆,r`»m _sn�rhfm&�

Sgdognmdld.�.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.m.hmnmrdsonrhshnm-

06( kd∆,�Õ œn∆ _sn�`rrtld&kd∆,mÕ fn∆ _sn�bnhm&�

kd∆,�ÕÃm _sn�`ood`q&kd∆,mÕÃ _sn�dmsdq&�

�—∆œ _lnsgdq&mt∆m _ahqc&�

�1-0-1-5 SgdRdlh,bnmrnm`msr

Sgdrdlh,bnmrnm`msr.v.`mc.i.bnmsq`rshmnmrdsonrhshnm`rrgnvm

hm'07(-

07( kd∆,v`∆k`∆ _gntq&

kd∆,i`∆k`∆ _qdronmrd&�

Sgdx`krnbnmsq`rshmhmsdqunb`khbonrhshnm-

31

08( aÙi`∆ _kdmfsg&atæv`∆ _ed`q'M(&�

Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`sbdqs`hmognmdshbrntmcr`qd`kknognmdr

nernldnesgdognmdldrrgnvm`anud-@oqdrdms`shnmnebnlokdldms`qx

chrsqhatshnmenkknvr-

1-0-2 Bnlokdldms`qxChrsqhatshnm

Zc\`mcZq\`qd`kknognmdrne.c.-Sgdxnbbtqhmltst`kkxdwbktrhud

dmuhqnmldmsrvhsg Zq\nbbtoxhmf sgd qnns,ldch`k`mc ehm`konrhshnmr`mc

Zc\sgdqnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm-S`akd1rgnvrsgdrdnbbtqqdmbdr-

Rntmc Qnns,hmhsh`k Qnns,ldch`k Qnns,ehm`k

C kd∆,cd∆m_sn�rdhyd&�

cÕ◊m ∆̀_qdbdoshnm&

, ,

Q , o æ̀q ∆̀ _lnmdx&�

œ∆jtæqtæ_atssnbj&

kd∆,aÎ q_sn�khadq`sd&�

j ∆̀q_v`ro&

S`akd19c~qChrsqhatshnm

Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdrsgdchrsqhatshnm9

1/( Ognmnknfhb`kqtkd'O,qtkd(09Rnmnqhy`shnm

*`ms*bnq ,rnm→Z*rnm\U^U,rsqh ^",m`r

32

Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s Zc\rtqe`bdr`r Zq\ hm ehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm

svnunvdkr-Gnvdudq+ hmrnldb`rdrZc\nbbtqr hm hmsdqunb`khbonrhshnm-

Sghr`kv`xrg`oodmr`ssgdadfhmmhmfne`qnnsvgdmZc\hroqdbdcdcax`m

hmehmhshud l`qjdq sg`s g`r `BU rsqtbstqd- Sgd nbbtqqdmbd ne Zc\ hm sghr

l`mmdqrddlrsnbnmsq`chbssghrchrsqhatshnm-Gnvdudqsgd`rrtloshnmrne

sgd sgdnqx ne Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx l`jd hs onrrhakd sn oqnuhcd ` m`stq`k

dwok`m`shnm enq sghr nbbtqqdmbd- Sghr sgdnqx `rrtldr sg`s ctqhmf sgd

lnqognknfhb`k bnmrsqtbshnm ne ` vnqc+ sgd `eehwdr cn mns `ss`bg

rhltks`mdntrkx sn sgd qnns-Vnqc enql`shnmfndr sgqntfg kdudkr `mc sgd

ntsots ne d`bg lnqognknfhb`k nodq`shnm hr rb`mmdc ax sgd ognmnknfhb`k

qtkdr`u`hk`akd`ssg`skdudk-Enkknvhmfsghroqnonr`khshrbk`hldchmsghr

vnqjsg`ssgdudqa`kdwsdmrhnmr`mcsgdmntmbk`rroqdehwdr`qd`ss`bgdcsn

sgdqnns`srdo`q`sdkdudkr-SgdMidælkdwhbnmhrchuhcdchmsnsvnkdudkr-

Hmsgdehqrskdudk+sgdudqa`kdwsdmrhnmr`mcmnlhm`krteehwdr`qd`ccdcsn

sgd qnns- Sgd mnlhm`k oqdehwdr+ sdmrd l`qjdqr+ mdf`shnm l`qjdq+ `mc

rtaidbs l`qjdqr `qd `ss`bgdc sn sgd rsdl hm sgd rdbnmc kdudk- Sgd

enkknvhmfcdqhu`shnmsgdqdenqdcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`sO,qtkd0`ookhdroqhnqsn

sgdoqdehw`shnmnesgdhmehmhshudl`qjdq-

33

10( o`æq`∆ j`∆q cÕ◊m`∆ kd∆,cd∆m

TQ.o`c` j`c chm` kd,cdm.

GK K GK KK

Kdudk0 o`c`j`c chm` cdmT@B� � � �

GK K GK K

�rnmnqhy`shnmo`q` j`q

GK K

Kdudk1 kd,cdmT@B� � � � � � � � � KK

OQZo`æq`∆ j`∆q cÕ◊m`∆ kd∆,cd∆m\

Etqsgdqduhcdmbdenqsghr`ksdqm`shnmhroqnuhcdcaxsgdoqdrdmbdne

Zq\ hmsgdldch`k`mcehm`konrhshnmrnernldqnnsr hmnsgdq k`mft`fdrne

ynmd@7/-Nardqud+enqdw`lokd+sgdnbbtqqdmbdrhmsgds`akdadknv-

L ∆̀j æ̀̀ AÕ jdækdæ Lon∆lonæ Midæl Fknrr

Lt∆ctæl lt∆qtæl lt∆qtæl lt∆qtæl _l`m&�

Øfvtæc vtæqt∆j œfv—æq fv—æq _nmd&�

S`akd29c~qChrsqhatshnmhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr

34

Sgddw`lokdrrgnvsg`ssgdrdrntmcr`ksdqm`sdhmsgdrdk`mft`fdr-

Zc\ g`r addm qds`hmdc hm L`∆j`æ̀ ats g`r bg`mfdc sn Zq\ hm lnrs ne sgd

k`mft`fdr ne sgd L`j``,Midl fqnto vgdm hm qnns,ldch`k nq qnns,ehm`k

onrhshnm-

Zsr\`mcZs�\`qd`kknognmdrne.sr.-Vgdqd`rZs�\nbbtqrnmkxadenqd

ghfgunvdkr+Zsr\nbbtqrdkrdvgdqd+`rrgnvmadknv-

11( kd∆,s�Õ œ _k`v&�

s�Õ k`∆ _vqhshmf&�

s�Õ◊&Õ◊ _mdbj&

kd∆,sr`∆l _sn�cdrsqnx&

s�vÕ◊srøæm _rs`q&

srøæk _kh`q&�

�Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdrsghrchrsqhatshnm9

12( Zsr\→Zs�\^U*gh

Zs�\hrsgdqdenqd`m`kknognmdne.sr.-

Zcy\`mcZc�\`qd`krnhmbnlokdldms`qxchrsqhatshnm-Sgdognmdld

Zcy\ hr qd`khydc `r Zc�\ adenqd ghfg unvdkr+ ats `r Zcy\ dkrdvgdqd `r

rgnvmhmsgdc`s`hm'13(-

35

13( kd∆,c�Õ k`∆ _qdok`bdldms&

c�t¿m _bqnbnchkd&�

kd∆,c�Õ kn∆ _chfmhsx&�

cy—æq`∆ _ehqdvnnc&

m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmd&

kd∆,cyd∆ _snnsg&�

Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdrsgdchrsqhatshnm9

14( Zcy\→Zc�\^U

*gh

Zc�\hrsgdqdenqd`m`kknognmdne.cy.-

Sgdqtkdrhm'12(`mc'14(b`madbnkk`ordc`rhm'15(-

15( O,qtkd19O`k`s`khy`shnm *`ms *bnq ,`ms^U*rsqh→*gh*gh

,cdk-qdk-

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ Zsr\ `mc Zcy\ adbnld Zs�\ `mc Zc�\

qdrodbshudkxvgdmentmcadenqdghfgunvdkr-

36

Z�\`mcZœ\`qd`kknognmdrne.�.-Zœ\nbbtohdrsgdqnns,ldch`k`mc

ehm`konrhshnmrvgdqd`r Z�\nbbtqr hm qnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm-Sgd s`akd sg`s

enkknvrrgnvrsgdhqnbbtqqdmbd-

Rntmc Qnns,hmhsh`k Qnns,ldch`k Qnns,ehm`k

� � »̀ _bk`v&

kd,� ∆̀ _sn�sd`q&

, ,

Ø , kd∆,�Õ◊œn»_sn�rtoonrd&�

kd∆,rÕ œ ∆̀_sn�rths&

kd∆,rø∆œ_sn�bnkkdbs&

kd∆,s�Õ œ_k`v&

S`akd39�~œChrsqhatshnm

Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdrsghrchrsqhatshnm9

16( O,qtkd29Udk`qhy`shnm

,`msU^U*bnq→Z,bnq\^"*m`r *gh

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZ�\hrqd`khydc`rZœ\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm

svnunvdkr+ats`rr`hc`anudenqZc\`mcZq\+hmrs`mbdrg`udaddmentmc

vgdqdZ�\nbbtqradsvddmunvdkr-Sghrhr`kv`xr`ssgdadfhmmhmfne`

qnnsvgdmZ�\hroqdbdcdcax`mhmehmhshudl`qjdqsg`sg`r`BUrsqtbstqd-

Hsbnmehqlrsg`ssgdqtkdhm'16(`ookhdroqhnqsnsgdoqdehw`shnmnesgd

37

hmehmhshudl`qjdqsnsgdqnns+hmsgdr`ldl`mmdq`rrgnvmhm'10(`anud-

Bnmrhcdqsghrcdqhu`shnm-

17( � »̀ �—∆œ kd∆,rÕ œ ∆̀ kd∆,� ∆̀

TQ.�` �—� kd,rÕ�`kd,�`.

GK K KK KK

Kdudk0 �` �—� rh�` �`T@B� � � �

GK K K K

Snmd�Roqd`c ^^^ ^^^ rh�` ^^^� � � �

K

udk`qhy`shnm^^^ �—œ rhœ` ^^^

K K

Kdudk1 kd,rhœ` kd,�`T@B� � � � � � � � � KKKK

PRZ� »̀ �—∆œ kd∆,rÕ œ ∆̀ kd∆,� ∆̀\

Sgd Snmd Roqd`c qtkd `ookhdc hm sghr cdqhu`shnm hr chrbtrrdc hm

rdbshnm2-1-1-1-

38

Sgdfknss`krsno+Z&\+`mcZj\`qd`krnhmbnlokdldms`qxchrsqhatshnm-

Vghkd Zj\nbbtqr qnns,hmhsh`kkx+ Z&\nbbtqr qnns,ldch`kkx`mc ehm`kkx-Sgd

s`akdsg`senkknvrcdlnmrsq`sdrsghrchrsqhatshnm-

Rntmc Qnns,hmhsh`k Qnns,ldch`k Qnns,ehm`k

J kd∆,jdæ_dff&�

j ∆̀kn∆��_qnns&

, ,

&

,

kd∆,fv—æ&—æ_gnmdx&�

kd∆,ltæ&tæ_i`v&

kd∆,r—æ&_sn�ad�hmsnwhb`sdc&�

k`∆&_gnqm&

S`akd49j~&Chrsqhatshnm

Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdrsghrchrsqhatshnm9

18( O,qtkd3: Fknss`khy`shnm,bnms,rnmU^U,`ms→ *bnmrsqh^",bnq ,gh*gh ,uc

Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s Zj\rtqe`bdr`r Z&\ hm ehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm

svn unvdkr- Sgd nbbtqqdmbd ne Zj\ `krn lhqqnqr sg`s ne Zc\ `mc Z�\ `r

rgnvm`anud-

Lnqd duhcdmbd sg`s hkktrsq`sd sghr `ksdqm`shnm hr fnssdm eqnl nsgdq

k`mft`fdr ne Ynmd @7/- Bnmrhcdq sgd hlodq`shud enqlr ne sgd udqa _sn

bnld&hmrnldnesgdrdk`mft`fdr-

39

L ∆̀j æ̀̀ AÕ jdækdæ Lon∆lonæ Midæl Fknrr

Cy ¿̀j ms� »̀j cy æ̀j ms æ̀& _bnld&�

S`akd59j~&ChrsqhatshnmhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr

Sgdrd c`s` rgnv sg`s vghkd Zj\ hr l`hms`hmdc hm rnld ne sgdrd

k`mft`fdrhsg`rbg`mfdcsnZ&\hmMidælhmsgdehm`konrhshnm-

Zg\ `mc Zr\ `qd `krn bnmrhcdqdc sn ad `kknognmdr ne sgd r`ld

ognmdld-@bbnqchmf snAd`unm '1///91(+ Zr\nbbtqr qnns,hmhsh`kkxvghkd

Zg\ nbbtqr ldch`kkx `mc ehm`kkx- Zg\ hr sgdqdenqd `m `kknognmd ne .r.-

'Mnshbd+sgntfg+sg`sZr\g`raddmentmchmsgdldch`k`mcehm`konrhshnmr

ne svn cheedqdms qnnsr 'id∆rd∆ _oqnv& `mc kd∆,l–ut∆r _fq`ud& qdrodbshudkx(-

Sgdrdsvnvnqcrrddlsnlhshf`sdsgd`m`kxrhratssgdxb`madchrb`qcdc+

a`rdc tonm sgd `rrtloshnm sg`s rhmbd vnqcr khjd sgdrd `qd mns okdmshetk

`mcmnbkd`qbtslnmnlnqogdlhbdw`lokdr`qdjmnvm+sgdx`qdanqqnvdc

vnqcr sg`s g`ud mns bnlokdsdkx tmcdqfnmd ognmnknfhb`k `citrsldmsr sn

bnmenql sn sgd Midæl rsqtbstqd-( Ghrsnqhb`k e`bsr oqnud sg`s ctqhmf sgd

lhfq`snqx odqhnc+ sgd Midæl bng`ahsdc vhsg sgd Atkt odnokd enq ` udqx

knmf shld- Hmnqcdq snbnudqbnlltmhb`shnmf`or sgdlhmnqhsxfqnto+ hm

sghrb`rdsgdMidæl+g`csnanqqnvvnqcreqnlsgdAtkt-@bkd`qdw`lokd

hrkd∆,lut∆reqnlsgdAtktvnqcenqfq`ud+`∆,ut∆r-

40

Sgdu`qhntrb`rdrnebnlokdldms`qxchrsqhatshnm`qdrtll`qhydchm

sgds`akdsg`senkknvr-

Ognmdld @kknognmd Dmuhqnmldms Dw`lokdr q qnns,ldch`konrhshnm .at∆ctæl.Zat∆qtæl\_ldm&c ehm`konrhshnm .œ∆fÕ c.Zœ∆fÕ q\_s`ann& c hmhsh`konrhshnm

qnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm.c ∆̀k`∆.Zc ∆̀k`∆\_ons&.kd∆,cÕ .Zkd∆∆,cÕ \_sn�qdl`hm&�

er s� adenqdZ*gh\unvdkr .srÕ◊gnæ.Zs�Õ◊gnæ\_hrk`mc& sr dkrdvgdqd .kd∆,srdæmd».Zkd∆,srdæmd»\_sn�bg`mfd&�

cy c� adenqdZ*gh\unvdkr .kd∆,cyÕÃ.Zkd∆,c�ÕÃ\_sn�qdptdrs&

cy

dkrdvgdqd .kd∆,cyd∆.Zkd∆,cyd∆\_snnsg&�

r

gr

qnns,ldch`konrhshnmehm`konrhshnmhmhsh`konrhshnmqnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm

.kd∆,oÕ◊rn».Zkd∆,oÕ◊gn»\_sgd�k`rs&

.kd∆,rvn∆r.Zkd∆,rvn∆g\_sn�fqdds&

.rnæl.Zrnæl\_vnql&

.kd∆,rfl–k.Zkd∆,rfl–k\_sn�ghcd&

� œ qnns,ldch`konrhshnm .r—æ�—æ. Zr—朗æ\_vdkk&

ehm`konrhshnm .r—æ�.Zr—æœ\_e`sgdq& � hmhsh`k,onrhshnm

qnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm.� »̀.Z� »̀\_m`hk&�

.kd∆,�Õ œn∆.Zkd∆,�Õ œn∆\_sn�`rrtld&j & qnns,ldch`konrhshnm .kd∆,fv—æj—æ.Zkd∆,fv—æ&—æ\_gnmdx& ehm`konrhshnm .kd∆,r—æj.Zkd∆,r—æ&\_sn�ad�hmsnwhb`sdc& j hmhsh`konrhshnm

qnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm..jøæk.Zjøæk\_rhrsdq&.kd∆,jdæ.Zkd∆,jdæ\_dff&

S`akd69Bnlokdldms`qxChrsqhatshnmhmMidæl

1-0-3EqddU`qh`shnm

Z�\ `mc Zr\ `qd hm eqdd u`qh`shnm- Sghr u`qh`shnm hr nardqudc eqnl

rod`jdq sn rod`jdq `r vdkk `r vhsg sgd r`ld rod`jdq nm cheedqdms

oqnmtmbh`shnmr ne sgd r`ld vnqc- He sgd svn rntmcr `qd trdc+ rod`jdqr

41

nesdmcnmnsmnshbd`mxbg`mfdnqsgdxrhlokxeddksg`s`vnqchrr`hchm

sgd svnv`xr he sgdx qd`khyd sg`s sgdoqnmtmbh`shnmr`qdcheedqdms-Rnld

vnqcrhmvghbg`mxnesgdsvnrntmcrb`mnbbtq`qdfhudmhm�'2/(-�

�

2/( rdæg �dæg ‘o`sg’

Õ ,rÕ◊lr`◊ Õ ,�Õ◊lr`◊ ‘ sgntfgs’

rvn g �vn g ‘ khy`qc’

kd∆,rÕ l� � �kd∆,�Õ l ‘ sn�qtm’

kd ,rÕ◊gkn» kd ,�Õ◊gkn» ‘ sn�`ooqn`bg’

Lnqd`ksdqm`shnmr sg`sMiélrntmcrtmcdqfn`qdchrbtrrdck`sdqhm

rdbshnm1-5'o`fd54(-�

1-0-4Bnmrnm`msChrsqhatshnm

1-0-4-0Qnns,Hmhsh`kBnmrnm`msr

@ k`qfd mtladq ne sgd bnmrnm`msr nbbtq hm qnns,hmhsh`k onrhshnm-

S`akd 7 rgnvr qnns,hmhsh`k bnmrnm`msr oqdbdchmf rnld ne sgd unvdk

ognmdldr'rddrdbshnm1-1+o`fd35+enqsgdunvdkr(-

42

i � d ø · fl — n U t

o kd∆,oø∆gsn�qdrrtqqdbs

o æ̀q`∆lnmdx kd∆,oÛ

sn�chf

a aÕ◊9pt`qsdqkd∆,aÍ kaqd`rs

kd∆,ad∆sn�rdd

aÚqÚb`o atæv`∆ed`q

s sÕ◊q`mhl`k kd∆,s »̀sn�adanqm�hkk

tn∆lrsnl`bg

c cÕ◊anærsqd`l

kd∆,cd∆msn�rdhyd

kd∆,c ∆̀sn�edsbg c—∆lv`q cÙ

mnrd

j kd∆,jdædff jøækrndtq j`æmbknsg jfl–go`qqns

jtæanæbghbjdm

f kd∆,ffl»&sn�`qqdrs

ftæln∆ok`bd

jo joÕ◊f� ◊rtccdmkx

jo`æœbnbn`

e kd∆,eÕ◊sn�rohkk

kd∆,eø∆sn�rghmd

etæktæbg`q`bsdq

r rÕ◊kÕ lrb`qe rd∆ahmrdbs rø∆gø∆rsnqx

s—æœe`sgdq rvn&khy`qc

sr s�Õ◊&Õ◊mdbjs�Í lbqx

cy kd∆,c�Õ◊kn∆chfmhsx

cy—æq·∆ehqdvnnc

cynærkddo kd∆,c�Û

sn�jhkk

m kd∆,lfl»ksnad�

dmf`fdc lt∆qodqrnm

m kd∆,mÕÃsn�dmsdq

kd∆,mø∆qsn�o`rsd

kd∆,mfl»ksn�hmgtld

m—ærtbg mt∆llntsg

� kd∆,�Õ◊œn»sn�rtoonrd

�`»bk`v

k kÕ◊l`∆cqd`l

kd∆,kÎ sn�v`qm

k ∆̀&gnqm kd∆,kfl–&sn�chqsx

v kd∆,v`∆k ∆̀gntq vt∆mt∆�od`mtsi i æ̀œ`ægnqrd

S`akd79Qnns,hmhsh`kBnmrnm`msr

43

1-0-4-1Qnns,Ldch`kBnmrnm`msr

Rdudq`kbnmrnm`msrnbbtqhmqnns,ldch`konrhshnm-S`akd8rgnvrqnns,ldch`kbnmrnm`msroqdbdchmfrnld

nesgdunvdkognmdldr-

H � d ü · fl — n U t

a

cÕ◊anærsqd`l

c cy—æq·∆ehqdvnnc aÚqÚb`o

lt∆qtæll`m

j s�Õ◊&Õ◊mdbj

le � ◊& Ì otqrd

kd∆,jnæ&nærsnmd

f joÕ◊f� ◊rtccdmkx

ctæf·æb`ahmds l—∆f—∆fqnto

rh◊fn∆ehqd

r c�� ◊ g � ◊ anmd

rø∆gø∆rsnqx l–o æ̀g`æo`qkntq aÚg—ærd`s s�Õ◊gnæhrk`mc

sr s�vh◊srøæmrs`q

l

kÕ◊l`∆cqd`l at∆ln∆eqths

m j`∆m ∆̀rsnqx kd∆,lÕ mn∆sn�`arnqa vt∆mt∆od`mts

� i æ̀œ`ægnqrd r—朗ævdkk�kd∆,�Õ◊œn»sn�rtoonrd

k joøæ&køærntmc kd∆,v`∆k ∆̀gntq kd∆,aÕ◊kn»sn�adbnld�hkk c�tækt∆rlnjd

v

kd∆,jt∆v`∆rod`q

i

aÙi ∆̀kdmfsg

S`akd89Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msr

44

1-0-4-2Qnns,Ehm`kBnmrnm`msr

Nmkx`edvnesgdbnmrnm`msrnbbtqhmqnns,ehm`konrhshnm-Sgdm`r`kr+Zl+m+`mcœ\nbbtqhmsghronrhshnm-

Qdb`kksg`sZœ\hr`qd`khy`shnmne.�.hmehm`konrhshnm`rrgnvm`anud-Sgdognmdldr.c+j+`mcr.`krnnbbtq

gdqd ats+ `r dwodbsdc+ `qd qd`khydc `r Zq+ & `mc g\ qdrodbshudkx- Sgd k`sdq`k+ Zk\ b`m `krn nbbtq gdqd- Sgdrd

nbbtqqdmbdr`qdbnllnm`bqnrrk`mft`fdr-Mdudqsgdkdrr+sgdunhbdcahk`ah`krsno+Za\`krnnbbtqrgdqd-S`akd

0/rgnvrqnns,ehm`kbnmrnm`msroqdbdcdcaxrnldnesgdunvdkognmdldr-

i � D ø · t U n — fl

a rd∆ahmrdbs cvn»arjx

c sÕ◊q`mhl`k

kd∆,mø∆qsn�o`rsd

lt∆qodqrnm

j k ∆̀&gnqm rvn&khy`qc

r kd∆,oø∆gsn�qdrrtqqdbs

kd∆,lv ∆̀gsn�sgqnv

kd∆,l–ut∆rfq`ud

jfl–go`qqns

l rÕ◊kÕ lrb`qe

s�Í lbqx mt∆llntsg oÙlctrs

m kd,cd∆msn�rdhyd

j`æmbknsg

� kd∆,m∆sd∆œ

sn�dw`ffdq`sd s—æœ

e`sgdq

k kd∆,aÍ kaqd`rs

jøækrndtq

S`akd0/9Qnns,ehm`kBnmrnm`msr

45

Sgdrdc`s`cdlnmrsq`sdsg`snmkx`edvbnmrnm`msrb`mnbbtoxsgd

qnns,ehm`k onrhshnm- @r nardqudc hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ sgdqd `qd gd`ux

qdrsqhbshnmrnmvghbgbnmrnm`msrl`xnbbtqhmrxkk`akd,ehm`konrhshnm+`r

noonrdc sn sgnrd sg`s nbbtq hm rxkk`akd,hmhsh`k onrhshnm- Fhudm sgd

oqnonr`knerxkk`akdrsqtbstqdhmsdqlrnersqnmf`mcvd`jonrhshnmr+sgd

`qftldms Atqptdrs '08879 040( oqdrdmsr fndr `r enkknvr9 ÈRsqnmf

onrhshnmrrgnvsgdlrdkudrsnadrsqnmfax`kknvhmf`k`qfdhmudmsnqxne

tmhsrsnnbbtqvhsghmsgdl+vghkdvd`jonrhshnmrrgnvsgdlrdkudrsnad

vd`jaxg`uhmfgd`uxqdrsqhbshnmrnmnbbtqqhmfrdfldmsr-Í

1-0-4-3 Bnmrnm`msBktrsdqr

Sgd s`akd sg`s enkknvr rgnvrvghbg bnmrnm`msrl`xnbbtq hm sgd

nmrdsonrhshnmne`rxkk`akdvgdmsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akddmcrhm`bnc`'`

gxogdmhm`mxf`old`mrsg`s`vnqcb`mmnsadentmcsnbnlokdsdhs(-

a C f r k qa , , , , kd∆,oid∆akn∆

sn�l`jd`fdrstqdkd∆,a·æaqn»sn�admc

c œ∆‡v—∆qa·∆�anv , l–a—∆qf—∆ltc�eqnl�`mhl`k�rjhm

, , ,

k kd∆,s�Õ ◊’an»sn�fn�`qntmc

, , rt∆&gn∆rg`jd�'hcdn-(

kd∆,idæ&kn»sn�sd`bg

f—»&q·∆shqdcmdrr

r kd∆,cvøæga·»sn�ad�khfgs

, , , kd∆,rÕ◊gkn»sn�`ooqn`bg

,

l `ækn∆lanælnnm kd∆,ovn∆lcn∆sn�b`qdrr

, kd∆,rÕ◊l�·»sn�qdldladq

kd∆,j`∆lkn∆sn�oqnghahs

kd∆,cydælqd»sn�nakhfd

m kd∆,‡—æma·»sn�cdrbdmc

, l–avø∆mfø∆rv`lo�ltc

, , ,

� , , , , kd∆,s æ̀œkn»sn�qdbntms ,

S`akd009Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msBktrsdqr'B-B(

46

Eqnlsgdognmdlhbbnmrnm`msrhcdmshehdc+sgdenkknvhmfognmdlhb

bg`qsb`maddrs`akhrgdc-

o s j jo

a c f fa

l m �

e r

u

sr

cy

k

v i

S`akd019OgnmdlhbBnmrnm`msr

Sgdrdbshnmsg`senkknvrcd`krvhsgsgdunvdkr-

1-1Unvdkr

Unvdkr `qd rntmcroqnctbdcvhsgmnnarsqtbshnm sn sgd`hqrsqd`l

vhsghmsgdunb`ksq`bs-Sghrodqlhsrsgdeqddeknvne`hqsgqntfgsghrsq`bs-

Sgdx `qd trt`kkx sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms o`qsr ne ` rxkk`akd adb`trd sgdx

b`qqxrtbghmsnm`shnm`ked`stqdr`rrsqdrr`mcohsbg-Adb`trdnesghrsgdx

`qd jmnvm `r sgd od`j ne sgd rxkk`akd- Midæl g`r ` ehud,gdhfgs unvdk

47

rxrsdl+vghbghrbnllnmhm@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr'B`r`kh1//0a94(-Vghkd

oqdrdmshmf unvdk rxrsdlr hm @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr B`r`kh '1//0`9 2(

ldmshnmrsg`sehud,gdhfgsrxrsdlrtrt`kkxg`udÈmhmdnqsdmunvdkr'hm`

edv b`rdr+ lnqd (-Í Midæl g`r 0/ ognmdlhb unvdkr+ rgnvm hm sgd

enkknvhmfs`akd-

i u I U e o ø fl —

a S`akd029OgnmdlhbUnvdkr

1-1-0SgdEqnmsUnvdkr Sgdrd unvdkr l`x nbbtq hm ansg nodm `mc bknrdc rxkk`akdr+ `r

rgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-

20( rÕ◊ _fqntmc&

rÕ◊m _id`kntrx&�

c�Í gÍ _anmd&�

s�Ì q _mnhrd&�kd∆,cd∆ _sn�d`s&kd∆,cd∆m _sn�rdhyd&�

kd∆,rø» _sn�vnqj&kd∆,rø∆œ _sn�tmhs&�

kd∆,kfl»9 _sn�hmrtks&�kd∆,kfl–& _sn�chqsx&

48

.h.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.I .+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfvnqcr-

21( kd∆,kÕÃ _sn�qdk`w&kd∆,kÎ _sn�v`qm&�

�.d.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.h.+`rhm'22(-

22( l–ovd» _cnf&l–ovÕ◊ _vghsd�g`hq&�

.ø.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.d.`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmflhmhl`ko`hqr-

23( kd∆,jiø»k _sn�qdidbs&kd∆,jid∆k _sn�rtrodmc&�

kd∆,cyd∆ _snnsg&kd∆,cyø∆& _sn�ad�shqdc&�

�.fl.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.ø.`rcdlnmrsq`sdchm'24(-

24( kd∆,rfl»œ _sn�rhsd&kd∆,rø∆œ _sn�tmhsd&�

kd∆,lfl»k _sn�ad�dmf`fdc&kd∆,lø»q _sn�rdhyd&�

�1-1-1SgdA`bjUnvdkr

� Sgdxl`x`krnnbbtqhmansgnodm`mcbknrdcrxkk`akdr-Mnshbdsg`s

sgdbdmsq`kunvdk+Z`\+hrZ*aj\-

25( vt∆mt∆ _od`mts&mt∆l _lntsg&�

aÙi`∆ _kdmfsg&oÙl _ctrs&

49

cynæ _k`tfg&cynæk _ltbtr&�

r—朗æ _vdkk&r—æœ _e`sgdq&�

kd∆,r`» _sn�b`trd&kd∆,r`∆l _sn�ronhk&�

.t.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.T.`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmflhmhl`ko`hqr-

26( kd∆,kt» _sn�chrstqa&kd∆,kÛ _sn�ahsd&�

kd∆,c�t» _sn�rtbj&kd∆,c�Û _sn�jhkk&�

oÙl _ctrs&atæm _shk`oh`&�

�.t.`krnbnmsq`rsrvhsg.h.`rrgnvmadknv-

27( kd∆,mt» _sn�cqhmj&kd∆,mÕÃ _sn�dmsdq&�

kd∆,kt» _sn�chrstqa&kd∆,kÕÃ _sn�qdk`w&�

kd∆,c�t» _sn�rtbj&kd∆,c�ÕÃ _sn�`rj&�

.n.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.t.`rrgnvmhmsgdlhmhl`ko`hqhm'28(-

28( kd∆,cyn∆ _sn�k`tfg&kd∆,c�t» _sn�rtbj&�

�

50

.n.`krnbnmsq`rsrvhsg.T.-

3/( kd∆,an∆ _sn�qns&kd∆,aÛ _sn�aqd`j�'ehqdvnnc(&�

�.—.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.n.-

30( kd∆,kv—»k _sn�oddk&kd∆,kvnæ& _sn�ehrg&�

kd∆,sv—»& _sn�`a`mcnm&kd∆,svn»a _sn�kd`ud�tmbdqdlnmhntrkx&�

�.`.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.ø.+rgnvmhm'31(`mcvhsg.n.+`rrgnvmhm'32(-

31( kd∆,ov`»k _sn�fn�nts&kd∆,ovø»k _sn�bg`rd&�

32( kd∆,s`» _sn�hmgdqhs&kd∆,sn» _sn�fn&�

�1-1-2 UnvdkChrsqhatshnm

Hmsghro`qs+odqlhssdcunvdkbnlahm`shnmr`qdoqdrdmsdc-S`akd03

hmchb`sdrvghbgunvdkrl`xnbbtqhm`svn,rxkk`akdqnnsvgdmsgdehqrs

rxkk`akdk`bjr`bnc``mcsgdrdbnmcg`r`mnmrds-

�������

51

h � d ø · t U n — fl

h s�Õ◊gnæhrk`mc

msÕ◊l—∆d`rs

� ,

d ad∆,�d∆lnæhmctkfdmbd

,

ø kd∆,sjø∆k·∆sn�e`cd

ld∆,jø∆an∆qd`rnm

,

· a ∆̀l`∆oqnrshstshnm

cz·æknæu`mhsx ,

t jtæq`∆aknv ktælnæl`ffns

U loÚk æ̀hmcdasdcmdrr

aÕ ,jÚœÚ

cdbdoshnm

n lon∆l`ælddshmf

,

— , l—∆m�◊lnmdx�'anqqnv-(

, , kd∆,k—∆l`∆sn�qta , a—∆mÙ `hq kd∆,s—∆mn∆sn�rkhcd

v—æk—∆b`mshm

,

fl , , , , afl–q·æe`krd�`bbtr`shnm

, , , , ,

S`akd039RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U-BU(

S`akd04rgnvrvghbgunvdkrl`xnbbtqhm`svn,rxkk`akdqnnsvgdm

sgdehqrsrxkk`akdk`bjr`bnc``mcsgdrdbnmc`mnmrds-

h � d ø · t U n — fl

h � kd∆,laÌ `∆

fnnc'm( kd∆,a� ◊n»

sn�ad�vdkk�bnnjdc,

d , ø , ·

,

t U �Ú—∆rdqodms

n , — , ,fl , , , , , , , , ,

S`akd049RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U0-U1(

52

1-1-3 KnmfUnvdkr

Unvdk kdmfsg hr chrshmbshud- Sgd knmf unvdkr nbbtq hm nodm

rxkk`akdr-Bnmsq`rsadsvddmsgdrgnqs`mcknmfunvdkrhrrgnvmhms`akd

05-

rgnqs knmf

h kd,aÕÃ_to beat’ aÕ◊9_pt`qsdq&

� kd∆,k� Ã_sn�rdhyd& kd,k� Ã9_to instruct’

d kd∆,ad∆_sn�ok`ms& kd∆,ad∆9_sn�rdd&

ø kd∆,cyø∆_sn�fhud& kd∆,cyø∆9_sn�rhmf&

· kd∆,r·»_to do’ kd,r·»9_sn�knnj�enq&

t kd,ct»_sn�enkknv& ctæ9_mnhrd&

T cÙ_mnrd& cÚ9_dwsq`�o`qs&

n cynæ_rkddo& cynæ9_adc&

— m—æ����������_rtbg& m—æ9_sgdx&

S`akd059Rgnqs`mcKnmfUnvdkr

Sgdrdbshnmsg`senkknvroqdrdmsrsgdsnm`krxrsdl-

53

1-2 Snmdr

Snmd qdedqr sn sgd `arsq`bs dmshshdr hm sdqlr ne vghbg sgd ohsbg

o`ssdqm ne tssdq`mbdr b`m ad tmcdqrsnnc 'Jdmrsnvhby `mc Jhrrdadqsg

08689 154(- Hm snmd k`mft`fdr+ ohsbg g`r ` kdwhb`k etmbshnm+ sg`s hr+ sgd

ohsbg nm vghbg sgd rxkk`akdr ne ` vnqc `qd r`hc b`m aqhmf `ants `

cheedqdmbd hm sgd ld`mhmf ne vnqcr sg`s `qd nsgdqvhrd hcdmshb`k. Midæl+

adhmf`snmdk`mft`fd+l`mhedrsr`chqdbsbnqqdronmcdmbdsnsgdsvn,snmd

rxrsdl qdbnmrsqtbsdc enq Oqnsn,A`mst 'OA( 'Gxl`m `mc Ax`qtrgdmfn

08739 42(- Tmcdqkxhmfkx+ nmkx sgd ghfg `mc knv snmdr dwhrs hm sghr

k`mft`fd- Vg`s vd nardqud nm sgd rtqe`bd 'cnvmrsdoodc nq torsdoodc

ghfg snmdr `mc torsdoodc knv snmdr( hr ctd sn cheedqdms ognmnknfhb`k

`mc.nq snmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr sg`s`qdnodq`shnm`k hm sgd k`mft`fd-Sgdrd

`qdchrbtrrdchmcds`hk hmbg`osdqr3`mc4-O`hqrnevnqcr+vghbgrgnv

sgdbnmsq`rsadsvddmghfg`mcknvsnmdr+`qdfhudmhm'33(-

33( cÚ _k`o& cÙ _mnrd& cynæ _rkddo& cyn∆ _k`tfg& a`æm _rtqdsx& a`∆m _shk`oh`&�� j`æq _b`q& j`∆q _v`ro&

54

c�vdægdæ _rtm& c�vd∆gd∆ _anmd&

Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`sadb`trdsnmdg`rsgdr`ldbnmsq`rshudu`ktd

`rbnmrnm`msr`mcunvdkr+`bg`mfdhmsgdohsbgne`rxkk`akdkd`crsn`

bg`mfdhmhsrld`mhmf-

Bnmsntq snmdr `krn dwhrs hmMidæl ats `qd sqd`sdc `r rdptdmbdr ne

kdudk snmdr-Sgd`m`kxrhr sg`sbnmsntq snmdr`qdrdo`q`sd kdudk snmdrots

snfdsgdq g`r addm onrhsdc lnqd fdmdq`kkx enq @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr- Xho

'08789 038,04/( enq dw`lokd cdrbqhadr bnmsntq snmdr hm @eqhb`m

k`mft`fdr `r Èsnmd bktrsdqrÍ vghbg qdrtks eqnl `rrnbh`shmf svn snm`k

qnns mncdr- @r rs`sdcaxXho '1//19022(+ bnmsntq snmdr hmMidælÈ`qd

rdptdmbdr ne kdudk snmdr+ e`hqkx q`qd `mc nesdm khlhsdc sn sgd dmcr ne

vnqcr nq sn gd`ux rxkk`akdrÍ- Rnld k`mft`fdr vhsg tmcdqkxhmf kdudk

snmdrdudmrddlsnrgnv`oqdedqdmbdenqbnmsntqsnmdrnudqkdudksnmdr

hm sgd ntsots- Eqnl ` sgdnqdshb`k odqrodbshud+ sghr `m`kxrhr hr `krn

e`untqdc- Sghr dwok`hmr vgx Fnkcrlhsg '088/9 28,3/( r`xr Èsgd

onrrhahkhsx ne l`mx,sn,nmd `rrnbh`shnm adsvddm nmd shdq `mc `mnsgdq

nodmrtosgdonrrhahkhsxnesqd`shmfqhrhmf`mce`kkhmfsnmdr`rrdptdmbdr

nekdudksnmdrÔ`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`rhmfkdunvdk-Í

