NLEVP: A Collection of Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems

NLEVP: A Collection of Nonlinear EigenvalueProblems

Betcke, Timo and Higham, Nicholas J. and Mehrmann,Volker and Schröder, Christian and Tisseur, Françoise

2011

MIMS EPrint: 2011.116

Manchester Institute for Mathematical SciencesSchool of Mathematics

The University of Manchester

Reports available from: http://eprints.maths.manchester.ac.uk/And by contacting: The MIMS Secretary

School of Mathematics

The University of Manchester

Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

ISSN 1749-9097

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A

NLEVP: A Collection of Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems

TIMO BETCKE, University College LondonNICHOLAS J. HIGHAM, The University of ManchesterVOLKER MEHRMANN, Technische Universitat Berlin, GermanyCHRISTIAN SCHRODER, Technische Universitat Berlin, GermanyFRANCOISE TISSEUR, The University of Manchester

We present a collection of 52 nonlinear eigenvalue problems in the form of a MATLAB toolbox. The collectioncontains problems from models of real-life applications as well as ones constructed specifically to have par-ticular properties. A classification is given of polynomial eigenvalue problems according to their structuralproperties. Identifiers based on these and other properties can be used to extract particular types of prob-lems from the collection. A brief description of each problem is given. NLEVP serves both to illustrate thetremendous variety of applications of nonlinear eigenvalue problems and to provide representative problemsfor testing, tuning, and benchmarking of algorithms and codes.

Categories and Subject Descriptors: G.4 [Mathematical Software]: Algorithm design and analysis; G.1.3[Numerical Linear Algebra]: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)

General Terms: Algorithms, Performance

Additional Key Words and Phrases: test problem, benchmark, nonlinear eigenvalue problem, rational eigen-value problem, polynomial eigenvalue problem, quadratic eigenvalue problem, even, odd, gyroscopic, sym-metric, Hermitian, elliptic, hyperbolic, overdamped, palindromic, proportionally-damped, MATLAB, Octave

1. INTRODUCTIONIn many areas of scientific computing collections of problems are available that playan important role in developing algorithms and in testing and benchmarking software.Among the uses of such collections are

— tuning an algorithm to optimize its performance across a wide and representativerange of problems;

— testing the correctness of a code against some measure of success, where the latter istypically an error or residual whose nature is suggested by the underlying problem;

— measuring the performance of a code—for example, speed, execution rate, or againan error or residual;

— measuring the robustness of a code, that is, the behaviour in extreme situations, suchas for very badly scaled and/or ill conditioned data;

— comparing two or more codes with respect to the factors above.

Version of December 22, 2011.The work of Betcke was supported by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council GrantEP/H004009/1. This work of Higham and Tisseur was supported by Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Council grant EP/D079403/1. The work of Higham was also supported by a Royal Society-WolfsonResearch Merit Award and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant EP/E050441/1 (CI-CADA: Centre for Interdisciplinary Computational and Dynamical Analysis). The work of Tisseur was alsosupported by a Leverhulme Research Fellowship and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Councilgrant EP/I005293/1. The work of Mehrmann and Schroder was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft through MATHEON, the DFG Research Center Mathematics for key technologies in Berlin.Author’s addresses: Timo Betcke, Department of Mathematics, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK,email: [email protected]. Nicholas J. Higham and Francoise Tisseur, School of Mathematics, The Univer-sity of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, email: {higham,ftisseur}@ma.man.ac.uk. Volker Mehrmannand Christian Schroder, Institut fur Mathematik, MA 4-5, Technische Universitat Berlin, Germany, email:{mehrmann,schroed}@math.tu-berlin.de.

A:2 T. Betcke at all.

A collection ideally combines problems artificially constructed to reflect a wide rangeof possible properties with problems representative of real applications. Problems forwhich something is known about the solution are always particularly attractive.

The practice of reproducible research, whereby research is published in such a waythat the underlying numerical (and other) experiments can be repeated by others, is ofgrowing interest and visibility [Donoho et al. 2009], [LeVeque 2009], [Mesirov 2010].Reproducible research is aided by the availability of well documented and maintainedbenchmark collections.