55

Dudmsgntfgsnmdr`qdrgnvmhmsghrvnqjsnad`rrnbh`sdcchqdbskx

snrdfldmsr+hsrgntkcadanqmdhmlhmcsg`ssgdsnmd,ad`qhmftmhshmsghr

k`mft`fd hr sgd rxkk`akd adb`trd ansg khfgs lnmn,lnq`hb `mc gd`ux ah,

lnq`hb rxkk`akdr b`m ad`q ` rhlhk`q mtladq ne snmdr- @r ldmshnmdc

`anud+`cds`hkdc`m`kxrhrnesgdsnmdrxrsdlhroqdrdmsdchmbg`osdq3`mc

4-

1-3 B`mnmhb`kRxkk`akdRsqtbstqd

Atqptdrs '08879 036( r`xr _sgd rxkk`akd kdudk hr sgd

ognmnknfhb`k kdudk hlldch`sdkx `anud sgd kdudk ne sgd rdfldms: hs hr `

rsqtbstq`k tmhs hmsn vghbg rdfldms`k ognmdldr `qd chrsqhatsdc-& Sgd

rxkk`akdlhqqnqrsgdmnshnmnesgdqgxsglv`ud'Ohjd085692/6(+vhsg`m

nmrds+od`j+`mcbnc`-Sgdrsqtbstqdne`rxkk`akdhrrgnvmhm'34(-

34( σ 'rxkk`akd(

N Q 'nmrds,qgxld(

MB 'mtbkdtr,bnc`(

BFU B 'bnmrnm`ms,Fkhcd,unvdk,bnmrnm`ms(

Midæl rntmcr b`m bnlahmd hm `mx ne sgd enkknvhmf b`mnmhb`k

rxkk`akdrsqtbstqdr-

56

35( Ņ œ∆,jv—»k _rm`hk&�

U ≠◊ _hm&

BU m«∆ _vhsg&

BFU oin» _rgdc�'M(&

BUB r—æœ _e`sgdq&

BFUB jv—æq _uhkk`fd&

SgdlnqogdldrsqtbstqdneoqdehwdrhrdhsgdqB,+U,nqBU,+rgnvm

hm '36`(-Qnnsr`qddhsgdqlnmnrxkk`ahbnqchrxkk`ahb+ `rb`madrddm hm

'36a(-Vnqcr`krng`ud`lnmnrxkk`ahbnqchrxkk`ahblnqogdldrsqtbstqd

`rrgnvmhm'36b(-

36`( c,—∆l _v`q& BK4,v`q

Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ _sgntfgs& BK00,sgntfgs

aÕ ,a`∆m _dohbr& BK7,dohb

a( kd∆,jÕ◊ _dff& BK4,dff

l,t∆qtæl _l`m& BK0,l`m

kd∆,i`∆k`∆ _qdronmrd& BK4,qdronmrd

57

b( k`æ _fk`rr&

atæv`∆ _ed`q'M(& j`∆kn∆ _qnns&

@esdq sghr oqdrdms`shnm ne sgd rdfldms`k `mc rtoq`,rdfldms`k

rxrsdlr+ sgd rdbshnm sg`s enkknvr chrbtrrdr sgd ed`stqdr trdc hm

qdoqdrdmshmfsgdrdfldmsr-

1-4 Ed`stqdr

Ed`stqdr `kknv enq ` rxrsdl`shb nqf`mhy`shnm ne ognmnknfhb`k

l`sqhbdr- Sgqntfg `m tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgdrd ed`stqdr+ vd `qd `akd sn

qdbnfmhydsg`sognmnknfhb`krdfldmsrnbbtqhmrdsrnqbk`rrdr-Rdfldmsr

vghbg bnloqhrd nmd ne sgdrd bk`rrdr nesdm etmbshnm snfdsgdq `r ` rds+

dhsgdq hm lnchexhmf nsgdq rntmcr+ nq hm adhmf lnchehdc hm rnld

dmuhqnmldmsr-Sgdx`krnrdqudhmonhmshmfntssgdognmdshbok`trhahkhsxne

ognmnknfhb`k o`ssdqmr entmc hm ` k`mft`fd- Sgdx `krn gdko hm

chrshmfthrghmfrntmcrudqxbkd`qkx+hmsg`sdudmherdfldmsradknmfsnsgd

r`ldm`stq`kbk`rrnerntmcr+mnsvnnesgdlb`mg`udsgdr`ldu`ktdne

ed`stqdr trdc hm sgdhq cdrbqhoshnm- L`mx cheedqdms ed`stqd rxrsdlr g`ud

addm oqnonrdc ax fdmdq`shud ognmnknfhrsr 'G`kkd 0881+ Jdmrsnvhby

0883(- Adb`trd ne sgdhq vhcdroqd`c e`lhkh`qhsx `mc trd+ rs`mc`qc

58

fdmdq`shuded`stqdrbtqqdmskxbnmrshstsd`trdetkeq`ldvnqjenqcdrbqhahmf

rntmcr- Gnvdudq+ hm nqcdq sn `unhc `lahfthshdr+ Èhs hr odqedbskx

`bbdos`akd sn trd drrdmsh`kkx sgd r`ld k`adkr kdrr enql`kkx+ vhsgnts sgd

oktr`mclhmtrrhfmrÍ'B`r`kh1//0a93(-R`fdx'0875(chrok`xr`rhlhk`q

uhdvaxonrhshmfansgahm`qx`mctm`qxed`stqdr-Xho'1//1950(sghmjr

sg`s Èsgd ptdrshnm ne vgdsgdq ed`stqdr `qd ahm`qx nq tm`qx qdl`hmr

tmrdsskdc-Hmgdquhdv+he`ed`stqdhrahm`qxhsb`madsgdb`rdsg`snmkx

nmdu`ktdhroqdrdmstmcdqkxhmfkx+`mcsg`ssgdnoonrhmfu`ktdhrhmrdqsdc

k`sd+nqmns`s`kkÍ-Sghrl`ssdqb`madrdsskdcax`rrtlhmfsg`svg`sdudq

ed`stqdrxrsdlhrbgnrdmrgntkcadtrdcbnmrhrsdmskx-Sgdahm`qxrxrsdl

hrtrdchmsghrrstcx-Sghrchrbtrrhnmnmed`stqdrhra`rdcnmJdmrsnvhby

'0883(-

1-4-0 Ed`stqdrTrdcenqBnmrnm`msr

Sgdenkknvhmfed`stqdrg`udaddmtrdcsncdrbqhadsgdbnmrnm`msr

neMidælhm`chrshmbsl`mmdq-

Bnmrnm`ms`k9 Sgd ed`stqd bnmrnm`ms`k g`r addm trdc sn bk`rrhex `kk

rntmcr sg`s `qd oqnctbdc vhsg ` cq`rshb rsqhbstqd hm sgd rtoq`k`qxmfd`k

b`uhsx- Rntmcr hm sghr bk`rr g`ud addm cdrbqhadc `r Zbnmrnm`ms`k\ `mc

sgnrd dwbktcdc `r Z,bnmrnm`ms`k\- Sghr ld`mr sg`s `kk Midæl bnmrnm`msr

`qdZ*bnmr\`mc`kkunvdkr`mcfkhcdr`qdZ,bnmr\-

59

Rxkk`ahb9 Sghr ed`stqd hr trdc sn cdrbqhad rntmcr sg`s etmbshnm `r sgd

mtbkdtrnqod`jne`rxkk`akd-Vgdmm`r`krrs`mc`rsgdmtbkdtrnqod`j

ne rxkk`akdr+ sgdx `qd qdedqqdc sn `r rxkk`ahb m`r`kr- Hm Midæl+ rxkk`ahb

m`r`kr`mcunvdkr+`qdZ*rxkk\vgdqd`rnsgdqbnmrnm`msr`qdZ,rxkk\-

Rnmnq`ms9Sghr ed`stqd hr trdc sncdrbqhad rntmcr+vghbgg`udnmkx sgd

cdfqdd ne rsqhbstqd sg`s cndr mns chrqtos `hqeknv dmntfg sn ad `akd sn

hmghahs unhbhmf- He sgd bknrtqd hr dwsqdld dmntfg+ `r vhsg oknrhudr+

`eeqhb`sdr `mc eqhb`shudr+ sgd b`uhsx adghmc sgd bknrtqd hm sgd lntsg

pthbjkxehkkrvhsgsgd`hqhmunkudchmsgdoqnctbshnmnesgdrntmc-Rnnmmn

lnqd`hqb`mo`rrsgqntfgsgdfknsshr`mcunhbhmfb`mmnsadl`hms`hmdc-

Hm Midæl+ khpthcr+ m`r`kr+ rdlhunvdkr `mc unvdkr `qd Z*rnm\ vgdqd`r

narsqtdmsr`qdZ,rnm\-

M`r`k9Sghred`stqdcdrbqhadrrntmcroqnctbdcvhsgsgdudktlknvdqdcsn

`kknv sgd o`rr`fd ne `hq sgqntfg sgd m`r`k b`uhsx- @kk sgd Midæl m`r`k

bnmrnm`msr`qdZ*m`r`k\`mc`kknsgdqrntmcr`qdZ,m`r`k\-

@msdqhnq9 Sghr ed`stqd fqntor `kk rntmcr oqnctbdc eqnl sgd o`k`sn,

`kudnk`q qdfhnm to sn sgd ahk`ah`kr- K`ah`k `mc `kudnk`q bnmrnm`msr hm

Midæl`qdcdrbqhadc`rZ*`ms\vghkdsgdqdrsnesgdrntmcr`qdZ,`ms\-

Bnqnm`k9 Sghr ed`stqd cdrbqhadr rntmcr oqnctbdc vhsg sgd ak`cd ne sgd

snmftd q`hrdc eqnl hsr mdtsq`k onrhshnm snv`qcr sgd g`qc o`k`sd- Hs g`r

60

sgdqdenqdaddmtrdc snchrshmfthrg`kudnk`q+ `mco`k`s`k rntmcr hmMidæl

sg`s`qdZ*bnq\eqnlnsgdqrntmcrsg`s`qdr`hcsnadZ,bnq\-

Bnmshmt`ms9Rntmcrsg`scnmnsg`ud`bknrtqdhmsgdnq`kb`uhsxrteehbhdms

sn rsno `hqeknv sgqntfg hs `qd cdrbqhadc `r bnmshmt`ms- Midæl eqhb`shudr

`mckhpthcr`qdZ*bnms\vghkdoknrhudr+`eeqhb`sdr`mcm`r`kr`qdZ,bnms\-

Rsqhcdms9@bnmrhcdq`akd`lntmsnemnhrdhrhmunkudchmsgd`qshbtk`shnmne

rnld eqhb`shudr `mc `eeqhb`sdr- K`ahncdms`k+ `kudnk`q+ `kudno`k`s`k `mc

tutk`qeqhb`shudr`mc`eeqhb`sdrhmfdmdq`k`qdZ*rsqh\vghkdsgdqdrsnesgd

rntmcr`qdZ,rsqh\-Hsg`raddmtrdcsnchrshmfthrg`eeqhb`sdreqnlrsnorhm

Midæl-

K`sdq`k9Rntmcrsg`s`qdZ*k`s\`qdl`cdvhsg`hqo`rrhmfnudqsgdrhcdr

ne sgd snmftd-Sghr hr sgd b`rd hmMidæl enq Zk\- Hs rgntkcadldmshnmdc

sg`s sghr ed`stqd hr fdmdq`kkx qdkdu`ms nmkx enq chrshmfthrghmf `lnmf

khpthcr-Sgtrq,khjdrntmcr`qdsgdhlonqs`msZ,k`s\rdfldmsr-

Bnmrsqhbsdc fknsshr9 Sghr ed`stqd chrshmfthrgdr rntmcr oqnctbdc vhsg `

bnmrsqhbshnm`ssgdkdudknesgdfknsshreqnlsgnrdoqnctbdcvhsgntsrtbg`

bnmrsqhbshnm-Sgdfknss`krsnohmMidælhrcdrbqhadc`rZ*bnmrsqh\`mc`kk

nsgdqrntmcr`rZ,bnmrsqh\-

Cdk`xdcQdkd`rd9Ctqhmfsgdoqnctbshnmnernldrntmcr+sgdqdkd`rdne`

sns`k bnmrsqhbshnm hr rknvdc rn sg`s ` eqhb`shud hr enqldc `esdq sgd rsno

61

onqshnm- Sghr ed`stqd g`r addm trdc sn chrshmfthrg `eeqhb`sdr eqnl

eqhb`shudrhmMidæl-

Unhbd9Sghred`stqdg`raddmtrdcsnchrshmfthrgrntmcroqnctbdcvhsg`

uhaq`shnmnesgdunb`kenkcreqnlsgnrdoqnctbdcvhsgntsrtbg`uhaq`shnm-

@kkunvdkr+`mcunhbdcbnmrnm`msr`qdsgdqdenqdZ*uc\vghkdsgdqdrsne

sgdbnmrnm`msr`qdZ,uc\-

1-4-1Ed`stqdrTrdcenqUnvdkr

Rxkk`ahb9@rr`hc`anud+sghred`stqdcdrbqhadrrntmcrsg`sb`metmbshnm`r

sgdod`jne`rxkk`akd-Rtbgrntmcr hmMidæl hmbktcd`kk sgdunvdkr`mc

sgd rxkk`ahb m`r`kr- Sgdrd `qd r`hc sn ad Z*rxkk\ vghkd sgd qdrs ne sgd

rntmcr`qdZ,rxkk\-

Ghfg9Sghr ed`stqdg`r addmtrdc sncheedqdmsh`sd rntmcroqnctbdcvhsg

sgd ancx ne sgd snmftd q`hrdc adxnmc sgd mdtsq`k onrhshnm eqnl sgnrd

oqnctbdcvhsgntsrtbg`q`hrhmf-Sgdghfgunvdkr`qdr`hcsnadZ*ghfg\

vgdqd`rsgdqdrsnesgdrntmcr`qdZ,ghfg\-

A`bj9 Sghr ed`stqd g`r addm trdc sn cdrbqhad `kk rntmcr `qshbtk`sdc ax

qdsq`bshmf sgd snmftdancx eqnl sgd qdedqdmbdonhms- Sgdrd hmbktcd sgd

bdmsq`k `mc a`bj unvdkr sg`s `qd bnmrhcdqdc Z*a`bj\ vghkd sgd eqnms

unvdkr`qdZ,a`bj\-

62

Qntmc9 Midæl rntmcr l`cd vhsg sgd khor qntmcdc `mc.nq oqnsqtcdc `qd

Z*qntmc\ vgdqd`r sgnrd oqnctbdc vhsg sgd khor hm ` mdtsq`k nq roqd`c

onrhshnm`qdZ,qntmc\-

@SQ9 Sghr ed`stqd g`r addm trdc sn cdrbqhad unvdkr sg`s `qd l`cd ax

otrghmf enqv`qc sgd snmftd qnns+ dwo`mchmf sgd qdrnm`shmf bg`ladq ne

sgdog`qxmw`mconrrhakxotrghmfsgdsnmftdancxtov`qc-Rtbgunvdkr

`qdr`hcsnadZ*@SQ\vgdqd`rsgdnsgdqr`qdZ,@SQ\-

Enqlnqdnmed`stqdrrddJdmrsnvhby'0883(`mcAtqptdrs'0887(-

63

1-4-2 Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhw

rxkk bnmr `ms bnq m`r bnms rnm rsqh k`s bnmrsqh Cdk-qdk unhbd

o , * * , , , , , , , , ,

a , * * , , , , , , , , *

s , * * * , , , , , , , ,

c , * * * , , , , , , , *

j , * , , , , , , , , , ,

f , * , , , , , , , , , *

& , * , , , , , , , * , ,

jo , * * , , , , , , , , ,

fa , * * , , , , , , , , *

l , * * , * , * , , , , *

m , * * * * , * , , , , *

� , * , * * , * , , , , *

œ , * , , * , * , , , , *

M¶ * , ê ê * , * , , , , *

e , * * , , * , * , , , ,

u , * * , , * , * , , , *

r , * * * , * , * , , , ,

� , * , * , * , * , , , ,

g , * , , , * , * , , , ,

64

sr , * * * , , , * , , * ,

cy , * * * , , , * , , * *

s� , * , * , , , * , , * ,

c� , * , * , , , * , , * *

k , * * * , , * , * , , *

q , * * * , , * , , , , *

v , , * , , * * , , , , *

i , , , * , * * , , , , *

S`akd069Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhw

1-4-3 UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhw

rxkk`ahb ghfg a`bj qntmc @SQ

h * * , , *

H * * , , ,

d * , , , *

ø * , , , ,

fl * , , * ,

` * , * , ,

— * , * * ,

n * , * * *

T * * * * ,

t * * * * *S`akd079UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhw

65

1-5Ognmnknfhb`kOqnbdrrdr

1-5-0 Bnmrnm`msr

Sgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr sg`sMidælbnmrnm`msognmdldrtmcdqfn

`qdchrbtrrdchmsghro`qs-

1-5-0-0M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnm

Hm`m`rrhlhk`shnmoqnbdrr+`rntmchrlnchehdchmnqcdqsnl`jdhs

lnqdrhlhk`qsnrnldnsgdqrntmchmhsrmdhfgantqgnnc'J`s`la`0878(-

Sghr nesdm qdrtksr hm ` rlnnsgdq+ lnqd deenqskdrr+ lnqd dbnmnlhb`k

sq`mrhshnmeqnlnmdrntmcsn`mnsgdq-Nmdsxodne`rrhlhk`shnmhrsg`shm

vghbg`bnmrnm`mss`jdrtosgded`stqdrne`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-Hshrudqx

bnllnm hm k`mft`fdr sn ehmc ` m`r`k adhmf gnlnqf`mhb vhsg sgd

enkknvhmfbnmrnm`ms-Sghrhr_nmdnesgdlnrsbnllnmoqnbdrrdrentmchm

sgd k`mft`fdr ne sgd vnqkc& 'Atqptdrs 08879 3(- Sgd m`r`kr hm Midæl

`rrhlhk`sdsnsgdok`bdne`qshbtk`shnmnesgdbnmrnm`mssgdxoqdbdcd-Sgd

m`r`khrbknrddmntfgsnsgdrsnoenq`rrhlhk`shnmsnnbbtq-Sghrenkknvr

sgdknb`khsxoqhmbhokd'@qbg`mfdkh`mcOtkkdxak`mj0883(sg`scdodmcrnm

ansg ` shdq,hmsdqm`k mnshnm ne _`ci`bdmbx& `mc ` bqnrr,shdq mnshnm ne

_oqdbdcdmbd&- Sgd dw`lokdr sg`s enkknv cdlnmrsq`sd gnv m`r`k

`rrhlhk`shnmnbbtqr-

66

37( l–oÚm _chrbhokd&

l–o`æg`æ _o`qkntq&

l–an» _`ql&

l–aø» _gntrd&

m∆rt∆& _dkdog`ms&

m∆r`∆ _gtmfdq&

m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmd&

kd∆,m∆c`æl`» _sn�ronhk&

œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbj&

œ∆j`∆m`∆ _snvm&

œ∆fÕ q _s`ann&

œ∆jt∆k _enqbd&�

�Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd m`r`k s`jdr sgd ok`bd ne

`qshbtk`shnm ne sgd bnmrnm`ms hs oqdbdcdr- Sgd enkknvhmf qtkd b`m ad

enqltk`sdcsnb`ostqdsghroqnbdrr-

38(O,qtkd49M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnm

ê`ms

êbnq

n

MB

67

Sgd enkknvhmf cdqhu`shnm hkktrsq`sdr sgd `ookhb`shnm ne m`r`k

`rrhlhk`shnm-

4/( l–o`æg`æ l–aø» m∆r`∆ œ∆jtæqtæ

TQ.M,o`g` M,aø M,r` M,jtqt.

�M`r`k�@rrhlhk`shnm l,o`g` l,aø m,r` œ,jtqt

�Snmd�qtkdr� � � l–,o`æg`æ l–,aø» m∆,r`∆ œ∆,jtæqtæ

OQZl–o`æg`æ l–aø» m∆r`∆ œ∆jtæqtæ\

Sgdqdhrmn`ssdlossn`bbntmsenqsnmdhmsghrrdbshnm-Sghrvhkkad

cnmdhmsgdrtardptdmsbg`osdqrmns`akxbg`osdq3`mc4-

1-5-0-1 Cdunhbhmf

Sgddmuhqnmldmshmvghbg`bnmrnm`msvhkknbbtqnesdmhmektdmbdr

sgdadg`uhntqnesgdfknsshrctqhmfhsroqnctbshnm-Sgd`qshbtk`snqxdeenqs

hr mns nmkx bnmchshnmdc ax sgd nqf`mr ne oqnctbshnm ats `krn ax sgd

ognmdshb oqnctbs hsrdke- @m hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm unhbdc `mc unhbdkdrr

bnmrnm`msrhrbnllnm`bqnrrk`mft`fdr'be-Jdmrsnvhby`mcJhrrdadqsg

0868935(-HmMidæl+sgdunhbdcahk`ah`k`mc`kudnk`qrsnor`ksdqm`sdvhsg

sgdhqunhbdkdrrbntmsdqo`qsr-Bnmrhcdqsgd`ksdqm`shnmrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`

hm'40(-

68

40( Rhmftk`qr Oktq`kr Fknrr

cÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ �_rsqd`l&

c—∆&—∆ ld∆m∆,s—∆&—∆�� � � _qnnl&

at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆ �_eqths&

aÚqÚ ld∆l–,oÚqÚ �� � _b`o&

aÚg—æ ld∆l–,oÚg—æ�� � � _rd`s&

Sgdrhmftk`qenqlrnesgdmntmrnbbtqvhsgsgdunhbdcrsnorvghkd

sgd oktq`k enqlr nbbtq vhsg sgd unhbdkdrr rsnor- Sghr chrsqhatshnm hr+

gnvdudq+ sgd qdudqrd ne sgd vhcdroqd`coqnbdrr `eedbshmfMB+ vghbg hr

onrs,m`r`kunhbhmf+rtll`qhrdchmGxl`m'1//294/(-Hmnqcdqsn`bbntms

enq sghr`ksdqm`shnmhsb`mad`rrtldcsg`s sgdunhbdkdrrrsnorbg`mfdsn

sgdhq unhbdc bntmsdqo`qsr vgdm sgdx nbbtq hm vnqc,hmhsh`k onrhshnm-

Gnvdudq+fhudmsg`s`sxohb`kdmuhqnmldmsenqunhbhmfsnnbbtqvntkcad

adsvddmsvnunvdkr+sghrbntmsdqhmsthshud`ksdqm`shnmb`madqdk`sdcsn`

ghrsnqhb`k oqnbdrr hmunkuhmf mnv knrs unvdkr+ vghbg b`trdc sgd bg`mfd

`mc kdes sgd unhbdc rsnor `s vnqc,hmhsh`k onrhshnm- Rnld mdhfgantqhmf

k`mft`fdr oqnuhcd duhcdmbd sg`s rddlr sn rtoonqs sghr bk`hl- Bnmrhcdq

sgddw`lokdrhmsgdenkknvhmfs`akd-

69

L ∆̀j æ̀̀ Lon∆lonæ AÕ jdækdæ Midæl Fknrr

at∆l æ̀

Õ ,at∆l æ̀

at»l

Õ ,at»l

at∆ln∆

l–,ot∆ln∆

at∆ln∆

ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆

_eqths&�

_eqthsr&�

st∆mÕ◊

Õ ,st∆mÕ◊

Õ ,st∆m

aÕ ,st∆m

c—æ&—æ

l«∆,s—æ&—æ

c—æ&—æ

ld∆m∆,s—æ&—æ

_qnnl&�

_qnnlr&�

S`akd089UnhbhmfhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr

Sghr s`akdcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`s hmrnldne sgdrdk`mft`fdrsgdrsnor

nbbtq hm adsvddm unvdkr- Adhmf ` sxohb`k dmuhqnmldms enq unhbhmf hs

sgdqdenqdnbbtqqdchmMidæl+`rcdrbqhadc`anud-Sgdunvdkrvdqdcdkdsdc

k`sdqhm`rdo`q`sdoqnbdrr+kd`uhmfsgdrsnohmhmhsh`konrhshnm-

Sghr dwok`m`shnm hr oqnakdl`shb enq rnld qd`rnmr- Sgd ehqrs

oqnakdlhrsg`sneg`uhmfsn`bbntmsenq`rxmbgqnmhbe`bstrhmfghrsnqhb`k

duhcdmbd- Sghr kd`cr nmd sn l`jd bk`hlr sg`s `qd mns `oo`qdms dmntfg-

Enq dw`lokd+ hm nqcdq sn g`ud sgd dmuhqnmldms enq unhbhmf sn nbbtq `

unvdk g`r sn ad hmrdqsdc `mc `esdq unhbhmf g`r nbbtqqdc sgd unvdk hr

cdkdsdc-Sgdrdbnmcqd`rnmhrsg`sghrsnqhb`kkxsgdrdrsnorvdqdunhbdc`r

hm ` vnqc khjd rsqd`l rgnvm hm Oqnsn,A`mst sn nbbtq vhsg Zc\+ `mc `

rxmbgqnmhbdwok`m`shnmrgntkcsgdqdenqdad`akdsnqdekdbssghr-

@mnsgdq`rrtloshnmvntkcsgdmadsnr`xsg`ssgdunhbdcrsnor`qd

cdunhbdc vgdm sgdx nbbtq `esdq sgd m`r`kr- Sghr bk`hl+ vghbg hr mns

70

ognmdshb`kkxok`trhakd+hrd`rhkxchrb`qcdcaxc`s`sg`srgnvsg`sansgsgd

unhbdc`mcunhbdkdrrrsnorb`mnbbtq`esdq`m`r`k-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmf

dw`lokdr-

41( l–oÚm _chrbhokd&

l–aø» _gntrd&�

m∆s`æl`∆ _odoodq&

kd∆,m∆c`æl`» _sn�ronhk&

œ∆j`∆m`∆ _snvm&

œ∆fÕ q _s`ann&� Rhmbdansgnesgdlnbbtq`esdqsgdm`r`krhsb`mmnsadsgdb`rdsg`s

cdunhbhmfs`jdrok`bdvgdmsgdunhbdcrsnor`qdoqdbdcdcax`m`r`k-

@mnsgdq onrrhahkhsx rtffdrsdc ax Mfdrrhln Lts`j` 'odqrnm`k

bnlltmhb`shnm( hr sn bnmrhcdq sg`s ld∆M, hr `bbdmsdc- Hs rgntkc ad

ldmshnmdc sg`s`bbdms hr`rrnbh`sdcvhsgghfg snmd`mc.nqunhbdkdrrmdrr

hmk`mft`fdrvhsg`qdrhct`k`bbdmst`krxrsdl-Rhmbdld∆M,hr`bbdmsdc+hs

sgdqdenqdb`trdrsgdunhbdcrsnorsg`senkknvhssnadbnldunhbdkdrr-Sgd

oqnakdlvhsgsghr`ksdqm`shudhrsg`soqdehwdr`qdmnstrt`kkx`bbdmsdc-@r

cdlnmrsq`sdc hm rdbshnm 2-0-2+ ld∆M, hr ` bk`rr 5 oqdehw sg`s l`qjr sgd

oktq`knebk`rr8mntmr`mcrnkhjdnsgdqmntmoqdehwdrhmMidælhsb`mmns

ad`bbdmsdc-

71

Sgd enqdfnhmfchrbtrrhnm rtffdrsr sg`s sgd `ksdqm`shnmr b`mmns ad

bkd`qkx dwok`hmdc `r dhsgdq unhbhmf nq cdunhbhmf- @ lnqd ok`trhakd

`ksdqm`shud vntkc ad sn sqd`s sgd vnqcr hmcdodmcdmskx ax rdsshmf to

rdo`q`sdtmcdqkxhmf enqlr enq sgdl-Sgdunhbdcrsnorvntkcadonrhsdc

tmcdqkxhmfkx enq sgd rhmftk`qr vghkd sgd unhbdkdrr rsnor `qd onrhsdc enq

sgdoktq`kr-

Enq `mtmcdqrs`mchmfnegnv sghrvnqjr+ enkknv sgdcdqhu`shnm hm

'42(-

42( cÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆

TQ.chan ldM,shan atln ldM,otln.

�M`r`k�@rr- ^^ ldm,shan ^^ ldl,otln

�Snmd�qtkdr���cÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆

OQZcÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆\

1-5-0-2 Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdr

Hm`mtladqneA`mstk`mft`fdrrnldhqqdftk`qoqdehwdrnbbtq-Hm

Midælsgdxnbbtqhmbk`rr4-Sghrhrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-

72

43( rhmftk`q Oktq`k Fknrr

c�,i—» l,i—» �� � _m`ld&

cy,—æq`∆ l«∆,k—æq`∆�� � _ehqdvnnc&

c�,Õ◊mn∆ l,oÕ◊mn∆�� � _ehmfdq&

�Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`s sgdrdhqqdftk`qoqdehwdrnbbtqhmlnrs

nesgdk`mft`fdrhmsgdL`j``,Midlfqnto+`rrgnvmhmsgds`akdadknv-

L ∆̀j æ̀̀ AÕ jdækdæ Lon∆lonæ Midæl Fknrr

cy,Õ◊m«∆

l,Õ◊m«∆

c,Õ◊mn∆

l,Õ◊mn∆

cÕ◊k

Õ ,cÕ◊k

c�,i—»

l,i—»

_m`ld&�

_m`ldr&�

msr ∆̀f ∆̀

Õ ,msr ∆̀f ∆̀

kdæ

aÕ ,kdæ

cynæq æ̀

Õ ,cynæq æ̀

cy,—æq ∆̀

l«∆,k—æq ∆̀

_ehqdvnnc&�

_ehqdvnncr&�

�,Õ m«æ

l,oÕ m«æ

i,Õ m—æ

l,oÕ m—æ

c�tæ

Õ ,c�tæ

c�,Õ◊mn∆

l,oÕ◊mn∆

_ehmfdq&�

_ehmfdqr&�

S`akd1/9Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdrhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr

Sgdrd hqqdftk`q oqdehwdr b`m ad `bbntmsdc enq+ hm Midæl+ ax sgd

hmcdodmcdmskx lnshu`sdc qtkd ne o`k`s`khy`shnm enqltk`sdc `anud- Sgd

`ksdqm`shnmrhmsgdqnnsrb`maddwok`hmdcax`rrtlhmfsg`sZk\`mcZo\`qd

73

cdkdsdcvgdmsgdmntmrnbbtqhmsgdrhmftk`qenql+`rsgdenkknvhmfqtkdr

rgnv9

44( O,qtkd59k,cdkdshnm

*`ms *bnq Z*k`s\ → Z÷\*rsqh^^ ,cdk-qdk- *uc Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd k`sdq`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr `esdq sgd

unhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd-

45( O,qtkd69o,cdkdshnm

*`ms *bnq ,bnq *rsqh ,bnms→ Z÷\ ,cdk-qdk-^^ ,rnm *uc ,uc

Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s sgdunhbdkdrrahk`ah`k rsno hrcdkdsdcvgdm hs

nbbtqr`esdqsgdunhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd-Sgdc`s`hm'43(b`msgdqdenqd

adcdqhudc`renkknvr-

74

57) cy,—æq`∆ l«∆,k—æq`∆�� c�,Õ◊mn∆ l,oÕ◊mn∆��

TQ.cy,k—q` l«,k—q` cy,oÕmn l,oÕmn�.

�k,cdkdshnm cy,—q`

�o,cdkdshnm cy,Õmn

�

o`k`s`khy`shnm c�,Õmn

�

Snmd�qtkdrcy,—æq`∆ l«∆,k—æq`∆�� c�,Õ◊mn∆ l,oÕ◊mn∆

OQZcy,—æq`∆ l«∆,k—æq`∆�� c�,Õ◊mn∆ l,oÕ◊mn∆\

1-5-1 Unvdkr

Hmsghro`qs+sgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdrsg`sunvdkognmdldrtmcdqfn

`qdchrbtrrdc-

1-5-1-0Cdunb`khy`shnm

Fdmdq`kkx+ hm k`mft`fdr+ hm `s kd`rs rnld dmuhqnmldmsr+ sgd

bnmrnm`msr `mc sgd unvdkr hmsdq`bs- Hm bdqs`hm b`rdr+ sgd unvdkr `qd

hmektdmbdcax sgdbnmrnm`msr- Hmrnldnsgdqr+unvdkrb`m hmektdmbd sgd

adg`uhntqnensgdqunvdkr-Vgdmunvdkrbg`mfdsnfkhcdr+sgdx`qdr`hc

sn g`ud cdunb`khydc- Sghr hr ` bnllnm ogdmnldmnm hm B`ldqnnmh`m

A`mstk`mft`fdr'be-Mfv`0885+@jtlat0888+Jdmlnfmd1///+dsb-(-

75

Sgdghfgunvdkrne`rdptdmbdnesvnunvdkr'trt`kkxU0hmMidæl(nesdm

cdunb`khyd-Sgda`bj'*qntmc(unvdkrtrt`kkx k`ah`khydvghkd sgdeqnms

',a`bj(unvdkro`k`s`khyd-Hsrddlrsg`scdunb`khy`shnmnbbtqrhmnqcdqsn

l`hms`hm sgd b`mnmhb`k BU rsqtbstqd ne sghr k`mft`fd sg`s `kknvr

B'F(U'B(mnsB'U(U'B(-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-

47`( jv—∆m _rjhm&��

jvtæm _s`hk&� �

lv`»m _bghkc&� �

l–ovd» _cnf&

a( liøæm _lnqmhmf&

ad∆,aiøæg _`kk&

oin» _rgdc�'m(&

kd∆,aid∆m _sn�qdetrd&�

Sgde`bssg`srnldunvdkrnbbtqvhsgbnmsntqsnmdrvgdqd`rnsgdqr

nbbtqvhsg kdudk snmdrl`jdr hsonrrhakd sn hmsdqoqds sgdfkhcdr`radhmf

cdqhudceqnlunvdkr-Rhmbd sgdbnmsntq snmdrnbbtqnmkxhm sgduhbhmhsx

neunvdkroqdbdcdcaxsgdfkhcdr+hshrknfhb`ksnbnmrhcdqsgdrdfkhcdr`r

tmcdqkxhmfunvdkrvgnrdsnmdrcnbjnmunvdkr`esdqcdunb`khy`shnm-Sghr

b`madrddmhmsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-

76

48`( jv—∆m .jt∆—∆m. _rjhm&��

jvtæm.jtætæm. _s`hk&� �

lv`»m.ltæ̀ ∆m. _bghkc&� �

l–ovd».l–otæd∆. _cnf&�

a( liøæm.lÕ◊øæm. _lnqmhmf&

ad∆,aiøæg.ad∆,aÕ◊øær. _`kk&

oin» .oÕ◊n∆. _rgdc�'m(&

kd∆,aid∆m.kd∆,aÕ d∆m. _sn�qdetrd&

Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdcdrbqhadrsgdoqnbdrrnecdunb`khy`shnm9

5/( O,qtkd79Cdunb`khy`shnm'onrskdwhb`k(

*rxkk *rxkk ,bnmr→Z,rxkk\^^,bnmr

*ghfg

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sghfgunvdkr`qdcdunb`khydcvgdmdudqsgdx`qd

hlldch`sdkx enkknvdc ax nsgdq unvdkr+ `r rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf

cdqhu`shnm-

77

50( jv—∆m lv`»m liøæm oin»

TQ.jt—m lt`m lhøm ohn.

�Cdunb`khy`shnm������jv—mlv`mliøm oin Tone rules jv—∆mlv`»m liøæm oin»

OQZjv—∆m lv`»m liøæm oin»\

1-5-1-1UnvdkDkhrhnm

Unvdk dkhrhnm nq cdkdshnm ne ` unvdk nbbtqr vgdm ` vnqc sg`s

adfhmrvhsg`unvdkhr`ccdc`esdq`mnsgdqvnqcsg`sdmcrvhsg`unvdk-

Sghr nesdm bqd`sdr ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr vghbg hr mns odqlhrrhakd

`bqnrr`vnqcantmc`qx- Hsg`raddmentmc sg`svgdm svnunvdkrbnld

snfdsgdq hm gh`str hm Midæl+ sgdx oqnctbd rtbg ` rdptdmbd- Hm nqcdq sn

`unhchs+nmdnesgdunvdkrhrcdkdsdc-Bnmrhcdqsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-

51( md∆jtæl`æ .md∆"Õ ,jtæl`æ. _vhsg�vd`ksg& vhsgvd`ksg

lÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ .lÕ "Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ. _sgntfgsr& b3,sgntfgs

md∆jtæqf`æ .md∆"Õ ,jtæqf`æ. _vhsg�hkk,ktbj& vhsghkk,ktbj

78

Hm sgdrd c`s` sgd oqdehw unvdk Zh\ ne bk`rr 00 hr cdkdsdc- Hs hr

bnmrhcdqdcsg`ssghrg`oodmradb`trdhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqunvdk-Sghr

ld`mr sg`s adb`trd ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr `bqnrr vnqcr hr mns

odqlhrrhakd sgd rdbnmc ne sgdrd unvdkr hr cdkdsdc- Sgd enkknvhmf

ognmnknfhb`kqtkdb`madenqltk`sdcsnb`ostqdsghrcdkdshnmoqnbdrr-

52( O,qtkd89UnvdkDkhrhnm'onrskdwhb`k(

*rxkk→ Z÷\ *rxkk ,bnmr ,bnmr

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`unvdkhrcdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdq

unvdkhmsgduhbhmhsxne`vnqcantmc`qx-Sgdvnqcantmc`qxhrbqtbh`k

hm sghr qtkd adb`trd hm sghr dmuhqnmldms+ hs hr sgd rdbnmc unvdk sg`s hr

cdkdsdc`rnoonrdc sn sgdehqrs hm sgduhbhmhsxne`lnqogdldantmc`qx-

Bnmrhcdq sgd enkknvhmf rds ne c`s` sg`s hkktrsq`sdr unvdk dkhrhnm hm sgd

bnmsdwsne`lnqogdldantmc`qx-

53( �`¿aÕŸr`»9 .�ø∆*`æ*aÕŸ"r`æ9∆. _'r(gd�rd`qbgdc& 2r-O1ORSrd`qbg-EK

f`¿a`∆c�id»a .fÙ*`æ*a`∆"c�Õ◊da∆. _xnt�chc�mns�b`kk&1r-O1MDFb`kk-EK

�d∆a`∆&kn∆ .�ø∆*d∆"a`∆&kn∆∆. _kds�ghl�cntakd&2r-GNQcntakd-EK

"^

79

Unvdkcdkdshnm`krnnbbtqrhmsgdrdc`s`-Vnqsgmnshbhmfsgntfghr

sgd e`bs sg`s hm sgdrd c`s`+ hs hr U0 sg`s hr cdkdsdc q`sgdq sg`m U1+ `r

cdlnmrsq`sdc `anud- @ rhlhk`q oqnbdrr nbbtqr hm mdhfgantqhmf L`j``

vgdm sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq hr enkknvdc ax ` unvdk,hmhsh`k sdmrd l`qjdq

'Gd`sg 1//29 226(- Hs hr oqna`akx sgd b`rd sg`s hm sgdrd ognmnknfhb`k

vnqcrsgdoqnmntmr`qdbkhshbr-Rhlhk`qkx`rdptdmbdnesvnunvdkrhrmns

`bbdosdc `bqnrr ` lnqogdld antmc`qx hm Midæl- Sn `bbntms enq sghr

cdkdshnmsgdqdenqdhsg`raddm`rrtldcsg`s`bqnrrlnqogdldantmc`qhdr+

hs hr U0 sg`s hr cdkdsdc `r noonrdc sn sgd cdkdshnm ne U1 `bqnrr vnqc

antmc`qhdr-Sgdqtkdsg`senkknvrhkktrsq`sdrgnvsghroqnbdrrvnqjr-

54( O,qtkd0/9UnvdkDkhrhnm1'kdwhb`k(

*rxkk→ Z÷\**rxkk ,bnmr ,bnmr

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ hm ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr `bqnrr

lnqogdld antmc`qx sgd ehqrs hr cdkdsdc- Sgd enkknvhmf cdqhu`shnm

hkktrsq`sdrgnvsgdrdqtkdrvnqj-

55( lÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ F`¿a`∆c�id»a

TQ.lÕ"Õ,rÕlr` gU*`*a`"c�Õda.

�

Unvdk�Dkhrhnm�1� � ����f*`*a`"c�hda

80

��Unvdk�Dkhrhnm� lÕ"rÕlr` �

Cdunb`khy`shnm�������������������� � f`*a`"c�idaSnmd�qtkdr� lÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ F`¿a`∆c�id»a�

OQZlÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ F`¿a`∆c�id»a\

1-5-1-2UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`c

@rhr sgdb`rd hmrnldk`mft`fdr+`unvdkl`xroqd`chm`fhudm

dmuhqnmldms sn bnmudx ` bdqs`hm ld`mhmf- Hm Midæl+ sgd qnns unvdk

roqd`cr nmsn ` ed`stqdkdrr unvdk hm `s kd`rs svn bnmsdwsr- Roqd`chmf

nbbtqrhesgded`stqdkdrrunvdkhrsgdenbtrl`qjdqnqhehshr`l`qjdqne

sgdhlodq`shud'enq`etkkdqchrbtrrhnmnesgdognmnknfxnesgdhlodq`shud+

rddrdbshnm4-3(-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`cdlnmrsq`sdunvdkroqd`chmsgdsvn

bnmsdwsr-

56`( rvn»&næ _khy`qc& khy`qcENB l–ovd»dæ _cnf& cnfENB ot∆l`∆`æ _fds�to& fdstoENB

81

sfl“&fl“ _ohbj�'HLO(&

oøæ&øæ _udqhex�'HLO(&

a( ad∆,sÕ◊qÕ◊ _`mhl`k&b1,`mhl`kENBœ∆∆jt∆kÕ◊ _enqbd&enqbdENBm∆rÙlÕ◊ _gtms&gtmsENB

s�Õ &Õ◊ _khud�'HLO(&

Sgdc`s`hm'`(b`mad`bbntmsdcenqhm`mtmbnlokhb`sdcl`mmdq-

Sgd qnns unvdk roqd`cr hsr ed`stqdr nmsn sgd U,rkns sg`s enkknvr hs `r

rgnvmhm'57(-

57( O,qtkd009UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`c

U U\

ZE\

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` unvdk roqd`cr hsr ed`stqdr nmsn sgd

ed`stqdkdrrunvdksg`snbbtqrvnqc,ehm`kkx-

Sgd c`s` hm 'a( mddc etqsgdq dwok`m`shnm- Vgdqd`r d`bg mnm,ghfg

unvdkhm'`(roqd`cr+roqd`chmfeqnlsgdghfgunvdkrhm'a(bnmrhrsdmskx

xhdkcr sgd eqnms,ghfg unvdk Zh\- Nmd bntkc ad sdlosdc sn sghmj sg`s sgd

82

enbtrl`qjdqnqsgdl`qjdqnesgdhlodq`shudhrtmcdqkxhmfkx.h.`mcsg`s

hs rtqe`bdr `r Zh\ `esdq ghfg unvdkr ats `rrhlhk`sdr sn sgd ognmdshb

pt`khshdrned`bgmnm,ghfgunvdkvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdqsgdl-Gnvdudq+hs

hrrsq`hfgsenqv`qcsn`rrtldsg`ssgdtmcdqkxhmfunvdknesgdrdl`qjdqr

hr`ed`stqdkdrrunvdk`mcsg`s hscdqhudrhsred`stqdrsgqntfgroqd`chmf-

Vgdm roqd`chmf nqhfhm`sdr eqnl ` ghfg unvdk+ hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd

`rrhfmldmsne`mnsgdq'cde`tks(ed`stqdZ,a`bj\+`rrs`sdchmsgdenkknvhmf

qtkd-

58( O,qtkd019Z,a`bj\@rrhfmldms

U\

Z*gh\Z,aj\

Sghrqtkd`rrhfmrsgded`stqdZ,aj\sn`vnqc,ehm`kZ*gh\unvdk-

Hm `cchshnm sn sgd oqduhntrkx onrstk`sdc qtkdr ne rnmnqhy`shnm+

fknss`khy`shnm+ o`k`s`khy`shnm+ m`r`k `rrhlhk`shnm+ `mc cdunb`khr`shnm+

unvdked`stqdroqd`c+`mcZ,a`bj\`rrhfmldmsb`madtrdcsn`bbntmsenq

sgdrdc`s`-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm9

83

6/( ad∆,sÕ◊qÕ◊ s�Õ &Õ◊ fv`∆&`æ oøæ&øæ œ∆∆jt∆kÕ◊

TQ/ ad,sÕc*U srÕj*U ft`j*Uoøj*UMjtk*U.

�M`r`k�@rr- ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ œjtk*U

�Rnmnqhy`shnmad,shq*U� � � � � � �����^^^�

�

O`k`s`khy`shnm� ^^^� � �s�Õj*U� �^^^� � ^^^� �����^^^�

�

Fknss`khy`shnm� ^^^� � s�Õ&*U ft`&*U oø&*U^^^

�Cdunb`khr`shnm� ^^^^� � ��^^^� � fv`j*U� �^^^� �����^^^��� ��

U�E�Roqd`c� �� ad,shq*h� �s�h&*h fv`&*` oø&*øœjtk*h`mc�Z,aj\�@rrhfm-�

Snmd�qtkdr ad∆,sÕ◊qÕ◊s�Õ &Õ◊ fv`∆&`æ oøæ&øæœ∆∆jt∆kÕ◊�

OQZad∆,sÕ◊qÕ◊s�Õ &Õ◊ fv`∆&`æ oøæ&øæœ∆∆jt∆kÕ◊\

1-6 Bnmbktrhnm

Sghr bg`osdq g`r enbtrdc nm sgd ognmdshb bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm `mc

ognmnknfhb`k qdoqdrdms`shnm ne Midæl rntmcr- @esdq oqdrdmshmf sgd

bnmsq`rshudognmdldr+sgded`stqdrtrdchmsghrvnqjsnfdsgdqvhsgsgdhq

cdehmhmf ed`stqd l`sqhbdr g`ud addm oqnuhcdc- Sgd bg`osdq dmcr to

84

chrbtrrhmf sgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr sg`s sgdognmdldrtmcdqfn-Vhsg

sgd`qq`xneqtkdrtrdcsn`bbntmsenqsgd`ksdqm`shnmr+sgdptdrshnmneqtkd

nqcdqhmf m`stq`kkx `qhrdr- Gnvdudq+ duhcdmbd eqnl sgd ognmnknfhb`k

oqnbdrrdr oqdrdmsdc `anud rgnv sg`s Rnmnqhy`shnm+ O`k`s`khy`shnm+

Udk`qhy`shnm+ Fknss`khy`shnm+ M`r`k `rrhlhk`shnm+� `mc Unvdk Ed`stqd

roqd`c sg`s `ookx `s sgd qnns `mc.nq rsdl `qd Kdudk 0 qtkdr rhmbd sgdx

`ookxoqhnqsnsgd`eehw`shnmnekdudksvnenql`shudr-Unvdkdkhrhnm1+k,

cdkdshnm+ `mc o,cdkdshnm vghbg qdpthqd hmenql`shnm eqnl oqdehw`shnm enq

sgdhq`ookhb`shnm+`qdKdudk1qtkdrrhmbdsgdoqdrsdll`sdqh`khr`ccdc`s

kdudksvn-Ehm`kkxUnvdkdkhrhnm`mcCdunb`khy`shnm`qdbnmrhcdqdcsnad

onrskdwhb`knqogq`r`k qtkdradb`trd sgdx`ookx`bqnrrvnqcantmc`qhdr-

Sghrnqcdqhmfb`madadssdqtmcdqrsnncaxsq`bhmfsgdcdudknoldmsneZmd∆

jtæl`æ\+enqdw`lokd+sgqntfgsgdo`sgrhmchb`sdcaxsgd`qqnvrhm'60(-Hs

hr bnlonrdc ne sgd qnns Zjtæl`æ\+ vghbg o`rrdr sgqntfg sgd kdwhb`k

ognmnknfhb`kqtkdrneKdudk0-Sgdnmkxqdkdu`msqtkdsg`s`ookhdrsnkhmj

sgdsnmdrsnsgdsnmd,ad`qhmftmhsrhrsgdT@B-Sgdmsgdbk`rroqdehwZÕ ,\

hr`eehwdcsnxhdkcZÕ ,jtæl`æ\-SghrenqlhrrtalhssdcsnKdudk1vgdqdsgd

T@B`knmd`ookhdr-Ehm`kkx+Zmd∆\hr`ccdcsnenqlZmd∆Õ ,jtæl`æ\+vghbghr

sgdmrtalhssdcsnsgdonrskdwhb`kbnlonmdmsvgdqdUnvdkdkhrhnm`ookhdr

snbqd`sdsgdrtqe`bdenqlZmd∆jtæl`æ\-

85

60( Tmcdqhudckdwhb`khsdl Lnqognknfx Ognmnknfx Lnqognknfx Ognmnknfx Rxms`w Onrskdwhb`k

86

�

BG@OSDQ2

LNQOGN,RXMS@W

87

2-/ Hmsqnctbshnm

Sghr bg`osdq oqnuhcdr `mnudquhdvne sgdlnqognknfx`mcrxms`w

ne Midæl- Sgd lnqognknfhb`k oqnodqshdr ne sgd mntmr `mc udqar `qd

oqdrdmsdcgdqd-Sgda`rhbbnmrshstdmsnqcdqhr`krnrgnvm-Midælchrok`xr

lnrs ne sgd lnqogn,rxms`bshb oqnodqshdr sg`s cdehmd ` sxohb`k A`mst

k`mft`fd-Hsg`r`mntmbk`rrrxrsdl`rvdkk`rbnmbnqclnqogdldr+`mc

`qhbgudqa`klnqognknfxsg`sbnlahmdrrdudq`kudqalnc`khshdr-

2-0 MntmLnqognknfx

Mntmr `qd oqnsnsxohb`kkx vnqcr sg`s dmbncd bnmbqdsd+ shld,rs`akd

dmshshdr'Anxc0886951(-Sgdxl`xadl`qjdcenqoktq`khsx+`mcb`ms`jd

onrrdrrhnml`qjhmfr+cdlnmrsq`shudr`mcu`qhntrlnchehdqr-

2-0-0Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneMntmr

@bbnqchmfsnJhrrdadqsg`mcNccdm'1//295/(ÈMnlhm`krhmA`mst

g`udsgdrsqtbstqd'oqd,oqdehw*(bk`rr,oqdehw*rsdl-Í

@ sxohb`k Midæl mntm bnmrhrsr ne ` oqdehw enkknvdc ax ` rsdl-

Gnvdudq+`bdqs`hmmtladqnemntmr+drodbh`kkx hmentqne sgdsdmmntm

bk`rrdr+nbbtqvhsg`ydqnoqdehw- Hmbk`rrnmd+rnldmntmrnbbtqvhsg

oqdehwdrvghkdnsgdqrcnmns-

Sgd mnlhm`k rsqtbstqd `rrtldc hm sghr vnqj b`m ad oqdrdmsdc+

88

enkknvhmfJdmlnfmd'1///922(+`radknv-

61( ME

M-BK- RSDL

'MntmBk`rrOqdehw(Qnns

Sghr rsqtbstqd hmchb`sdr sg`s ` Midæl mnlhm`k enql bnmrhrsr ne `m

nakhf`snqxqnnssg`shroqdbdcdcax`mnudqsoqdehwnqax`ydqnoqdehw-

Sgdmntmbk`rroqdehwl`xaddhsgdq`unvdknq`bnmrnm`ms,unvdk

rdptdmbd-Hsbntkc`krnad`rhmfkdbnmrnm`ms-Sgdmntmqnnsr`qddhsgdq

lnmnrxkk`ahb nq chrxkk`ahb- Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr hkktrsq`sd sgd

lnqognknfhb`krsqtbstqdnesgdMidælmntm-

62( oqdehw,rsdl oqdehw,rsdll,t∆qtæl _l`m&a,t∆qtæl _ldm& BK0,l`m BK1,l`m

÷,mt∆l _lntsg& lÕ ,mt∆l _lntsgr& BK2,lntsg BK3,lntsg kd∆,an∆ _enns& ld∆,an∆ _edds& BK4,enns BK5,enns

89

c,Ù _mnrd& l,Ù _mnrdr& BK4,mnrd BK5,mnrd ÷,s�Í l _bqx& aÕ ,s�Í l _bqhdr& BK6,bqx BK7,bqx

Hm sgdrd enqlr+ Zl,\+ Za,\+ ZlÕ ,\+ Zkd∆,\+ Zld∆,\+ ZaÕ ,\+ Zc,\+`mcZl,\

`qd `kk mnlhm`k oqdehwdr fqntodc hmsn rhmftk`q `mc oktq`k bk`rrdr- D`bg

oqdehw adknmfr sn ` rodbhehb bk`rr cdodmchmf nm hsr rg`od `mc sgd

chrshmbshnmhmmtladqhsfhudrsnsgdmntmsnvghbghsadknmfr-SgtrZl,\

ne Zl,t∆qtæl\ _l`m& hr rhmftk`q bk`rr nmd 'BK0(vgdqd`r Zl,\ ne Zl,Ù\

_mnrdr& hr oktq`k bk`rr rhw 'BK5(- Ansg rhmftk`q `mc oktq`k mnlhm`k

l`qjdqr`qdentmchms`akd11'o`fd82(-

2-0-1 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneCdqhudcMntmr

Sgdcdqhudcmntmr`qdb`kkdccdqhudcadb`trd sgdxtrt`kkxcdqhud

eqnl udqar nq nsgdq mntmr- Sgd o`ssdqm ne oqnctbshuhsx hm Midæl

cdudqa`shudr hr eqnludqa`k snmnlhm`k-Sghr o`ssdqm hr hm khmdvhsg sgd

bk`hlsg`sÈHmOqnsn,A`mst+oqnctbshuhsxltrsg`udaddmeqnlmnlhm`ksn

udqa`k+`ksgntfghmsgdoqdrdmsc`xk`mft`fdr+sgdchqdbshnm`ood`qrsnad

sgdqdudqrdÍ'Lddtrrdm0856980(-

90

SgdcdqhudcmntmrhmMidælg`udsgdenkknvhmfrsqtbstqd-

63( C-M-

'oew(qnns'rew(

Sghr rsqtbstqd rtffdrsr sg`s sgdqd hr `m nakhf`snqx qnns sg`s s`jdr

dhsgdq`oqdehwnq`rteehw-Sgdoqdehwhr`kv`xr`m`r`k`mcsgdrteehwsgd

k`sdq`k-Sgdrd`eehwdrnbbtqhmltst`kkxdwbktrhuddmuhqnmldmsrrtbgsg`s

nmkx nmd ne sgd svn nbbtqr hm ` fhudm bnmsdws- .,k. nbbtqr vhsg

lnmnrxkk`ahb nodm qnnsr vgdqd`r .M¶,. nbbtqr dkrdvgdqd+ `r sgdrd

dw`lokdrhmchb`sd-

64`( UdqaQnns CdqhudcMntm ,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjd&� � m∆,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjdq& ,anæl`æ _rdkk&� � � l–,anæl ∆̀ _rdkkdq& ,f—ælknæ _rvddo&� � œ∆,f—ælkn∆ _rvddodq& ,jn∆& _v`mcdq&� � œ∆,jn∆& _v`mcdqdq&a( s�øæ, _khd&� � � s�øæ,k _kh`q& ,røæ _vnqj&� � røæ,k _vnqjdq&� ,kdæ _ok`x&�� � kdæ,k _ok`xdq&

91

Sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd cdqhudc mntm hr l`qjdc ax `

m`r`k-Sgdx`krnrgnvsg`ssghrm`r`khrgnlnqf`mhb`mcrxkk`ahb-Hm'a(+

hmrsd`c ne sgd gnlnqf`mhb m`r`k nbbtqqhmf+ hs hr sgd k`sdq`k Z,k\ sg`s hr

rteehwdc sn sgd udqa rsdl sn enql sgd cdqhudc mntm- Sghr k`sdq`k rteehw

nbbtqr nmkx vgdm sgd qnns hr `m nodm lnmnrxkk`akd- Sgd nqhfhm ne Z,k\

l`x ad sq`bdc sn sgd udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr- Hs hr rhlhk`q sn sgd b`tr`shud

dwsdmrhnmsg`sg`rsgdld`mhmfne_snb`trdrnldancxsncnrnldsghmf&

nq _sn b`trd rnldsghmf sn adbnld cheedqdms&- Sgdrd cdqhudc mntmr b`m

sgdqdenqdadr`hcsng`ud`mhlokhb`shnmhmsgdhqld`mhmfsg`ssgdqdhr`

otqonrdsg`slnshu`sdrsgd`bshnm-

2-0-2 MntmBk`rrRxrsdl

Rdudq`kvnqjrnmA`mstk`mft`fdr+rtbg`rAkddj'0751(+Ldhmgne

'0821(+ Lddtrrdm '0856(+ Onknldæ '0856(+ Ftsgqhd '0856(+ rgnv sg`s

mntmr`qdbnmudmhdmskxfqntodchmsnbk`rrdr-Bdqs`hmbk`rrdrnemntmr`qd

hmsqhmrhb`kkx rhmftk`q 'enq dw`lokd 0+ 2+ 4+ 6+ 8+ dsb( vghkd nsgdqr `qd

oktq`k'1+3+5+7+dsb+(-Gnvdudq+rnldbk`rrdrbnms`hmansgrhmftk`q`mc

oktq`k mntmr- Sgd a`rhb mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr neOqnsn,A`mst+ fqntodc hm

fdmcdqr h-d-`bbnqchmf sn sgdrhmftk`q.oktq`ko`hqhmfaxLdhmgne '0821(+

Ftsgqhd '0856(+ Onknldæ '0856(+ s`jdm eqnl Jdmlnfmd '1///9 24(+ `qd

oqdrdmsdchmsgds`akdadknv-

92

Rdl`mshbchrsqhatshnm FtsgqhdOnknldæLdhmgne

,@tsnmnlntrhmchuhct`khrdcadhmfr+gtl`mmntmr lt,.¬`,ld,.a`,lt,.u,`,'0.1(

,Mnm,`tsnmnlntrhmchuhct`khrdcadhmfr:`mhlhrshb

bnmbdosr+o`qsrnesgdancx+ok`msr:m`stq`kogdmnldm` lt,.lh,lt,.ld,lt,.lh,'2.3(

,Nmdnesgdo`hqrnenaidbsrsg`sbnldhmo`hqr ch,cd,kh,'4(

,L`rrmntmrhmchb`shmf`mnm,hsdlhr`akdvgnkd:ok-bk4- l`,l`,l`,'5(

,Hm`mhl`sdnaidbsr jh,.ah,jd,.ad,jh,.ah,'6.7(

,Naidbsrnqadhmfrcdehmdcaxsgdhqlnrsbg`q`bsdqhrshbed`stqdr �,md,.ch,.+md,mh,.kh,+mh,'8.0/(

,Hmchuhct`khrdcnaidbsrmtladqhmflnqdsg`msvn ct,cn,kt,'00(

,Chlhmtshudr j`,j`,st,'01(

,Chlhmtshudr st, sn, st, '02(

,@arsq`bsr at,an,ut,'03(

,Hmehmhshudr jt,jn,jt,'04(

,Cdehmhsdknb`shnm o`,o`,o`,'05(

,Hmcdehmhsdknb`shnm jt,jt,jt,'06(

,Knb`shnmhmrhcd`ok`bd lt,lt,lt,'07(

oh, oh,'08(

t, '1/(

h, '10(S`akd109Oqnsn,A`mstMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr

93

@m hkktrsq`shnm ne sgd mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr neMidæl hr oqnuhcdc hm

sgds`akdsg`senkknvr-

Bk`rr Mntm Oqdehw Rsdl Fknrr

0 lt∆l`æ

o`æq`∆

l,

÷,

,t∆l`æ

,o`æq`∆

_vnl`m&�

_oqhdrs&

1 at∆l`æ

ad∆o`æq`∆

a,

ad∆,

,t∆l`æ

,o`æq`∆

_vnldm&�

_oqhdrsr&

2 m∆cy`∆ ÷, ,m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmd&�

3 lÕ m∆cy`∆

lÕ jtæl`æ

lÕ ,

lÕ ,

,m∆cy`∆

,jtæl`æ

_hmsdrshmdr&�

_vd`ksg&

4

kd∆ot∆kt∆

cÕÃg

cy—æq`∆

c�Õ◊mn∆

kd∆,

c,

cy,

c�,

,ot∆kt∆

,ÕÃg

,—æq`∆

,Õ◊mn∆

_r`tbd&�

_dxd&�

_ehqdvnnc&�

_ehmfdq&�

5

ld∆ot∆kt∆

lÕÃg

ld∆loÕÃq

ld∆,

l,

ld∆l,

,ot∆kt∆

,ÕÃg

,oÕÃq

_r`tbd&�

_dxdr&�

_bgdrsr&�

6 mÕ mn∆ ÷, ,mÕ mn∆ _kntrd&�

7 aÕ mÕ mn∆ aÕ , ,mÕ mn∆ _khbd&�

8 aÕÃq ÷, ,aÕÃq _bgdrs&�00 Õ jtæl`æ Õ , ,jtæl`æ _vd`ksg&�

S`akd119MidælMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr

94

Rnld Oqnsn,A`mst rhmfkd bk`rrdr g`ud addm chuhcdc hmsn svn nq

sgqdd rtabk`rrdr `r ` qdrtks ne sgd ogdmnldmnm ne bk`rr ldqfdq- Sgd

cdsdqlhm`shnm ne bk`rrldladqrghocndrmns rnkdkxcdodmcnm sgd mntm

bk`rroqdehwdradb`trdrdudq`kbk`rrdrbntkcg`ud`rhlhk`qoqdehw- Sgd

o`ssdqmne`fqddldmshmctbdcaxsgdmntmnmsgdonrrdrrhudr+`cidbshudr+

qdk`shudr+ dsb+ hr udqx trdetk hm cdsdqlhmhmf gnv mntmr `qd chrsqhatsdc

hmsnbk`rrdr-

Sgd s`akd sg`s enkknvr oqnuhcdr bkd`q duhcdmbd trdc sn cdsdqlhmd

sgdadknmfhmfnemntmrsn`o`qshbtk`qbk`rr-@rr`hc`anud+hmlnrsA`mst

@ k`mft`fdr rtbg `r Midæl+ mntm bk`rrdr b`mmns ad hcdmshehdc eqnl

oqdehwdr `knmd- Jdmlnfmd '1///9 28( hmchb`sdr sg`s Ènsgdq oqnodqshdr

hmbktcd sgd rhmftk`q.oktq`k o`hqhmf 'd-f- 0,1+ 2,3+ dsb(- O`ssdqmr ne

`fqddldms hmctbdc ax sgd mntmr `qd sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms bqhsdqh` sg`s

rgntkc fnudqm sgd mntm bk`rr chrsqhatshnm-Í Hm sgd s`akd+ sgdqdenqd+

bnmbnqc l`qjdqr ne sgd mntmr `qd hmbktcdc vhsg u`qhntr rodbhehdqr `mc

bnlokdldmsrvgdmotssnfdsgdq-Mnsd`krnsg`ssgdunvdkrnesgdu`qhntr

nudqsbk`rr,l`qjdqoqdehwdr`kkad`q`knvsnmdtmcdqkxhmfkx-

95

Bk`rr Mntm

OqdehwOnrrd,rrhud'lx(

Onrrd,rrhud'ghr(

Onrrd,rrhud'xntq(

@m`ogn,qhb

`cidbshud

Hmsdqqnf`,shud

'vghbg(

Cdlnmrsq`,shud'sghr(

Qdk`shudoqnmntm

@rrnbh`,shud

l`qjdqr

Rtaidbsl`qjdqr

0 l,÷,

v`∆l vdæ vÕ◊m mi—∆ v`æ9 mh  v`∆9 ÷ miøæ

1 ad∆, a`»l adæ aÕ◊m a`» a`æ9 aÕ◊mh  a`æ9 adæ adæ

2 ÷, v`»l vdæ vÕ◊m vÕÃ v`æ9 mh  v`æ9 æ vdæ

3 lÕ , li`»l lidæ lÕ◊m lÕÃ li`æ9 lh◊mh  li`æ9 lÕ◊ lidæ

4

kd∆,c,cy,c�,

k`»l

kdæ

kÕ◊m

kÕÃ

k`æ9

kh◊mh 

k`æ9

kdæ

kdæ

5

ld∆,l,

ld∆M,

l`»l

ldæ

lÕ◊m

l`»

l`æ9

lh◊mh 

l`æ9

ldæ

ldæ

6 ÷, i`»l idæ iÕ◊m iÕÃ i`æ9 mh  i`æ9 æ idæ

7 aÕ , ai`»l aidæ aiÕ◊m aÕÃ ai`æ9 aÕ◊mh  ai`æ9 aÕ◊ aidæ

8 ÷, v`∆l midæ

miÕ◊m mi—∆ mi`æ9 mh  mi`∆9 ÷ miøæ

00 h , v`»l vdæ vÕ◊m vÕÃ v`æ9 vh◊mh  v`æ9

lÕ◊ vdæ

S`akd129BnmbnqcLnqogdldr

95

Sgdmntmbk`rrdrqdoqdrdmsdchms`akd11b`madfqntodcaxo`hqrsn

bnmrshstsdsgdfdmcdqrhm'65(-

65(

0 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

00

2-0-2-0Fdmcdq0.1

Lnrs ne sgd mntmr hm sghr fdmcdq qdedq sn gtl`mr- Hm bk`rr nmd

vghbg hr sgdrhmftk`qbk`rr+ sgdmntmr`qdoqdehwdcaxsgdahk`ah`km`r`k

vgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`unvdk`mc`ydqnlnqogdldvgdmsgdqnns

adfhmrvhsg`bnmrnm`ms-Hmsgdoktq`kbk`rr'BK1(+sgdunvdknesgdbk`rr

l`qjdqhrcdkdsdcvgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`unvdk`mchsrsnmdldqfdr

vhsg sgd enkknvhmf knv snmdne sgdunvdk sg`s b`trdr sghrcdkdshnm-Rdd

sgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

96

66( Bk`rr0 Bk`rr1

l,t∆q _odqrnm& a,t∆q _odnokd&

l,t∆qtæl _l`m& a,t∆qtæl _ldm&�

l,t∆l`æ _vnl`m& a,t∆a`æ _vnldm&

÷,jøæk _fhqk& ad∆,jøæk _fhqkr&�

÷,r—æœ _e`sgdq& ad∆,r—æœ _e`sgdqr&

÷,jÚ&Ú _tmbkd& ad∆,jÚ&Ú _tmbkdr&�

�Sgdenqlrenq_fhqkr&`mc_e`sgdqr&+enqdw`lokd+rgnvsg`ssgdBK1

l`qjdqhrZad∆,\-Sgnrdenq_odnokd&`mc_ldm&rgnvsg`ssgdunvdknesghr

l`qjdq e`hkr sn rtqe`bd- Sgd cdkdshnm ne sghr unvdk hr dwok`hmdc ax sgd

hmcdodmcdmskxlnshu`sdcqtkdneUnvdkdkhrhnm1-�

@etqsgdqnardqu`shnm snadl`cd eqnl sgdrdc`s` hr sg`s sgd qnns

bnmrnm`msenqsgdenqlenq_vnldm&`rrhlhk`sdrsgdok`bded`stqdrnesgd

oqdehw bnmrnm`ms- Sghr gnvdudq g`oodmr nmkx adb`trd ansg oqdehw `mc

qnns bnmrnm`msr `qd ahk`ah`k- Sghr `rrhlhk`shnm b`m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad

ognmdshb`kkx lnshu`sdc fhudm sg`s hs hr d`rhdq sn qdod`s sgd r`ld

`qshbtk`snqxfdrstqdenqsgdsvnbnmrnm`msr-

97

2-0-2-1Fdmcdq2.3

Sgdmntmr hm sghr fdmcdq `qdlnrskx hm`mhl`sd sghmfr+ `rvdkk `r

sgdm`ldrne sqddr`mcnsgdqok`msr-Sgdqd hrmdhsgdq` rdfldms`kmnq`

snm`klnqogdld hmbk`rr sgqdd snl`qj sgd rhmftk`qvgdqd`rbk`rr entq+

vghbghrl`qjdcaxZlÕ ,\+bkd`qkxbnqqdronmcrsnsgdOAZlh,\-Dw`lokdr

hmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9

67( Bk`rr2 Bk`rr3

÷,j`∆kn∆ _qnns& lÕ ,j`∆kn∆ _qnnsr&

÷,ln∆ _rsnl`bg& lÕ ,ln∆ _rsnl`bgr&

÷,j`æm _bknsg& lÕ ,j`æm _bknsgdr&

÷,l–ad» _gntrd& lÕ ,l–ad» _gntrdr&

÷,sÚgÚ _cheehbtksx& lÕ ,sÚgÚ _cheehbtkshdr&�

÷,kÛ _gd`c& lÕ ,kÛ _gd`cr&

�2-0-2-2Fdmcdq4.5

Sghrfdmcdq+khjdhmlnrsA`mstk`mft`fdr+bnms`hmrlhrbdkk`mdntr

naidbsr 'Lts`j` `mcS`l`mih1///9 040(-Sgd rhmftk`q bk`rr 'BK4(g`r

svnqdftk`ql`qjdqr-Vgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`bnmrnm`ms+ sgdoqdehw

nbbtqr `r Zkd∆,\- Gnvdudq+ vgdm sgd qnns adfhmr vhsg ` unvdk+ hs hr

l`qjdc ax Zc,\- Svn hqqdftk`q oqdehwdr+ Zcy,\ `mc Zc�,\+ nbbtq hm sghr

98

bk`rr `r rgnvm hm rdbshnm 1-5-0-2+ o`fd 60- Hm sgd oktq`k bk`rr+ sgqdd

rdo`q`sd enqlr nbbtq+ m`ldkx+ Zld∆,\ `mc Zl,\ sg`s l`qj sgd oktq`k ne

bk`rr ehud mntmr `mc Zld∆M,\ sg`sl`qjr sgd oktq`k ne bk`rr mhmdmntmr-

Rddrdbshnm2-0-2-4enqsgdbk`rrmhmdmntmr-Dw`lokdr`qdfhudmhm'68(-�

68( Bk`rr4 bk`rr5

kd∆,aÍ k _aqd`rs& ld∆,aÍ k _aqd`rsr&

kd∆,jÕ◊ _dff& ld∆,jÕ◊ _dffr&

kd∆,s`∆œkn∆ _rsnqx& ld∆,s`∆œkn∆ _rsnqhdr&

c,Ù _mnrd& l,Ù _mnrdr&�

c,—∆l _v`q& l,—∆l _v`qr&

c,Úæ&Úæ _m`udk& l,Ú&Úæ _m`udkr&

Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`svgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`unvdksgdoqdehw

unvdk hr cdkdsdc+ hm bnmenqlhsx vhsg Unvdk dkhrhnm 1- Rdbnmckx+ hm sgd

rhmftk`q enqlr .k. rtqe`bdr `r Zc\- @ ok`trhakd rxmbgqnmhb dwok`m`shnm

vntkcadsn`rrtldsg`ssghrg`oodmradb`trdsgdk`sdq`khrenkknvdcax

svnunvdkr+`rsgdenkknvhmfqtkdrgnvr-

99

2/( O,qtkd029Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm

,rnm ,k`s Z*k`s\ → ,bnm ^^ZU*U\ ,rsqh *uc

Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdk`sdq`kbg`mfdrsnsgdunhbdccdms`krsno

vgdmhshrenkknvdcaxsvnunvdkr-Sgdmntmrhmbk`rrehud`mcrhwb`mad

cdqhudc`renkknvr-

70( kd∆,jÕ◊ c,—∆l ld∆,jÕ◊ l,—∆l

TQ.kd,jÕ kd,—l ld,jÕ ld,—l.

�Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm� � � cd,—l�� � � �

�Unvdk�dkhrhnm�1� � � c,—l� � � � l,—l

Snmd�qtkdr kd∆,jÕ◊ c,—∆l ld∆,jÕ◊ l,—∆l

OQZkd∆,jÕ◊ c,—∆l ld∆,jÕ◊ l,—∆l\

Sghr cdqhu`shnm `krn rgnvr sg`s cdk`sdq`khy`shnm nbbtqr adenqd

unvdkdkhrhnm-

100

2-0-2-3Fdmcdq6.7

@tfldms`shudr+ chlhmtshudr `mc nsgdq lhrbdkk`mdntr hsdlr `qd

hmbktcdchmsghrfdmcdq-Itrskhjdfdmcdq2.3+sgdqdhrmdhsgdq`rdfldms`k

mnq ` snm`k lnqogdld l`qjhmf sgd rhmftk`q bk`rr 'BK6(+ vgdqd`r sgd

oktq`kbk`rr'BK7(hrl`qjdcaxZaÕ ,\-Sghrdpt`kkxbnqqdronmcrsnsgdOA

Zah,\-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

71( Bk`rr6 Bk`rr7

÷,c�tækt∆ _rlnjd& aÕ ,c�tækt∆ _rlnjd&

÷,c�Í gÍ _anmd& aÕ ,c�Í gÍ _anmdr&

÷,a`∆m _dohb& aÕ ,a`∆m _dohbr&

÷,�`» _bk`v& aÕ ,�`» _bk`vr&

÷,c`∆k`∆ _ons& aÕ ,c`∆k`∆ _onsr&

÷,œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbj& aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbjr&�

2-0-2-4Fdmcdq8.5

Bk`rrmhmd'BK8(bnms`hmr`edvodqrnm`kmntmr+`mhl`km`ldr`r

vdkk`rrnldhm`mhl`sdmntmr-@rrs`sdc`anudBK8+vghbghrl`qjdcax

`ydqnlnqogdld+enqlrhsroktq`khmbk`rrrhw-Hsrgntkcadmnsdcsg`ssgd

101

oktq`k l`qjdq+ .ld∆M,.+ s`jdr ` rxkk`akd,ehm`k m`r`k+ `mc sg`s sgd qnns,

hmhsh`kbnmrnm`mshrunhbdkdrr-Rddsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

72( Bk`rr8 Bk`rr5

÷,aut∆& _lnqs`q& ld∆l–,out∆& _lnqs`qr&

÷,cÕ◊anæ _rsqd`l& ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ _rsqd`lr&

÷,c—∆&—∆ _qnnl& ld∆m∆,s—∆&—∆ _qnnlr&

÷,aÕÃq _bgdrs& ld∆l–,oÕÃq _bgdrsr&

÷,at∆ln∆ _eqths& ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆ _eqths&�

Hsb`madnardqudcsg`ssgdOAfdmcdq8.0/g`rbnkk`ordchmsn8.5hm

Midæl-Sghrfdmcdq`krnnbbtqrhmmdhfgantqhmfL`j``'Gd`sg1//29227(

`mc adg`udr hm ` rhlhk`q l`mmdq- Enq `m `bbntms ne sgd enqlr hm sghr

fdmcdq+rddrdbshnm1-5-0-1+o`fd56-

2-0-2-5Fdmcdq00.3

Sghr fdmcdq bnms`hmr lnrskx `arsq`bs mntmr- Sgd rhmftk`q bk`rr

'BK00( hrl`qjdcax ZÕ ,\- Hs s`jdr hsroktq`k hm bk`rr entq sg`sg`raddm

rgnvm `anud sn ad l`qjdc ax ZlÕ ,\- Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr `qd

hkktrsq`shud9

102

73( Bk`rr00 Bk`rr3

Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ _sgntfgs& lÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ _sgntfgsr&

Õ ,jtæqf`æ _hkk,ktbj& lÕ ,jtæqf`æ _hkk,ktbj&

Õ ,jtæl`æ _vd`ksg& lÕ ,jtæl`æ _vd`ksg&�

� L`mxne sgdbnmbnqch`kl`qjdqr enqBK2`mcBK00`qd sgdr`ld-

Nmdbntkc sghmjsg`ssgdsvn`qd`rhmfkdbk`rr+drodbh`kkx`ransgenql

sgdhq oktq`k hm BK3- Gnvdudq+ sgd cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntm 'sghr( hr

cheedqdmshmsgdsvn+rtffdrshmfsg`ssgdx`qdrdo`q`sdbk`rrdr-Sghrb`mad

rddmhms`akd12'o`fd84(-�

�2-0-3 @fqddldmsO`ssdqmr

@r ldmshnmdc `anud+ d`bg mntm bnmchshnmr sgd enql ne sgd

`fqddldms`eehwdrsg`snbbtqvhsghs hm`mtssdq`mbd-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`

hkktrsq`sdrtbg`m`fqddldmsnardqudcadsvddmmntmr`mcsgdhqbnmbnqch`k

lnqogdldrhmMidæl-

74( ÷,jøækv`∆lmiøæv`æ _Lx�rhrsdq�hr�gdqd& BK0,rhrsdqlxBNMgdqd

Ad∆,jøæka`»ladæv`æ _Lx�rhrsdqr�`qd�gdqd& BK1,rhrsdqlxBNMgdqd

÷,j`æm v`»lvdæv`æ _Lx�bknsg�hr�gdqd& BK2,bknsglxBNMgdqd

103

LÕ ,j`æmli`»llidæv`æ _Lx�bknsgdr�`qd�gdqd& BK3,bknsglxBNMgdqd

Kd∆,an∆k`»lkdæv`æ _Lx�enns�hr�gdqd& BK4,ennslxBNMgdqd

Ld∆,an∆l`»lldæv`æ _Lx�edds�`qd�gdqd& BK5,ennslxBNMgdqd

÷,œ∆∆jtæqtæi`»lidæv`æ _Lx�atssnbj�hr�gdqd& BK6,atssnbjlxBNMgdqd

Ah∆,œ∆∆jtæqtæai`»laidæv`æ _Lx�atssnbjr�`qd�gdqd& BK7,atssnbjlxBNMgdqd

÷,s�vÕ◊srøæmv`∆lmiøæv`æ _Lx�rs`q�hr�gdqd& BK8,rs`qlxBNMgdqd

H ,jtæqf`æv`»lvdæv`æ _Lx�hkk,ktbj�hr�gdqd& BK00,hkk,ktbjlxBNMgdqd

Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s ansg sgd onrrdrrhud l`qjdq `mc sgd

bnmbnqc lnqogdld bg`mfd+ cdodmchmf nm sgd bk`rr hm vghbg sgd mntm

sgdxnbbtq vhsg adknmfr-Enq sgd qdrs ne sgd bnmbnqch`klnqogdldr rdd

s`akd12`anud'o`fd84(-

2-1 UdqaLnqognknfx

Udqar `qd oqnsnsxohb`kkx vnqcr sg`s bncd `bshnm+ oqnbdrr nq rs`sd

'Anxc 08869 60(- Hm lnrs A`mst k`mft`fdr+ sgdqd `qd ` rdqhdr ne

hmekdbshnmr sg`s`qd`ccdc sn sgdudqaqnns snfdmdq`sd`udqa`kenql-Hm

rnldA`mst@ k`mft`fdr khjdMidæl sgdx`qdrdo`q`sd kdwhb`k hsdlr sg`s

104

`qdbnlahmdcvhsg sgdudqa qnns-Sgdu`qhntr`rodbsrne sgdMidæludqa

lnqognknfx`qdoqdrdmsdcgdqd-

2-1-0 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneUdqar

Hm A`mst k`mft`fdr+ sgd udqa g`r ` bnlokdw lnqognknfx- Lxdqr

'0887(+ enkknvhmf Lddtrrdm '0856(+ rgnvr sg`s sgd udqa hm ehud A`mst

k`mft`fdrg`rsvnl`hmbnmrshstdmsr-SgdUdqaRsdlbnmrhrsrnesgdqnns+

hsr rteehwdr 'dwsdmrhnmr( l`qjhmf sghmfr khjd b`tr`shnm+ o`rrhud+

qdbhoqnb`k `mc rn nm+ `mc ` sdqlhm`k unvdk- @m naidbs l`qjdq

hlldch`sdkx oqdbdcdr hs+ `mc sgdrd inhm snfdsgdq hm sgd Udqa`k

L`bqnrsdl- Sgd Hmekdbshnm`k Rsdl+ vghbg oqdbdcdr sgd L`bqnrsdl+

bnmrhrsr ne sgd lnqogdldr l`qjhmf rtaidbs+ sdmrd+ `rodbs+ `mc.nq

lnc`khsx-

Jdmlnfmd '1///9 4/( oqdrdmsr ` sqdd ch`fq`l hmchb`shmf sgd

nudq`kkghdq`qbghb`krsqtbstqdnesgdudqa`renkknvr9

75( UE

ORL Rsdl

MB Qnns DWSRL,MDF,SLEU

105

Sghrch`fq`lhrhmsdqoqdsdc`r9`Udqa`kEnql'UE(hrl`cdtone`

Oqd,RsdlL`sdqh`k 'ORL(oktr `Rsdl-SgdORL hr dhsgdq `mntmbk`rr

oqdehwvgdmsgdudqahrhmsgdhmehmhshudenqlnq`rdptdmbdneRL,MDF

, SL- Sgd Rsdl bnloqhrdr ` Qnns 'QS( oktr `m Dwsdmrhnm 'DWS( nq `

ehm`kunvdk'EU(-

Sgd Midæl udqa+ `r qdvqhssdm adknv+ lhqqnqr sgd rsqtbstqd ne `

A`mstudqa-

76( RL,SLÊ'MDF(,QSÊ'DWS(

Mnsdsg`ssgdmdf`shnm`mcdwsdmrhnml`qjdqr`qdnoshnm`khmMidæl-

Sghrrsqtbstqdb`madhkktrsq`sdcvhsgsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr-

77( �øæaÕŸstæmn» 2rORS`mmntmbd

_Xnt�`mmntmbdc&�FÙa`»khÃ

1rORS-MDFkhadq`sd_Xnt�chc�mns�khadq`sd&�

�ø∆anæa`∆cyd∆ 2rETSMDFfhud_Gd�vhkk�mns�fhud&�

AÕ◊ma`»c�id»a,k`æ

2OORS-MDFb`kk,DWS_Sgdx�chc�mns�b`kk�sn�d`bg�nsgdq&�

106

�Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsgdrsqtbstqdnesgdudqahmMidæl-Sgdudqaadfhmr

ax sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq+ enkknvdc ax sgd sdmrd l`qjdq `mc sgdm sgd

mdf`shnml`qjdq-Sgdudqaqnnsb`madenkknvdcaxnmddwsdmrhnm-

2-1-1RsdlLnqognknfx

Hm lnrs A`mst k`mft`fdr sgd rsdl bnmrhrsr ne sgd udqa qnns 'QS(

enkknvdcaxnmdnqlnqddwsdmrhnmr'DWS(`mc.nqsgdehm`kunvdk'EU(-Hs

b`madqdvqhssdm`renkknvr9

78( Rsdl<QS*'DWS'R((*EU

Vghkd rnld k`mft`fdrl`xbnlahmd`kk ne sgd`anud sn enql sgd

rsdl+ nsgdqr+ drodbh`kkx sgnrd sg`s `qd kdrr bnmb`sdm`shud+ b`m dhsgdq

bgnnrdadsvddmnmdnqlnqddwsdmrhnmrnqsgdehm`kunvdk-HmMidæl+nmkx

`m dwsdmrhnm b`m nbbtq- Hsr nbbtqqdmbd hr noshnm`k adb`trd rnld udqar

l`xnbbtqvhsgntshs-SgdMidælrsdlhrsgdqdenqdqdvqhssdm`renkknvr9

8/( Rsdl<QS*'DWS(

2-1-1-0Dwsdmrhnmr

K`mft`fdrnesgdA`mstfqntog`ud`mtladqneudqa`kdwsdmrhnmr-

Sgdrd`qdrteehwdrsg`s`qd`ccdcsnsgdqnnssnqdrtkshm`mdvudqarsdl-

107

Udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr b`m dhsgdq ad oqnctbshud nq mnm,oqnctbshud- Sgd

oqnctbshud dwsdmrhnmr trt`kkx `eedbs udqa u`kdmbx vgdqd`r sgd mnm,

oqnctbshud nmdr l`x enql`kkx ad hrnk`sdc `r rteehwdr ats b`mmns ad

`ssqhatsdc`mxfdmdq`kld`mhmfmnqg`ud`mxrxms`bshbbnmrdptdmbdr-Sgd

dwsdmrhnmr hm Midæl `qd noshnm`k+ hm sgd rdmrd sg`s rnld udqar nbbtq

vhsgntssgdl-Mnsdrnmsgdu`qhntrdwsdmrhnmrenkknv-

2-1-1-0-0SgdQdbhoqnb`k

SghrhrnmdnesgdlnrsoqnctbshuddwsdmrhnmrhmMidæl-Hshmchb`sdr

sg`s sgd `bshnm hmgdqdms hm sgd udqa hr qdk`sdc sn nmd dkdldms hm svn

cheedqdmsv`xr:sghrdkdldmsadhmf`ssgdr`ldshldsgd`fdms`rvdkk`r

sgd fn`k ne sgd `bshnm- Hs hr l`qjdc ax ` knv snmd dwsdmrhnm Z,k`∆\- Sgd

dw`lokdrsg`senkknv`qdhkktrsq`shud-

80( kd∆,aid∆m,k`∆ _sn�qdetrd�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,qdetrd,QDB kd∆,st∆ln∆,k`∆ _sn�khfgs�enq�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,khfgs,QDB kd∆,�Õ l,k`∆ _sn�qtm�sn�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,qtm,QDB kd∆,c�id»a,k`∆ _sn�b`kk�sn�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,b`kk,QDB

108

kd∆,fÕÃl,k`∆ _sn�rnkhbhs�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,rnkhbhs,QDB kd∆,�tæfn»,k`∆ _sn�rtoonqs�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,rtoonqs,QDB

Sghr rteehw cndr mns b`trd mnq tmcdqfn `mx snm`k bg`mfdr vgdm

`ss`bgdcsnsgdudqa-

2-1-1-0-1SgdHmrsqtldms`k

Sgdhmrsqtldms`krteehwfdmdq`kkxlnchehdrsgdld`mhmfnesgdudqa

axrodbhexhmfsg`ssgd`bshnmhrcnmdvhsg`mhmrsqtldmsnernldjhmc-Hm

lnrs hmrs`mbdr sgd hmrsqtldms hr `m hm`mhl`sd naidbs 'Lts`j` `mc

S`l`mih1///9067(-HmMidæl+sgdhmrsqtldms`krteehwZ,md∆\dwoqdrrdrsgd

ld`mhmf ne _vhsg&- Sgd dw`lokdr oqdrdmsdc hm '81( hkktrsq`sd sghr

dwsdmrhnm-

81( kd∆,ad∆,md∆ _ok`ms�vhsg& HME,ok`ms,HMR kd∆,�Õ l,md∆ _qtm�vhsg&�

HME,qtm,HMR kd∆,sÕ kn∆,md∆ _vqhsd�vhsg&� HME,vqhsd,HMR

109

kd∆,j`æ&,md∆ _shd�vhsg& HME,shd,HMR

kd∆,cy`»l,md∆ _oqdo`qd�vhsg&HME,oqdo`qd,HMRkd∆,stæmn»,md∆ _`mmntmbd�vhsg&HME,`mmntmbd,HMR

Sghr rteehw cndr mns b`trd mnq tmcdqfn `mx snm`k bg`mfdr vgdm

`ss`bgdcsnsgdudqa-

2-1-1-0-2 Sgd@ookhb`shud

Fdmdq`kkx+sghrdwsdmrhnmhmchb`sdrsg`ssgdrs`sdnq`bshnmcdrbqhadc

hrenqsgdadmdehsnernldancxdkrd-Sghrdwsdmrhnm+l`qjdcaxZ,Õ◊\vghbg

hrghfg,snmdchrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-

82( kd∆,cyø∆9,Õ◊ _rhmf�enq&

HME,rhmf,@OOkd∆,sÕ kn∆,Õ◊ �_vqhsd�enq&HME,vqhsd,@OOkd∆,�t∆ln∆,Õ◊ _bnmrsqtbs�enq&HME,bnmrsqtbs,@OOkd∆,cyn»,Õ◊ _jhkk�enq&HME,jhkk,@OO

110

kd∆,cy`»l,Õ◊ _oqdo`qd�enq&HME,oqdo`qd,@OO

kd∆,rÕÃk,Õ◊ _ehmhrg�enq&HME,ehmhrg,@OO

Khjdsgddwsdmrhnmr`anudsghrnmdcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mx

bg`mfdr vgdm `ccdc sn sgd udqa- Btqhntrkx+ dudm sgntfg sgd rsqtbstq`k

cdrbqhoshnm enq unvdk dkhrhnm chrbtrrdc `anud hr lds+ hs e`hkr sn `ookx

gdqd-Hshrrhlokxbnmrhcdqdcsg`ssghroqnbdrrcndrmns`ookxadsvddmsgd

udqaqnns`mchsrdwsdmrhnmradb`trdsgdrd`qdrsqnmfkxantmc-

2-1-1-0-3 SgdO`rrhud

Sghrdwsdmrhnmhmchb`sdrsg`ssgd`bshnmhmgdqdmshmsgdudqahrcnmd

sn sgd rtaidbs- Hs nbbtqru`qh`akx hmMidæl`r dhsgdq Z,—∆9\ nq Z,œ—∆9\-Ansg

ad`qknvsnmdr-Z,—∆9\nbbtqr`esdqqnnsrsg`sdmchmbnmrnm`msrvghkdZ,œ—∆9\

nbbtqr `esdq qnnsr sg`s dmc hm unvdkr- Dw`lokdr sg`s hkktrsq`sd sgd

nbbtqqdmbdnesghrrteehw`qdoqdrdmsdchm'83(-

83( cyd∆,œ—∆9 _fhudm& fhud,O@RR st∆fn∆,œ—∆9 _lhwdc& lhw,O@RR

aid∆m,—∆ _qdetrdc& qdetrd,O@RR

111

idæ&kn»,œ—∆9 _s`tfgs& sd`bg,O@RR

c�id»a,—∆9 _b`kkdc& b`kk,O@RR

av—»l,—∆9 _antfgs& atx,O@RR

Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`ssgdo`rrhudrteehw`ksdqm`sdradsvddmZœ—∆\`mc

Z—∆\-Hsbntkcadbk`hldcsg`ssgdudk`qm`r`khrhmrdqsdcatsrtbg`bk`hlhr

d`rhkxchrb`qcdcadb`trdsgddmuhqnmldmshmvghbghmrdqshnmnbbtqrhrmns

duhcdms hm sgdrdc`s`-Gnvdudq+ hs b`mad`qftdc sg`s sgdudk`qm`r`k hr

cdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-Sghrb`madb`ostqdcax

sgdenkknvhmfqtkd9

84( O,qtkd039Udk`qM`r`kCdkdshnm

*m`r *bnmr ,bnq → Z÷\,rxkk* ,`ms

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ sgd udk`q m`r`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr

`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm9

112

85( cyd∆,œ—∆9 av—»l,—∆9

TQ.cyd∆,�—∆9 atæ—∆l,�—∆9.