Two areas that have historically been well endowed with collections of problems im-plemented in software are linear algebra and optimization. In linear algebra an earlycollection is ACM Algorithm 694 [Higham 1991], which contains parametrized, mainlydense, test matrices, most of which were later incorporated into the MATLAB galleryfunction. The University of Florida Sparse Matrix Collection is a regularly updatedcollection of sparse matrices [Davis], [Davis and Hu 2011], with over 2200 matricesfrom practical applications. It includes all the matrices from the earlier Matrix Marketrepository (although not the matrix generators) [Matrix Market], the Harwell–Boeingcollection [Duff et al. 1989] of sparse matrices, and the NEP collection [Bai et al. 1997]of standard and generalized eigenvalue problems. The CONTEST toolbox [Taylor andHigham 2009] produces adjacency matrices describing random networks. In optimiza-tion we mention just the collections in the widely used Cute and Cuter testing envi-ronments [Bongartz et al. 1995], [Gould et al. 2003], though various other, sometimesmore specialized, collections are available.

The growing interest in nonlinear eigenvalue problems has created the need for acollection of problems in this area. The standard form of a nonlinear eigenvalue prob-lem is F (λ)x = 0, where F : C → Cm×n is a given matrix-valued function and λ ∈ Cand the nonzero vector x ∈ Cn are the sought eigenvalue and eigenvector, respec-tively. Rational and polynomial functions are of particular interest, the most practi-cally important case being the quadratic Q(λ) = λ2A + λB + C, which correspondsto the quadratic eigenvalue problem. For recent surveys on nonlinear eigenproblemssee [Mehrmann and Voss 2004] and [Tisseur and Meerbergen 2001]. Associated withan n × n matrix quadratic Q(λ) are the matrix equations X2A + XB + C = 0 andAX2 + BX + C = 0, where the unknown X ∈ Cn×n is called a solvent [Dennis et al.1976], [Gohberg et al. 2009] [Higham and Kim 2000]. Thus a matrix polynomial P (λ)defines both an eigenvalue problem and two matrix equations.

We have built a collection of nonlinear eigenvalue problems from a variety of sources.Some are from models of real-life applications, while others have been constructedspecifically to have particular properties. Many of the matrices have been used inprevious papers to test numerical algorithms. In order to provide focus and keep thecollection to a manageable size we have chosen to exclude linear problems from thecollection. The problems range from the old, such as the wing problem from the classic1938 book of Frazer, Duncan, and Collar [Frazer et al. 1938], to the very recent, no-tably several problems from research in 3D vision that are not yet well known in thenumerical analysis community.

Nonlinear eigenvalue problems are often highly structured and it is important totake account of the structure both in developing the theory and in designing numericalmethods. We therefore provide a thorough classification of our problems that recordsthe most relevant structural properties.

We have chosen to implement the collection in MATLAB, as a toolbox, recognizingthat it is straightforward to convert the matrices into a format that can be read byother languages by using either the built-in MATLAB I/O functions or those providedin Matrix Market. Care has been taken to make the toolbox compatible with GNU Oc-tave [GNU Octave]. A criterion for inclusion of problems is that the underlying MAT-

NLEVP: A Collection of Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems A:3

LAB code and data files are not too large, since we want to provide the toolbox as asingle file that can be downloaded in a reasonable time.

The NLEVP toolbox is available, as both a zip file and a tar file, from

http://www.mims.manchester.ac.uk/research/numerical-analysis/nlevp.html

For details of how to install and use the toolbox see [Betcke et al. 2011].In Section 2 we explain how we classify the problems through identifiers that can

be used to extract specific types of problem from the collection. The main features ofthe problems are described in Section 3, while Section 4 describes the design of thetoolbox. Conclusions are given in Section 5.

2. IDENTIFIERSWe give in Table I a list of identifiers for the types of problems available in the collec-tion and in Table II a list of identifiers that specify the properties of problems in thecollection. These properties can be used to extract specialized subsets of the collectionfor use in numerical experiments. All the identifiers are case insensitive. In the nexttwo subsections we briefly recall some relevant definitions and properties of nonlineareigenproblems.