Udk`qhy`shnm cyd,œ—9 at—l,œ—9�

�Bnmrnm`ms�cdkdshnm� � � at—l,—9

�Cdunb`khr`shnm av—l,—9�

Snmd�qtkdr cyd∆,œ—∆9 av—»l,—∆9

OQZcyd∆,œ—∆9 av—»l,—∆9\

2-1-1-0-4 SgdQdekdwhud

Sgdqdekdwhudrteehwdwoqdrrdrsgdhcd`sg`ssgd`bshnmcdrbqhadcax

sgdudqahrenq sgdadmdehsne sgd`fdms- Hs hrl`qjdchmMidælax` knv,

snmdclnqogdldZ,v`∆\+`rrgnvmhmsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-

86( sÕ kn∆,v`∆ _vqhsd�enq�nmdrdke& vqhsd,QDE

k—∆l`∆,v`∆ _qta�nmdrdke& qta,QDE

ct∆an∆∆,v`∆ _rn`j�nmdrdke&

rn`j,QDE

113

kÛ,v`∆ _ahsd�nmdrdke& ahsd,QDE l`æ&,v`∆ _f`sgdq�enq�nmdrdke& f`sgdq,QDE �Õ◊gn»,v`∆ _fqhmc�nmdrdke& fqhmc,QDE

Sghrrteehwcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mxsnm`kbg`mfdr-

2-1-1-0-5SgdB`tr`shud

Sgdb`tr`shudhm`k`qfdl`inqhsxnek`mft`fdrg`rsgdld`mhmfne

_snb`trdnqsnl`jdrnldancxcnrnldsghmf&nq_snb`trdrnldsghmfsn

adbnld cheedqdms&- Hs hr l`qjdc hm Midæl ax ` k`sdq`k rteehw Z,k\- Sgd

enkknvhmfc`s`rgnvsgdnbbtqqdmbdnesgdb`tr`shudrteehwhmMidæl9

87( cd∆,k _b`trd�sn�d`s&

d`s,B@TRrn∆,k _b`trd�sn�gtms&gtms,B@TR

c�t∆,k _b`trd�sn�bkhla&bkhla,B@TRkÛ,k _b`trd�sn�ahsd&ahsd,B@TR

114

r`»,k _b`trd�sn�cn&cn,B@TRidæ&kn»,k _b`trd�sn�sd`bg&sd`bg,B@TR

Rhlhk`qkx+ sghrdwsdmrhnmcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mx snm`knq

ognmnknfhb`kbg`mfdrvgdmrteehwdcsnsgdudqaqnns-

2-1-1-1SgdQnns

Sgdudqal`xdhsgdqg`ud`ghfgsnmdnq`knvsnmdqnns-D`bgg`r

`ehm`kknvsnmdsg`scnbjrnmsnsgdqnns-Dw`lokdrhmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9

88`( ,�`∆ _sd`q&�

,r`∆l _ronhk&�

,k—∆l`∆ _qta&�

a( ,rt» _aqtrg&�

,lø»q _`qqdrs&�

,atæfn» _lhrr&�

�Vghkdsgdc`s`hm'`(rgnvsg`ssgdehm`kknvsnmdldqfdrvhsgsgd

knv snmd ne sgd udqa+ sgnrd hm 'a( rgnv sg`s hs bqd`sdr ` ghfg,e`kkhmf

115

bnmsntqvgdmhslddsr`ghfgsnmdnmsgdudqa-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrrgnv

gnvsgdudqaqnnshrcdqhudc-

0//( Snmnknfhb`kQtkd'S,qtkd(09SnmdRoqd`c

U U

S S Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr- @bbnqchmfsnsghrqtkd`snmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfSAThmudqa

qnnsr-

0/0( S,qtkd19Ehm`kKnvCnbjhmf

k

K

n\\n

µ Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr-

Sghrqtkd`kknvr`ekn`shmfknvsnmdsn`rrnbh`sd`ssgddmcneudqa

qnnsr-Sgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnmrgnvrgnvudqaqnnsr`qdenqldc9

0/1( ,r`∆l ,k—∆l`∆ ,rt» ,atæfn» �

TQ.r`lk—l` rt atfn.

KKKK GKGK

116

Kdudk0 r`lk—l` rt atfnT@B KKKK GKGK�Snmd�roqd`c���� r`lk—l` rt atfn KKKK GKGKEhm`k�K�cnbjhmfr`lk—l` rt atfn KKK GKGK OQZ,r`∆l ,k—∆l`∆ ,rt» ,atæfn»\

�

2-1-2 Oqd,RsdlLnqognknfx

@r r`hc `anud+ sgd oqd,rsdl l`sdqh`k b`m hmbktcd ` rdptdmbd ne

rtaidbsl`qjdqr+sdmrdl`qjdqr`mcmdf`shnm-D`bgnesgdrdhroqdrdmsdc

hmstqm-

2-1-2-0Mdf`shnm

Sgdmdf`shnml`qjdqnbbtqr`esdqsgdsdmrdl`qjdqitrsadenqdsgd

udqaqnns-Hshrl`qjdcax`mnudqslnqogdld+Za`∆\+vghbgbg`mfdrsnZ`∆\

vgdm entmc `esdq ` bnmrnm`ms- Hs g`r ` knv snmd tmcdqkxhmfkx- Ad`unm

'0880975( rgnvr sg`s hmmdhfgantqhmfJ——myhldÈnmdbnllnml`qjdq

nemdf`shnmhr`-ÍTmkhjdsgdrhst`shnmhmMidæl+gdr`xrsg`ssgdmdf`shnm

l`qjdq hm J——myhld g`r rdudq`k u`qh`msr cdodmchmf nm sgd sdmrd `mc

117

`rodbsnesgdbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`hkktrsq`sdsgdnbbtqqdmbdne

sgdmdf`shnml`qjdqhmMidæl9

0/2`(lÌ anæa`∆cd∆ 0rETSMDFd`s-EK _H�vhkk�mns�d`s& �ø∆anæa`∆sÕ kn∆ 2rETSMDFvqhsd-EK _Gd�vhkk�mns�vqhsd&� aÍ gÍ anæa`∆stæmn» 0o ETSMDF`mmntmbd-EK _Vd�vhkk�mns�`mmntmbd&a( j`∆a,`∆mh mlÍ rg`qd,MDFjddo0r� _H�g`ud�mn�rg`qd&�

cydæœ,`∆lÍ fhud,MDF0r� _Cnm&s�fhud�ld&�b( �`¿a`∆c�id∆a .�ø`æa`∆c�Õ da∆. 2r-O1MDFrg`qodm-EK _Gd�chc�mns�rg`qodm&� f`¿a`∆c�id»a .fU`æa`∆c�Õ◊da∆. 1r-O1MDFb`kk-EK _Xnt�chc�mns�b`kk&�

118

Sgdmdf`shnml`qjdq rtqe`bdr hm '`( `r Za`∆\-Sgddw`lokdr hm 'a(

rgnvsg`sZa\hrcdkdsdcadb`trdhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-Hm'b(

sgd unvdk ne sgd sdmrd l`qjdq b`trdr sgd cdkdshnm ne sgd unvdk ne sgd

rtaidbsl`qjdq+ enkknvhmfUnvdkDkhrhnm1-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdr

sgdcdkdshnmnesgdunhbdcahk`ah`krsno-

0/3( O,qtkd049a,cdkdshnm

,rnm ,bnms ,bnq → Z÷\ *bnmr^^ *`ms ,rxkk *uc

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd sgd unhbdc ahk`ah`k rsno hr cdkdsdcvgdm hs

nbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-

Sgd`rrtloshnmrnesgdsgdnqxneKdwhb`kOgnmnknfx`qdqdkdu`mshm

`bbntmshmf enq sgdrd c`s`- Hs hr `rrtldc sg`s sgdqd hr `m hmsdq`bshnm

adsvddm vnqc enql`shnm `mc qtkd `ookhb`shnm- Sgd rsdl hr cdqhudc hm

Kdudk 0 vgdqd`r sgd oqdrsdl l`sdqh`k hr cdqhudc hm Kdudk 1- Sgd

cdqhu`shnm sg`s enkknvr hkktrsq`sdrgnv sghrvnqjr-Qdb`kk sg`s sgdMiél

udqahrrsqtbstqdc`renkknvr9RL,SL,MDF,QS,DWS-

0/4( f`¿a`∆c�id»a cydæœ`∆lÍ TQ.fU- `,a`,c�hda cydœ,a`,lI .

GKGK GK

119

Kdudk0 c�hda cydœT@B� � � � �

GK GSnmd�Roqd`c c�hda

GK �

cdunb`khr`shnm c�ida

GK

Ehm`k�K�cnbjhmfc�ida GK �Kdudk1T@B fU`a`c�ida cydœa`lI

KGKGK GKG

�a,cdkdshnm cydœ`lI � ��

GKG

Unvdk�dkhrhnm�1���f`a`c�ida%�Qd`rrnbh`shnm�

KGKGK

�

OQZf`¿a`∆c�id»a cydæœ`∆lÍ \

120

2-2-2-1 SdmrdL`qjdqr

Midæl g`r ` entq,v`x sdlonq`k chrshmbshnm vhsg svn o`rs sdmrdr

'qdlnsd`mcfdmdq`k(+`oqdrdmssdmrd`mc`etstqdsdmrd-Sgdrdsdmrdr`qd

rtll`qhydchmsgds`akdadknv-

Sdmrd L`qjdq

OqdrdmsSdmrd kd∆,

EtstqdSdmrd anæ

Fdmdq`kO`rs aÕŸ

QdlnsdO`rs a`æ

S`akd139SdmrdL`qjdqr

2-1-2-1-0 SgdOqdrdmsSdmrd

Sgdoqdrdmssdmrdhrtrdchmbnmudqr`shnmsncdrbqhadrhst`shnmrsg`s

`qd oqdrdmskx s`jhmf ok`bd nq vghbg vhkk ad s`jhmf ok`bd hm sgd md`qdrs

etstqd- Sgd hmehmhshud enql ne sgd udqa hr trdc hm sghr sdmrd hm Midæl-

Dw`lokdrhmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9

0/5( lÍ kd∆,c�Õ l 0rOQDR,cqd`l-EK _H�cqd`l&

lÍ kd∆,s`» 0rOQDR,hmgdqhs-EK _H�hmgdqhs&�

121

�øækd∆,st∆fn∆ 2rOQDR,lhw-EK _'R(gd�lhwdr& �øækd∆,stæmn» �

2rOQDR,`mmntmbd-EK _'R(gd�`mmntmbdr&��

Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`s sgdoqdrdms sdmrdhrl`qjdcaxsgdoqdrdmbd

nesgdhmehmhshudoqdehw-Hscndrmnstmcdqfnmnqb`trd`mxsnm`kbg`mfdr-

2-1-2-1-1 SgdEtstqdSdmrd

Sgd etstqd sdmrd 'ETS( cdrbqhadr rhst`shnmr sg`s vhkk s`jd ok`bd

k`sdq sg`m sgdlnldmsne roddbg-Sghr sdmrd hrl`qjdcax`ghfg,snmdc

lnqogdld Zanæ\ `mc cndr mns b`trd mnq tmcdqfn `mx snm`k bg`mfdr `r

rgnvmadknv-

0/6( lÌ anæav—∆k 0rETSc`mbd-EK _H�vhkk�c`mbd&��

�ø∆anæsÕ kn∆

2rETSvqhsd-EK _'R(gd�vhkk�vqhsd& aÍ gÍ anæidæ&kn» 0oETSsd`bg-EK _Vd�vhkk�sd`bg&

122

aÍ manæcd∆ 1oETSd`s-EK _Xnt�vhkk�d`s&

aÕ◊anækhà 2oETS`cuhrd-EK _Sgdx�vhkk�`cuhrd&��

2-1-2-1-2SgdFdmdq`kO`rsSdmrd

Sgdfdmdq`ko`rs'ORS(hrtrdcsnqdedqsnrhst`shnmrsg`sdwhrsdcnq

snnj ok`bd adenqd sgd lnldms ne roddbg vgdsgdq d`qkhdq nm sgd c`x ne

roddbgnqsgdoqduhntrc`x-Hshrl`qjdcax`qhrhmf,snmdclnqogdldZaÕŸ\-

Bnmrhcdq sgd enkknvhmfdw`lokdr 'sgd`qqnv↓ qdoqdrdmsrcnvmrsdone`

ghfgsnmd(9

0/7( lÍ aÕŸcd∆ 0rORSd`s-EK _H�`sd&�� � �øæaÕŸad∆9 2rORSrdd-EK _'R(gd�r`v& aÍ gÍ ↓aÕ◊ cyt∆ 0oORSbkhla-EK _Vd�bkhladc& aÍ m↓aÕ◊ r`» 1oORSrd`qbg-EK _Xnt�rd`qbgdc&�

123

aÕ◊m↓aÕ◊ cy`»l 1oORSoqdo`qd-EK _Xnt�oqdo`qdc&�

Hm sgd k`rs sgqdd dw`lokdr+ sgd ORS l`qjdq hr qd`khydc `r Z↓aÕ◊\

q`sgdq sg`m ZaÕŸ\- Svn `rrtloshnmr `qd mdbdrr`qx sn `bbntms enq sghr

nbbtqqdmbd-Ehqrs+sgdknvo`qsnesgdbnmsntqsnmdb`trdrcnvmrsdonesgd

ghfg snmd ax roqd`chmf hsr knv qdfhrsdq ed`stqd sn `mc cdkhmjhmf sg`s

snmd&r qdfhrsdq ed`stqd- Sghr enkknvr sgd qtkd ne k,roqd`c `mc g,cdkhmj

enqltk`sdc hm '0/8(- Rdbnmckx+ sgd ghfg snmd ne sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq

roqd`cr nmsn ZaÕŸ\ `mc cdkhmjr sgd knv o`qs ne sgd qhrhmf bnmsntq snmd+

enkknvhmf G,roqd`c `mc K,cdkhmj enqltk`sdc hm '00/(- Sghr roqd`chmf

cndrmnsnbbtqvhsgsgdehqrssvndw`lokdradb`trdsgdrtaidbsl`qjdqrhm

sgdl ad`q onk`q snmdr+ vghbg `qd `rrhfmdc k`sdq hm sgd cdqhu`shnm+ `r

rgnvm hm rdbshnm 2-1-2-2- Sgd `rrtloshnmr ne Qdfhrsdq Shdq Sgdnqx `qd

qdkdu`mshm`bbntmshmfenqsgdsnm`kbg`mfdrhmMidæl-Sgded`stqdrg`mc

k� sg`s nbbtox sgd Qdfhrsdq shdq rodbhex sgd qdfhrsdq ne sgd oqdrdms snmd

qdk`shud sn sg`sne sgdoqduhntrnmd-SgdSnm`ked`stqdrG`mcK+vghbg

nbbtoxsgdSnm`kshdq+hmchb`sdsgdohsbgnesgdsnmd,ad`qhmftmhsqdk`shud

sn sgdbtqqdms qdfhrsdq-Sgd svn rdsrne ed`stqdr`qd khmjdc sn rsqtbstq`k

mncdrnmsgdSnm`kqnnsmncdshdq-Sgdmncdr`qd+hmstqm+khmjdcsnlnq`r

124

nm sgdSnmd,ad`qhmftmhs shdq-SghrQSSeq`ldvnqjvhkkadtrdc hm sgd

qdrsnesghrvnqjsn`bbntmsenqsnmd-

0/8( S,qtkd29k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj

k g<

G

n

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` knv qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr nmsn sgd

enkknvhmf SQM+ `mc+ hm ` rtardptdms oqnbdrr+ cdkhmjr sgd ghfg qdfhrsdq

ed`stqdeqnlsg`smncd-

00/( S,Qtkd39G,roqd`c`mcK,cdkhmj

GK <

o o

îî

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`ghfgsnmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfknvSQM+

`mc+hm`rtardptdmsoqnbdrr+cdkhmjrsg`sknvsnmd-Sgdc`s`hm'0/7(b`m

sgdqdenqdadcdqhudc`renkknvr-

125

000( Hmots k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj

gkg k gkgk < GKGK GKGK nnnnn nnnnn

aI gI ahcyt→aI gI ahcyt

G,roqd`c`mcK,cdkhmj+rsq`xdq`rtqd OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm

gk k G↑ GKGK k� < G↑ nnnnn k� K↓

aI gI ahcytaI gI ahcyt

Sghrcdqhu`shnm`krnrgnvrsg`shmQSS+`bnlonrhsdbnmsntqsnmd'sg`s

vghbgetmbshnmroqhl`qhkx`r`ognmnknfhb`krdptdmbdnesvnnqlnqdkdudk

snmdr( hr qdoqdrdmsdc `r enkknvr9 sgd ed`stqdr `qd cnlhm`sdc ax svn snm`k

qnns mncdr `rrnbh`sdc sn ` rhmfkd lnq` nm sgd SAT shdq- Enq sgd tmhs`qx

bnmsntq snmd 'sg`s vghbg etmbshnmr oqhl`qhkx `r ` ognmnknfhb`k tmhs(+ sgd

126

ed`stqdr `qd cnlhm`sdc ax ` rhmfkd snm`k qnns mncd `rrnbh`sdc sn ` rhmfkd

SAT-

2-1-2-1-3 SgdQdlnsdO`rsSdmrd

Sgd qdlnsd o`rs 'O1( sg`s cdrbqhadr rhst`shnmr vghbg dwhrsdc nq

snnj ok`bd d`qkhdq sg`m xdrsdqc`x lnqmhmf hr l`qjdc ax Za`æ\ vghbg

b`qqhdr`ghfgsnmd-HmO1bnmrsqtbshnmransgsgdqdlnsd`mcfdmdq`ko`rs

l`qjdqr nbbtq- Sgd ORS l`qjdq hmchb`sdr sg`s sgd `bshnm+ vghbg hr

cdrbqhadcaxsgdudqa+snnjok`bdadenqdsgdlnldmsneroddbg`mcsgdO1

l`qjdq rodbhehdr sg`s hs g`oodmdc ` knmf shldadenqd sg`slnldms-Sgd

enkknvhmfdw`lokdr`qdhkktrsq`shud9

001( lÌ a`æ↓aÕ◊cd∆ .lI a`æaÕŸcd∆∆. 0rO1ORSd`s-EK _H�`sd& fÙa`æ↓aÕ◊sÕ kn∆ .fUa`æaÕŸsÕ kn∆∆. 1rO1ORSvqhsd-EK _Xnt�vqnsd& �ø∆a`æ↓aÕ◊r`»9 .�øa`æaÕŸr`æ9∆. 2rO1ORSrd`qbg-EK _'R(gd�rd`qbgdc&� aÍ gÍ a`æ↓aÕ◊kfl»9 .aÍ gÍ a`æaÕŸkfl“9∆/ 0oO1ORShmrtks-EK _Vd�hmrtksdc&

127

aÍ m`æ↓aÕ◊sÕ m .aÍ ma`æaÕŸsÕ m∆. 1oO1ORSvhod-EK _Xnt�vhodc&�

aÕ◊a`æ↓aÕ◊a`∆œ`∆ .aÕ◊a`æaÕŸa`∆œ`∆∆. 2oO1ORShlhs`sd-EK _Sgdx�hlhs`sdc&�

�Sgdnardqu`shnmrsnadl`cdeqnlsgdrdc`s``qdsg`ssgdqtkdrnek,

roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+`mcG,roqd`c`mcK,cdkhmjnbbtq+`kknvhmfsgdKG

snmd ne sgd fdmdq`k o`rs l`qjdq sn ad qd`khydc `r ` cnvmrsdoodc ghfg-

Etqsgdqlnqd+sgdbnmrnm`msnesgdqdlnsdo`rsl`qjdqhrcdkdsdcvgdmhs

nbbtqr `esdq `mnsgdq bnmrnm`ms enkknvhmf sgd hmcdodmcdmskx lnshu`sdc

qtkd ne a,cdkdshnm- Bnmrhcdq sgd enkknvhmf cdqhu`shnm sg`s rgnvr gnv

sgdrdenqlr`qdcdqhudc-

002( Hmots k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj

gkgk gkgk < GKGK GKGK nnnnn nnnnn

aI ma`ahshm →aI ma`ahshm→

128

G,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj+Bnmr-Cdk-+rsq`xdq`rtqd OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm

gk k G↑ GKGK k� < G↑ k� nnnnn

K↓

aI m`ahshm aI m`ahshm

2-1-2-2RtaidbsL`qjdqr

Sgd rtaidbs l`qjdqr nbbtq adenqd sgd sdmrd l`qjdqr- Sgd ehqrs+

rdbnmc+`mcsghqcodqrnmrhmftk`ql`qjdqradg`udhm`mhcdmshb`kl`mmdq

snm`kkxvgdqd`rsgdoktq`kl`qjdqradg`udcheedqdmskx-Sgdrdl`qjdqr`qd

oqdrdmsdchmsgds`akdadknv-

Rtaidbs L`qjdq

EhqrsOdqrnmRhmftk`q lI

RdbnmcOdqrnmRhmftk`q fU

SghqcOdqrnmRhmftk`q �ø

EhqrsOdqrnmOktq`k aÍ gÍ

RdbnmcOdqrnmOktq`k aÍ m

SghqcOdqrnmoktq`k aÕ◊

S`akd149RtaidbsL`qjdqr

129

Sgd ehqrs odqrnm rhmftk`q hr l`qjdc ax ZlI \+ sgd rdbnmc odqrnm

rhmftk`q ax ZfU\ `mc sgd sghqc odqrnm rhmftk`q ax Z�ø\- Hs rgntkc ad

ldmshnmdcsg`s`kknesgdrdl`qjdqr`qdhmgdqdmskxsnmdkdrr`mcnbbtqnm

sgd rtqe`bd vhsg onk`q snmdr 'sgdx ad`q sgd noonrhsd ne sgd snmd sg`s

enkknvr(- Sgd mnshnm ne snm`k� onk`qhsx qdedqr sn ` trt`k lnqogdlhb

rdfldms vgnrd snmd hr hmu`qh`akx noonrhsd sg`s ne ` oqdbdchmf nq

enkknvhmf snmd- Dw`lokdr ne rtqe`bd onk`qhsx kdmc sgdlrdkudr sn svn

cheedqdms `m`kxrdr9 chrrhlhk`shnm `mc Èsqtd onk`qhsxÍ 'Mdvl`m 08849

660(- Hm chrrhlhk`shnm+ ` o`qshbtk`q rodbhehdc snmd hr bg`mfdc he bdqs`hm

bnmchshnmr`qdlds-HmÈsqtdonk`qhsxÍsgdsnmdnernlddkdldmshr`kv`xr

`rrhfmdc `r noonrhsd sn sg`s ne ` mdhfgantqhmf snmd+ ats sgdqd hr mn

bnlodkkhmf rxmbgqnmhb qd`rnm sn oqdrtld sg`s sgd snmd rs`qsdc

tmcdqkxhmfkx`rrnldrodbhehdcsnmdnqnsgdq-Onk`qhsxg`raddmqdonqsdc

hm nsgdq @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr- Sgdrd hmbktcd L`qfh 'Otkkdxak`mj 0875(+

J—mmh'B`ghkk0888(+Xnqta`'@jhmk`ah`mcKhadql`m1///(-Xho'1//19

048( r`xr Èonk`qhsx hr ` lnqognognmnknfhb`k deedbs- Hm rnld k`mft`fdr

bdqs`hm`eehwdrg`udsnmdrsg`s`qdetkkxoqdchbs`akdeqnlsgdsnmdnesgd

qnnssnvghbgsgdx`ss`bgÍ-Hmrsd`cneqdbdhuhmfsgdhqsnmdaxroqd`chmfhm

sgdtrt`kv`x+sgdxrgnv`snmdsg`shrsgdnoonrhsdnesgdmdhfgantqhmf

snmd- Mdvl`m '0884( needqr ` bkd`qkx bnmuhmbhmf dwok`m`shnm vghbg

130

rgnvr sg`s onk`qhsx hr ` mnql`k snmd oqnbdrr vghbg hr m`stq`k `mc hsr

nbbtqqdmbd hr dwodbsdc adb`trd snmd etmbshnmr oqnrnchb`kkx `mc vnqjr

m`stq`kkx vhsg ldknchb o`ssdqmr- Hm ghr uhdv+ Èvgdqd`r� bnmsdms� vnqcr�

'drodbh`kkx�mntmr�`mc�udqar(�g`ud�sgd�ancx�sn�b`qqx�chrshmbshud�snmd+�vhsg�

rgnqs+�tmrsqdrrdc�fq`ll`shb`k�lnqogdldr+�`�rodbhehb�snmd+�vgdsgdq�hs�ad�

ghfg�nq� knv+�g`r� udqx� khsskd� r`khdmbx-�Vg`s�vnqjr�vdkk� enq� rgnqs�vnqcr+�

bkhshbr+� `mc� `eehwdr+� hr� enq� sgd� lnqogdld� sn� inhm� to� vhsg� `� rtars`mshud�

vnqc�sn�adbnld�o`qs�ne�`�snm`k�ldkncx�vgnrd�oqdedqqdc�stmd�vhkk�hm�l`mx�

b`rdr� ad� G,K� nq� K,GÍ- Hm rnld hmrs`mbdr+ sgdrd snmdkdrr fq`ll`shb`k

lnqogdldr vhkk `bpthqd rtqe`bd snmdr ax snmd roqd`chmf nq ax sgd

`rrhfmldms ne ` cde`tks snmd+ ats hmnsgdqr sgdoqhmbhokdtmcdqkxhmf sgd

snm`k`rrhfmldmsvhkkadsnoqnctbd`snm`knoonrhshnm+vghbgrtqdkxltrs

g`ud m`stq`k `cu`ms`fdr hm sdqlr ne oqnctbshnm+ odqbdoshnm+ ldlnqx+

`mc.nqnsgdqorxbgnknfhb`ke`bsnqr-Midælonk`qhsxhrsqtd�onk`qhsx�vhsg`

lnqognognmnknfhb`k�deedbs-Bnmrhcdqsgdc`s`hm'003(9

003( lÍ kd∆,cd∆ 0rOQDR,d`s-EK� _H�d`s&� lÌ anæcyt∆ 0rETSbkhla-EK� _H�vhkk�bkhla&��

131

fÚkd∆,st∆fn∆

1rOQDR,lhw-EK� _Xnt�lhw&� fÙanæfÕÃl 1rETSrnkhbhs-EK � _Xnt�vhkk�rnkhbhs&� �øækd∆,ad∆9 2rOQDR,rdd-EK� _'R(Gd�rddr&�� �ø∆anæstæmn» 2rETS`mmntmbd-EK� _'R(Gd�vhkk�`mmntmbd&�

�Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd snmd ne sgd rhmftk`q oqnmntmr hm

sgdrd bnmrsqtbshnmr hr onk`q- Hs hr `rrtldc sg`s `s Kdudk 1 ne sgd

cdqhu`shnm+ sgd rhmftk`q oqnmntm hr `ccdc sn sgd udqa `mc fhudm sgd

noonrhsdnesgdsnmdsg`senkknvrhs-

Ax`rrtlhmfonk`qhsx+sgdqdenqd+sgdrdenqlr`qd`bbntmsdcenqhm`

rsq`hfgsenqv`qcl`mmdq`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm-

004( lÍ kd∆,cd∆ fÙanæfÕÃl

TQ.lI kd,cd fUanfhl. KKKGGK

132

Kdudk0 cd fhlT@B�� K G�Ehm`k�K�cnbjhmfcd fhl�

KKGK

Kdudk1lI kd,cd fUanfhlT@B� KKGGK

�onk`q�snmdlI kd,cd fUanfhlok`bdldms�

GKKGGK

OQZlÍ kd∆,cd∆ fÙanæfÕÃl\

Nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+sgdoktq`kl`qjdqr`kkad`qghfgsnmdr-Sgdehqrs

odqrnmoktq`khrl`qjdcaxZaÍ gÍ \vghkdsgdrdbnmchrl`qjdcaxZaÍ m\-

Sgdrd svn oktq`k oqnmntmr vhkk ad rgnvm snfdsgdq 'dwbktchmf sgd sghqc

odqrnmoktq`k(adb`trdansgb`trdghfg snmdroqd`chmf`rrgnvmadknv-

Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`rgnvsgdnbbtqqdmbdnesgdrdl`qjdqr-

005( aÍ gÍ ↓aÕ◊ cyd∆9 0oORSrhmf-EK _Vd�r`mf&

133

aÍ gÍ ↓aÕ◊ idæ&kn» 0oORSsd`bg-EK_Vd�s`tfgs&aÍ gÍ ↓aÕ◊r`»9 0oORSrd`qbg-EK_Vd�rd`qbgdc&aÍ m↓aÕ◊ kfl»9 1oORShmrtks-EK_Xnt�hmrtksdc&aÍ m↓aÕ◊ st∆fn∆ 1oORSlhw-EK_Xnt�lhwdc&

aÍ m↓aÕ◊khà 1oORS`cuhrd-EK _Xnt�`cuhrdc&�

�Vghkd sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sgd nbbtqqdmbd ne sgd ehqrs `mc

rdbnmcodqrnmoktq`kr+sgdx`krnrgnvsg`ssgdKGnesgdsdmrdl`qjdqhr

qd`khydc `r ` cnvmrsdoodcG-Sghr enkknvr sgd qtkdr ne k,roqd`c `mcg,

cdkhmj+ `mc G,roqd`c `mc K,cdkhmj chrbtrrdc hm rdbshnm 2-1-2-1-2- Sgd

enkknvhmfQSScdqhu`shnmrgnvrgnvcnvmrsdoqdrtksr9

134

006( Hmots k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj

gkgk gkgk < GKGK GKGK nnnnn nnnnn

aI gI ahcyd9→aI gI ahcyd9

G,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj+rsq`xdq`rtqd OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm

gk k G↑ GKGK k� < G↑

nnnnn k� K↓

aI gI ahcyd9aI gI ahcyd9

Sgdsghqcodqrnmoktq`khrl`qjdcaxZaÕ◊\-Hshr`kv`xrqd`khydcnm`

ghfgsnmd+`rsgddw`lokdrsg`senkknvrgnv-

007( AÕ◊ cd∆ 2od`s-EK _Sgdx�d`s& AÕ◊ st∆fn∆ 2olhw-EK _Sgdx�lhw&

135

AÕ◊ anæcd∆ 2oETSd`s-EK _Sgdx�vhkk�d`s& AÕ◊anækhà 2oETS`cuhrd-EK

_Sgdx�vhkk�`cuhrd&

Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`ssghrl`qjdqcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mx

snm`kbg`mfdr-

2-2 Rxms`bshbRsqtbstqd

Sgda`rhbvnqcnqcdq`mcsgdogq`rdhmsdqm`krsqtbstqdneMidæl`qd

oqdrdmsdcgdqdaqhdekxhmnqcdqsnhmsqnctbdsgdrxms`bshbrsqtbstqdnesgd

k`mft`fd-

2-2-0 A`rhbVnqcNqcdq

A`jdq '0878(rdsr`o`q`ldsdqnevnqcnqcdq enqm`stq`k k`mft`fdr+

rs`shmfsg`sk`mft`fdradknmfhmnmdnesgqddfqntor+m`ldkx+RUN+RNU

`mc URN- Sgd a`rhb vnqc nqcdq enq Midæl hr RUN- Bnmrhcdq sgd

enkknvhmfc`s`-

ZR UN\008( BÍ hÍ anæsÕ kn∆f`∆œ∆j`æq`∆ _Vd�vhkk�vqhsd�sgd�annj&

0oETSvqhsdsgdannj ZR UN\

LÍ kd∆,cd∆ld∆,cd∆ _H�d`s�ennc& 0rOQDR,d`sB5,ennc

136

ZR UN\Lt∆qtæla`æfvÕ gn∆kd∆,jnæ&næmi—æ _Sgd�l`m�sgqdv�sgd�rsnmd&�l`mO1sgqnvB4,rsnmdBNM

ZR UN\

Lv—»ma`ækfl»9lt∆qtælmi—æ _Sgd�bghkc�hmrtksdc�sgd�l`m& bghkcO1hmrtksl`mBNM

2-2-1 Ogq`rd,Hmsdqm`kRsqtbstqd

Gd`cr `qd hmhsh`k vhsghm ogq`rdr- Vhsghm sgd mntm ogq`rd+ enq

dw`lokd+ sgdmntmnbbtqrhmsgdhmhsh`konrhshnm-Sghrhrhmkhmdvhsgsgd

hcd` sg`s ` gd`c,hmhsh`k k`mft`fd vhkk g`ud oqdonrhshnmr hmrsd`c ne

onrsonrhshnmr+sgdfdmhshudnqsgd`cidbshudvntkcenkknvsgdmntm`mc`

qdk`shudbk`trdvntkcenkknvsgdmntmhslnchehdr'Anxc088697/(-Dudm

sgntfgMidæl`fqddrvhsgsghroqdchbshnm+bdqs`hmhmrs`mbdrrddlsne`krhex

hs-Hsg`raddmmnshbdc+enqdw`lokd+sg`ssgdhmsdqqnf`shudoqnmntm`kv`xr

oqdbdcdr+ q`sgdq sg`m enkknvr sgdmntm-Sgd dw`lokdr sg`s enkknvrgnv

sgd onrhshnm ne sgd mntm `mc `krn cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd lnchehdqr `fqdd

vhsgsgdgd`c-

01/`(Ad∆,jøæka`»ladæ _Sgdrd�lx�rhrsdqr& BK1,rhrsdqlxsgdrd

LÕ ,j`æmli`»lvdæ _Sgdrd�lx�bknsgdr&�

BK3,bknsglxsgdrd

137

Kd∆,jt∆v`∆k`»lkdæ _Sghr�lx�rod`q&� BK4,rod`qlxsghr

AÕ ,cy`∆œ`∆ai`»aidæ _Sgdrd�lx�eh`mbdær& BK7,eh`mbdælxsgdrd

÷,aut∆&v`∆lmidæ _Sghr�lx�lnqs`q& BK8,lnqs`qlxsghr

a( v`æ9j`æm _vghbg�bknsg>& vghbgbknsg li`æ9lÕ◊,lÚgÚ _vghbg�c`xr>& vghbgBK3,c`x k`æ9kdæ,aÍ k _vghbg�aqd`rs>& vghbgBK4,aqd`rs ai`æ9aÕ◊,a`æm _vghbg�rtqdshdr>&� vghbgBK7,rtqdsx i`æ9mt∆m _vghbg�ahqc>& vghbgahqc

Sgd c`s` hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd mntm oqdbdcdr hsr lnchehdqr hm `

ogq`rd `mc sg`s sgd lnchehdqr `kv`xr `fqdd vhsg sgd mntm sgdx enkknv-

Sgnrdhm'a(rgnvsg`stmkhjdsgdqdrsnesgdlnchehdqr+sgdhmsdqqnf`shud

oqnmntm`kv`xroqdbdcdrsgdmntmhm`mntmogq`rd-

138

2-3 Bnmbktrhnm

Hmsghrbg`osdq+ sgdmnlhm`k`mcudqa`klnqognknfxneMidælg`ud

addm oqdrdmsdc- Sgd mntm bk`rr rxrsdl g`r addm dk`anq`sdkx chrbtrrdc

snfdsgdq vhsg sgd `fqddldms o`ssdqmr entmc hm mnlhm`k enqlr-

Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd dkdldmsr sg`s l`jd to sgd rsdl `mc sgd oqd,rsdl

l`sdqh`k rtbg `r sgd dwsdmrhnmr+ sgd sdmrd l`qjdqr `mc sgd rtaidbs

l`qjdqr g`ud addm chrbtrrdc hm cds`hk- Sgqdd mdv ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr9

Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm+Udk`qM`r`kcdkdshnm`mca,cdkdshnmsg`s`ookxhmKdudk

1g`udaddmchrbtrrdc-Ehud snmnknfhb`k qtkdr9Ehm`k knvcnbjhmf+Snmd

roqd`c+ k,roqd`c `mc g,cdkhmj+ G,roqd`c `mc K,cdkhmj+ `mc Onk`q snmd

ok`bdldms g`ud `krn addm chrbtrrdc- Hm nqcdq sn rgnv sgd rxms`bshb

rsqtbstqdneMidæl+sgda`rhbvnqcnqcdq`mcsgdogq`rd,hmsdqm`krsqtbstqd

g`udaddmoqdrdmsdcsnv`qcrsgddmcnesghrbg`osdq-

139

BG@OSDQ3

SNMDHMMNTMR

140

3-/ Hmsqnctbshnm

Sghrbg`osdqchrbtrrdrsgdsnmnknfxnesgdMidælmntm-Hsadfhmrax

`oqdrdms`shnmnesgdlnqogdldrsqtbstqdnemntmqnnsr-Bnmrhcdqhmfsg`s

sgd rtqe`bd snmd hr mns `kv`xr hcdmshb`k sn sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmd hm

k`mft`fdr+ hs fndr`gd`c snoqdrdms sgd rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnmrne sgdmntm

qnnsr `mc sn `qftd enq sgd tmcdqkxhmf snm`k ldknchdr ne d`bg- Sgd

`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qd`krnhmbktcdchmsghrbg`osdq-

3-0 LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsr

Sgdlnrsbnllnmlnqogdldrsqtbstqdrsg`snbbtqnmMidælmntm

qnnsr `qd BU `mc BUB- Sgd kdrr bnllnm BUU lnqogdld sxod `krn

nbbtqr-Sghrlnqogdldrsqtbstqdhrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`hms`akd15-

BU BUB BUU

kd∆,cyd∆_snnsg& mt∆m _ahqc& aÕ◊9_pt`qsdq&

aÕÃ_qdrhcdmbd& kd∆,aÍ k_aqd`rs& cynæ9_adc&

kd∆,an∆_enns& r—æœ_e`sgdq& ctæ9_mnhrd&

rnæ_eqhdmc& ct∆q_qnad& cÚ9_dwsq`�o`qs&

kh◊_sqdd& k`»l_sq`o&

S`akd159LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsr

141

3-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqMntmQnnsr

@r ldmshnmdc `anud+ Midæl mntmr g`ud lnrskx lnmnrxkk`ahb `mc

chrxkk`ahb qnnsr- Hs g`r `krn addm r`hc sg`s sgd k`mft`fd hr ` svn,snmd

k`mft`fd Ê Ghfg `mc Knv '@jtlat 1///9 0(- Sgd mntm qnnsr g`ud `

entq,v`xbnmsq`rshudtmcdqkxhmfsnm`kldkncx+m`ldkx+G+K+GK+`mcKG

`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr-Sgdrhmftk`qmntmroqdrdmsdchmsgd

enkknvhmfs`akd`qds`jdmeqnlB6+vghbgs`jdrmdhsgdq`rdfldms`kmntm

bk`rroqdehwmnq`ekn`shmfsnmdbk`rroqdehw-

TmcdqkxhmfEnql BUBU BUB BU

G s�Õ◊gnæ_hrk`mc&

r`æl`æ_fqnto&

aÕ◊l_pt`mshsx&

a`æm_okdcfd&

kh◊_sqdd&

k`æ_fk`rr&

K rø∆gø∆_s`kd&

cy`∆œ`∆_eh`mbd&

mt∆m_ahqc&

sn∆l_ehfgs&

cyn∆_k`tfg&

ln∆_rsnl`bg&

GK kÕ◊l`∆_cqd`l&

jtæq`∆_aknv&

k`»l_sq`o&

mn»q_u`fhm`&

�`»_m`hk&

aÕÃ_qdrhcdmbd&

KG s�Õ k`∆_s`ann&

�`∆œ`∆_dkdf`mbd&

j—∆a_e`tks&

a`∆l_l`sdqh`k&

fÙ_l`cl`m&

m∆st∆_pt`qqdk&

S`akd169Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqMntmQnnsr

142

S`akd16rgnvr sg`s rnldne sgdrtqe`bd snmdr`qdcheedqdms eqnl

sgdtmcdqkxhmfldknchdr-@mdw`lokd hr sgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx sg`s

rtqe`bdr`rK-Duhcdmbdenq`rrtlhmfsgdrdtmcdqkxhmfldknchdrvhkkad

chrbtrrdck`sdq-Hmrdbshnm3-1-0+hsvhkkadrgnvmsg`ssgdNBO`mcRsq`x

Dq`rtqdbnmrohqdsnitrshexsgdtmcdqkxhmfGldkncx-Sgdrdoqhmbhokdr+`r

vdkk`rk,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+�`mcGKRhlokhehb`shnm�`qd�trdchmrdbshnm

3-1-2sn itrshexsgdtmcdqkxhmfGKldkncx-Rhlhk`qkx+ sgdNBO+k,roqd`c

`mc g,cdkhmj+ `mc Knv Snmd Roqd`c `qd dwoknhsdc hm rdbshnm 3-1-3 sn

itrshexsgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx-Mnsdrnmd`bgldkncxenkknv-

3-1-0 GLdkncx

@r hmchb`sdc hm sgd s`akd+ sgdtmcdqkxhmfghfgldkncxrtqe`bdr`r

Ghfgnm`kkrxkk`akdrhmvnqcrhmhrnk`shnm-Hmlnrsnsgdqdmuhqnmldmsr`r

vdkk+sghrldkncxrshkkrtqe`bdr`rGhfg+roqd`cnudqsgddmshqdcnl`hmne

sgdldkncx'sghrhlokhdrsg`ssgdognmdldnesnmdhrsgdbnlokdsdldkncx

`rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` o`qshbtk`q lnqogdld- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ Èsnmd hr sgd

oqnodqsxnesgdlnqogdld+`mcmnsne`mxo`qshbtk`qrdfldmsnqrxkk`akd

hm sg`slnqogdldÍ'Xho1//1961(-Gnvdudq+ hmdwbk`l`snqxtssdq`mbdr

sgdGhfgadg`udrcheedqdmskx-Bnmrhcdqehqrssgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

GGG GGG 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡

010`(r`l`id → Zr`l`id\ _ghr�fqnto& fqntoghr

143

GGG GGG 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡

a( s�Õgnid → Zs�hgnid\ _ghr�hrk`mc& hrk`mcghr

KGGK KGGK02 0‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0‡ 02

b( lo`k`i`9 → Zlo`k`i`9\ _sg`s�b`lo& b`losg`s

GG GG 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡

c( idk` → Zidk`\ _ghr�fk`rr& ghrfk`rr

Hmsgdrdcdbk`q`shudogq`rdr+sgdghfgldkncxhrentmcadenqdansg

ghfg snmd `mc knv snmd lnqogdldr `r vdkk `r `esdq ghfg snmd `mc knv

snmd lnqogdldr- Mn rtqe`bd bg`mfdr nbbtq hm rtbg b`rdr+ `r sgd

enkknvhmfehftqdrgnvr-

Ehftqd29GLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rG

144

Ehftqd 2 rgnvr sg`s sgd ghfg snmd hr qd`khydc `r Ghfg nm ansg

lnqogdldr-Ohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm'010(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD90-

Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`ssgdqdbnqchmfrtrdchmsghrvnqjnbb`rhnm`kkx

rgnvrnldhmsdqedqdmbdctdsnsgde`bssg`s`l`mt`kqdbnqcdqhmrsd`cne

` chfhs`k qdbnqcdq v`r trdc hm sgd ehdkc sn qdbnqc sgd c`s`- Sgd ohsbg

sq`bhmfr gnvdudq rgnv to bkd`qkx `mc `qd cdlnmrsq`shud dmntfg ne sgd

e`bsradhmfoqdrdmsdc-

Bnmrhcdq+ rtardptdmskx sgd b`rdr oqdrdmsdc hm '011( vghbg rgnv

sgdnbbtqqdmbdnetorsdovgdmsvnghfgsnmdr`qdbnmshftntr-

GGKG GG↑G 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0 ̃

011`(r`l`id → Zr`l` id\ _ghr�fqnto & fqntoDWBKghr

GGKG GG↑G 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0 ̃

a( s�Õgnid → [s�hgn id] _ghr�hrk`mc & hrk`mcDWBKghr

KGGKG KGG↑G02 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 0 ̃

b( lo`k`id → [ lo`k` id] _ghr�b`lo & b`loDWBKghr

GK G G↑G0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0˜

c(at& id → [at& id] _ghr�dohkdorx &dohkdorxDWBKghr

145

GK G G↑G0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0˜

d( k` id → Zk` id] _ghr�fk`rr &fk`rr DWBKghr

Sgdrd ogq`rdr qdud`k sg`s vgdm svn ghfg snmd lnqogdldr `qd

bnlahmdc hmdwbk`l`snqxogq`rdr+ sgdrdbnmchrtorsdoodc+`rrgnvmhm

ehftqd3-

Ehftqd39TorsdoneG`esdq`mnsgdqG

Ehftqd3rgnvrsg`ssgdrdbnmcghfgsnmdhrghfgdqsg`msgdehqrs-

Ohsbg sq`bdrne sgdc`s` hm'011(`qdfhudm hm@oodmchwD91-Torsdone

sgd rdbnmc ghfg snmd b`m ad `bbntmsdc enq ax `rrtlhmf sg`s sgdqd hr `

ekn`shmf knv snmd dwoqdrrhmf sgd dwbk`l`shnm+ vghbg nbbtqr hm adsvddm

sgdrdsvnvnqcr-Mnshbdsg`shmrdqshnm'enqdw`lokdnesghrekn`shmfsnmd(

l`xadb`trdchmk`mft`fdraxsgdmddcenqsnmdrhmoqnlhmdmsonrhshnmr+

axsgdNBO+nqitrsax_rodbhex&'Xho1//19023(-HmMidælhshrb`trdcax

146

sgd NBO- Sghr hr ` bnudq sdql enq ` rds ne oqhmbhokdr sg`s bnmrohqd hm

l`mxk`mft`fdrsnoqnghahssgdnbbtqqdmbdne`ci`bdmshcdmshb`ked`stqdr

nmmnmrjdkds`kshdqr'be-LbB`qsgx0875+Nccdm0875+0877+Lxdqr0886+

Rmhcdq 0888(- Hm Midæl+ sghr oqhmbhokd oqnghahsr `ci`bdms hcdmshb`k snmdr

vhsghm ` rhmfkd lnqogdld+ `bqnrr lnqogdld antmc`qhdr+ `r vdkk `r

`bqnrrvnqcantmc`qhdr-Gdqd+sgdhmrdqshnmnesgdekn`shmfsnmdoqdudmsr

sgdNBOeqnlldqfhmfsgdsvnghfgsnmdr-Adb`trdhsk`bjr`SAT+sghr

ekn`shmf snmd hr cdkdsdc snv`qcr sgddmcne sgdcdqhu`shnm enkknvhmf sgd

rsq`x�dq`rtqdoqhmbhokd- Hsrgntkcadmnsdc sg`sRsq`xDq`rtqd`ookhdr`s

sgd dmc ne sgd onrskdwhb`k bnlonmdms sn cdkdsd `kk tm`rrnbh`sdc snm`k

ed`stqdr oqhnq sn sgd `ookhb`shnm ne `mx ognmdshb+ h-d-+ fq`chdms ed`stqd

bnlonmdms+ qtkdr 'be- Hsn» 0875+ Rmhcdq 088/+ 0888(- Sgd `ookhb`shnm ne

sgdrd svn oqhmbhokdr odqlhsr sgd rdbnmc ghfg snmd sn ad qd`khydc nm `

ghfgdqqdfhrsdqsg`msgdehqrs-Bnmrhcdqsgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-

012( Hmots Rsq`xDq`rtqd

gkg gg GKG GG nnnn nnn

r`l` id → r`l`id

147

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

� � � � � � � � � ��

G↑ h�

H↑

r`l`id

Sghrcdqhu`shnmrgnvrsg`shmQSS`knvsnmdsg`sqdl`hmrekn`shmf

'`mc hr dudmst`kkx rsq`x,dq`rdc( qdrtksr hm torsdo ne sgd enkknvhmf ghfg

snmdvgdqd`r ` ekn`shmf snmdvgnrd knv qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr sn `mc

cdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmf ghfg qdfhrsdq b`trdr cnvmrsdo ne sg`s enkknvhmf

ghfgsnmd-

Sgd sqd`sldms ne torsdo qdl`hmr ` o`qshbtk`qkx cheehbtks oqnakdl-

Bkdldmsr'08859740,41(l`jdrsgqddbk`hlrsncdlnmrsq`sdsg`shshrmns

rxlldsqhb`ksncnvmrsdo-Sgdehqrshrsg`storsdoÈhr`oo`qdmskxqdrsqhbsdc

snGsnmdrÍ-Rdbnmckx+torsdoÈhrmnsjmnvmsnadkdwhb`kkxchrshmbshudÍ-

Ehm`kkx+ Ètorsdo hr mns jmnvm sn `ookx qdbtqrhudkx sn bqd`sd qhrhmf

hmsnm`shnm`k rs`hqb`rdr+ `s kd`rs hm@eqhb`m k`mft`fdrÍ- Gnvdudq+ Rmhcdq

'088890/4,004( rgnvr `m torsdo rxrsdl sg`s bknrdkx lhqqnqr cnvmrsdo

rxrsdlr- Gd hkktrsq`sdr sg`s bnmsq`qx sn Bkdldmsr& `rrdqshnmr+ torsdo hr

kdwhb`kkx chrshmbshud `mc cndr `ookx qdbtqrhudkx sn bqd`sd qhrhmf

hmsnm`shnm`krs`hqb`rdr-Gd`krncdlnmrsq`sdr+hmkhmdvhsgBkdldmsr+sg`s

148

torsdo hr qdrsqhbsdc sn G snmdr- Gd bnmbktcdr sg`s sgd bntmsdq,duhcdmbd

oqnuhcdc`f`hmrsBkdldmsr&bk`hlrsnfdsgdqvhsgsgde`bsrotssnfdsgdqax

ansg ne sgdl b`kk enq ` sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqj sg`s sqd`sr torsdo hm `

l`mmdqrhlhk`qsncnvmrsdo+vhsgahm`qxed`stqdr`mcognmnknfhb`kqtkdr-

Sgd torsdo ne ghfg snmdr hm Midæl rgnvm gdqd `mc sg`s ne knv snmdr

rgnvm hm rdbshnm 4-5 cdlnmrsq`sdr sg`s torsdo hr rxlldsqhb`k sn

cnvmrsdo-Hs hkktrsq`sdrsg`storsdohrfq`ll`shb`k-Hs`krncdlnmrsq`sdr+

bnmsq`qx snBkdldmsr`mcRmhcdq sg`sansgG`mcK snmdro`qshbho`sd hm

torsdo- Ehm`kkx+ hs rgnvr sg`s sgd ahm`qx ed`stqdr ne QSS `mc

ognmnknfhb`kqtkdr`qdqdkdu`mshmsgdsqd`sldmsnetorsdo-

3-1-1 KLdkncx

Sgd tmcdqkxhmf knv ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r Knv nm `kk rxkk`akdr-

Gnvdudq+vgdmsghrldkncxnbbtqr`ssgddmcne`mtssdq`mbd+sgdsnmdhr

qd`khydc `r ` knv e`kk 'h-d-+ ` knv snmd vgnrd ohsbg e`kkr dudm etqsgdq(-

Bnmrhcdq sgdenkknvhmfc`s` 'mnshbd sg`s sgdcnvm`qqnv+↓+ sg`snbbtqr

`esdqsgdehm`kknvsnmdhmchb`sdrsgde`kk(9

KKG KKG

02 02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 013`(a`l`id → [a`l`id\_ghr�oqnrshstshnm& oqnrshstshnmghr

149

KKG KKG 02 02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ a( vtmtid → [vtmtid] _ghr�od`mts& od`mtsghr

KG KG 02 0‡ 02 0‡ b( mtmid → [mtmid] _ghr��ahqc& ahqcghr KKK KKK↓ 02 02 02 02 02 0A c( m«vtmt → [m«vtmt]�� _vhsg�od`mts& vhsgod`mts GK GK↓ 0‡ 02 0‡ 0A d( i`9ctq → [i`9ctq]�� _vghbg�qnad& vghbgqnad

Hm rnld @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr+ sgd knv snmd e`kkr nq cnvmfkhcdr

tssdq`mbdehm`kkx-Hshroqnmntmbdc`ssgdknvdrsohsbgkdudk+`rrgnvmhm

ehftqd4-

Ehftqd49CnvmfkhchmfneEhm`kK

150

Sghr ehftqd rgnvr sg`s sgd ehm`k knv snmd e`kkr- @oodmchw D9 2

rgnvrsgdohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm'013(-Sgdcnvmfkhchmfnesgdehm`k

knv snmd hr`bbntmsdc enq+ hmMidæl+ax`rrtlhmf sg`s hs hr sgddeedbsne

hmsnm`shnm sg`s b`trdr `mx tssdq`mbd,ehm`k `rrnbh`sdc knv snmd sn ad

qd`khydc `r ` knv,e`kkhmf snmd- Sgd enkknvhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm rgnvr sghr

qd`khy`shnm-

014( Hmots Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

gk GK G↑ nn

k� K↓

i`9 ctq i`9ctq

Mnshbdsg`ssghre`kkhr`ssqhatsdchmsgdognmdshbbnlonmdmssnknv

snmdrsg`s`qdtssdq`mbd,ehm`k-Sgdrk`msdcm`stqdnesgdehm`ksnmdrgnvr

sg`ssgdohsbge`kkrdudmknvdqsg`msg`sne`mnql`kknvsnmd-

3-1-2 GKLdkncx

Nm chrxkk`ahb mntmr+ sgd GK ldkncx hr qd`khydc `r ` ghfg snmd

enkknvdc ax ` knv snmd nm svn rdo`q`sd rxkk`akdr- Nm lnmnrxkk`ahb

mntmr+ hs hr qd`khydc `r ` GK snmd fkhcd nm ` rhmfkd rxkk`akd-Gnvdudq+

151

vgdm`ghfg,snmdclnqogdldenkknvrsgdGKldkncx+sgdenkknvhmfghfg

snmd hr `tsnl`shb`kkxcnvmrsdoodc+ `r rgnvm hm sgdc`s` adknv-Mnshbd

sg`s cnvmrsdo `mc cnvmcqhes ne ghfg snmdr hr sqhffdqdc ax ` rodbhehb

ognmnknfhb`ksnmd+sxohb`kkx`knvsnmdhml`mx@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr-Sghr

snmd l`x ad qd`khydc nm sgd rtqe`bd+ hm vghbg b`rd Èsgd knvdqhmf hr

oqnodqkxb`kkdc`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdo+nqcnvmcqhes+nqsgdsqhffdql`xad`

ekn`shmfsnmd+hmvghbgb`rdhs hrb`kkdcmnm,`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdo+nqitrs

cnvmrsdoÍ 'Xho 1//1(- Rnld khmfthrsr rshkk sghmj+ gnvdudq+ sg`s sgd

ekn`shmf snmd`m`kxrhrnecnvmrsdog`r sgdchr`cu`ms`fdsg`s sgdqd hrmn

rdfldms`k oqdbdcdms enq ` ekn`shmf+ ognmdshb`kkx tmqd`khydc ed`stqd

dwdqshmfnmfnhmfognmnknfhb`kdeedbsr-@lnmfrssgdl+Bk`qj'088/(+`mc

Xho'1//1(oqdedqsns`kj`antsbnudqs�knv�snmdrsg`se`hksnrtqe`bd-Dudm

sgntfgsghrhrrtdqdl`hmrtmrdsskdc+hshr`fqddcsg`ssgdqdhr`knvsnmd+

dhsgdq ekn`shmf nq bnudqs+ sg`s hr oqdrdms hm ` cnvmrsdo dmuhqnmldms-

Nardqudsgdc`s`hm'015(9

KGKG KGK↓G

020‡ 02 0‡ 020‡ 02 0v 015`(ms`l`id → Zms`l` id\ _ghr�odoodq& odoodqghr GKG GK↓G

0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v a(cÕm`id → Zchm` id\ _ghr�qdbdoshnm& qdbdoshnmghr

152

GKG GK↓G 0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v

b( jtq`id → Zjtq` id\ _ghr�aknv& aknvghr GKG GK↓G

0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v

c( s�ÕfnvÕm → Zs�hfn vhm\ _xntq�qdedqdd& qdedqddxntq GKG GK↓G

0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v d( kÕl`fv—q → Zkhl` fv—q\ _nmd�cqd`l& cqd`lnmd

Hmsgdrdc`s`+sgdKnvnesgdGKroqd`crhsrqdfhrsdqsn`mccdkhmjr

sgd enkknvhmfghfgqdfhrsdq+ enkknvhmf sgd qtkdne k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj-

Sgd enkknvhmf ghfg snmd hr sgdqdenqd qd`khydc nm sgd oqdbdchmf knv

qdfhrsdq+qdrtkshmfsncnvmrsdo+`rb`madrddmhmsgdenkknvhmfehftqd-

Ehftqd59CnvmrsdonerdbnmcGhm`GKGrdptdmbd

153

Sgdehftqdrgnvr sg`s sgdrdbnmcghfg snmd hr qd`khydc`s` knvdq

kdudk sg`m sgd ehqrs- Ohsbg sq`bdr ne sgd c`s` hm '015( `qd rgnvm hm

@oodmchwD93-

@rr`hc`anud+`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdocdrbqhadr`rhst`shnmvgdqd`

ghfg snmd knvdqr `esdq `m nudqs knv snmd- Hs g`r addm nardqudc+ enq

dw`lokdhmBgtlatqtmf+sg`sÈvgdmdudq`ghfgsnmdenkknvr`knvsnmd

vhsghm`ognmnknfhb`kogq`rd+sgdqdhr`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdo:h-d-+sgdGhfg

hr qd`khydcnm sgdr`ld'knvdq(qdfhrsdq`r sgdKnvÍ'Rmhcdq0888963(-

Sghr`rrtloshnmhr`krnsqtdenqMidæl+`rrgnvmhmsgdc`s``anud-Sgd

roqd`chmf `eedbsr `kk ne sgd SATr sg`s `qd khmjdc sn sgd SQM rhmbd sgd

s`qfdsnesgdroqd`chrsgdSQM-Sgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm`bbntmsrenqsgd

`anudc`s`9

016( Hmots k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj gkg gk g < GKG GKG nnn nnn

s�ÕfnvÕm → s�ÕfnvÕm

154

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ k�G↑ K↓

s�ÕfnvÕm

Sn g`mckd sghr sxod ne rhst`shnm+ hs g`r `krn addm nardqudc ÈHm `

GKGrdptdmbdsgdknvb`trdrhsrnvmrxkk`akdsng`ud`ohsbg`ssgdknv

dmcnesgdohsbgq`mfd-Rdbnmc+hsb`trdrsgdvgnkdohsbgq`mfdsnlnud

cnvm-Sghrhmstqmld`mrsg`ssgdrdbnmcghfgsnmdg`r`knvdqognmdshb

ohsbgsg`msgdehqrsrnsg`sognmdshb`kkxvdfdsrnldsghmfkhjdGKLÍ'Xho

1//1900(-

Sgd lnmnrxkk`ahb mntmr vhsg sgd r`ld GK ldkncx adg`ud

cheedqdmskxvgdm `ghfg,snmdclnqogdld hr `oodmcdc sn sgdl-Nardqud

sgddw`lokdradknv-

GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v

017`(jtkid → Zjtkid\ _ghr�q`bd&� q`bdghrGKG GG

0r 0‡ 0v 0v a( k`lid → Zk`lid\ _ghr�sq`o& sq`oghr

155

GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v

b( c�ÕliÕm →Zc�hlihm\_xntq�rnmf&� rnmfxntq

GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v

c( �dg iÕm → Z�dgihm\ _xntq�onqshnm& onqshnmxntq

GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v

d( �` id → Z�`id\ _gdqbk`v& bk`vgdq

Hmsgdrdc`s`+sgdGKldkncxhrqd`khydc`rGhfgxdshsrqdfhrsdqhr

hcdmshb`ksnsg`snesgdenkknvhmfghfgsnmdrteehwsg`shr`ss`bgdc`esdqhs+

`rb`madrddmhmsgdehftqdadknv-

Ehftqd69GKGrtqe`bdr`rG

156

Ehftqd6rgnvr sg`sansglnqogdldr`qdqd`khydcnm`ghfg snmd-

Ohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm'017(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD94-Sn`bbntms

enq sgd e`bs sg`s ansg lnqogdldr `qd qd`khydc nm ` ghfg snmd+ hs hr

`rrtldc sg`s sgd GK bnmsntq snmd hr rhlokhehdc sn ` ghfg snmd vgdm hs

nbbtqradenqd `mnsgdqghfg snmd+ `r rgnvm hm sgd qtkd hm '018(-Sghr hr

enkknvdc ax sgd ldqfhmf ne sgd svn ghfg snmdr+ `kknvhmf ansg sn ad

qd`khydcnmsgdr`ldqdfhrsdq-

018( S,qtkd49GKRhlokhehb`shnm

U U →UU

GKGGG

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`GKbnmsntqsnmdhrrhlokhehdcsn`ghfgsnmd

vgdmhshrenkknvdcax`ghfgsnmd-

Hm nqcdq sn tmcdqrs`mc gnv sgdrd oqnbdrrdr vnqj+ enkknv sgd

cdqhu`shnmadknv-

157

02/( Hmots GKRhlokhehb`shnm

gkg gg GKG GG nnn nn

k`lihm → k`lihm→

Ldqfdq Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

g G G↑ nn

k`lihm k`lihm 3-1-3 KGLdkncx

Enq hsr o`qs+ sgdKGldkncx rtqe`bdr `r `mnm,e`kkhmfKnvnm`kk

rxkk`akd sxodr+ `r qdekdbsdc hm sgd enkknvhmf vnqcr s`jdm eqnl s`akd 16

'o`fd030(-

�

158

KG K07 02

020`(fU → ZfU\ _l`cl`m&�

KKG KK02 07 02 02

a( mst → Zmst\ _pt`qqdk&�

KG K��07 02

b( j—a →Zj—a\ _e`tks&�

KG KK 02 0‡ 02 02

c( s�Õk` → Zs�Õk`\ _s`ann&�

KG KK�02 0‡ 02 02

d(� �r—f— → Zr—f—\_ctbj&�

Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`ssgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncxrtqe`bdr`rknv+`r

rgnvmhmehftqd7-

Ehftqd79KGLdkncxrtqe`bdr`rK

159

@rb`madrddmhmehftqd7+sgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncxrtqe`bdr`r`

mnm,e`kkhmfKnv-@oodmchwD95rgnvrsgdohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm020-

Sgdc`s`hm'020(b`mad`m`kxrdc`renkknvr9sgdknvsnmdnesgd

KGldkncxroqd`cr hsrSQMsn sgdghfgsnmd`mccdkhmjr hsbnlokdsdkx-

Mnshbd sg`s sghr g`oodmr vhsghm ` fhudm cnl`hm ne snmd+ hm sghr b`rd `

ognmnknfhb`kvnqc-Sghrhrb`ostqdcaxsgdenkknvhmfqtkd9

021(S,qtkd59KnvSnmdRoqd`c'KSR( K G

nn

<

îî

Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s ` knv snmd roqd`cr eqnl hsr SQM nmsn sgd

enkknvhmfghfgSAT+`mchm`rdo`q`sdoqnbdrr+cdkhmjrsg`sghfgsnmd-

Hsbntkcad`qftdcsg`ssgdghfgsnmdhrekn`shmfhmsghrldkncx`mc

qdl`hmr`rrtbghmdmuhqnmldmsrvgdqdsghrldkncxrtqe`bdr`rKnv`mc

hm dmuhqnmldmsr vgdqd hs rtqe`bdr `r KG hs cnbjr kdesv`qcr- Sghr

`rrtloshnmhrchrb`qcdcaxsgde`bssg`ssgdcnbjhmfnqe`hktqdsncnbjne

160

sghrekn`shmfghfgsnmdvhkkmnsadbnmrs`ms-Bnmrhcdq+enqdw`lokd+vg`s

g`oodmrvhsgsgdenkknvhmfrdsrnec`s`-

KG K 07 02

022`(j—a → Zj—a\ _e`tks&�

�� �KG KK

02 0‡ 02 02

s�Õk` → Zs�hk`\ _s`ann&�

������������KGG KG

07 0‡ 02 0‡ a( j—a ihm → Zj—aihm\ _xntq�e`tks& e`tksxntq KGG KKG

02 0‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡

s�Õk`fv—q → Zs�hk`fv—q\_nmd�s`ann s`annnmd

KGK KGK↓

07 02 07 0A b( j—amh → Zj—amh\ _sghr�e`tks& e`tkssghr

KGK KG K↓

02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0A

s�Õk`mh → Zs�hk`i`9\_sg`s�s`ann s`annsghr

161

Hm '`( mntmr `qd fhudm hm hrnk`shnm- Ghfg,snmdc lnqogdldr `qd

`oodmcdc sn sgd KG ldkncx hm 'a(+ `mc knv,snmdc lnqogdldr enkknv

sgnrdhm'b(-Hm'`(`mc'a(+cnbjhmfe`hkrsnnbbtqatshm'b(+hscndr-He`

bk`hl hr l`cd sg`s cnbjhmf e`hkr sn `ookx adb`trd sgd ekn`shmf snmd hr

enkknvdcax`ghfg,snmdclnqogdld+hsvhkkrshkkadqdpthqdcsnr`xvgxhs

cndrmns`ookxsnsgdenqlrhm'`(-@f`hm`mdwok`m`shnmvhkkrshkkg`udsn

adfhudmenqsgd`ardmbdnesgdknvsnmdnmsgdrdbnmcrxkk`akdnesvn,

rxkk`akdmntmrkhjdZs�Õ k`æ\sg`svntkcaddwodbsdcsnrtqe`bd`r)Zs�Õ k`¿\he

sgdqdvdqd`ekn`shmfghfgsnmdsg`scnbjdc-Sghrqdmcdqrsgdohbstqdlnqd

bnlokhb`sdc-

Dudmhehsvdqdonrrhakdsnrhlokhexsgdenqltk`shnmr`mcbnmbktcd

sg`ssgdqdhr`mtmcdqkxhmfekn`shmfghfgsnmd+hsrshkkcndrmns`kknvnmd

snbnkk`ordsgdK`mcKGldknchdrhmsnnmdadb`trdnesgde`hktqdneknv

snmdrsncnvmfkhcdtssdq`mbd,ehm`kkxhmsgdKGldkncx-

Mnshbdsg`ssghrmnmcnvmfkhchmfKnv+vghbghmrtbgdmuhqnmldmsr

cndrmnse`kkbnmsq`rsrvhsgsgdfkhchmfknvsnmdrgnvmhmrdbshnm3-1-1-

Rhmbd tssdq`mbd,ehm`k knv snmdr `qd ognmdshb`kkx qd`khydc `r e`kkhmf hm

l`mx@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr'Rmhcdq08889008(+sgde`bssg`ssgdKnvnesghr

KG ldkncx hr mns tssdq`mbd,ehm`k 'ctd sn sgd ehm`k ekn`shmf Ghfg+ sg`s

162

qdrtksreqnlKnvSnmdRoqd`c(oqnuhcdr`qd`rnm`akddwok`m`shnmenqhsr

e`hktqdsncnvmfkhcd-Bnmrhcdqsgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-

023( Hmots KnvSnmdRoqd`c kg kg KG KG nn nn

<

s�hk` → s�hk` Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

K↓

s�hk`

Rhlhk`qkx+ `r ldmshnmdc `anud+ vgdm ` ghfg,snmdc lnqogdld

enkknvr sgd KG ldkncx+ roqd`chmf `mc cdkhmjhmf rshkk nbbtq vhsghm sghr

ldkncx`rsgddw`lokdrhm'024(cdlnmrsq`sd-

163

KGG KKG 020‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡

024`(�tk` iÕm → Z�tk`ihm\ _xntq�rdqlnm& rdqlnmxntq KG G KG

07 0‡ 02 0‡ a( cÕfv—q → Zchfv—q\ _nmd�qdrhcdmbd& qdrhcdmbdnmd KG G KG

07 0‡ 02 0‡ b( j—aihm → Zj—aihm\ _xntq�e`tks& e`tksxntq KGG KKG

020‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡

c( s�Õk`id → Zs�hk`id\ _ghr�s`ann& s`annghr

KGG KKG

02 0‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡ d(� r—f— iÕm → Zr—f—ihm\_xntqctbj&� ctbjxntq

Sgdrd c`s` rgnv sg`s sgd tmcdqkxhmf KG ldkncx hr qd`khrdc `r K

vgdm entmc adenqd ` ghfg,snmdc lnqogdld+ `r b`m ad rddm hm sgd

enkknvhmfehftqd-

164

Ehftqd89KGLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rKadenqdG

Ehftqd 8 rgnvr sg`s sgd tmcdqkxhmf KG ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r Knv

vgdm entmc adenqd ghfg,snmdc lnqogdldr- Ohsbg sq`bdr ne sgd c`s` hm

'024(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD96-

Sgdc`s`hm'024(b`msgdqdenqdadcdqhudc`renkknvr-

025( Hmots KnvSnmdRoqd`c

kgg kgg KGG KGG nnn nnn

<

chfv—q→ chfv—q→

165

k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

kg < KG G↑ nn

K↓

chfv—q chfv—q

Gnvdudq+`rr`hcaqhdekx`anud+vgdm`knv,snmdcrteehwhr`ccdc

`esdq sgd KG ldkncx+ sghr KG ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r sgd tmcdqkxhmf KG-

Dw`lokdr`qdoqdrdmsdchm'026(-

KGK KGK↓ 07 02 07 0A

026`(mstmh → Zmstmh\ _sghr�pt`qqdk& pt`qqdksghr KGK KGK↓

07 02 07 0A a( j—ai`9 → Zj—ai`9\ _sg`s�e`tks& e`tkssg`s KGKKG K↓

07 02 07 0A b( cÕi`9→ Zchi`9\ _sg`s�qdrhcdmbd& qdrhcdmbdsg`s

166

KGK KGK↓ 02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0A

c( �t∆k`æmh  → Z�tk`mh\_sghr�rdqlnm& rdqlnmsghr KGK KGK↓

02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0A

d( s�Õ k`æi`∆9 → Zs�hk`i`9\_sg`s�s`ann& s`annsg`s

Sgd e`bs sg`s sghr KG ldkncx nbbtqr `r rtbg nm sgd rtqe`bd

rtffdrsrsg`ssgdknvsnmdlnqogdld`oodmcdcsnsgdrdqnnsraknbjrKnv

SnmdRoqd`ceqnlnbbtqqhmf+`kknvhmfsgdrtqe`bdenqlrsnadrhlhk`qsn

sgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfehftqd-

Ehftqd0/9KGldkncxrtqe`bdr`rKGadenqdK

Sghr bntkc `krn ad uhdvdc `r `m NBO bnmrsq`hms+ hmunkuhmf knv

snmdr-@rr`hcd`qkhdq+sgdNBOhr`bnudqsdqlenq`rdsneoqhmbhokdrsg`s

bnmrohqd hm l`mx k`mft`fdr sn oqnghahs sgd nbbtqqdmbd ne `ci`bdms

167

hcdmshb`ked`stqdrnmmnmrjdkds`kshdqr'be-LbB`qsgx0875+Nccdm0875+

0877+ Lxdqr 0886+ Rmhcdq 0888(- Hm Midæl sghr oqhmbhokd oqnghahsr

`ci`bdms hcdmshb`k snmdr vhsghm ` rhmfkd lnqogdld+ `bqnrr lnqogdld

antmc`qhdr+`rvdkk`r`bqnrrvnqcantmc`qhdr-Ohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm

'026(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD97-Sgdqdoqdrdms`shnmsg`senkknvrrgnvr

sg`sheKnvSnmdRoqd`cnbbtqr+sgdNBOvhkkaduhnk`sdc-

027( Hmots OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm

kgk KGK G↑ nnn g�k�

K↓K↓

chi`9 chi`93-2 Snm`kDeedbsneMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr

@rldmshnmdcd`qkhdq+`sxohb`kMidælmntmbnmrhrsrne`oqdehw`mc

`rsdl+vhsgrnldmntmrnbbtqqhmfvhsgydqnoqdehwdr-Hmoqdrdmshmfsgd

mntm bk`rr rxrsdl+ hs v`r bkd`qkx rgnvm vghbg bk`rrdr s`jd vghbg

oqdehwdr+`mcvghbgcnmnss`jd`mxoqdehw`s`kk-Fdmdq`kkx+sgdoqdehwdr+

vgdm sgdxnbbtq+ ad`q knv snmdr-Gnvdudq+ hm rnld rhst`shnmr+vgdm`

168

ghfg,snmdclnqogdldnbbtqradenqd`vnqcsg`sbnloqhrdr`oqdehw`mc`

rsdl+ sgdoqdehwrtqe`bdrvhsg`ghfgsnmd-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`hkktrsq`sd

sghr9

028`(m«∆kd∆,oÕ◊gn∆ _vhsg�adghmc& vhsgBK4,adghmc m«∆kd∆,atæ&tæ _vhsg�`mfdq& vhsgBK4,`mfdq m«∆kd∆,aÍ k _vhsg�aqd`rs& vhsgBK4,aqd`rs

m«∆kd∆,ot∆kt∆ _vhsg�rnto&

vhsgBK4,rnto m«∆lÕ ,mt∆l _vhsg�lntsgr& vhsgBK3,lntsg m«∆aÕ ,a`æm _vhsg�rtqdshdr& vhsgBK7,rtqdsx a( kdækdæ,oÕ◊gn∆ _ghr�adghmc& ghrBK4,adghmc kdækdæ,atæ&tæ _ghr�`mfdq& ghrBK4,`mfdq kdækdæ,aÍ k _ghr�aqd`rs& ghrBK4,aqd`rs

169

kdækdæ,ot∆kt∆ _ghr�rnto&

ghrBK4,rnto

lidælÕ◊,mt∆l _ghr�lntsgr&

ghrBK3,lntsg aidæaÕ◊,a`æm _ghr�rtqdshdr&

ghrBK7,rtqdsx

Sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd oqdehw`shnm ne ` knv,snmdc

lnqogdldcndrmnsb`trd`mxbg`mfdhmsgdsnmdnesgdenkknvhmfSAT-

Hm'a(sgdmntmbk`rroqdehwrtqe`bdrvhsg`ghfgsnmdvgdm`ghfg,snmdc

lnqogdld oqdbdcdr sgd vnqc- Gdqd+ sgd ghfg snmd roqd`cr eqnl sgd

oqdbdchmf ghfg snmd lnqogdld nmsn sgd mntm bk`rr oqdehw- Mnshbd sg`s

dudmsgntfgsgdrsqtbstq`kcdrbqhoshnmenqsgd`ookhb`shnmnecnvmrsdohm

Midælhrlds+hse`hkrsn`ookx-@ok`trhakddwok`m`shnmhrsg`ssgdsnmdsg`s

roqd`crhrqdok`bhud`mc`rrtbgmdtsq`khydrsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdoqdkhmjdc

knvsnmd`esdqhshrcdkhmjdc-Sghrbk`hlhrcdlnmrsq`sdchmrdbshnm3-4-1

vgdqd hs hr rgnvm sg`sGhfg� Snmd� Roqd`c nbbtqr nmkx vgdm sgd mntm

s`jdr`oqdehw-Vgdmhsrng`oodmr+sgdsnmdsg`sroqd`crqdok`bdrsgdsnmd

ne sgd s`qfds dmshqdkx- Sgd c`s` hm '028a( b`m sgdqdenqd ad cdqhudc `r

enkknvr9

170

03/( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c gkgk gkgk GKGK GKGK nnnn nnnn

<

kdkd,ohgn → kdkd,ohgn

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ k� K↓

kdkdohgn

Hmxdsnsgdq hmrs`mbdr+ sgd `cchshnmne sgd r`ldghfg,snmdcoqdehw

b`trdr sgd cdkdshnm ne sgd bk`rr oqdehw ats cnvmrsdo cndr mns nbbtq `r

vdkk-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s``qdhkktrsq`shud9

030( vdærÕ◊lr`æ _ghr�sgntfgs& be-Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ ghrsgntfgs vdæjtæqf`æ _ghr�hkk,ktbj&� be-Õ ,jtæqf`æ ghrhkk,ktbj

171

vdæjtæl`æ _ghr�vd`ksg& be-Õ ,jtæl`æ ghrvd`ksg

Hm sgdrd c`s`+ hs hr `rrtldc sg`s sgd unvdk ne sgd bk`rr oqdehw hr

cdkdsdc adb`trd hs nbbtqr `esdq `mnsgdqunvdk rhmbd ` rdptdmbdne rtbg

unvdkr hrmns `bbdosdc hmMidæl 'rdd rdbshnm1-5-1-1(-Sgdcdqhu`shnm hm

'031(rgnvrgnvsgdc`s`hm'030(`qdcdqhudc-

031( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c gkgg gkgg GKGG GKGG nnnn nnnn

<

vdh,rhlr` → vdh,rhlr`→

UnvdkDkhrhnm+Ldqfdq Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

g G G↑ nnnn

vd'h(,rhlr` vdrhlr`

172

�

3-3 SnmdhmCdqhudcMntmr

Ldmshnmg`raddml`cdsg`ssvnb`sdfnqhdrnecdqhudcmntmrdwhrs+

m`ldkx+sgnrdsg`ss`jd`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`koqdehw+`mcsgnrdsg`ss`jd`

k`sdq`k rteehw- Ctqhmf sgdrd cdqhu`shnmr+ mn snmnknfhb`k nq ognmnknfhb`k

bg`mfdr nbbtq- Vgdm mntmr `qd cdqhudc eqnl knv snmd udqar+ sgdx

rtqe`bdvhsgknvsnmdr-Dw`lokdr`qdfhudmhm'032(-

032( l–,ai`∆ _ehfgsdq&

l–,aÌ 9 _rddq&

m∆,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjdq&

m∆,c�Õ l`∆ _cqd`ldq&

Vgdm sgd mntmr `qd cdqhudc eqnl ghfg snmd udqar+ sgdx `krn

rtqe`bdvhsgghfgsnmdr-Sgddw`lokdrhm'033(rgnvmntmrcdqhudceqnl

ghfgsnmdudqar-

033( srøæ,k _kh`q&

œ∆,j÷æ& _v`mcdqdq&

kdæ,k _ok`xdq&

œ∆,f—ælknæ _rvddodq&

m∆,c�Õ◊anæ _sghde&�

173

@mnardqu`shnmsg`sb`madl`cdhrsg`smdhsgdqsgdm`r`koqdehwmnq

sgdk`sdq`krteehwnbbtqrvhsgsgdoktq`knesgdcdqhudcmntmr-Nardqudsgd

oktq`krfhudmhmsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-

034`(ad∆,ai`∆ _ehfgsdqr&

ad∆,aÌ 9 _rddqr&

ad∆,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjdqr&

ad∆,c�Õ l`∆ _cqd`ldqr&

a( ad∆,srøæ _kh`qr&

ad∆,j÷æ& _v`mcdqdqr&

ad∆,kdæ _ok`xdqr&

ad∆,f—ælknæ _rvddodqr&�

�Hs b`m ad rddm sg`s hm ansg rdsr ne c`s`+ nmkx sgd BK1 l`qjdq sg`s

hmchb`sdr oktq`khsx+ `r chrbtrrdc hm rdbshnm 2-0-2-0+ nbbtqr vhsg sgdrd

oktq`kenqlr-Sgd`ardmbdnesgdcdqhudcmntm`eehwdrb`mad`ssqhatsdcsn

cdkdshnm- Sgd oqnakdl vhsg sghr `rrtloshnm hr sgd cheehbtksx sn `bbntms

enqrtbg`cdkdshnm-@onrrhakddwok`m`shnmvntkcadsnr`xsg`ssgdm`r`k

oqdehw hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr adsvddm ` unvdk `mc ` bnmrnm`ms `mc

sg`s sgdk`sdq`krteehwnmhsro`qs hrcdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqrhmvnqc,ehm`k

onrhshnm-Sgdrd`rrtloshnmr`qdqdidbsdcaxc`s`khjdsgdenkknvhmf9

174

035`(ld∆l–,oÕÃq _bgdrsr&

lÕ ,m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmdr&

aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbjr&

a( srøæ,k _kh`q&

røæ,k _vnqjdq&

kdæ,k _ok`xdq&�

Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd `eehwdr `qd mns cdkdsdc hm rtbg

dmuhqnmldmsr-Sghr hlokhdr sg`s sgdl`qjdqr`qdmns`eehwdc`s`kkvgdm

sgdcdqhudcmntmhrhmsgdoktq`k-

3-4 SnmdhmMntmOgq`rdr

3-4-0 Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdMntmOgq`rd

@ mntm ogq`rd hr ` mntm hm bnlahm`shnm vhsg nsgdq mnlhm`k

lnchehdqr- Hs b`m `r vdkk hmbktcd ` mntm oqnmntmbdc hm hrnk`shnm- Hm `

Midælmntmogq`rd+sgdgd`cmntmb`mnbbtoxsgdhmhsh`konrhshnm`mcad

enkknvdcaxlnchexhmfdkdldmsrvgdqdsgdxnbbtq-Gnvdudq+hmptdrshnm

enql`shnm+ sgd hmsdqqnf`shud `cidbshud nakhf`snqhkx nbbtohdr sgd hmhsh`k

onrhshnm- Sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm Èghr.gdqÍ+ nm hsr o`qs adg`udr hm `

ekdwhakdl`mmdq+nbbtqqhmfdhsgdqadenqdnq`esdqsgdgd`cmntmhm`mntm

ogq`rd- Vgdsgdq sghr eqddcnl hr cdsdqlhmdc ax etmbshnmr hm chrbntqrd

175

rsqtbstqd qdl`hmr `m nodm ptdrshnm- Sgdrd o`ssdqmr `qd rgnvm hm sgd

enkknvhmfdw`lokdr-

036`(mt∆lv`æ9 _sg`s�lntsg&� )v`æ9mt∆l _sg`s�lntsg& lntsgsg`s jøækv`∆l _lx�rhrsdq&� )v`∆ljøæk � _lx�rhrsdq& rhrsdqlx s�vÕ◊srøæmfv—æq _nmd�rs`q&� )fv—æqs�vÕ◊srøæm _nmd�rs`q& rs`qnmd

lÕ ,lÚgÚlÕ◊m_xntq�c`xr&� )lÕ◊mlÕ ,lÚgÚ _xntq�c`xr&

BK3,c`xxntq

løæls�Õ◊s�Õ◊i`æ_xntmf�`tms&�����)s�Õ◊s�Õ◊i`æløæl_xntmf�`tmsr&����������`tmsrl`kk���������������������������������������������������������

a( v`æ9j`æm _vghbg�bknsg>&���)j`æmv`æ9_vghbg�bknsg>& vghbgbknsg li`æ9lÕ◊,lÚgÚ _vghbg�c`xr>&��)lÕ ,lÚgÚli`æ9_vghbg�c`xr>& vghbgBK3,c`x k`æ9kdæ,aÍ k _vghbg�aqd`rs>&�)kd∆,aÍ kk`æ9_vghbg�aqd`rs>& vghbgBK4,aqd`rs ai`æ9aÕ◊,a`æm _vghbg�rtqdshdr>&�)aÕ ,a`æmai`æ9_vghbg�rtqdshdr>&� vghbgBK7,rtqdsx

176

i`æ9mt∆m _vghbg�ahqc>&��������)mt∆m i`æ9 _vghbg�ahqc>& vghbgahqcb( vdæœ∆jtæqtæ _gdq�atssnbj&� � gdqatssnbj œ∆jtæqtævdæ _gdq�atssnbj& atssnbjgdq vdæjfl∆g _ghr�o`qqns& ghro`qqns

jfl∆gvdæ _ghr�o`qqns&o`qqnsghrvdækÕ◊l`∆ _ghr�cqd`l&ghrcqd`lkÕ◊l`∆vdæ _ghr�cqd`l&cqd`lghrvdæ�—∆œ _ghr�lnsgdq&ghrlnsgdq�—∆œ vdæ _ghr�lnsgdq&lnsgdqghr

Sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd mntm nbbtqr hm sgd hmhsh`k

onrhshnm hm mntm ogq`rdr- Sgnrd hm 'a( rgnv sg`s sgd hmsdqqnf`shud

177

`cidbshud nbbtohdr sgd hmhsh`k onrhshnm vgdqd`r sgnrd hm 'b( cdlnmrsq`sd

sg`s sgd sghqc odqrnm rhmftk`q onrrdrrhud oqnmntm `knmdnbbtqru`qh`akx

adenqdnq`esdqsgdmntmhmmntmogq`rdr-Mnsdrnmsgdsnm`koqnbdrrsg`s

nbbtqrvhsghmsgdmntmogq`rdenkknvadknv-

3-4-1 GhfgSnmdRoqd`c

Snmdroqd`chmfhm@eqhb`mk`mft`fdrhrnmdnesgdv`xrsg`srgnv

sgd lnahkhsx ne snmd+ vghbg hr bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne sgdrd k`mft`fdr- Dhsgdq

sgdghfgnqknvsnmdrb`mroqd`catsfdmdq`kkxsgdghfgsnmdo`qshbho`sdr

hm roqd`chmf lnqd sg`m sgd knv snmd- Roqd`chmf hm hsrdke b`m ad ah,

chqdbshnm`k-Gnvdudq+roqd`chmfsn sgdqhfgs hrudqxbnllnm+ats sn sgd

kdeshrltbgq`qdq'Xho1//190/(-Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`slnudldms

`mcsnmdroqd`chmfl`xadlnshu`sdcax`ssq`bshnmsno`qshbtk`qonrhshnmr

rtbg`rcnl`hmgd`crnqcnl`hmdcfdr+axNBOnqrhlokxaxsgdmddcsn

oqnuhcd d`bg rxkk`akd vhsg hsr nvm snmd- Hs l`x ad tmantmcdc nq

bnmrsq`hmdc ax ` knb`khsx qdpthqdldms `r hm Midæl- Sgd c`s` hm '037a(

cdlnmrsq`sd ` rhst`shnm ne ghfg snmd roqd`chmf hm vghbg ` ghfg snmd

roqd`cr sn sgd enkknvhmf mntm oqdehw- Sgd c`s` `krn dlog`rhyd sg`s hm

Midæl+ roqd`chmf `bqnrr vnqcr nbbtqr nmkx vgdm ` mntm g`r ` oqdehw-

Bnlo`qdsgdenqlrhm'`(vhsgsgnrdhm'a(-

178

037`(v`æ9m∆ct∆kt∆� _vghbg�rlnjdq& vghbgrlnjdq i`æ9mt∆m _vghbg�ahqc& vghbgahqc v`æ9k`∆& ��_vghbg�gnqm& vghbggnqm

i`æ9a`æm _vghbg�rtqdsx& vghbgrtqdsx

v`æ9jøæk _vghbg�fhqk& vghbgfhqk

a( a`æ9adæ,ct∆kt∆ _vghbg�rlnjdqr& vghbgBK1,rlnjdq ai`æ9aÕ◊,mt∆m _vghbg�ahqcr& vghbgBK7,ahqc li`æ9lÕ◊,k`∆& _vghbg�gnqmr& vghbgBK3,gnqm ai`æ9aÕ◊,a`æm _vghbg�rtqdshdr& vghbgBK7,rtqdsx

a`æ9adæ,jøæk _vghbg�fhqkr& vghbgBK1,fhqk

179

Sgd dw`lokdr hm 'a( rgnv sg`s sgd ghfg snmd ne sgd hmsdqqnf`shud

oqnmntm roqd`cr nmsn sgd bk`rr oqdehw ne sgd mntm sg`s enkknvr hs- @r

ldmshnmdc hm rdbshnm 3-2+ sgd ghfg snmd sg`s roqd`cr hr qdok`bhud- Sghr

bk`hl`krnehmcrrtoonqshmsgde`hktqdnecnvmrsdosnnbbtqhmghfgsnmd

qnnsr-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrgnvrgnvghfgsnmdroqd`cnbbtqr-

038( S,qtkd69GhfgSnmdRoqd`c'GSR(

G K

nn

<

îî

GSR roqd`cr ` ghfg snmd eqnl hsr SQM nmsn sgd enkknvhmf knv,

snmdcSAT+cdkhmjhmfsgdknvsnmd-

Enq`mtmcdqrs`mchmfnegnvsgdc`s`hm'037a(`qdcdqhudc+rddsgd

enkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm-

180

04/( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c gkk gkk GKK GKK nnn nnn

<

ai`9ah,mtm → ai`9ah,mtm

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ k� K↓

ai`9ahmtm

Sghr cdqhu`shnm `krn rgnvr sg`s hm QSS+ ` knmf unvdk b`m ad

cnlhm`sdc ax ` rhmfkd SQM- Sghr hr rn adb`trd vgdm sgd snm`k

rodbhehb`shnmrenq`ci`bdmssnm`kqnnsmncdr`qdhcdmshb`k+sgdx`qd`kknvdc

snldqfdhmsnnmd-Adb`trdne sgde`bs sg`s sgdldqfdc`mcmnm,ldqfdc

qdoqdrdms`shnmr `qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad dpthu`kdms hs hr hqqdkdu`ms vgdsgdq

sgdx `qd qdoqdrdmsdc `r ldqfdc nq mns- Vgdm nmd mddcr `bbdrr sn `m

hmchuhct`kSAT sgdm sgdxltrsad qdoqdrdmsdc rdo`q`sdkx-Sgd e`bs sg`s

181

sgdsvnknvsnmdr`qdmnsldqfdcbnmehqlrsg`sGhfgSnmdRoqd`cb`trdr

sgds`qfdsknvsnmdsnadqdok`bdcbnlokdsdkx-

3-5 @rrnbh`shudBnmrsqtbshnmr

Sgd `rrnbh`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr hm Midæl b`m ad fqntodc hmsn sgqdd

rdsrcdodmchmfnmsgdsxodne`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq sgdxs`jd-Sgdl`qjdq

b`mdhsgdqadmtkk+`mnudqsghfg,snmdclnqogdldnq`ekn`shmfghfgsnmd-

Hmsgdenkknvhmfs`akdsgdu`qhntrmntmbk`rrdr`qdfqntodcenkknvhmfsgd

`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqsg`snbbtqrvhsgsgdl-

Bk`rr @rrnbh`shnmL`qjdq

BK0+`mc8 ydqnlnqogdld'÷(

BK1+3+4+5+7+`mc00 nudqsghfg,snmdclnqogdld

'adæ+lÕ◊+kdæ+ldæ+aÕ◊+`mclÕ◊(

BK2+`mc6 ekn`shmfghfgsnmd'æ(

S`akd179@rrnbh`shudL`qjdqr

Sgdehqrsrdsnedw`lokdrsg`senkknvrbnms`hmrbk`rrnmd`mcbk`rr

mhmdmntmrhmhmhsh`konrhshnm'M0onrhshnm(-Hmsghrrds+sgdqdhrmdhsgdq`m

nudqslnqogdldmnq`snmdsg`sl`qjr`rrnbh`shnm-Sgdc`s`sg`senkknv

`qdhkktrsq`shud-

182

040( l,t∆qœ∆j`∆m`∆ _bhsx�cvdkkdq& BK0,odqrnmsnvm l,t∆qjøæk _nvmdq�ne�rhrsdq& BK0,odqrnmrhrsdq

l,t∆l`ær—æœ _e`sgdq�ne��vnl`m&

BK0,vnl`me`sgdq ÷,œ∆jt∆klt∆q _rsqdmfsg�ne�l`m& BK8,enqbdodqrnm ÷,l–ovdæcyt»l _cnf�ne�gtra`mc& BK8,cnfgtra`mc

÷,œ∆j`∆m`∆lt∆q _bhsx�cvdkkdq&

BK8,snvmodqrnm

Hm sgdrd c`s`+ sgd bk`rr nmd `mc bk`rr mhmd mntmr cnmns tmcdqfn

mnq b`trd `mx snm`k bg`mfdr hm sgd `rrnbh`shud bnmrsqtbshnm vgdm sgdx

nbbtq `r sgd hmhsh`k mntmr- Rhlhk`qkx+ sgd e`bs sg`s cnvmrsdo cndr mns

nbbtqvhsgsgdGGdw`lokdrrgnvrsg`ssgdqdhrmnhmsdqudmhmfknvsnmd

vghbg sxohb`kkx l`qjr `fqddldms hm BK0 `mc BK8 hm A`mst- Sghr

sgdqdenqd bnmehqlr sg`s sgdqd hrmn hmsdqudmhmf snmd sg`s qdoqdrdmsr sgd

`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqhmsgdrdb`rdr-Sgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmrgnvr

183

041( Hmots Ldqfdq kkk k KKK K nnn nnn

œjtkltq → œjtkltq Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

K↓

œjtkltq

Sghr cdqhu`shnm rgnvr sg`s sgd sgqdd knv snmdr `qd bn`kdrbdc ax

ldqfdq- Mnshbd sg`s ldqfdq hr sgd bn`kdrbdmbd ne hcdmshb`k `ci`bdms

ed`stqdr`mchrnmdnesgdlnrsbnllnmqdo`hqrsq`sdfhdrk`mft`fdrtrd

hm nqcdq sn r`shrex NBO bnmrsq`hmsr- Hs `rrtqdr sg`s `ci`bdms hcdmshb`k

ed`stqdr+vgdsgdq`rrnbh`sdcnqmns+`qdldqfdchmsnnmd-

Sgdmdwsrdsne`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmrbnms`hmrbk`rrdr1+3+4+5+

7+`mc00mntmr-Sgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqhmsghrrdshr`mnudqslnqogdld-

184

Hs s`jdr ` ghfg snmd- He sghr lnqogdld nbbtqr adenqd `m hcdmshb`k mntm

oqdehw+sg`soqdehwhrcdkdsdc-Nardqudsgdenkknvhmfb`rdr9

042`(lÕ ,ln∆lÕ◊adæ,�—∆œ _lnsgdqr&�rsnl`bgr& BK3,rsnl`bg@LBK1,lnsgdq lÕ ,j`æmlÕ◊adæ,a`∆&kn∆ _ft`qcr&bknsgdr& BK3,bknsg@LBK1,ft`qca( kd∆,ltæ&tækdæ,atæ&tæ .kd∆,ltæjtækdækd∆,atæjtæ._i`v�ne�`mfdq& BK4,i`vBK4,`mfdq ld∆,siø∆&ldæ,l–onæl.ld∆,sÕ ø∆jldæld∆,l–onæl._rnesmdrr�ne�e`bd& BK5,rnesmdrrBK5,e`bd aÕ ,jtæqaÕ◊,sÕ◊q .aÕ ,jtæcaÕ◊aÕ ,sÕ◊c. _rjhm�ne�`mhl`k& BK7,rjhmBK7,`mhl`k

Hm sgddw`lokdr hm '`(+ sgd `rrnbh`shudl`qjdq ZlÕ◊\ nbbtqradenqd

sgd mntm oqdehw Zad∆\ ats cdkdshnm cndr mns nbbtq adb`trd sgdx `qd mns

hcdmshb`k- Sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq rhlokx roqd`cr hsr ghfg snmd sn sgd

oqdehwsg`senkknvrhs+`rrgnvmhmsghrcdqhu`shnm-

185

043( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c+Ldqfdq kggkk kgkk KGGKK KGKK nnnnnn nnnnnn

<

lh,j`mlhad,a`&kn → lh,j`mlhad,a`&kn

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ g� k�

K↓ K↓

lhj`mlhada`&kn

Gnvdudq+ hm 'a( vgdqd sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq hr rhlhk`q sn sgd

enkknvhmfmntmbk`rroqdehw+nmkxnmdnesgdlnbbtqr-Hshr`rrtldcsg`s

sgdoqdehwhrcdkdsdchmnqcdqsn`unhcqdctmc`mbx-Sgde`bssg`scnvmrsdo

cndrmns`ookxhmsghrdmuhqnmldms`bst`kkxbnmehqlrsgd`rrtloshnmsg`s

sgdghfgsnmdsg`sroqd`crnmsn`vnqcsg`ss`jdr`oqdehwhrqdok`bhud-Rdd

sgdcdqhu`shnmhm'044(-

186

044( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c+Cdkdshnm kggkg kggkg KGGKG KGGKG nnnnnnn nnnnnnn

<

kd,lt&tkdkd,at&t→kd,lt&tkd'kd(at&t→

Ldqfdq OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm kg G↑ KG g� K↓ nnnnnn

kd,lt&tkdat&t kdlt&tkdat&t

Sgdk`rsrdsne`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmrhmunkudrbk`rr2`mcbk`rr

6mntmr-Gdqd+sgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqhr`ekn`shmfghfgsnmdsg`snbbtqr

adsvddm sgd mntmr- Hm l`mx @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr+ sgd `rrnbh`shud

bnmrsqtbshnm hr bnmudxdc ax ld`mr ne ` snm`k lnqogdld 'Vhkkh`lrnm

0875+Bgtlanv`mcMftdmcihn0880(-Sghrcnbjrnmsnsgdmntmnmsgd

187

qhfgssnenql`e`kkhmfbnmsntqsnmdhehslddsr`knvsnmd-Sgdc`s`sg`s

enkknvrgnvrtbgbnmrsqtbshnmr-

045( ÷,j`∆qlt»q .j`∆cælt∆c. _l`m&r�v`ro& BK6,v`ro@L-odqrnm

÷,m∆cÕÃl�`»œ`∆ .m∆cÕÃlæ�`∆�`æ. _fgnrs&r�dkdf`mbd& BK2,fgnrs@L-dkdf`mbd ÷,c`∆k`∆jøæk .c`∆k`∆æjøæk. _l`m&r�ons& BK6,ons@L-fhqk

÷,jvtæmlt»q .jtætæmælt∆c. _s`hk&r�b`lo&�

BK2,s`hk@L-odqrnm ÷,r`æl`æs�Í l .r`æl`ææsrÍ l. �_fqnto&r�bqx& BK6,fqnto@L-bqx

Sgdrd dw`lokdr rgnv sg`s sgd ekn`shmf ghfg snmd sg`s l`qjr

`rrnbh`shnmcnbjrnmsnsgdenkknvhmfmntm-Sgdqtkdsg`senkknvrrgnvr

gnvsghrnbbtqr-

046( S,qtkd79Qhfgsv`qcrGhfgCnbjhmf

g

G

nn

µBnmchshnm9Hsltrsadsgdghfgsnmdnesgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq-

188

Qhfgsv`qcr Ghfg Cnbjhmf `kknvr sgd ekn`shmf ghfg snmd ne sgd

`rrnbh`shud l`qjdq sn cnbj nmsn sgd SAT sn hsr qhfgs- Bnmrhcdq sgd

cdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-

047( Hmots Qhfgsv`qcrGhfgCnbjhmf kgk kgk KGK KGK nnnnnnnn

c`k`ltq → c`k`ltq

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ g� k�

K↓ K↓

c`k`ltq

3-6 Bnmbktrhnm

Hm sghr bg`osdq+ sgd lnqogdld rsqtbstqd ne mntm qnnsr g`r addm

rgnvm-Hmnqcdqsn`bbntmsenqsgdrtqe`bdldknchdrentmcnmmntmqnnsr+

sgdhq bnmsq`rshud tmcdqkxhmf snm`k ldknchdr g`ud addm fhudm `mc sgd

189

qd`khy`shnmnmsgdrtqe`bdned`bgldkncxchrbtrrdc-Vgdqdsgd`m`kxrhr

hr mns sq`mro`qdms+ rtoonqshmf dw`lokdr g`udaddmfhudm sn `lokhex sgd

`qftldmsr- Sgd lnqogn,rxms`bshb rsqtbstqd ne sgd mntm ogq`rd g`r `krn

addm chrbtrrdc+ vhsg `m `bbntms ne sgd snmnknfhb`k oqnbdrr sg`s mntm

ogq`rdr tmcdqfn fhudm- Sghr bg`osdq g`r dmcdcto ax ` oqdrdms`shnmne

sgd`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdsgqddrdsr+chrshmfthrgdcaxsgdsxodne

`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqsgdxs`jdg`udaddmchrbtrrdc-Rshkkhmsghrbg`osdq+�k,

roqd`c `mc g,cdkhmj sg`s `bbntmsr enq cnvmrsdo ne ghfg snmdr+ GK

Rhlokhehb`shnm sg`s`kknvr`GKbnmsntq snmd snad rhlokhehdc sn`ghfg

snmdvgdmenkknvdcax`ghfgsnmd+KnvSnmdRoqd`csg`soqdudmsrrnld

tssdq`mbd,ehm`k knv snmdr eqnl cnvmfkhchmf+ Ghfg Snmd Roqd`c sg`s

odqlhsr rnldtmcdqkxhmf knv snmdlnqogdldr snad qd`khydc`r rtqe`bd

ghfg snmdr+ `mc Qhfgsv`qcr Ghfg Cnbjhmf sg`s rgnvr sg`s rnld

`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr s`jd` ekn`shmfghfg snmdg`udaddmchrbtrrdc-

Cdqhu`shnmrrgnvhmfgnvsgdrdqtkdrvnqjg`ud`krnaddmfhudm-Sgdrd

cdqhu`shnmr `krn rgnv sg`s ldqfdq `ookhdr `r rnnm `r sgd rsqtbstq`k

cdrbqhoshnm enq hsr `ookhb`shnm hr lds+ hm nqcdq sn r`shrex sgd NBO

bnmrsq`hms-Rsq`xdq`rtqd`krn`ookhdr`ssgddmcneonrskdwhb`kbnlonmdms

sn cdkdsd `kk tm`rrnbh`sdc snm`k ed`stqdr- Sgd nsgdq snmd qtkdr `ookx

vgdmdudqsgdrsqtbstq`kcdrbqhoshnmenqsgdhq`ookhb`shnmhrlds-

190

BG@OSDQ4

�

SNMDHMUDQAR

191

4-/ Hmsqnctbshnm

Sghrbg`osdqchrbtrrdrsgdsnmnknfxnesgdMidæludqa-Hsadfhmrax

`oqdrdms`shnmnesgdlnqogdldrsqtbstqdneudqaqnnsr-Bnmrhcdqhmfsg`s

sgdrtqe`bdsnmdhrmns`kv`xrhcdmshb`ksnsgdtmcdqkxhmfsnmdhmMidæl+hs

fndr `gd`c sn oqdrdms sgd rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnm ne sgd udqa qnnsr `mc sn

`qftd enq sgd tmcdqkxhmf snm`k ldknchdr ne d`bg- Sgd oqnbdrr ne

qdctokhb`shnmhr`krnntskhmdcgdqd-

4-0 LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsr

Sgdlnrsbnllnmlnqogdldsxodrsg`snbbtqnmMidæludqaqnnsr

`qdBU+BUB`mcBUBU-SgdkdrrbnllnmBUUsxod`krnnbbtqr-Sghr

lnqogdldrsqtbstqdhrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`hms`akd18-

BU BUB BUBU BUU

kd∆,cd∆_sn�cqhmj& kd∆,sÕ m_sn�vhod& kd∆,k—∆l`∆_sn�qta& kd∆,ad∆9_sn�rdd&

kd∆,rn∆_sn�gtms& kd∆,mø∆q_sn�o`rsd& kd∆,rt∆ln∆_sn�ok`ms& kd∆,cyø∆9_sn�rhmf&

kd∆,�`∆_sn�sd`q& kd∆,jd∆m_sn�rdmc& kd∆,mÕ fn∆_sn�enkc& kd∆,r`»9_sn�knnj�enq&

kd∆,sn»_sn�fn& kd∆,a`»_sn�`atrd& kd∆,ktækn»_sn�enqfd& kd∆,kfl»9_sn�hmrtks&

kd∆,rt»_sn�aqtrg& kd∆,rÕÃk_sn�dmc& kd∆,atæfn»_sn�lhrr&

kd∆,khÃ_sn�hmrsqtbs& kd∆,r`»m_sn�rhfm& kd∆,atæk`»_sn�qdstqm&

S`akd189LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsr

192

4-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsr

Udqar g`ud nmkx lnmnrxkk`ahb `mc chrxkk`ahb qnnsr 'dwbdos vgdm

qdctokhb`sdc(-@rldmshnmdcd`qkhdq+sghrk`mft`fdhr`svn,snmdk`mft`fd

ÊGhfg`mcKnv-Sgdudqaqnnsrg`ud`svn,v`xbnmsq`rshudtmcdqkxhmf

snm`k ldkncx+ m`ldkx+ Ghfg `mc Knv- Sgdrd `qd oqdrdmsdc hm sgd s`akd

sg`senkknvr-

Tmcdqkxhmfenql BU BUB BUBU

G kd∆,s`»_sn�hmgdqhs&

kd∆,rt»_sn�aqtrg&

kd∆,lø»q_sn�`qqdrs&

kd∆,rÕÃk_sn�ehmhrg&

kd∆,atæfn»_sn�lhrr&

kd∆,atæk`»_sn�qdstqm&

K

kd∆,�`∆_sn�sd`q&

kd∆,rn∆_sn�gtms&

kd∆,r`∆l_sn�ronhk&

kd∆,sÕ m_sn�vhod&

kd∆,k—∆l`∆_sn�qta&

kd∆,rt∆ln∆_sn�ok`ms&

S`akd2/9Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsr

Sgd hmsdqoqds`shnm sg`s enkknvr eqnl sgd s`akd hr sg`svgdqd`r sgd

tmcdqkxhmf G ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r GK nm sgd qnns+ sgd tmcdqkxhmf K

ldkncxrtqe`bdr`rKnv-Enq`m`bbntmsnegnvsgdG`mcKtmcdqkxhmf

ldknchdr`qdqd`khydcnmsgdrtqe`bd+rddsgdognmnknfxnesgdhmehmhshud

sg`senkknvr-

193

4-2 OgnmnknfxnesgdHmehmhshud

SgdhmehmhshudenqlnesgdudqahmMidælhrl`qjdcaxsgdbk`rrehud

mntmoqdehwZkd∆,\'vghbgg`r`knvsnmdtmcdqkxhmfkx(+`mc`ekn`shmfknv

snmd rteehw sg`s `oodmcr sn sgd udqa qnns- @o`qs eqnl sgd oqdehw`shnm

sgdqdenqd+sgdekn`shmfknvsnmdldqfdrvhsgsgdqnnssnmdhehshrknv`mc

rtqe`bdr`r sgde`kkhmfo`qsne`GKbnmsntqvgdm sgdqnnsad`qr`ghfg

snmdtmcdqkxhmfkx-Mnshbd sg`sansg sgd hmehmhshud knvsnmd`mcsgdehm`k

knv snmd 'vghbgnbbtqrnm`kkudqa qnnsr(nbbtq hm hmehmhshud enqlr`mc

`qdldqfdchmnqcdqsn`unhcqdctmc`mbx-Sgd`rrnbh`shnmnesghrsnmdsn

sgddcfdoqnuhcdrduhcdmbdenqsgd`rrdqshnmsg`sbnmsntqr`qde`hqkxq`qd

`mckhlhsdcsnsgddmcrnevnqcr-Sghrjhmcnesnmdg`r`krnaddmentmchm

rnldk`mft`fdr-Rmhcdq'0888901/(+enqdw`lokd+cdlnmrsq`sdrsg`sÈsgd

rsdlhmA`lhkdjdCrbg`mf'Xdla`(bnmrhrsrne`udqaqnns`mc`ekn`shmf

Kn snmd hmehmhshud rteehw-Í Sghr snmd gnvdudq `rrnbh`sdr enkknvhmf

k`mft`fd rodbhehb qtkdr- Hm rnld k`mft`fdr rtbg `r Xdla` hs qdl`hmr

ekn`shmf`mcb`trdrcnvmrsdo-

Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`madenqldcsn`bbntmsenqsgdcnbjhmfnesghr

hmehmhshudknvsnmdsg`snbbtqr`ssgddmcneMidæludqaqnnsr-

194

048(S,qtkd89HmehmhshudKnv@rrnbh`shnm k

K

n\\n

µ Bnmchshnm9Hsltrsadvgdm`udqanbbtqrhmsgdhmehmhshud-

Sghr qtkd `kknvr ` ekn`shmf knv snmd sn `rrnbh`sd `s sgd dmc ne

hmehmshudenqlrneudqar-�

Gnvdudq+ sghr snmd cndr mns `rrnbh`sd hm rnld hmrs`mbdr- Sghr

g`oodmrvgdmsgdfknss`krsnonbbtqrhmsgdbnc`onrhshnmne`,bub,qnns-

Hshronrrhakdsg`ssgdfknss`krsno+vghbgoqdbdcdrsghrsnmd+narsqtbsrhsr

`rrnbh`shnm- Hs hrmnmdsgdkdrrtmbkd`qvgx sghr bnmrnm`ms hmektdmbdr sgd

adg`uhntq ne sgd snmd- Gnvdudq+ rhmbd sghr fknss`k rsno hr `krn cdqhudc

'eqnltmcdqkxhmfj(hshronrrhakdsn`rrtld`mnodq`shmfbnmrsq`hmssg`s

qdmcdqrcdqhudcrntmcrno`ptd-Sgtr+no`ptdZ&\narsqtbsrsgd`rrnbh`shnm

ne sgd hmehmhshud snmd sn sgd oqdbdchmf SAT- Sghr r`ld bnmrnm`ms g`r

addm jmnvm sn hmektdmbd unvdkr hm rnld k`mft`fdr+ d-f- Bgtlatqtmf

'Rmhcdq0888965(-

Dudm sgntfg sgd `anud `m`kxrhr rddlr snvnqj+ `lnqdok`trhakd

dwok`m`shnm rtffdrsdc ax Mfdrrhln Lts`j` 'odqrnm`k bnlltmhb`shnm(

vntkc ad sn `rrtld sg`s sgd fknss`k rsno hr nmd ne sgd cdoqdrrnq

195

bnmrnm`msr hm Midæl- Hm k`mft`fdr sg`s l`mhedrs `m hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm

bnmrnm`msr`mcsnmdr+cdoqdrrnqr�nesdmb`trdunhbdkdrrbnmrnm`msrsnad

`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdghfgsnmd-Hmsghrrhst`shnmsgdqdenqd+sgdfknss`krsno+

vghbg hr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd ghfg snmd+ oqdudmsr sgd `rrnbh`shnm ne sgd

knvsnmd-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmfc`s`sg`scdlnmrsq`sdsgde`hktqdnesgd

knvsnmdsn`rrnbh`sd-

05/( kd∆,fv`∆& _sn�cdrsqnx&�

kd∆,sfl–& _sn�anhk&�

kd∆,oøæ& _sn�udqhex&

kd∆,l`æ& _sn�f`sgdq&

kd∆,r`æ& _sn�sqdlakd&�

Sgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvrrgnvrgnvsgdrdenqlr`qdcdqhudc-

050( kd∆,l`æ& kd∆,oøæ&

TQ.kd,l`j kd,oøj.

KGK KGK

Kdudk0 l`j oøjT@B� � �

GK GKfknss`khy`shnml`& oø&�GK GK

196

�Hmehmhshud�knv^^ ^^`rrnbh`shnm�Kdudk1kd,l`& kd,oø&T@B�KGK KGK

�rsq`x�dq`rtqd�kd,l`& kd,oø&�

KGK KGK

OQZkd∆,l`æ& kd∆,oøæ&\

Mnsd sg`s sgntfg`ookhdc`s sghr kdudk+ rsq`xdq`rtqd _nqoqtmhmf+

dlohqhb`kkx vdkk,lnshu`sdc enq mnmsnm`k ogdmnldm` 'be- Hsn» 0875(+

`ookhdr`ssgddmcnesgdonrskdwhb`kbnlonmdmssncdkdsd`kktm`rrnbh`sdc

snm`k ed`stqdr oqhnq sn sgd `ookhb`shnm ne `mx ognmdshb+ h-d-+ fq`chdms

ed`stqdbnlonmdms+qtkdr&'Rmhcdq0888926(-

4-3 OgnmnknfxnesgdHlodq`shud

Fdmdq`kkx+ sgd Èhlodq`shudÍ hr trdc sn fhud nqcdqr nq bnll`mcr-

RtbgrsqtbstqdrbnmbdqmÈudqa`k`bsrsgqntfgvghbgsgdrod`jdq`ssdlosr

snl`mhotk`sdsgdmnm,udqa`kadg`uhntqnesgdgd`qdqÍ'Fhunæm088/97/5(-

Rtbg udqa`k l`mhotk`shnmr `qd `eedbsdc ax u`qhntr rnbh`k `mc odqrnm`k

e`bsnqr `mc `qd `ksdqdc `bbnqchmfkx- Sgdrd e`bsnqr hmbktcd sgd rnbh`k

rs`str ne sgd o`qshbho`msr+ sgdhq `tsgnqhsx+ `mc `ahkhsx sn `bs- Sgd

197

hlodq`shud l`qjdq hm Midæl+ tmkhjd hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ g`r rdudq`k

u`qh`msrcdodmchmfnmsgdrg`odnesgdudqaqnnssnvghbghs`ss`bgdr-Rhw

rdfldms`kl`qjdqrg`udaddm hcdmshehdc`mcd`bgbnlahmdrvhsg`ghfg

snmd+vghbghr`kv`xroqdrdms+snhmchb`sdsgdhlodq`shud-Sgdrdl`qjdqr

`qdoqdrdmsdcadknv-

4-3-0 Zj\*GhfgSnmd

Vgdmsgdudqaqnnshrnmdnodmrxkk`akd+`mcsgdunvdkhrZ,gh\+sgd

unhbdkdrrudk`qrsnosnfdsgdqvhsg`ghfgsnmd`qd`ccdcsnhshmnqcdqsn

nas`hmsgdhlodq`shud-Dw`lokdrhmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9

051( cdæ& .,cd∆,jæ. _d`s�'HLO(&� d`s-HLO

rnæ& .,rn∆,jæ. _gtms�'HLO(&� gtms-HLO

cydæ& .,cyd∆,jæ. _fhud�'HLO(&�� fhud-HLO

r`æ& .,r`æ,jæ. _cn�'HLO(&�� cn-HLO

snæ& .,snæ,jæ. _fn�'HLO(&�� fn-HLO

�

198

Sgdrd c`s` rgnv sg`s sgd unhbdkdrr udk`q rsno+ vghbg rtqe`bdr `r

sgdfknss`krsno+hr`ccdcsnsgdudqaqnns+`mcsgdghfgsnmdqdok`bdrsgd

snmdnesgdqnnssnqdrtkshmhlodq`shudenqlr-

4-3-1 Zfn\*GhfgSnmd

Vgdm sgdudqaqnns hrnmdnodmrxkk`akd+`mcsgdunvdk hrZ*gh\+

sgd lnqogdld Zfn\ snfdsgdq vhsg sgd ghfg snmd `qd `ccdc sn enql sgd

hlodq`shud-Rddsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

052( c�t∆fnæ .,cyt∆,fnæ. _bkhla�'HLO(&�

� bkhla-HLO

rtæfnæ .,rtæ,fnæ. _aqtrg�'HLO(&�� aqtrg-HLO

kh◊fnæ .,kh◊,fnæ. _`cuhrd�'HLO(&�� `cuhrd-HLO

mÕ◊fnæ .,mÕ◊,fnæ. _dmsdq�'HLO(&�� dmsdq-HLO

kÚfnæ .,kÚ,fnæ. _ahsd�'HLO(&�� ahsd-HLO

199

Sgd nardqu`shnm sn ad l`cd eqnl sgdrd c`s` hr sg`s ` Z,BU\

rsqtbstqdhrrteehwdcsnsgdqnns`mcsg`ssgdZU\ad`qrsgdghfgsnmdsg`s

hroqdrdmshm`kkhlodq`shudenqlr-

4-3-2 Z�\*GhfgSnmd

Vgdm sgd udqa qnns hr nmd nodm rxkk`akd vhsg ` knmf unvdk+ sgd

o`k`s`km`r`k`mc`ghfgsnmd`qd`ccdcsnenqlsgdhlodq`shud-Bnmrhcdq

sgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

053( adæœ .,ad∆9,�æ. _rdd�'HLO(&�

� rdd-HLO

�vnæœ .,�tn∆9,�æ. _chrotsd�'HLO(&�

chrotsd-HLO

ai`æœ .,ah`æ9,�æ. _ehfgs�'HLO(&�

� ehfgs-HLO

r`æœ .,r`æ9,�æ. _rd`qbg�'HLO(&�

� rd`qbg-HLO

kfl“œ .,kfl“9,�æ. _hmrtks�'HLO(&�

� hmrtks-HLO

� Gdqd+hsb`madnardqudcsg`ssgdo`k`s`km`r`ksg`srtqe`bdr`rsgd

udk`q m`r`k enkknvhmf fknss`khy`shnm� `mc sgd ghfg snmd `qd `ccdc sn sgd

200

udqaqnns'mnsdsg`ssgdghfgsnmdqdok`bdrsgdsnmdnesgdqnnsunvdk(-Hm

`cchshnm+sgdknmfqnnsunvdkadbnldrrgnqshmsgdhlodq`shudenqlr-Sgd

e`bs sg`s sgd knmfunvdkradbnldrgnqs hmbknrdcrxkk`akdrbnmehqlr sgd

`rrdqshnmsg`sknmfunvdkrnbbtqhmnodmrxkk`akdr-

4-3-3 ZU\*GhfgSnmd

Vgdm sgd fknss`k rsno nbbtohdr sgd bnc` onrhshnm ne ` qnns+

enkknvhmfsgdqtkdnefknss`khy`shnm+sgdqnnsunvdkroqd`cr`mcad`qrsgd

hlodq`shudghfgsnmd+`rchrbtrrdchmrdbshnm1-5-1-2-Dw`lokdr`qdfhudm

hm'054(-

054( fv`∆&`æ .,ft`∆j,Uû. _cdrsqnx�'HLO(&�� cdrsqnx-HLO

s�Õ &Õ◊ .,srÕ j,Uû. _fhud�ahqsg�'HLO(&�

fhudahqsg-HLO

sfl“&fl“ .,sfl“j,Uû. _ohbj�'HLO(&�� ohbj-HLO

oøæ&øæ .,oøæj,Uû. _udqhex�'HLO(&�� udqhex-HLO

a—ælr`æ&`æ .,a—ælr`æj,Uû. _rdkk�'HLO(&�� rdkk-HLO

201

Hm sgdrd c`s` d`bg qnnsunvdk roqd`cr`mcad`qr sgdghfg snmdne

sgdhlodq`shud-

4-3-4 Zh9\*GhfgSnmd

Vgdm nsgdq bnmrnm`msr '`o`qs eqnl sgd fknss`k rsno( nbbtox sgd

bnc` onrhshnm `mc sgd qnns unvdk hr Z,aj\+ Zh9\ hr rteehwdc sn ad`q sgd

hlodq`shudghfgsnmd-Sgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr`qdhkktrsq`shud9

055( aid∆mÕ◊9 .,ahd∆m,Õ◊9. _qdetrd�'HLO(&� dw`ffdq`sd-HLO

mø∆qÕ◊9 .,mø∆c,Õ◊9. _o`rsd�'HLO(&�� o`rsd-HLO

sÕ mÕ◊9 .,sÕ m,Õ◊9. _vhod�'HLO(&�� vhod-HLO

sidækÕ◊9 .,shdæk,Õ9◊. _drs`akhrg�'HLO(&�� drs`akhrg-HLO

rÕ◊kÕ◊9 .,rÕ◊k,Õ◊9. _ehmhrg�'HLO(&�� ehmhrg-HLO

Sgdrd c`s` rgnv sg`s sgd eqnms ghfg unvdk Zh9\ hr bnmrhrsdmskx

`ss`bgdcsnsgdqnns`mchsad`qrsgdghfgsnmd-

202

4-3-5 Z`9\*GhfgSnmd

Sghrl`qjdqnbbtqrhmsvnhmrs`mbdr-Ehqrs+vgdmbnmrnm`msrnsgdq

sg`m sgd fknss`k rsno nbbtox sgd bnc` onrhshnm `mc sgd qnns unvdk hr

Z*aj\+`rrgnvmhmsgddw`lokdrsg`senkknv-

056( av—∆k`æ9 .,at—∆k,`æ9. _c`mbd�'HLO(&�� c`mbd-HLO

cy`∆m`æ9 .,cy`∆m,`æ9. _ots�nts�'HLO(&�� otsnts-HLO

lv`∆g`æ9 .,lt`∆r,`æ9. _sgqnv�'HLO(&� sgqnv-HLO

a`æl`æ9 .,a`æl,`æ9. _hmrtks�'HLO(&�� hmrtks-HLO

rvnæg`æ9 .,rtnær,`æ9. _qdrohqd�'HLO(&�� qdrohqd-HLO

� Gdqd+Z`\hrrteehwdcsn`kksgdqnnsr`mchsad`qrsgdhlodq`shudghfg

snmd-

Rdbnmckx+sghrr`ldl`qjdqnbbtqrvgdmsgdqnnsg`rsvnrxkk`akdr

'vghbgg`oodmsn`kv`xradnodm(-Dw`lokdrhmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9

057( k—∆l`æ9 .,k—∆l`∆,`9æ. _qta�'HLO(&�� qta-HLO

203

ct∆a`æ9 .,ct∆an∆,`æ9. _rn`j�'HLO(&�� rn`j-HLO

sÕ k`æ9 .,sÕ kn∆,`æ9. _vqhsd�'HLO(&�� vqhsd-HLO

atæk`æ9 .,atæk`æ,`æ9. _qdstqm�'HLO(&�� qdstqm-HLO

�tæf`æ9 .,�tæfnæ,`æ9. _rtoonqs�'HLO(&�� rtoonqs-HLO

Sgdrdc`s`hmchb`sdsg`sZ`9\+vghbgad`qrsgdhlodq`shudghfgsnmd

b`trdrsgdunvdknesgdrdbnmcrxkk`akdnesgdqnnssncdkdsd-

@ fdmdq`k nardqu`shnm sn ad l`cd eqnl sgd l`qjdqr oqdrdmsdc

`anudhrsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdghfgsnmdnm`kk-Adb`trdhshrsgdrnkdsnm`k

l`qjdqne sgd hlodq`shud hs qdok`bdr sgdoqdkhmjdc snmdrrn sg`sbnmsntq

snmdr e`hk sn rtqe`bddudmvgdm hs`ss`bgdr sn` knv snmd qnns-Sgdqtkd

sg`senkknvrrgnvrgnvsgdsnmdnesgdhlodq`shud`rrnbh`sdr-

058( S,qtkd0/9Hlodq`shudGhfg@rrnbh`shnm'HG@(

g

G

n\\n

<

µBnmchshnm9Hsltrsadnmkxsgdghfgsnmdnesgdhlodq`shud-

204

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd sgd ghfg snmd ne sgd hlodq`shud cnbjr

kdesv`qcrsn`mccdkhmjrsgdsnmdnesgdSATnesgdqnnssg`soqdbdcdrhs-

Sgd enkknvhmf cdqhu`shnm cdlnmrsq`sdr gnv sgd hlodq`shud enqlr `qd

cdqhudc-

06/( rnæ&rtæfnækfl“� oøæ&øæsÕ mÕ◊9a`æl`æ9sÕ k`æ9

TQ.rnrtkfl9oøjshma`lshkn.

KGGGKGK

Kdudk0rnrtkfl9oøjshma`lshkn.T@B

KGGGKGK

Snmd������^^� ������^^�� �^^� ��������^^� ����^^� � ��^^������������shkn�Roqd`c���

K

rteehw,rn,jrt,fnkfl9,�oøj,Ushm,h9a`l,`9shkn,`9`shnm� KGGGGGGGKGGGKG

HG@����rn,jrt,fnkfl9,�oøj,Ushm,h9a`l,`9shkn,`9%knv����<�cdkhmjKGGGGGGGKGGGKG

�nsgdqrn&kflœoø&øshk`9qtkdr� GGGKG

OQZrnæ&rtæfnækfl“œoøæ&øæsÕ mÕ◊9a`æl`æ9sÕ k`æ9\

205

4-4 OgnmnknfxnesgdG`ahst`k

Sgdg`ahst`khrnehmsdqdrsadb`trdnehsrognmnknfhb`kbnlonrhshnm-

Hs hr trdc hm bnmudqr`shnm hm Midæl sn cdrbqhad rhst`shnmr sg`s g`oodm

qdftk`qkx nq `r ` g`ahs- Hs hr l`qjdc ax ` chrbnmshmtntr lnqogdld- Hsr

rsqtbstqdhr`renkknvr9`esdqsgdrtaidbsl`qjdqbnldrsgdehqrso`qsnesgd

g`ahst`k l`qjdq- Hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd qnns ne sgd udqa hmunkudc+ `mc

k`rskx+sgdrdbnmco`qsnesgdg`ahst`kl`qjdq-Sgddw`lokdrsg`senkknv

`qdhkktrsq`shud9

060( �øæjÕ jd∆mjd∆mÕ◊9 2rG@ArdmcG@A� _Gd�nesdm�rdmcr�'`kv`xr(&

�øæs�Õ s�Õ &s�Õ &Õ◊9 2rG@AcdkhudqG@A� _Gd�nesdm�cdkhudqr�'`kv`xr(&�

LÍ mÕ mÕ fn∆mÕ f`æ9

0rG@AenkcG@A� _H�nesdm�enkc�'`kv`xr(&�

LÍ rÕ rd∆qf`∆rd∆qf`æ9

0rG@ArkhcdG@A� _H�nesdm�rkhcd�'`kv`xr(&�

LÌ kÕ◊kfl»9kfl“œ 0rG@AhmrtksG@A

_H�nesdm�hmrtks�'`kv`xr(&

206

�ø∆sÕ◊sid»ksidækÕ◊9 2rG@Adrs`akhrgG@A

_Rgd�nesdm�drs`akhrgdr�'`kv`xr(&LÌ �Õ◊�Õ◊gn»�Õ◊g`æ9

0rG@AfqhmcG@A� _H�nesdm�fqhmc�'`kv`xr(&�

�ø∆oÕ◊oÕ◊kn»»oÕ◊k`æ9 2rG@AqnkkG@A� _Rgdnesdm��qnkkr�'`kv`xr(&��� �

LÍ oÕ ovn∆lm∆cn∆ovn∆lm∆c`æ9 0rG@AchrshmfthrgG@A� _H�nesdm�chrshmfthrg�'`kv`xr(&�

�ø∆kÕ◊kvnæœkn»»kvnæœk`æ9

2rG@AehkkG@A� _Rgd�nesdm�ehkkr�'`kv`xr(&���

Sgdrd c`s` rgnv sg`s ` rdqhdr ne nodq`shnmr btklhm`sd hm vg`s hr

bnmrhcdqdc ` g`ahst`k tssdq`mbd- @r b`m ad rddm+ sgd udqa qnns nbbtqr

mnql`kkx+dhsgdq`r`knvsnmdnq`ghfgsnmdudqaqnns-Etqsgdqlnqd+sgd

chrbnmshmtntr g`ahst`k l`qjdq ek`mjr sgd udqa qnns- Sgd rdbnmc

lnqogdld ne sgd g`ahst`k l`qjdq enkknvr sgd udqa qnns- Hs rgntkc ad

mnsdcsg`ssghrlnqogdldhrbnohdceqnlsgdudqaqnns`mcsg`ssgdqdhr`

ghfg snmd sg`s nbbtqr nm hsr ehm`k rxkk`akd- Sgd ehqrs lnqogdld ne sgd

207

g`ahst`kl`qjdqoqdbdcdr sgdudqaqnns-Sghrlnqogdldhr`kv`xr`BU

rdptdmbd `mc sgd U hr `kv`xr Zh\- Ne hmsdqdrs gdqd `qd sgd snmd ne sgd

unvdk`mcsgdm`stqdnesgdbnmrnm`ms-

@r b`m ad nardqudc+ sghr unvdk hr tmcdqkxhmfkx snmdkdrr `mc

qdbdhudrhsrsnmdax_Snmd@mshbho`shnm&eqnlsgdsnmdnesgdqnnsunvdk-

Sghrdwok`hmrvgxhsnbbtqrvhsg`knvsnmdvgdmenkknvdcaxknv,snmd

udqar`mcvhsg`ghfgsnmdvgdmenkknvdcaxghfg,snmdudqar-

Nmdetqsgdqnardqu`shnmsnadl`cdeqnlsgdrdc`s`hrsg`ssgdqnns

bnmrnm`msqdctokhb`sdr`mcnbbtqr`rsgdbnmrnm`mshmsgdehqrsl`qjdqne

sgdg`ahst`k-Sghrbnmrnm`msg`rmned`stqdrtmcdqkxhmfkx`mcbnohdr`kk

sgd ed`stqdr ne sgd qnns bnmrnm`ms enkknvhmf _Bnmrnm`ms @rrhlhk`shnm&-

Sghr dwok`hmr vgx sgd bnmrnm`msr `qd sgd r`ld `r d`bg qnns,hmhsh`k

bnmrnm`ms-Sgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvrrgnvrgnvsgdg`ahst`kl`qjdqhr

cdqhudc-Sgdd`qkhdqrs`fdrnesghrcdqhu`shnm`qdhfmnqdcgdqd-

061( LÍ rÕ rd∆qf`∆rd∆qf`æ9 LÌ kÕ◊kfl»9kfl“œ

Kdudk1Snmd�@mshbho`shnm�lI Bhrdqf`rdqf`9 lI Bhkfl9kflœ�

KKKGGKG

Bnmrnm`ms lI rhrdqf`rdqf`9 lI khkfl9kflœ`rrhlhk`shnm�

KKKGGKG

208

�onk`q�snmd lI rhrdqf`rdqf`9 lI khkfl9kflœok`bdldms�� G KKKGKGKG

OQZlÍ rÕ rd∆qf`∆rd∆qf`æ LÌ kÕ◊kfl»9kfl“œ\

4-5 Cnvmrsdo`mcTorsdo

Hm `s kd`rs svn bnmsdwsr+ sgd snmd ne sgd udqa qnns hr dhsgdq

cnvmrsdoodcnqtorsdoodc-Sgdbnmsdwsrhmunkudc`qdsgdoqdrdmsg`ahst`k

mdf`shud+ `mc sgd oqdrdms 'rtaidbs enb`khrdc(- Hm sgdrd bnmrsqtbshnmr sgd

ghfg snmdrnmghfg snmdudqar `qdcnvmrsdoodcvghkd sgd knv snmdrnm

knv snmd udqar `qd torsdoodc- Ad`unm '1///9 3( nardqudr sghr

ogdmnldmnm ats qdedqr sn hs `r onk`q snmdr- Gd gnvdudq l`jdr sgd

enkknvhmfqdl`qjsg`schrb`qcrsg`srs`str9ÈS`mchrptdkdsnma`rcduhdms

snmg`tskdsnmg`tsmdcduhdmso`rsnma`r-@tbnmsq`hqd+hkcduhdmstmsnm

lnxdm-ÍAdb`trdnesgde`bssg`ssgdknvsnmdadbnldrghfgatssgdghfg

snmdadbnldrlhc+mnsknv+sgdxb`mmnsadonk`qsnmdr-

Sgdc`s`sg`senkknvhkktrsq`sdsg`ssgdoqnbdrrdrhmunkudcgdqd`qd

`bst`kkxcnvmrsdo`mctorsdo-Hm'062(sgdghfgsnmdudqar`qdoqdrdmsdc

hmsgdsvnbnmsdwsrsnrgnvgnvcnvmrsdos`jdrok`bd-Hm'066(knvsnmd

udqar`qdfhudmhmsgdr`ldbnmsdwsrsnhkktrsq`sdtorsdo-

209

KGKGGK KG↓GGK 02 0‡ 0 0‡ 0r 07 0v 0b

062`(�ø`a`&kn →Z�`a`&kn\ 2rMDFBDQcntakd _Gd�mdudq�cntakdr&

GGKG G↓G 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0v Ah`a`& → [ A`a`&\ 2oMDFBDQfhudqdrodbs _Sgdx�mdudq�fhud�qdrodbs&��� KGKGGK KG↓GGK 02 0‡ 0 0‡ 0r 07 0v 0b

a( �ød a`&kn →Z�d a`&kn\ z 2rOREBDQcntakd _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�cntakdr&

KGKG KG↓G 02 0‡ 0 0‡ 07 0v

�øda`& → [�da`&\ 2rOREBDQfhudqdrodbs _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�fhudr�qdrodbs&� Vghkdsgdc`s`hm'`(`qdhmsgdoqdrdmsg`ahst`kmdf`shud+sgnrdhm

'a(`qdhmsgdoqdrdms+vhsgsgdrtaidbsenb`khrdc-Hm`kksgdrdsr+sgdghfg

snmd ne sgd udqa qnns hr cnvmrsdoodc+ `r b`m ad rddm hm sgd enkknvhmf

ehftqd-

210

Ehftqd009CnvmrsdoneG

Ehftqd 00 rgnvr sg`s sgd ghfg snmd ne sgd udqa qnns g`r addm

knvdqdc-Rdd@oodmchwD98sg`srgnvrsg`ssgdghfgsnmdhrqd`khydc+hm

hrnk`shnm+`s`ants17/Gy`mc@oodmchwD90/sg`sqdud`krsg`s sgdghfg

snmd g`r addm knvdqdc sn `ants 01/Gy- Hm nqcdq sn `bbntms enq sghr

cnvmrsdo+ hs hr `rrtldc sg`s sgdqd hr ` ekn`shmf knv snmd+ l`qjhmf

bdqs`hmsx+sg`snbbtqritrsadenqdsgdghfg,snmdcudqaqnnsr-Sghrekn`shmf

snmdhrknvadb`trdhsnbbtqrvhsgghfgsnmdqnnsr-Sghrsnmdroqd`crhsr

knv� qdfhrsdq ed`stqd sn sgd enkknvhmf ghfg snmd- Sghr roqd`chmf hr

enkknvdcaxsgdcdkhmjhmfnesgdghfgqdfhrsdqnesg`sghfgsnmd'enkknvhmf

k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj(`kknvhmfhssnadqd`khydcnm`knvdqqdfhrsdq+`mc

qdrtkshmfsncnvmrsdo-Mnshbdsg`ssgdsnmdsg`shroqnctbdchrknvdqsg`m

`ghfgsnmd-Sghrsnmdhrqdedqqdcsn`rLhc0'Rmhcdq0888913(rhmbdhshr

211

`ghfgsnmdsg`shrqd`khydcnm`knvqdfhrsdq-Sgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr

rgnvrgnvsghrnbbtqr-

063( Hmots Ehm`kKnv@rrnbh`shnm

kgkgk kgkgk KGKGK KGKGK nnnnnn nnnnnn

�ø` a`&kn → �ø`a`&kn→

UnvdkCdkdshnm`mcQd`rrrnbh`shnmk,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+`mcrsq`xdq`rtqd kgkgk kgkgk < KGKGK KGKGK nnnnnn nnnnnn

�'ø(` a`&kn → �`a`&kn

212

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ g�k� G↑

K↓ k�

K↓

�`a`&kn

Sghrcdqhu`shnmcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`ssgdunvdknesgdrtaidbsl`qjdq

cdkdsdr`rchrbtrrdcd`qkhdq'rddUnvdkDkhrhnm1(`mchsrsnmdcnbjrnmsn

sgd mdf`shnm l`qjdq sg`s b`trdr hsr cdkdshnm- Hs `krn rgnvr sg`s sgd

ekn`shmf knv snmd roqd`cr hsr qdfhrsdq sn `mccdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmfghfg

qdfhrsdq-Sgdekn`shmfknvsnmdhsrdkehrcdkdsdcenkknvhmfrsq`xdq`rtqd`s

sgddmcnesgdcdqhu`shnm-

Hs bntkcad`qftdc sg`s sghr knvdqhmf hr knb`k `mc hrctd sn sgdK

roqd`chmf q`sgdq sg`m sgd k- Hmrtbg`rhst`shnm+ sgdqdfhrsdqne`mx snmd

enkknvhmf sgd cnvmrsdoodc ghfg vhkk ad qdrds sn ` ghfgdq kdudk- Sghr

ld`mr+ enqdw`lokd+ sg`s sgdrtqe`bd snmdne`mxghfg snmd sg`s enkknvr

sgdknvdqdcghfgvhkkadLhc1'`knvsnmdnm`ghfgqdfhrsdq(q`sgdqsg`m

Lhc0 '`ghfg snmdnm` knvqdfhrsdq(-Gnvdudq+ sgdrdsnec`s` hm '064(

rgnvrsg`shshrhmcddcqdfhrsdqknvdqhmfsg`snbbtqr-

213

GGKGGG G ↓GGG 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0v 0v 0v 064( Ah`a`&sTgT → [ A`a`&sTgT\

2oMDFBDQfhudqdrodbscheehbtksx_Sgdx�mdudq�fhud�qdrodbs�cheehbtksx&�

� Sghrdw`lokdrgnvrsg`ssgdghfgsnmdenkknvhmfsgdcnvmrsdoodc

ghfghr`krnknvdqdcsnLhc0+`rrgnvmhmsgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-

065( Hmots Unvdkcdkdshnm

ggkgg gkgg GGKGG GKGG nnnnnn nnnnn

Ah` a`&sTgT → Aha`&sTgT→

k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+Ldqfdq`mcRsq`xDq`rtqdOgnmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

gkg ^^^ GKG G↑ nnnnn

k� G↑

Ah a`&sTgT Aha`&sTgT

214

Sgd e`bs sg`s Ad`unm '1///9 3( bnmrhcdqr sghr snmd sn ad Lhc

rtffdrsrsg`sadb`trdgdcndrmnstrdsgdQSSeq`ldvnqjsn`m`kxrdsgd

c`s`+ gdlhrrdr rhfmhehb`ms hmrhfgsr+ rtbg `r qdfhrsdqogdmnldm`+vghbg

sghr lncdk oqnuhcdr- Adb`trd hs `rrtldr sg`s sgd qdfhrsdq `mc snm`k

ed`stqdr nbbtox cheedqdms hmcdodmcdms shdqr+ sgd QSS hr `akd sn adssdq

`bbntmsenqsgdogdmnldmnmnecnvmrsdovghbgvhsgntsrtbgsgdnqdshb`k

l`bghmdqxb`mnmkxadodqbdhudc`rlhcsnmdr-

Bnmrhcdqsgdmdwsrdsrnec`s`sg`shkktrsq`sdtorsdoneknvsnmdr-

KGGKK KG↑KK 02 0‡ 0 02 02 07 0T 0T

066`(�ø`a`&kn → Z�` a`&kn\ 2rMDFBDQft`qc _Gd�mdudq�ft`qcr&�

GGGK G↑K

0‡ 0‡ 0 02 0‡ 0T Ah`a`& → ZA` a`&\ 2oMDFBDQb`qdetk _Sgdx�`qd�mdudq�b`qdetk&��

KGGKK KG↑KK 02 0‡ 0 02 02 07 0T 0T

a( �øda`&kn → Z�d a`&kn\ 2rOREBDQft`qc _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�ft`qcr&�

KGGK KG↑K

02 0‡ 0 02 07 0T

�øda`& → [�d a`&] 2rOREBDQb`qdetk _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�hr�b`qdetk&�

215

Hm`kksgdrdsr+`rvdkk+sgdknvsnmdnesgdudqaqnnshrtorsdoodc+

`rb`madrddmhmehftqd01-

Ehftqd019TorsdoneK

Sgdehftqdrgnvrsg`ssgdknvsnmdnesgdudqaqnnshrqd`khydc`s`

ghfgdqkdudk-@oodmchwD900rgnvrsg`shmhrnk`shnm+sgdknvsnmdr`qd

qd`khydcadsvddm0//Gy`mc00/Gy+`mc@oodmchwD901rgnvrsg`ssgd

knvsnmdrg`udaddmq`hrdcsnadsvddm05/Gy`mc07/Gy-Hmnqcdqsn

`bbntmsenqsghrtorsdo+hshr`rrtldcsg`ssgdqdhr`ekn`shmfghfgsnmd+

l`qjhmfbdqs`hmsx+sg`snbbtqritrsadenqdsgdknv,snmdcudqaqnnsr-Sghr

ekn`shmfsnmdhrghfgadb`trdhsnbbtqrvhsgknvsnmdqnnsr-Sghrsnmd

roqd`crhsrghfgqdfhrsdqed`stqdsnsgdenkknvhmfknvqdfhrsdqed`stqd+`mc+

hm`rtardptdmskxoqnbdrr+cdkhmjrsgdknvqdfhrsdqed`stqd-Sghroqnbdrr

enkknvrsgdoqdchbshnml`cdhmRmhcdq'0888943,44(sg`storsdone`knv

snmdhrb`trdcax`ekn`shmf�ghfg�qdfhrsdq�ed`stqdsg`sroqd`cr`rnoonrdc

216

sncnvmrsdone`knvsnmdb`trdcax`ekn`shmf�ghfg�qdfhrsdq�ed`stqdsg`s

qdl`hmrekn`shmf-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrgnvrgnvsgdoqnbdrrnbbtqr9

067( S,qtkd009g,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj

g k<

K

n

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` ghfg qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr nmsn sgd

SQM sn hsr qhfgs+`mc+ hm` rtardptdmsoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sgd knvqdfhrsdq

ed`stqdeqnlsg`smncd-

Nardqud sg`s sgd snmd sg`s hr oqnctbdc hr ghfgdq sg`m` knv snmd-

Sghrsnmdhrqdedqqdcsn`rLhc1'Rmhcdq0888913(rhmbdhshr`knvsnmd

sg`shrqd`khydcnm`ghfgqdfhrsdq-Nardqudsgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnmsg`s

hkktrsq`sdrgnvsghrvnqjr9

068( Hmots g,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj+Ldqfdq+UnvdkCdkdshnm gggk gk < GGGK GK nnnn nnnn

Ah` a`& → A'h(`a`&

217

Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm

G↑ K↓

A`a`&

Sghrcdqhu`shnmcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`ssgdunvdknesgdrtaidbsl`qjdq

cdkdsdr `r vdkk 'enkknvhmf Unvdk Dkhrhnm 1(- Hs `krn rgnvr sg`s sgd

ekn`shmfghfg qdfhrsdq roqd`cr sn`mccdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmf knvqdfhrsdq-

Sghr `kknvr sgd knv snmd sn ad qd`khydc nm ` ghfgdq qdfhrsdq+ b`trhmf

torsdo-

@r`qftdc`anudhsbntkcadr`hcsg`ssgdq`hrhmfhrknb`k`mchrctd

snsgdGroqd`chmfq`sgdqsg`msgdg+rnsg`ssgdqdfhrsdqne`mxsnmdsg`s

enkknvr sgd q`hrdc knv vhkk ad qdrds sn ` knvdq kdudk- Sghr dpt`kkx

rhfmhehdr+enqdw`lokd+sg`ssgdrtqe`bdsnmdne`mxknvsnmdsg`senkknvr

sgdq`hrdcknvvhkkadLhc0q`sgdqsg`mLhc1-Mdudqsgdkdrr+c`s`khjdsgd

enkknvhmf cdlnmrsq`sd bkd`qkx sg`s hs hr hmcddc qdfhrsdq q`hrhmf sg`s g`r

s`jdmok`bd-

KGGKKKKKKG↑KKKKK02 0‡ 0 02 02 02 02 02 07 0T 0T 0T 0T 0T

07/`(�ø` a`&knad,j`lkn → Z�`a`&kn ad,j`lkn\ 2rMDFBDQft`qcB1,cdedmcdq_Gd�mdudq�ft`qcr�sgd�cdedmcdqr&�

218

� GGGKKGGG↑KKGG

��0‡ 0‡ 0 02 02 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0T 0T 0˜ 0˜ Ah` a`& ad,jtl`→ZA` a`& ad,jtl`\ 2oMDFBDQb`qdetkB1,`rrdrrnq_Sgdx�`qd�mdudq�b`qdetk�vhsg������ � � � � � � ����� sgd�`rrdrrnqr&���� KGGKKKKKKG↑KKKKK

02 0‡ 0 02 02 02 02 02 07 0T 0T 0T 0T 0T

a( �øda`&knad,j`lkn →Z�d a`&kn ad,j`lkn\ 2rOREBDQft`qcB1,cdedmcdq_Hs&r�ghl�vgn�ft`qcr������������������������������������������������������������������������������sgd�cdedmcdqr&�

KGGKKGGKG↑KKGG02 0‡ 0 02 02 0‡ 0‡ 07 0T 0T 0˜ 0˜ �ød a`&ad,jtl`→Z�d a`&ad,jtl`\ 2rOREBDQb`qdetkB1,`rrdrrnq_Hs&r�ghl�vgn�hr�b`qdetk� vhsg�sgd`rrdrrnqr&�

Hm sgdrd c`s`+ ansg ghfg `mc knv snmd mntmr `qd `ccdc `esdq sgd

torsdoodc knv- Sgd Ghfg `mc Knv snmd qnnsr g`ud `m tmcdqkxhmf knv,

snmdcoqdehwsg`shlldch`sdkxenkknvrsgdtorsdoodcknv-Sghrrgnvrsg`s

sgdqdfhrsdqg`rhmcddcfnmdtorhmbd`kksgdsnmdrsg`senkknv`qdqd`khydc

`s sgd oqduhntrkx q`hrdc kdudk- Sghr `bst`kkx bnmehqlr sg`s sgd ghfg

qdfhrsdqg`rroqd`c`mcsg`ssgdrtqe`bdsnmdnesgdrdbnmcq`hrdcknvsnmd

hrhmcddcLhc1-

Cnvmrsdo`mctorsdohmMidælkdmcrtoonqssnRmhcdq&r'0888912,

13( oqdchbshnm sg`s sgd ed`stqdr `mc fdnldsqx ne snmd `kknv enq sgd

219

rodbhehb`shnmnetosnentqkdudksnmdognmdldrhmK`mft`fd9Ghfg+Lhc0+

Lhc1+ `mc Knv- Sgd `ookhb`shnm ne cnvmrsdo `mc torsdo `krn rtffdrsr

sg`ssgdbnmrsq`hmssg`s`ghfgsnmdsg`senkknvr`ekn`shmfknvsnmd+vghbg

roqd`cr+hrcnvmrsdoodc`mc`knvsnmdsg`senkknvr`ekn`shmfghfgsnmd+

vghbg roqd`cr+ hr torsdoodc nodq`sdr hmMidæl-@rg`raddm rgnvm+ sgd

ekn`shmf snmd roqd`cr hsr qdfhrsdq ed`stqd sn `mc cdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmf

qdfhrsdqed`stqd-

4-6 SnmdhmUdqaOgq`rdr

4-6-0Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdUdqaOgq`rd

@udqaogq`rdhmfdmdq`kbnloqhrdr`udqahmbnlahm`shnmvhsghsr

`citmbsr `mcbnlokdldmsr 'Rmhcdq `mcQnadqsr 1///94(- Hs b`m`krnad

itrs`udqaoqnmntmbdchmhrnk`shnm-Fdmdq`kkx+hmMidæl+sgdudqanbbtqr

adenqd `mx ne sgd lnchehdqr `ccdc sn hs- Sgd lnchehdqr sg`s g`ud addm

entmcsnnbbtqsnfdsgdqvhsg`udqahmbktcd`citmbsr'rtbg`r`cudqar`mc

oqdonrhshnmr( `mc bnlokdldmsr 'rtbg `r chqdbs `mc hmchqdbs naidbsr(-

Dw`lokdr`qdfhudmhmsgdenkknvhmfrdsrnec`s`9

070`(Kd∆,cd∆l–aÕ◊ml–ai`∆ HME,d`svdkk _D`s�vdkk&

220

Kd∆,mt»s�Õ◊s�n∆gn∆ HME,cqhmjrknvkx _Cqhmj�rknvkx& Kd∆,av—»ljvøæ&jvøæ& HME,atxq`ohckx _Atx�q`ohckx& Kd∆,sÕ kn∆jvøæ&jvøæ& HME,vqhsdpthbjkx _Vqhsd�pthbjkx&� Kd∆,idæ&kn»l–aÕ◊ml–ai`∆ HME,sd`bgvdkk _Sd`bg�vdkk& LÍ kd∆,cd∆l–aÕ◊ml–ai`∆ 0rHME,d`svdkk _H�`l�d`shmf�vdkk& AÍ hÍ kd∆,mt»s�Õ◊s�n∆gn∆ 1oHME,cqhmjrknvkx _Vd�`qd�cqhmjhmf�rknvkx&

a( Cdæ&ldæ,cd∆

d`s-HOEB5,ennc_D`s'hmf(�ennc&Mt∆fnældæ,cÕ◊anæ cqhmj-HOEB5,v`sdq_Cqhmj'hmf(�v`sdq&

221

Av—æl`æ9ldæ,cd∆ atx-HOEB5,ennc _Atx'hmf(�ennc& Idæ&k`æ9lv—»m sd`bg-HOEbghkc_Sd`bg'hmf(�bghkc&SÕ k`æ9j`æqk`æq vqhsd-HOEannj_Vqhsd'hmf(�annj&�

Sgdc`s`hm'`(rgnvudqa,`cudqabnmrsqtbshnmrsg`scnmnstmcdqfn

mnqb`trd`mxsnm`kbg`mfdr-Sgnrdhm'a(`qdudqa,naidbsbnmrsqtbshnmr-

Hs hr duhcdms sg`s vgdsgdq sgdrd bnmrsqtbshnmr `qd hm sgd odqedbshud nq

hlodqedbshud+ sgdqd `qd mn ognmnknfhb`k mnq snmnknfhb`k cheedqdmbdr hm

sgdhqrg`odr-@krnvnqsgmnshmfhrsgde`bssg`ssgdsnm`koqnbdrrneghfg

snmdroqd`chmf`ookhdrgdqdhmsgdl`mmdqcdrbqhadchmrdbshnm3-4-1-

4-6-1Qdctokhb`shnm

Lts`j` `mc S`l`mih '1///9 52( g`ud nardqudc sg`s hm bdqs`hm

k`mft`fdr+ rnldo`qsrne`vnqcÊ`unvdk+`rxkk`akd+ svnrxkk`akdr+`

rsdl+ nq ` vgnkd vnqc Ê l`x ad qdod`sdc sn oqnuhcd rnld o`qshbtk`q

ld`mhmf sn sgd vnqc- Sgd qdctokhb`sdc rsqhmf l`x sgdqdax g`ud `

ld`mhmfodbtkh`qsnhs-Sgdbnlokdsdqdctokhb`shnmentmchmMidæludqar

222

g`r `krn addm qdonqsdc hm rnld A`mst k`mft`fdr- @m dw`lokd b`m ad

entmchmCt`k`'Lts`j`0883(-Bnmrhcdqsgdogq`rdreqnlMidælsg`s`qd

oqnuhcdchm'071(-

071( Kd∆,cd∆,d∆kd∆,cd∆,d∆kd∆,cd∆ HME,d`s,QDCHME,d`s,QDCHME,d`s _Nmkx�d`shmf& Kd∆,sÕ kn∆,d∆kd∆,sÕ kn∆,d∆kd∆,sÕ kn∆ HME,vqhsd,QDCHME,vqhsd,QDCHME,vqhsd _Nmkx�vqhshmf&� Kd∆,l`æ&,d∆kd∆,l`æ&,d∆kd∆,l`æ& HME,f`sgdq,QDCHME,f`sgdq,QDCHME,f`sgdq _Nmkx�f`sgdqhmf&

Kd∆,r`»m,d∆kd∆,r`»m,d∆kd∆,r`»m HME,rhfm,QDCHME,rhfm,QDCHME,rhfm _Nmkx�rhfmhmf& Kd∆,av—»l,d∆kd∆,av—»l,d∆kd∆,av—»l HME,atx,QDCHME,atx,QDCHME,atx _Nmkx�atxhmf& Kd∆,stæmn»,d∆kd∆,stæmn»,d∆kd∆,stæmn» HME,`mmntmbd,QDCHME,`mmntmbd,QDCHME,`mmntmbd _Nmkx�`mmntmbhmf&� �

Qdctokhb`shnm rtqe`bdr hm hrnk`shnm hm ` cheedqdms l`mmdq sg`m hm

`bst`k tr`fd hm chrbntqrd- Sgd qdctokhb`sdc enqlr hm '071( rgnv sg`s `

223

udqab`madqdctokhb`sdcdmshqdkxtosnsgqddshldrsnk`xdlog`rhrnmsgd

`bshnmhmgdqdmshmhs-Vnqsgmnshmf+gnvdudq+hrsgde`bssg`ssgdehqrssvn

enqlrtrt`kkxs`jd`qdctokhb`shudrteehwZd∆\sg`scndrmnsnbbtqvhsgsgd

sghqc- Vg`sdudq sgd rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd nq sgd ognmnknfhb`k rg`od ne sgd

udqa+ sghr unvdk `kv`xr nbbtqr `r cdrbqhadc `anud- Hmgdqdms hm sghr

qdctokhb`shudrteehwrddlrsnadsgdhcd`nebnmshmt`shnmnqqdodshshnmne

sgd `bshnm cdrbqhadc ax sgd udqa- Mnshbd sg`s snmd hr bnohdc dmshqdkx hm

sghr qdctokhb`shnm- Hm chrbntqrd sgntfg+ sgd qdctokhb`shnm 'mn l`whl`k

kdmfsg( cndr mns s`jd sghr unvdk rteehw+ `r cdlnmrsq`sdc hm sgd

ognmnknfhb`kogq`rdrsg`senkknv-

072( C�Ûc�Ûc�Ûc�Û

jhkkjhkkjhkkjhkk_Jhkkhmf�hmsdmrdkx&ضj`∆aœ∆j`∆aœ∆j`∆aœ∆j`∆a rg`qdrg`qdrg`qdrg`qd_Rg`qhmf&C�id»ac�id»ac�id»ac�id»a b`kkb`kkb`kkb`kk_B`kkhmf&St∆fn∆st∆fn∆st∆fn∆st∆fn∆ lhwlhwlhwlhw_Lhwhmf&�

224

4-7 Bnmbktrhnm

Hm sghr bg`osdq+ sgd lnqogdld rsqtbstqd ne udqa qnnsr g`r addm

oqdrdmsdc-Sgdbnmsq`rshudtmcdqkxhmfsnm`kldknchdrenqudqaqnnsrg`ud

addmfhudm hmnqcdq sn`bbntms enq sgdrtqe`bdldknchdr entmcnm sgdrd

qnnsr-Rtoonqshmfdw`lokdrsg`sqdmcdqsgd`m`kxrhrsq`mro`qdmsg`udaddm

oqnuhcdc hm hmrs`mbdrvgdqd sgd`qftldmsr`qdmnsrsq`hfgsenqv`qc-Sgd

lnqognrxms`bshb rsqtbstqd ne sgd udqa ogq`rd g`r addm chrbtrrdc- Sgd

qdctokhb`shnm oqnbdrr sg`s s`jdr ok`bd hm udqa ogq`rdr g`r dpt`kkx addm

oqdrdmsdc-@krn hm sghr bg`osdq+ rtbg snmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr `r Hmehmhshud

Knv @rrnbh`shnm+ Hlodq`shud Ghfg @rrnbh`shnm+ Cnvmrsdo `mc Torsdo

g`udaddmchrbtrrdc-Hmd`bgb`rd+cdqhu`shnmrg`udaddmfhudmsnrgnv

gnvsgdoqnbdrrdrnodq`sd-

225

BG@OSDQ5

�

FDMDQ@KBNMBKTRHNM

226

5-/ Rtll`qx

Sghr rstcx enbtrdc nm sgd sqd`sldms ne sgd ognmnknfx ne Midæl+

vhsg `ssdmshnm chqdbsdc sn sgd adg`uhntq ne snmdr- Sn qd`khyd sghr

naidbshud+ognmdshbrntmcr hcdmshehdc hm sgdMidælrntmc hmudmsnqxvdqd

oqdrdmsdc-Eqnlsgdhqchrsqhatshnm+hsv`rqd`khydcsg`srnldnesgdrntmcr

`qdbnlokdldms`qxvhsgrnlda`rhbognmdldrg`uhmf`kknognmdr-Sghrhr

gnv hs b`ld sn ad r`hc enq dw`lokd sg`s .c. hr qd`khydc `r Zq\ hm qnns,

ldch`k`mcqnns,ehm`konrhshnmr`mc`rZc\hmqnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm-G`uhmf

oqdrdmsdc rtbg b`rdr ne bnlokdldms`qx chrsqhatshnm+ sghr o`qs ne sgd

`m`kxrhr oqdrdmsdc ognmdlhb bnmrnm`ms `mc unvdk bg`qsr `r vdkk `r

cdehmdced`stqdl`sqhbdrners`mc`qcfdmdq`shudognmnknfx-Sghrkdcsn`

chrbtrrhnm `mc lnshu`shnm ne ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sg`s sgd rntmcr ne

sghrk`mft`fdtmcdqfn-

Sgd rstcx sgdmoqnbddcdc sn `m`kxrd `mcoqdrdms sgdlnqognknfx

`mc rxms`w ne sgd k`mft`fd- @esdq qdud`khmf sgd mnlhm`k lnqognknfx

'oqhmbho`kkxsgdmntmbk`rrrxrsdl`mcsgd`fqddldmso`ssdqmr(+sgdudqa`k

lnqognknfx'hmbktchmfsgddkdldmsrsg`sl`jdtosgdrsdl`mcoqd,rsdl

l`sdqh`k( vdqd oqdrdmsdc- Hm nqcdq sn qdud`k sgd rxms`bshb rsqtbstqd ne

Midæl+ sgd a`rhb vnqc nqcdq `mc ogq`rd,hmsdqm`k rsqtbstqd vdqd `krn

oqdrdmsdc-

227

SgdvnqjsgdmvdmsnmsnchrbtrrsgdsnmnknfxnesgdMidælmntm-

Hs `bbntmsdc enq sgd ldknchdr entmc nm mntm qnnsr ax oqdrdmshmf sgdhq

tmcdqkxhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmr`mc`qfthmfenqsgdhqrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr-Sgd

`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnm+`l`inqmnlhm`kbnmrsqtbshnmhmMidæl+v`r`krn

chrbtrrdc-

Sgdqdrd`qbgsgdmbnmbdmsq`sdcnmsgdsnmnknfxnesgdudqa-Hs`krn

`bbntmsdc enq sgd ldknchdr entmc nm udqa qnnsr ax oqdrdmshmf sgdhq

tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnmr `mc `qfthmf enq sgd rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnmr-

Qdctokhb`shnm+`l`inqudqa`koqnbdrrhmsghrk`mft`fd+v`rchrbtrrdc`r

vdkk-

Ognmnknfhb`k `mc snmnknfhb`k qtkdr 'rtll`qhydc adknv( vdqd

enqltk`sdc sn `bbntms enq sgd oqnbdrrdr entmc hm sgd k`mft`fd-

Cdqhu`shnmr vdqd `krn fhudm sn cdlnmrsq`sd gnv sgd qtkdr onrstk`sdc

qdk`sdsgdtmcdqkxhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmrsnsgdognmdshbqd`khy`shnmr-

5-0 Rtll`qxneQtkdr

5-0-0 Ognmnknfhb`kQtkdr

073( O,qtkd09Rnmnqhy`shnm

*`ms*bnq ,rnm→Z*rnm\U^U,rsqh ^",m`r

228

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZc\rtqe`bdr`rZq\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm

svnunvdkr-

074( O,qtkd19O`k`s`khy`shnm *`ms *bnq ,`ms^U*rsqh→*gh*gh

,cdk-qdk-

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ Zsr\ `mc Zcy\ adbnld Zs�\ `mc Zc�\

qdrodbshudkxvgdmentmcadenqdghfgunvdkr-

075( O,qtkd29Udk`qhy`shnm

,`msU^U*bnq→Z,bnq\^"*m`r *gh

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZ�\hrqd`khydc`rZœ\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm

svnunvdkr-

076( O,qtkd3: Fknss`khy`shnm,bnms,rnmU^U,`ms→*bnmrsqh^",bnq ,gh*gh ,uc

229

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZj\rtqe`bdr`rZ&\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm

svnunvdkr-

077( O,qtkd49M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnm

ê`ms

êbnq

n

MB

Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s ` m`r`k `cnosr sgd ed`stqdr nq ok`bd ne

`qshbtk`shnmnesgdenkknvhmfbnmrnm`ms-

078( O,qtkd59k,cdkdshnm

*`ms *bnq Z*k`s\ → Z÷\*rsqh^^ ,cdk-qdk- *uc Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd k`sdq`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr `esdq sgd

unhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd`mcg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmsgdnbbtqqdmbdne

rnldhqqdftk`qoqdehwdr-

08/( O,qtkd69o,cdkdshnm

*`ms *bnq ,bnq *rsqh ,bnms→ Z÷\ ,cdk-qdk-^^ ,rnm *uc ,uc

230

Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s sgdunhbdkdrrahk`ah`k rsno hrcdkdsdcvgdm hs

nbbtqr`esdqsgdunhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd-Hsg`r`krnaddmtrdcsndwok`hm

sgdnbbtqqdmbdnernldhqqdftk`qoqdehwdr-

080( O,qtkd79Cdunb`khy`shnm

*rxkk *rxkk ,bnmr→Z,rxkk\^^,bnmr

*ghfg

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sghfgunvdkr`qdcdunb`khydcvgdmdudqsgdx`qd

hlldch`sdkxenkknvdcaxnsgdqunvdkr-

081( O,qtkd89UnvdkDkhrhnm

*rxkk→ Z÷\ *rxkk ,bnmr ,bnmr

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`s`unvdkhrcdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdq

unvdkhmsgduhbhmhsxne`vnqcantmc`qx-

082( O,qtkd0/9UnvdkDkhrhnm1

*rxkk→ Z÷\**rxkk ,bnmr ,bnmr

"^

231

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ hm ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr `bqnrr

lnqogdldantmc`qxsgdehqrshrcdkdsdc-

083( O,qtkd009UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`c

U U\

ZE\

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`unvdkroqd`crhsred`stqdrnmsnsgded`stqdkdrr

unvdksg`snbbtqrvnqc,ehm`kkx-

084( O,qtkd019Z,a`bj\@rrhfmldms

U\

Z*gh\Z,aj\

Sghrqtkd`rrhfmrsgded`stqdZ,aj\sn`vnqc,ehm`kZ*gh\unvdk-

085( O,qtkd029Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm

,rnm ,k`s Z*k`s\ → ,bnm ^^ZU*U\ ,rsqh *uc

232

Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdk`sdq`kbg`mfdrsnsgdunhbdccdms`krsno

vgdmhshrenkknvdcaxsvnunvdkr-

086( O,qtkd039Udk`qM`r`kCdkdshnm

*m`r *bnmr ,bnq → Z÷\,rxkk* ,`ms

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ sgd udk`q m`r`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr

`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-

087( O,qtkd049a,cdkdshnm

,rnm ,bnms ,bnq → Z÷\ *bnmr^^ *`ms ,rxkk *uc

Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s sgd unhbdc ahk`ah`k rsno hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs

nbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-

5-0-1 Snmnknfhb`kQtkdr

Sgd snmnknfhb`k qtkdr sg`s g`ud gdkodc sn `bbntms enq sgd

bnlokdwhshdrneMidælsnmd`qdrtll`qhydcadknv-

233

088( S,qtkd09SnmdRoqd`c

U U

S S Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr- @bbnqchmfsnsghrqtkd`snmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfSAThmudqa

qnnsr-

1//( S,qtkd19Ehm`kKnvCnbjhmf

k

K

n\\n

µ Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr-

Sghrqtkd`kknvr`ekn`shmfknvsnmdsn`rrnbh`sd`ssgddmcneudqa

qnnsr-Hsg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmsgdnbbtqqdmbdne`knvsnmd`ssgddmc

ne`kkudqaqnnsr-

1/0( S,qtkd29k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj

k g<

G

n

234

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` knv qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr nmsn sgd

enkknvhmf SQM+ `mc+ hm ` rtardptdms oqnbdrr+ cdkhmjr sgd ghfg qdfhrsdq

ed`stqd eqnl sg`s mncd- Hs g`r addm trdetk hm `bbntmshmf enq sgd

nbbtqqdmbdnecnvmrsdoneghfgsnmdrsg`sqdftk`qkxg`oodmrvgdmdudq`

ghfgsnmdenkknvr`knvsnmd-

1/1( S,Qtkd39G,roqd`c`mcK,cdkhmj

GK <

o o

îî

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`ghfgsnmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfknvSQM+

`mc+ hm`rtardptdmsoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sg`s knvsnmd- Hsg`raddmtrdcsn

`bbntmsenqsgdrhlokhehb`shnmne`KGbnmsntqsnmdsn`Gsnmd-

1/2(S,qtkd49GKRhlokhehb`shnm

U U →UU

GKGGG

235

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`GKbnmsntqsnmdhrrhlokhehdcsn`ghfgsnmd

vgdmhshrenkknvdcax`ghfgsnmd-

1/3(S,qtkd59KnvSnmdRoqd`c K G

nn

<

îî

Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s ` knv snmd roqd`cr eqnl hsr SQM nmsn sgd

enkknvhmfghfgSAT+`mc+ hm` rdo`q`sdoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sg`sghfg snmd-

Sghrqtkdg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmlnrskxvgxsgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx

rtqe`bdr`rKhmrdudq`kdmuhqnmldmsr-

1/4( S,qtkd69GhfgSnmdRoqd`c

G K

nn

<

îî

236

Sghrqtkdroqd`cr`ghfgsnmdeqnlhsrSQMnmsnsgdenkknvhmfknv,

snmdcSAT+cdkhmjhmfsgdknvsnmd-Hsg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmvgx`knv

snmd enkknvhmf ` ghfg snmd hr qd`khydc `r ` ghfg snmd hm dmuhqnmldmsr

vgdqdsgdrsqtbstq`kcdrbqhoshnmenqsgd`ookhb`shnmnesgdqtkdhrlds-

1/5( S,qtkd79Qhfgsv`qcrGhfgCnbjhmf

g

G

nn

µBnmchshnm9Hsltrsadsgdghfgsnmdnesgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq-

@bbnqchmfsnsghrqtkd+`ekn`shmfghfgsnmdcnbjrsnsgdSATsnhsr

qhfgs- Sghr qtkd g`r addm trdc sn dwok`hm vgx hm rnld `rrnbh`shud

bnmrsqtbshnmrsgdmntmhmM1onrhshnmnbbtqrvhsg`e`kkhmfsnmd-

1/6( S,qtkd89HmehmhshudKnv@rrnbh`shnm

k

K

n\\n

µ Bnmchshnm9Hsltrsadvgdm`udqanbbtqrhmsgdhmehmhshud-

237

Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd ekn`shmf knv snmd rteehw ne sgd hmehmhshud

cnbjr kdesv`qcr sn sgdoqdbdchmfSAT+ hm sghrb`rd sgd k`rs qnnsunvdk-

Sghrdwok`hmrvgxsgdghfg,snmdudqar`kv`xrrtqe`bd`rGKvghkdhmsgd

hmehmhshud-

1/7( S,qtkd0/9Hlodq`shudGhfg@rrnbh`shnm

g

G

n\\n

<

µ Bnmchshnm9Hsltrsadnmkxsgdghfgsnmdnesgdhlodq`shud-

Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd ehm`k ghfg snmd sg`s l`qjr sgd hlodq`shud

cnbjrnmsnsgdoqdbdchmfSAT`mccdkhmjrsgdoqd,khmjdcknvsnmd-Sghr

qtkdg`raddmenqltk`sdcsndwok`hmvgxnmkx`ghfgsnmdnbbtqrnmsgd

k`rsSAThmhlodq`shudenqlr-

1/8( S,qtkd009g,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj

g k<

K

n

@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` ghfg qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr nmsn sgd

SQM sn hsr qhfgs+`mc+ hm` rtardptdmsoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sgd knvqdfhrsdq

238

ed`stqdeqnlsg`smncd-Sghrqtkdg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmvgxknvsnmdr

`qdtorsdoodchmsgddmuhqnmldmsvgdqdsgdqdhr`oqdbdchmfekn`shmfghfg

snmd-

Hs g`r addm rgnvm hm sghr sgdrhr sg`s sgd Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx ne

Midælhrl`cdtone svnmnm,bxbkhb kdudkr'rddrdbshnm1-6o`fd72,74(-

Sgdqnnsr`mcrsdlr`qdcdqhudc`skdudknmdvghkdsgdoqd,rsdll`sdqh`k

hrcdqhudc`skdudksvn-Sgdtmcdqhudckdwhb`khsdlnqqnnshrrb`mmdcax

sgdqtkdrnesgdognmnknfxoqhnqsnsgd`eehw`shnmnekdudknmdenql`shudr+

hmrtoonqsnesgdoqnonr`kl`cdaxG`kkd`mcLng`m`m'0874(-

SgdNakhf`snqxBnmsntqOqhmbhokdg`raddmentmcsnadoqnctbshud

hm Midæl- Hs hr `bshud `r ` bnmrsq`hms nm tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnmr `mc

dudm hm sgd bntqrd ne sgd cdqhu`shnm- Hm lnrs b`rdr+ hcdmshb`k `ci`bdms

snmdr `qd bn`kdrbdc axldqfdq+ ` qdo`hq rsq`sdfx dloknxdc hm nqcdq sn

r`shrexsgdNBObnmrsq`hms-

5-1 QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxLncdk

SgdQSSlncdkoqdrdmsdc hmRmhcdq '0888(g`raddmtrdc hm sghr

vnqj sn `bbntms l`hmkx enq snmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr- Sgd qdkdu`mbd ne

qdfhrsdqed`stqdrg`mcknm`QDFHRSDQSHDQ+ snm`ked`stqdrG`mcK

nm`SNM@KSHDQ+`SQMshdq`mc`SATshdq+`qq`mfdcfdnldsqhb`kkx

239

g`raddmcdlnmrsq`sdc-Enkknvhmfsghrlncdk+sghrrstcxg`raddm`akdsn

qdoqdrdmsd`bgsnmdhm`tmhptdl`mmdq-Sgdlncdkg`raddmbnlokdsdkx

qdkdu`mshm`bbntmshmfenqsgdcheedqdmssxodrnesnm`k`ksdqm`shnmrrtbg`r

`rrhlhk`shnmr+cnvmrsdo`mctorsdosg`snbbtqhmMidæl-Hsg`rodqlhssdc

snbg`q`bsdqhydhm`m`cdpt`sde`rghnmsgdcheedqdmssxodrnebnmsntqsnmdr

entmchmsghrk`mft`fd-

@rr`hchmRmhcdq'0888928(Èmns`kksg`ssgdlncdkb`mcnhrxds

`ssdrsdc-Í@fk`qhmfb`rdhmonhmshrsgdtorsdoneknvsnmdrcdrbqhadchm

sghrvnqj-SgdoqdchbshnmRmhcdql`cd`antstorsdob`madrtll`qhydc

`r enkknvr9 Ètorsdo ne `mx� snmd b`m ad sqhffdqdc ax `mx ekn`shmf snmd+

oqnuhcdcsgdqdfhrsdqnesgdekn`shmfsnmdhrnoonrhsdhmu`ktdsnsgdsnmd

sg`stmcdqfndrsgdtorsdo-ÍSnhkktrsq`sdghronhmsgdbhsdrcdrbqhoshnmrne

Lhcr sg`s tmcdqfn cnvmrsdo `mc ne Lhcr sg`s b`trd Ghfgr sn ad

cnvmrsdoodc'Rmhcdq0888942em12(-

Sgde`hktqdsnbhsdknvsnmdrsg`stmcdqfntorsdortffdrsrsg`srtbg

b`rdrvdqdmns`u`hk`akd`ssgdshld-Sgdhkktrsq`shnmnesghrogdmnldmnm

hmMidæl sgdqdenqdoqnuhcdr etqsgdqduhcdmbd sg`sbnmehql sgdoqdchbshnm

l`cd`antstorsdohmRmhcdq'0888(-

@ sgdnqx ne k`mft`fd b`m nmkx ad oqnodqkx du`kt`sdc vhsg etkkx

vnqjdc,ntsfq`ll`qrsg`sl`jdtrdnehshmg`mckhmf`bnlokdwancxne

240

hmsdq`bshmfogdmnldm`-@eqhb`mk`mft`fdrg`udrhfmhehb`mskxbnmsqhatsdc

snsgddrs`akhrgldmsneognmnknfhb`k`mcdrodbh`kkxsnmnknfhb`ksgdnqhdr-

Sn sghr dmc+ sghr rstcx g`r `bbtltk`sdc duhcdmbd enq sgd bk`hl sg`s

Qdfhrsdq Shdq Sgdnqx `oskx g`mckdr sgd snmnknfx ne k`mft`fdr sg`s `qd

snm`k-�

Bnmrhcdqhmf sg`s `kkgtl`madhmfr`mc sgdhqvnqjr`qd hlodqedbs+

`mcsg`ssghrsgdrhrhrmndwbdoshnm+rnldrgnqsbnlhmfrl`xadentmchm

hs- Cdrohsd sgdrd ek`vr+ hs hr vhrgdc sg`s hs vhkk rdqud `r ` fthcd sn

rstcdmsr`mc.nqqdrd`qbgdqrvgnl`xv`mssnudmstqdhmsnrstcxhmfsnmd

hm k`mft`fdr- Hs hr `krn ghfgkx gnodc sg`s sgd nardqu`shnmr `mc

dwok`m`shnmr`rrdlakdcgdqdvhkk rdqud`r`a`rhr sn sgddrs`akhrghmfne

sgd nqsgnfq`ogx ne sgd Midæl k`mft`fd `mc rtardptdmskx sn hsr

rs`mc`qchy`shnm-

241

QDEDQDMBDR

@jhmk`ah+ @- `mc L- Khadql`m- 1///- Sgd snm`k ognmnknfx ne Xnqta`

bkhshbr- Hm A- Fdqk`bg `mc I- Fqhydmgnts 'dcr-(+ Bkhshbr� hm�

Ognmnknfx+�lnqognknfx�`mc�Rxms`w-@lrsdqc`l.Oghk`cdkogh`9Ingm

Admi`lhmrOtakhrghmfBnlo`mx-

@jtlat+O-0888-Mnlhm`kOgnmnknfhb`kOqnbdrrdrhmA`a`mjh-L`rsdqr

chrrdqs`shnm-SgdTmhudqrhsxneX`ntmcdH-

-1///-SnmdhmMidælmntmr�'lr(-SgdTmhudqrhsxneX`ntmcdH-

@qbg`mfdkh+C-`mcC-Otkkdxak`mj-0883-FqntmcdcOgnmnknfx-

B`laqhcfd+L`rr9LHSOqdrr-

A`jdq+L-0878-NaidbsRg`qhmf`mcOqnidbshnmOqhmbhokdhmRdqh`kUdqa

Bnmrsqtbshnmr-MKKS-

Ad`unm+J-0880-J——yhldUdqa`kRxrsdl-HmR-@mcdqrnm`mcA-Bnlqhd

'dcr-(+Sdmrd�`mc�@rodbs�hm�Dhfgs�k`mft`fdr�ne�B`ldqnnm-�C`kk`r9

SgdRtlldqHmrshstsdneKhmfthrshbr`mcSgdTmhudqrhsxneSdw`r

`s@qkhmfsnm-36,0/3-

-0885-�Ptdkptdrnardqu`shnmrrtqkdrxrsd∆ldsnm`kctMixdæl-

'lr(-RHK+X`ntmcd-

-1///-Tmddrpthrrdcdfq`ll`hqddscdognmnknfhdMixdæl-'lr(-

RHKHmsdqm`shnm`k+X`ntmcd-

242

Akddj+V-0751-@Bnlo`q`shudFq`ll`qneRntsg@eqhb`mK`mft`fdr-

'Qdotakhrgdchm0860axFqdffHmsdqm`shnm`k+Vdrsld`c+Dmfk`mc(-

Anxc+U-0886-@Ognmnknfx`mcFq`ll`qneLancnln-L@Sgdrhr-

SgdTmhudqrhsxneSdw`r`s@qkhmfsnm-

Aqdsnm+ Q- `mc A- Engstmf- 0880- @sk`r @clhmhrsq`she cdr K`mftdr

M`shnm`kdrctB`ldqntm-O`qhr9@BBS:X`ntmcd9BDQCNSNK@-

Atqptdrs+C-0887-Ognmnknfhb`k@m`kxrhr9@Etmbshnm`k@ooqn`bg-

C`kk`r9RHK-

B`ghkk+ L- 0888- @rodbsr ne sgd Lnqognknfx `mc Ognmnknfx ne J—mmh-

Og-C-chrrdqs`shnm-NghnRs`sdTmhudqrhsx-

B`r`kh+Q-1//0`-Unvdkrxrsdlrne@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr-O`odqoqdrdmsdc

`ssgdBdmsq`k@eqhb`mKhmfthrshbrBnmrtks`msrRdlhm`q+X`ntmcd-

- 1//0a- Noshl`khsx sgdnqx `mc 'Z@SQ\( unvdk g`qlnmx- O`odq

oqdrdmsdc`s sgdBdmsq`k@eqhb`mKhmfthrshbrBnmrtks`msrRdlhm`q+

X`ntmcd-

Bgtlanv+A-R-`mcD-F-Mftdmcihn-0880-Ekn`shmfSnmdrhmA`mfv`-

Intqm`k�ne�Vdrs�@eqhb`m�K`mft`fdrUnk-10Mn 092,03-

Bk`qj+L-088/-SgdSnm`kRxrsdlneHfan-Cnqcqdbgs9Enqhr-

- 0882- Qdoqdrdms`shnm ne cnvmrsdo hm Crbg`mf A`lhkdjd- Hm

G`qqxU`mcdqGtkrs`mcJdhsgRmhcdq'dcr-(+16,62-

243

Bkdldmsr+F-M-0874-Sgdfdnldsqxneognmnknfhb`ked`stqdr-Ognmnknfx�

Xd`qannj19112,41-

- 0885-ÈQduhdvne sgdognmnknfxne snmd9Sgd qdoqdrdms`shnmne

snm`k qdfhrsdq+ dchsdc ax G`qqx U`m cdq Gtkrs `mc JdhsgRmhcdq-Í

K`mft`fd61'3(9736,41-

Chdt+ Lhbgdk `mc O`sqhbj Qdm`tc- 0872- @sk`r cd K&@eqhptd Bdmsq`kd

'@K@B(+ @sk`r Khmfthrshptd ct B`ldqntm '@KB@L(- Rhst`shnm

khmfthrshptd dm @eqhptd Bdmsq`kd+ hmudms`hqd oqdækhlhm`hqd9 kd

B`ldqntm-O`qhr9@BBS:X`ntmcdæ9BDQCNSNK@dsCFQRS-

Fhunæm+ S- 088/- Rxms`w9 @ Etmbshnm`k,Sxonknfhb`k Hmsqnctbshnm+ Unk- 1

Oghk`cdkogh`9IngmAdmi`lhmrOtakhrghmfBn-

Fnkcrlhsg+ I- 088/- @tsnrdfldms`k `mc Ldsqhb`k Ognmnknfx- Nwenqc9

A`rhkAk`bjvdkk-

Fqhldr+A-1///-Dsgmnknftd9K`mft`fdrnesgdVnqkc+03sgdchshnm-

C`kk`r+Sdw`r9RHK-

Ftsgqhd+ L- 0856.0860- Bnlo`q`shud A`mst '3 Unktldr(- E`qmanqntfg9

FqdffOqdrr-

G`kkd+L-0881-Ognmnknfhb`kEd`stqdr-HmV-Aqhfgs'dc-(+Hmsdqm`shnm`k�

Dmbxbknodch`�ne�Khmfthrshbr+unk-2+1/6,01-Nwenqc9Nwenqc

TmhudqrhsxOqdrr-

244

`mcJ-O-Lng`m`m0874-Rdfldms`kOgnmnknfxneDmfkhrg-

Khmfthrshb�Hmpthqx05946,004-

Gd`sg+S-1//2-L`j``'@72(-HmC-Mtqrd`mcF-Oghkhoornm'dcr-(+Sgd�

A`mst�K`mft`fdr-�MdvXnqj9Qntskdcfd+224,37-

Gxl`m+K-1//2-Rdfldms`kOgnmnknfx-HmC-Mtqrd`mcF-Oghkhoornm

'dcr-(+Sgd�A`mst�K`mft`fdr-�MdvXnqj9Qntskdcfd+31,47-

`mc D- Ax`qtrgdmfn 0873- Hm F- M- Bkdldmsr `mc I- Fnkcrlhsg

'dcr-(+ @tsnrdfldms`k� Rstchdr� hm� A`mst� Snmd- Cnqcqdbgs9 Enqhr

Otakhb`shnmr+42,0/2-�

Hmjdk`r+ R- 0876- Snmd ed`stqd fdnldsqx- Hm I- Akduhmr `mc I- B`qsdq

'dcr-(+Oqnbddchmfr�ne�Mnqsg�D`rsdqm�Khmfthrshbr�Rnbhdsx07+112,

26-@lgdqrs+L`rr9FKR@-

+V-Kdadm+`mcL-Bnakdq-0876-Sgdognmnknfxnehmsnm`shnmhm

G`tr`- Hm I- Akduhmr `mc I- B`qsdq 'dcr-(+ Oqnbddchmfr� ne� Mnqsg�

D`rsdqm�Khmfthrshbr�Rnbhdsx�06+216,31-@lgdqrs+L`rr9FKR@-

Hsn»+ I-0875-Rxkk`akdSgdnqxhmOqnrnchbOgnmnknfx-Og-C-chrrdqs`shnm-

LHS+B`laqhcfd-

J`s`la`+E-0878-@mHmsqnctbshnmsnOgnmnknfx-Knmcnm9Knmfl`m-

Jdmlnfmd+ L- 1///- Sgd Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx ne A`jnjn- Og-C-

chrrdqs`shnm-TmhudqrhsxneAtd`-

245

Jdmrsnvhby+L-0883-OgnmnknfxhmFdmdq`shudFq`ll`q-Nwenqc9

Ak`bjvdkk-

`mc B- Jhrrdqadsg- 0868- Fdmdq`shud Ognmnknfx- Mdv Xnqj9

@b`cdlhbOqdrr-

Jho`qrjx+O-0871-Kdwhb`kognmnknfx`mclnqognknfx-HmH-RX`mf'dc-(+

Khmfthrshbr�hm�sgd�lnqmhmf�b`kl+2,80-Rdntk9G`mrghm-

- 0874- Rnld bnmrdptdmbdr ne kdwhb`k ognmnknfx-� Ognmnknfx�

Xd`qannj1972,027-

Jhrrdadqsg+B-`mcC-Nccdm-1//2-Snmd-HmC-Mtqrd`mcF-Oghkhoornm

'dcr-(+Sgd�A`mst�K`mft`fdr-�MdvXnqj9Qntskdcfd+48,6/-

L`gn+ I- 1//2- @ bk`rrhehb`shnm ne sgd A`mst k`mft`fdr9 `m toc`sd ne

Ftsgqhd&rqdedqdmsh`krxrsdl-HmC-Mtqrd`mcF-Oghkhoornm'dcr-(+

Sgd�A`mst�K`mft`fdr-�MdvXnqj9Qntskdcfd+528,40-

LbB`qsgx+ I- 0875- NBO Deedbsr9 fdlhm`shnm `mc `mshfdlhm`shnm-

Khmfthrshb�Hmpthqx0691/6,52-

Lddtrrdm+ @- D- 0856- A`mst fq`ll`shb`k qdbnmrsqtbshnmr- @eqhb`m`�

Khmfthrshb`�2+�@mm`kdm-U`mgdsJnmhmjkhijLtrddUnnqLhccdm,

@eqhj`50968,010-Sdqutqdm-

246

Ldhmgne+ B- 0821- Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd Ognmnknfx ne sgd A`mst

K`mft`fdr-Sq`mrk`sdc`mcqduhrdcaxM-I-U`mV`qldkn-Adqkhm9

C-Qdhldq-

Lng`m`m+J-O-0875- SgdSgdnqxneKdwhb`kOgnmnknfx-Cnqcqdbgs9C-

Qdhcdk-

Lts`j`+M-L-0883-Snmd`rrhfmldmshmCt`k`mntmqdctokhb`shnm-

Intqm`k�ne�Vdrs�@eqhb`m�K`mft`fdr1391-

`mc O- S`l`mih- 1///- @m Hmsqnctbshnm sn @eqhb`m Khmfthrshbr-

Ltmbgdm9KhmbnlDtqno`-

Lxdqr+ R- 0886- NBO Deedbsr hm Noshl`khsx Sgdnqx-M`stq`k� K`mft`fd�

`mc�Khmfthrshb�Sgdnqx-04-39736,81-

- 0887- @tw hm A`mst Lnqognknfx `mc Ognmnknfx- Hm K- Gxl`m

`mc B- Jhrrdadqsg 'dcr-(+ Sgdnqdshb`k� @rodbsr� ne� A`mst� Snmd-

Rs`mcenqc+B@9BRKH+120,53-

Mdvl`m+ O- 0884- G`tr` Snmnknfx9 Bnlokdwhshdr hm `m _d`rx& snmd

k`mft`fd- Hm I- Fnkcrlhsg 'dc-(+ Sgd� G`mcannj� ne� Ognmnknfhb`k�

Sgdnqx-B`laqhcfd9Ak`bjvdkk651,70-

Mfv`+ F- 0885- Sgd Ognmnknfx ne A`ets9 @ Fdmdq`shud @ooqn`bg-

L`rsdqrChrrdqs`shnm-SgdTmhudqrhsxneX`ntmcdH-

247

Nccdm+C-0875-NmsgdNakhf`snqxBnmsntqOqhmbhokd-K`mft`fd51'1(9

242,72-

- 0877- @msh,`mshfdlhm`shnm `mc sgd NBO-Khmfthrshb� Hmpthqx 089

340,64-

Ohjd+J-0856-K`mft`fdhmQdk`shnmsn`TmhehdcSgdnqxnesgdRsqtbstqd

neGtl`mAdg`uhntq-SgdG`ftd9Lntsnm-

Onknldæ+ D- 0856- Ktatla`rgh Rv`ghkh- Intqm`k� ne� @eqhb`m� K`mft`fdr

Unk-6Mn0-

Otkkdxak`mj+ C- 0875- Snmd hm Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx- Og-C- Cnqcqdbgs9

Qdhcdk-

R`fdx+ D- 0875- Sgd Qdoqdrdms`shnm ne Ed`stqdr `mc Qdk`shnmr hm Mnm,

Khmd`qOgnmnknfx-Cnbsnq`kchrrdqs`shnm-LHS+B`laqhcfd-

Rmhcdq+J-K-088/-Snm`ktorsdohmJq`bgh9Duhcdmbdenq`qdfhrsdqshdq-

K`mft`fd55'2(9342,63-

-0888-SgdFdnldsqx`mcEd`stqdrneSnmd-C`kk`r9SgdRtlldq

HmrshstsdneKhmfthrshbr`mcSgdTmhudqrhsxneSdw`r`s@qkhmfsnm-

`mcI-Qnadqsr-1///-Rtffdrsdcntskhmdenqsgdcdrbqhoshnmnesnmd

'lr(-RHKHmsdqm`shnm`k-

248

S`c`cidt+L-`mcD-R`cdlantn-'0868(0873-@kog`adsFdæmdæq`kcdr

K`mftdrB`ldqntm`hrdr-X`ntmcdæ9BnkkdbshnmOQNODKB@mn-0-

Vhkkh`lrnm+J-0875- Hfan`rrnbh`shud`mcrodbhehbbnmrsqtbshnmr- HmJ-

Anfdqr+G-U`mcdqGtkrs `mcL-Lntr 'dcr-(+Sgd�Ognmnknfhb`k�

Qdoqdrdms`shnm�ne�Rtoq`rdfldms`kr-Cnqcqdbgs9Enqhr-084,1/7-

Xho+L-0878-Bnmsntqsnmdr-Ognmnknfx5'0(9038,63-

-0882-Snm`kQdfhrsdqhmD`rs@rh`mK`mft`fdr-HmG`qqxU`mcdq

Gtkrs`mcJdhsgRmhcdq'dcr-(+134,57-

-1//1-Snmd-B`laqhcfd9B`laqhcfdTmhudqrhsxOqdrr-

249

@OODMCHBDR@oodmchw@9KhrsneMntmr

���G,Ldkncx�Qnnsr�� ������ ���������K,Ldkncx�Qnnsr�Lnmnrxkk`akdrr—æœe`sgdq kd∆,an∆enns�

� � ����rÕ◊ fqntmc aut∆& lnqs`q�

� � ����srøækkh`q c—∆l v`q�

� � ����kd∆,aÍ kaqd`rs kd∆,r`∆ ed`sgdq

aÕ◊lpt`mshsx kd∆,cyd∆snnsg

a`æm okdcfd m∆cy`∆ hmsdrshmd

kh◊ sqdd jÙ kdf

k`æ fk`rr lt∆q odqrnm

aÕ◊9 pt`qsdq œ∆fÕ q s`ann

rnæ eqhdmc kd∆,s�Õ œk`v

kd∆,jfl“g g`mc kd∆,j`∆m��khld

atæ& dohkdorx mt∆m ahqc

jøæk rhrsdq jfl∆g o`qqns

l–ovdæ cnf sn∆l rsnl`bg

sÕ◊q `mhl`k ct∆q qnad

Chrxkk`akdr �tæmv`æ rm`jd kd∆,ot∆kt∆rnto�

� � ����etæktæ bg`q`bsdq at∆ln∆������eqths

s�vÕ◊srøæm rs`q vt∆mt∆od`mts

250

s�Õ◊gnæ hrk`mc� kd∆,v`∆k`∆gntq

œ∆jtæqtæ atssnbj kd∆,s`∆œkn∆rsnqx

r`æl`æ fqnto c`∆k`∆ons

l–o`æk`æ b`lo� j`∆kn∆qnns

kd∆,œ∆j—æl`æbhqbkd rø∆gø∆ s`kd

Õ ,jtæqf`æ hkk,ktbj cy`∆œ`∆eh`mbdæ

Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ sgntfgs a`∆l`∆ oqnrshstshnm

Õ ,jtæl`æ vd`ksg ld∆,kÙ&Ùcdv

kd∆,atæ&tæ `mfdq œ∆j`∆m`∆snvm

jÚ&Ú tmbkd œ∆jt∆k enqbd�

� � ����lÚgÚ c`x kd∆,jt∆v`∆rod`q

aÚg—æ rd`s a`∆g`∆ a`lann

����GK,Ldkncx�Qnnsr� � ���������KG,Ldkncx�Qnnsr�Lnmnrxkk`akdrcvn»a rjx� j—¿a e`tks

cÕÃg dxd a`¿l ����l`sdqh`k

k`»l sq`o fǓ l`cl`m

mn»q u`fhm` m∆st¿ pt`qqdk

�`» m`hk cÕŸ qdrhcdmbd

aÕÃ qdrhcdmbd j`¿q v`ro

c�ÕÃl rnmf �—¿œlnsgdq

251

m∆cÕÃl fgnrs oid¿l ehdkc

lv`»m bghkc m∆c�t¿lnkc�l`m

aut»l l`s c�t¿m bqnbnchkd�

�d»g o`sg ciø¿m ltc

�`» bk`v sø¿œ btoan`qc

l–an» `ql r`¿qdbnmbhkh`shnm

l–aø» gntrd� � � mrø¿k o`mfnkhm

c�i—» m`ld c�ÕŸl ������lhrenqstmd

Chrxkk`akdr otæan∆vhmc� � � s�Õ k`æ ������s`ann

cy—æq`∆ ehqdvnnc �`∆œ`æ ������dkdf`mbd

jtæq`∆ aknv l,t∆qtæll`m

�Õ◊fn∆ ehqd l,t∆l`ævnl`m

m∆s`æl`∆odoodq� �t∆k`æ rdqlnm

cÕ◊m`∆ qdbdoshnm r`∆l–fa`ærdudm

s�Õ◊fn∆ qdedqdd ofl∆g`æ bnlok`hms

kÕ◊l`∆cqd`l�� l–on∆l`ælddshmf

kd∆,oÕ◊gn∆adghmc� j—∆k`æ r`ld,m`ld

rÕ◊i`∆ bg`hq� � � jv—∆&—æsqdd�sqtmj

252

c�Õ◊mn∆ehmfdq kd∆,ad∆œdæadkk�

ad∆,�Õ◊gn∆r`mc r—∆f—æctbj

løæq`∆`qqdrs �Õ gnæudhm

kh◊fÙ hmrnkdmbd �ø∆&øæl`mcqhkk

c�tækt∆rlnjd�� �� oÌ g`æ `bbhcdms�

@oodmchwA9KhrsneUdqar

�������G,Ldkncx�Qnnsr� � ���������K,Ldkncx�Qnnsr�Lnmnrxkk`akdrkd∆,mÕÃsn�dmsdq kd∆,rn∆sn�gtms�

� � ��������kd∆,av—»lsn�atx kd∆,�`∆sn�sd`q

� � ��������kd∆,mt»sn�cqhmj kd∆,r`∆lsn�ronhk

� � ��������kd∆,c�Ûsn�jhkk kd∆,sÕ m sn�vhod

� � ��������kd∆,c�id»asn�b`kk kd∆,mø∆qsn�o`rsd

� � ��������kd∆,s`»sn�hmgdqhs kd∆,jd∆msn�rdmc

� � ��������kd∆,rt»sn�aqtrg kd∆,ad∆9sn�rdd�

� ��� ��������kd∆,lø»qsn�`qqdrs�����������������kd∆,cyø∆9sn�rhmf

� � ��������kd∆,rÕÃksn�ehmhrg� � �kd∆,�Õ lsn�qtm�

� � ��������kd∆,sn»sn�fn� kd∆,jvø∆ksn�drshl`sd

� � ��������kd∆,khÃsn�hmrsqtbs���������������kd∆,œ∆j`∆asn�rg`qd

� � ��������kd∆,a`»lsn�`atrd� kd∆,jn∆&sn�v`mcdq

253

� � ��������kd∆,r`»msn�rhfm�� � kd∆,m∆sd∆œsn�dw`ffdq`sd

� � ��������kd∆,r`»9sn�knnj�enq kd∆,aid∆msn�qdetrd

� � ��������kd∆,kfl»9sn�hmrtks� � �kd∆,jv`∆qsn�ad�bts

� � ��������kd∆,srø»sn�khd kd∆,c�id∆asn�rg`qodm

� � ��������kd∆,rø»sn�vnqj kd∆,c�t∆sn�bkhla

� � ��������kd∆,kd»sn�ok`x kd∆,l–v`∆msn�ok`ms

� � ��������kd∆,cy`»lsn�oqdo`qd kd∆,rø∆œsn�bnkkdbs

� � ��������kd∆,cyn»sn�dkhlhm`sd kd∆,sr`∆lsn�cdrsqnx

� � ���������kd∆,kÕÃsn�ahsd� kd∆,cy`∆msn�ots�nee

� � ���������kd∆,r`»sn�b`trd kd∆,cyn∆sn�k`tfg

� � ���������kd∆,fÕÃlsn�rnkhbhs� � kd∆,av—∆ksn�c`mbd

� � ���������kd∆,aÎ qsn�khadq`sd kd∆,r`∆lsn�uhnk`sd

� � ���������kd∆,c�Î sn�bqx kd∆,rø∆œsn�tmhsd

Chrxkk`akdr kd∆,atæfn»sn�lhrr kd∆,ct∆an∆sn�rn`j�

� � ���������kd∆,sÕ◊an»sn�rl`rg kd∆,rt∆ln∆sn�ok`ms�

� � ���������kd∆,rtæ&k`»snadbnld kd∆,rd∆qf`∆sn�rkhcd

� � ���������kd∆,m∆c`æl`»sn�ronhk kd∆,a`∆&kn∆sn�fthcd

� � ���������kd∆,a`æ&kn»sn�cntakd kd∆,sÕ kn∆sn�vqhsd

� �� ���������kd∆,idæ&kn»sn�sd`bg kd∆,st∆fn∆sn�lhw��

� � ���������kd∆,anæl`»sn�rdkk kd∆,ct∆kt∆sn�rlnjd

254

� � ���������kd∆,lv—æ&kn»sn�g`qudrs kd∆,i`∆k`∆sn�qdronmc

� � ���������kd∆,stæmn»sn�`mmntmbd�� kd∆,st∆ln∆sn�khfgs

� � ���������kd∆,�tæfn»sn�rtoonqs� ���������kd∆,�t∆ln∆sn�bnmrsqtbs

� � ���������kd∆,�Õ◊gn»sn�fqhmc kd∆,k—∆l`∆sn�qta

� � ���������kd∆,avnæokn»sn�s`rsd kd∆,ot∆l`∆sn�rs`mc�to

� � ���������kd∆,snælmcn»sn�dwbhsd kd∆,lÕ mn∆sn�`arnqa

� � ���������kd∆,kÕ◊fn»sn�`a`mcnm kd∆,s`∆œkn∆sn�qdbntms

� � ���������kd∆,stæakn»sn�oqnmntmbd kd∆,at∆an∆sn�eqx

� � ���������kd∆,avnæ&kn»sn�qdok`bd kd∆,ovn∆lmcn∆sn�chrshmfthrg

� � � kd∆,rÕ◊gkn»sn�`ooqn`bg kd∆,rÕ œ`∆sn�rths

� � � kd∆,kvnælkn»sn�rdmc kd∆,�t∆kn∆sn�cdrbdmc

� � � kd∆,ktækn»sn�enqfd kd∆,mÕ fn∆sn�enkc

� � ����������kd∆,oÕ◊m`»sn�rtqoqhrd kd∆,œ∆j`∆œ`∆sn�knf

� � � kd∆,atæk`»sn�qdstqm kd∆,œ∆j`∆œkn∆sn�hmek`sd

� � � kd∆,�tæ&k`»sn�adbnld kd∆,cy—∆œk`∆sn�sq`mrlhs

� � � kd∆,k—æaq`»sn�a`aakd kd∆,s`∆kn∆sn�rs`qs

� � � kd∆,lÕ◊g`»sn�tqhm`sd kd∆,ot∆l`∆sn�pths

� � � kd∆,rtæ&k`»sn�`bshu`sd kd∆,a`∆œ`∆sn�hlhs`sd

255

@oodmchwB9MntmOgq`rdO`q`chflr

G,LdkncxQnnsr*RodbhehdqrMB BURSQTB,

STQDONRRDRRHUD

'LX(ONRRDRRHUD

'GHR(ONRRDRRHUD'XNTQ(

HMSDQQNF@,SHUD'VGHBG(

CDLNMRSQ@,SHUD'SGHR(

@M@OGNQHB@CIDBSHUD

FKNRR

BUB jøækv`∆l jøækvdæ jøækvÕ◊m v`æ9jøæk jøækmÕ  jøækmi—∆ rhrsdq0 BUBU jÚ&Úv`∆l jÚ&Úævdæ jÚ&ÚvÕ◊m v`æ9jÚ&Ú jÚ&ÚmÕ  jÚ&Úmi—∆ tmbkd

BUB ad∆,løæla`»l ad∆,løæladæ ad∆,løælaÕ◊m a`æ9adæ,løæl ad∆,løælaÕ◊mÕ  ad∆,løæla`» `tmsr1 BUBU ad∆,jtæl`æa`»l ad∆,jtæl`æadæ ad∆,jtæl`æaÕ◊m a`æ9adæ,jtæl`æ ad∆,jtæl`æaÕ◊mÕ  ad∆,jtæl`æa`» qhbgnmdr

BUB j`æmv`»l j`æmvdæ j`æmvÕ◊m v`æ9j`æm j`æmmÕ◊ j`æmvÕÃ bknsg2 BUBU lÚgÚv`»l lÚgÚvdæ lÚgÚvÕ◊m v`æ9lÚgÚ lÚgÚmÕ◊ lÚgÚvÕÃ c`x

BUB lÕ ,j`æmli`»l lÕ ,j`æmlidæ lÕ ,j`æmlÕ◊m li`æ9lÕ◊,j`æm lÕ ,j`æmlÕ◊mÕ  lÕ ,j`æmlÕÃ bknsgr3 BUBU lÕ ,lÚgÚli`»l lÕ ,lÚgÚlidæ lÕ ,lÚgÚlÕ◊m li`æ9lÕ◊,lÚgÚ lÕ ,lÚgÚ lÕ◊mÕ  lÕ ,lÚgÚlÕÃ c`xr

BUB kd∆,aÍ kk`»l kd∆,aÍ kkdæ kd∆,aÍ kkÕ◊m k`æ9kdæ,aÍ k kd∆,aÍ kkÕ◊mÕ  kd∆,aÍ kkÕÃ aqd`rs4 BUBU kd∆,atæ&tæk`»l kd∆,atæ&tækdæ kd∆,atæ&tækÕ◊m k`æ9kdæ,atæ&tæ kd∆,atæ&tækÕ◊mÕ  kd∆,atæ&tækÕÃ `mfdq

BUB l«∆,aÍ kl`»l l«∆,aÍ kldæ l«∆,aÍ klÕ◊m l`æ9l«æ,aÍ k l«∆,aÍ klÕ◊mÕ  l«∆,aÍ kl`Ã aqd`rsr5 BUBU ld∆,atæ&tæl`»l ld∆,atæ&tældæ ld∆,atæ&tælÕ◊m l`æ9ldæ,atæ&tæ ld∆,atæ&tælÕ◊mÕ  ld∆,atæ&tæl`Ã `mfdq

BUB a`æmi`»l a`æmidæ a`æmiÕ◊m i`æ9a`æm a`æmmÕ◊ a`æmiÕà rtqdsx6 BUBU œ∆jtæqtæi`»l œ∆jtæqtæidæ œ∆jtæqtæiÕ◊m i`æ9œ∆jtæqtæ œ∆jtæqtæmÕ◊ œ∆jtæqtæiÕà atssnbj

BUB aÕ ,a`æmai`»l aÕ ,a`æmaidæ aÕ ,a`æmaiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,a`æm aÕ ,a`æmaÕ◊mÕ  aÕ ,a`æmaÕà rtqdshdr7 BUBU aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæai`»l aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæaidæ aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæaiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,œ∆jtæqtæ aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæaÕ◊mÕ  aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæaÕà atssnbjr8

BRUBU

s�vÕ◊srøæmv`∆l

s�vÕ◊srøæmmidæ

s�vÕ◊srøæmmiÕ◊m

mi`æ9s�vÕ◊srøæm

s�vÕ◊srøæmmÕ 

s�vÕ◊srøæmmi—∆

rs`q

00

BUBBU

Õ ,jtæqf`æv`»l

Õ ,jtæqf`ævdæ

Õ ,jtæqf`ævÕ◊m

v`æ9Õ◊,jtæqf`æ

Õ ,jtæqf`ævÕ◊mÕ 

Õ ,jtæqf`ævÕÃ

hkk,ktbj

256

K,LdkncxQnnsr*RodbhehdqrMB BURSQTB,

STQDONRRDRRHUD

'LX(ONRRDRRHUD

'GHR(ONRRDRRHUD'XNTQ(

HMSDQQNF@,SHUD'VGHBG(

CDLNMRSQ@,SHUD'SGHR(

@M@OGNQHB@CIDBSHUD

FKNRR

0

BUBU

ct∆kt∆v`∆l ct∆kt∆vdæ

ct∆kt∆vÕ◊m

v`æ9ct∆kt∆

ct∆kt¿mh 

ct∆kt∆mi—∆ rlnjdq

1

BUBU

ad∆,ct∆kt∆a`»l

ad∆,ct∆kt∆adæ

ad∆,ct∆kt∆aÕ◊m

a`æ9adæ,ct∆kt∆

ad∆,ct∆kt∆aÕ◊mh 

ad∆,ct∆kt∆a`»

rlnjdqr

2

BUB

k`∆&v`»l

k`∆&vdæ

k`∆&vÕ◊m

v`æ9k`∆&

k`¿&mÕ◊

k`∆&vÕÃ

gnqm

3

BUB

lÕ ,k`∆&li`»l

lÕ ,k`∆&lidæ

lÕ ,k`∆&lÕ◊m

li`æ9lÕ◊,k`∆&

lÕ ,k`∆&lh◊mh 

lÕ ,k`∆&lÕÃ

gnqmr

4

BUBU

kd∆,v`∆k`∆k`»l

kd∆,v`∆k`∆kdæ

kd∆,v`∆k`∆kÕ◊m

k`æ9kdæ,v`∆k`∆

kd∆,v`∆k`∆kh◊mh 

kd∆,atæ&tækÕÃ

gntq

5

BUBU

ld∆,v`∆k`∆l`»l

ld∆,v`∆k`∆ldæ

ld∆,v`∆k`∆lÕ◊m

l`æ9ldæ,v`∆k`∆

ld∆,v`∆k`∆lh◊mh 

ld∆,v`∆k`∆l`Ã

gntqr

BUB mt∆mi`»l mt∆midæ mt∆miÕ◊m i`æ9mt∆m mt¿mmÕ◊ mt∆miÕÃ ahqc6 BUBU rø∆gø∆i`»l rø∆gø∆idæ rø∆gø∆iÕ◊m i`æ9rø∆gø∆ rø∆gø¿mÕ◊ rø∆gø∆iÕÃ rsnqx

BUB aÕ ,mt∆mai`»l aÕ ,mt∆maidæ aÕ ,mt∆maiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,mt∆m aÕ ,mt∆maÕ◊mh  aÕ ,mt∆maÕÃ ahqcr7 BUBU aÕ ,rø∆gø∆ai`»l aÕ ,rø∆gø∆aidæ aÕ ,rø∆gø∆aiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,rø∆gø∆ aÕ ,rø∆gøæaÕ◊mh  aÕ ,rø∆gø∆aÕÃ rsnqhdr8

BUB

jfl∆gv`∆l

jfl∆gmidæ

jfl∆gmiÕ◊m

mi`æ9jfl∆g

jfl¿gmh 

jfl∆gmi—∆

rs`q

257

GK,LdkncxQnnsr*RodbhehdqrMB BURSQTB,

STQDONRRDRRHUD

'LX(ONRRDRRHUD

'GHR(ONRRDRRHUD'XNTQ(

HMSDQQNF@,SHUD'VGHBG(

CDLNMRSQ@,SHUD'SGHR(

@M@OGNQHB@CIDBSHUD

FKNRR

0

BUBU

s�Õ◊fn∆v`∆l s�Õ◊fn∆vdæ

s�Õ◊fn∆vÕ◊m

v`æ9s�Õ◊fn∆

s�Õ◊fnæmh 

s�Õ◊fn∆mi—∆ qdedqdd

1

BUBU

ad∆,s�Õ◊fn∆a`»l

ad∆,s�Õ◊fn∆adæ

ad∆,s�Õ◊fn∆aÕ◊m

a`æ9adæ,s�Õ◊fn∆

ad∆,s�Õ◊fnæaÕ◊mh 

ad∆,s�Õ◊fn∆a`»

qdedqddr

2

BUB

m∆cÕ◊lv`»l

m∆cÕ◊lvdæ

m∆cÕ◊lvÕ◊m

v`æ9m∆cÕÃl

m∆cÕ◊lmÕ◊

m∆cÕ◊lvÕÃ

fgnrs

3

BUB

lÕ ,m∆cÕ◊lli`»l

lÕ ,m∆cÕ◊llidæ

lÕ ,m∆cÕ◊llÕ◊m

li`æ9lÕ◊,m∆cÕÃl

lÕ ,m∆cÕ◊llh◊mh 

lÕ ,m∆cÕ◊llÕÃ

fgnrsr

4

BUBU

kd∆,oÚk`∆k`»l

kd∆,oÚk`∆kdæ

kd∆,oÚk`∆kÕ◊m

k`æ9kdæ,oÚk`∆

kd∆,oÚk`ækh◊mh 

kd∆,oÚk`∆kÕÃ

eqddshld

5

BUBU

ld∆,oÚk`∆l`»l

ld∆,oÚk`∆ldæ

ld∆,oÚk`∆lÕ◊m

l`æ9ldæ,oÚk`∆

ld∆,oÚk`ælh◊mh 

ld∆,oÚk`∆l`Ã

eqddshldr

BUB c�Õ◊li`»l c�Õ◊lidæ c�Õ◊liÕ◊m i`æ9c�ÕÃl iÕ◊lmÕ◊ c�Õ◊liÕÃ ahqc6 BUBU kÕ◊l`∆i`»l kÕ◊l`∆idæ kÕ◊l`∆iÕ◊m i`æ9kÕ◊l`∆ kÕ◊l`æmÕ◊ kÕ◊l`∆iÕÃ cqd`l

BUB aÕ ,c�Õ◊lai`»l aÕ ,c�Õ◊laidæ aÕ ,c�Õ◊laiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,c�ÕÃl aÕ ,iÕ◊laÕ◊mh  aÕ ,c�Õ◊laÕÃ ahqcr7 BUBU aÕ ,kÕ◊l`∆ai`»l aÕ ,kÕ◊l`∆aidæ aÕ ,kÕ◊l`∆aiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,kÕ◊l`∆ aÕ ,kÕ◊l`æaÕ◊mh  aÕ ,kÕ◊l`∆aÕÃ cqd`lr8

BUB

jt»kv`∆l

jtækmidæ

jtækmiÕ◊m

mi`æ9jt»k

jtækmh 

jt»kmi—∆

snqsnhrd

258

KG,LdkncxQnnsr*RodbhehdqrMB BURSQTB,

STQDONRRDRRHUD

'LX(ONRRDRRHUD

'GHR(ONRRDRRHUD'XNTQ(

HMSDQQNF@,SHUD'VGHBG(

CDLNMRSQ@,SHUD'SGHR(

@M@OGNQHB@CIDBSHUD

FKNRR

BUB �—¿œv`∆l �—∆œvdæ �—∆œvÕ◊m v`æ9�—∆œ �—¿œmh  �—∆œmi—∆ lnsgdq0 BUBU l,t∆l`æv`∆l l,t∆l`∆vdæ l,t∆l`∆vÕ◊m v`æ9l,tæl`∆ l,t∆l`æmh  l,t∆l`∆mi—∆ vnl`m

BUB ad∆,�—∆œa`»l ad∆,�—∆œadæ ad∆,�—∆œaÕ◊m a`æ9adæ,�—∆œ ad∆,�—∆œaÕ◊mh◊ ad∆,�—∆œa`» lnsgdqr1 BUBU a,t∆a`∆a`»l a,t∆a`∆adæ a,t∆a`∆aÕ◊m A`æ9a,tæa`∆ a,t∆a`∆aÕ◊mh  a,t∆a`∆a`» vnldm

BUB jÙkv`»l jÙkvdæ jÙkvÕ◊m v`æ9jÙk jǓkmÕ◊ jÙkvÕÃ qnod2 BUBU j`∆kn∆v`»l j`∆kn∆vdæ j`∆kn∆vÕ◊m v`æ9j`∆kn∆ j`∆knæmÕ◊ j`∆kn∆vÕÃ qnns

BUB lÕ ,jÙkli`»l lÕ ,jÙklidæ lÕ ,jÙklÕ◊m li`æ9lÕ◊,jÙk lÕ ,jÙklh◊mh  lÕ ,jÙklÕÃ qnodr3 BUBU lÕ ,j`∆kn∆li`»l lÕ ,j`∆kn∆lidæ lÕ ,j`∆kn∆lÕ◊m li`æ9lÕ◊,j`∆kn∆ lÕ ,j`∆kn∆lh◊mh  lÕ ,j`∆kn∆lÕÃ qnnsr

BUB j`∆qi`»l j`∆qidæ j`∆qiÕ◊m i`æ9j`∆q j`¿qmÕ◊ j`∆qiÕÃ v`ro6 BUBU �t∆k`∆i`»l �t∆k`∆idæ �t∆k`∆iÕ◊m i`æ9�t∆k`∆ �t∆k`æmÕ◊ �t∆k`∆iÕÃ rdqlnm

BUB aÕ ,j`∆qai`»l aÕ ,j`∆qaidæ aÕ ,j`∆qaiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,j`∆q aÕ ,j`∆qaÕ◊mh  aÕ ,j`∆qaÕÃ v`ror7 BUBU aÕ ,�t∆k`∆ai`»l aÕ ,�t∆k`∆aidæ aÕ ,�t∆k`∆aiÕ◊m ai`æ9aÕ◊,�t∆k`∆ aÕ ,�t∆k`∆aÕ◊mh  aÕ ,�t∆k`∆aÕÃ rdqlnmr

8

BUB

oǓlv`∆l

oÙlmidæ

oÙlmiÕ◊m

mi`æ9oÙl

oÙlmh 

oÙlmi—∆

ctrs

�

259

@oodmchwC9UdqaOgq`rdO`q`chflrRtaidbs*SdmrdL`qjdqr

SLRL

O1 FDMDQ@KO@RS OQDRDMS ETSTQD FKNRR

l`¿aÕ◊cd∆l`¿aÕ◊mi`∆

lÍ aÕŸcd∆lÍ aÕŸmi`∆

lÍ kd∆,cd∆∆lÍ kd∆,mi`∆

lÌ anæcd∆lÌ anæmi`∆

d`ssd`q

0r

l`¿aÕ◊fÕÃll`¿aÕ◊rÕÃk

lÍ aÕŸfÕÃllÍ aÕŸrÕÃk

lÍ kd∆,fÕÃllÍ kd∆,rÕÃk

lÌ anæfÕÃllÌ anærÕÃk

rnkhbhsehmhrg

f`¿aÕ◊c�t∆f`¿aÕ◊rn∆

fÚaÕŸc�t∆fÚaÕŸrn∆

fÚkd∆,c�t∆fÚkd∆,rn∆

fÙanæc�t∆fÙanærn∆

bkhlagtms

1r

f`¿aÕ◊stæmn»f`¿aÕ◊oÕ◊m`»

fÚaÕŸstæmn»fÚaÕŸoÕ◊m`»

fÚkd∆,stæmn»fÚkd∆,oÕ◊m`»

fÙanæstæmn»fÙanæoÕ◊m`»

`mmntmbdrtqoqhrd

mi`¿aÕ◊ad∆9mi`¿aÕ◊cyø∆9

miøæaÕŸad∆9miøæaÕŸcyø∆9

miøækd∆,ad∆9miøækd∆,cyø∆9

miø∆anæad∆9miø∆anæcyø∆9

rddrhmf

2r

mi`¿aÕ◊aÎ qmi`¿aÕ◊a`»l

miøæaÕŸaÎ qmiøæaÕŸa`»l

miøækd∆,aÎ qmiøækd∆,a`»l

miø∆anæaÎ qmiø∆anæa`»l

khadq`sd`atrd

aÍ gÍ a`»aÕ◊c�Õ laÍ gÍ a`»aÕ◊jn∆&

aÍ gÍ aÕ◊c�Õ laÍ gÍ aÕ◊jn∆&

aÍ gÍ kd∆,c�Õ laÍ gÍ kd∆,jn∆&

aÍ gÍ aÕ◊anæc�Õ laÍ gÍ aÕ◊anæjn∆&

cqd`lv`mcdq

0o

aÍ gÍ a`»aÕ◊r`»9aÍ gÍ a`»aÕ◊kfl»9

aÍ gÍ aÕ◊r`»9aÍ gÍ aÕ◊kfl»9

aÍ gÍ kd∆,r`»9aÍ gÍ kd∆,kfl»9

aÍ gÍ aÕ◊anær`»9aÍ gÍ aÕ◊anækfl»9

knnjenqhmrtks

aÍ ma`»aÕ◊sÕ maÍ ma`»aÕ◊jd∆m

aÍ maÕ◊sÕ maÍ maÕ◊jddm

aÍ mkd∆,sÕ maÍ mkd∆,jd∆m

aÍ maÕ◊anæsÕ maÍ maÕ◊anæjd∆m

vhodrdmc

1o

aÍ ma`»aÕ◊idæ&kn»aÍ ma`»aÕ◊lÕ◊g`»

aÍ maÕ◊idæ&kn»aÍ maÕ◊lÕ◊g`»

aÍ mkd∆,idæ&kn»aÍ mkd∆,lÕ◊g`»

aÍ maÕ◊anæidæ&kn»aÍ maÕ◊anælÕ◊g`»

sd`bgtqhm`sd

aÕ◊a`»aÕ◊st∆fn∆aÕ◊a`»aÕ◊a`∆œ`∆

aÕ◊st∆fn∆aÕ◊a`∆œ`∆

aÕ◊kd∆,st∆fn∆aÕ◊kd∆,a`∆œ`∆

ahæanæst∆fn∆aÕ◊anæa`∆œ`∆

lhwhlhs`sd

2o

aÕ◊a`»aÕ◊khÃaÕ◊a`»aÕ◊kd»

aÕ◊khÃaÕ◊kd»

aÕ◊kd∆,khÃaÕ◊kd∆,kd»

aÕ◊anækhÃaÕ◊anækd»

`cuhrdok`x

260

Qnns*DwsdmrhnmrQNNS QDBHOQNB@K HMRSQTLDMS@K @OOKHB@SHUD O@RRHUD QDEKDWHUD B@TR@SHUD FKNRR

,cd∆, cd∆,k`∆ cd∆,md∆ cd∆,Õ◊ cd∆,œ—∆ cd∆,v`∆ cd∆,k d`s

,c�t∆, c�t∆,k`∆ c�t∆,md∆ c�t∆,Õ◊ c�t∆,œ—∆ c�t∆,v`∆ c�t∆∆,k bkhla

,ad∆9, ad∆9,k`∆ ad∆9,md∆ ad∆9,Õ◊ ad∆9,œ—∆ ad∆9,v`∆ ad∆9,k rdd

,cyø∆9, cyø∆9,k`∆ cyø∆9,md∆ cyø∆9,Õ◊ cyø∆9,œ—∆ cyø∆9,v`∆ cyø∆,k rhmf

,mø∆q, mø∆q,k`∆ mø∆q,md∆ mø∆q,Õ◊ mø∆q,—∆ mø∆q,v`∆ mø∆q,k `qqdrs

,sÕ m, sÕ m,k`∆ sÕ m,md∆ sÕ m,Õ◊ sÕ m,—∆ sÕ m,v`∆ sÕ m,k vhod

,st∆fn∆, st∆fn∆,k`∆ st∆fn∆,md∆ st∆fn∆,Õ◊ st∆fn∆,œ—∆ st∆fn∆,v`∆ st∆fn∆,k lhw

,sÕ kn∆, sÕ kn∆,k`∆ sÕ kn∆,md∆ sÕ kn∆,Õ◊ sÕ kn∆,œ—∆ sÕ kn∆,v`∆ sÕ kn∆,k vqhsd

,s`», s`»,k`∆ s`»,md∆ s`»,Õ◊ s`»,œ—∆ s`»,v`∆ s`»,k hmgdqhs

,khÃ, khÃ,k`∆ khÃ,md∆ khÃ,Õ◊ khÃ,œ—∆ khÃ,v`∆ khÃ,k `cuhrd

,kfl»9, kfl»9,k`∆ kfl»9,md∆ kfl»9,Õ◊ kfl»9,œ—∆ kfl»9,v`∆ kfl»9,k hmrtks

,r`»9, r`»9,k`∆ r`»9,md∆ r`»9,Õ◊ r`»9,œ—∆ r`»9,v`∆ r`»9,k knnjenq

261

,rÕÃk, rÕÃk,k`∆ rÕÃk,md∆ rÕÃk,Õ◊ rÕÃk,—∆ rÕÃk,v`∆ rÕÃk,k ehmhrg

,fÕÃl, fÕÃl,k`∆ fÕÃl,md∆ fÕÃl,Õ◊ fÕÃl,—∆ fÕÃl,v`∆ fÕÃl,k rnkhbhs

,stæmn», stæmn»,k`∆ stæmn»,md∆ stæmn»,Õ◊ stæmn»,œ—∆ stæmn»,v`∆ stæmn»,k `mmntmbd

,idæ&kn»,idæ&kn»,k`∆ idæ&kn»,md∆ idæ&kn»,Õ◊ idæ&kn»,œ—∆ idæ&kn»,v`∆ idæ&kn»,k sd`bg

262

@oodmchw�D9�Ohsbg�Sq`bdr�0(�G�ldkncx�hr�qd`khydc�`r�G�'edl`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`�

a�

b�

263

c�

1(�Torsdo�ne�G�`esdq�`mnsgdq�G�'edl`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`�

b

264

b�

c�

d�

265

2(�Ehm`k�knv�snmd�cnvmfkhcdr�'edl`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`�

a�

b

266

c�

d�

267

3(�Cnvmrsdo�ne�rdbnmc�G�hm�`�G�K�G�rdptdmbd�'edl`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`

a

b

268

c

d

4(�GK��G�rtqe`bdr�`r��G�'edl`kd�rod`jdqr(��

`�

�

269

a�

�b�

�c�

�

270

d�

�5(�KG�Ldkncx�rtqe`bdr�`r�K'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`�

�a�

�

271

b�

�c�

�d�

���

272

6(�KG�Ldkncx�hr�qd`khydc�`r�K�adenqd�G�'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`�

�a�

�b�

��

273

c�

�d�

�7(�KG�ldkncx�rtqe`bdr�`r�KG�adenqd�K�'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

`�

�

274

a�

�b�

�c�

���

275

d�

��8(��Ghfg,snmdc�udqa�qnnsr�'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

���

276

��0/(�Cnvmrsdo�ne�G�'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

277

00(�Knv,snmdc�udqa�qnnsr�'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

278

�

��01(�Torsdo�ne�K�'l`kd�rod`jdqr(�

���

279

280

281