2.1. Nonlinear EigenproblemsThe polynomial eigenvalue problem (PEP) is to find scalars λ and nonzero vectorsx and y satisfying P (λ)x = 0 and y∗P (λ) = 0, where

P (λ) =

k∑i=0

λiAi, Ai ∈ Cm×n, Ak 6= 0 (1)

is an m×n matrix polynomial of degree k. Here, x and y are right and left eigenvectorscorresponding to the eigenvalue λ. The reversal of the matrix polynomial (1) is definedby

rev(P (λ)

)= λkP (1/λ) =

k∑i=0

λk−iAi.

A PEP is said to have an eigenvalue∞ if zero is an eigenvalue of rev(P (λ)).A quadratic eigenvalue problem (QEP) is a PEP of degree k = 2. For a survey of

QEPs see [Tisseur and Meerbergen 2001]. Polynomial and quadratic eigenproblemsare identified by pep and qep, respectively, in the collection (see Table I), and anyproblem of type qep is automatically also of type pep.

The matrix function R(λ) ∈ Cm×n whose elements are rational functions

rij(λ) =pij(λ)

qij(λ), 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n,

where pij(λ) and qij(λ) are scalar polynomials of the same variable and qij(λ) 6≡ 0,defines a rational eigenvalue problem (REP) R(λ)x = 0 [Kublanovskaya 1999].Unlike for PEPs there is no standard format for specifying REPs. For the collection weuse the form

R(λ) = P (λ)Q(λ)−1,

where P (λ) and Q(λ) are matrix polynomials, or the less general form (often encoun-tered in practice)

R(λ) = A+ λB +

k−1∑i=1

λ

σi − λCi, (2)


Table I. Problems available in the collection andtheir identifiers.

qep quadratic eigenvalue problem

pep polynomial eigenvalue problem

rep rational eigenvalue problem

nep other nonlinear eigenvalue problem

Table II. List of identifiers for the problem properties.

nonregular symmetric hyperbolic

real hermitian elliptic

nonsquare T-even overdamped

sparse *-even proportionally-damped

scalable T-odd gyroscopic

parameter-dependent *-odd

solution T-palindromic

random *-palindromic

T-anti-palindromic

*-anti-palindromic

where A, B, and the Ci are m×n matrices, and the σi are the poles. Which form is usedis specified in the help for the M-file defining the problem. Rational eigenproblems areidentified by rep in the collection.

As mentioned in the introduction, PEPs and REPs are special cases of nonlineareigenvalue problems (NEPs) F (λ)x = 0, where F : C→ Cm×n. A convenient generalform for expressing an NEP is

F (λ) =

k∑i=0

fi(λ)Ai, (3)

where the fi : C→ C are nonlinear functions and Ai ∈ Cm×n. Any problem that is notpolynomial, quadratic, or rational is identified by nep in the collection (see Table I).

2.2. Some Definitions and PropertiesNonlinear eigenproblems are said to be regular if m = n and det(F (λ)) 6≡ 0, and non-regular otherwise. Recall that a regular PEP possesses nk (not necessarily distinct)eigenvalues [Gohberg et al. 2009], including infinite eigenvalues. As the majority ofproblems in the collection are regular we identify only nonregular problems, for whichthe identifier is nonregular.

The identifiers real, hermitian, and symmetric are defined in Table III. For PEPs,the real identifier corresponds to P having real coefficient matrices, while hermitiancorresponds to Hermitian (but not all real) coefficient matrices. Similarly, symmetricindicates (complex) symmetric coefficient matrices, and the real identifier is addedif the coefficient matrices are real symmetric. For problems that are parameter-dependent the identifiers real and hermitian are used if the problem is real or Hermi-tian for real values of the parameter.


Table III. Some identifiers and the corresponding spectral properties. For parameter-dependent problems, the problem is classified as real or hermitian if it is so for real valuesof the parameter.

Identifier Property of F (λ) ∈ Cm×n Spectral properties

real F (λ) = F (λ) eigenvalues real or come in pairs (λ, λ)

symmetric m = n,(F (λ)

)T= F (λ) none unless F is real

hermitian m = n, (F (λ))∗ = F (λ) eigenvalues real or come in pairs (λ, λ)

Table IV. Some identifiers and the corresponding spectral symmetry prop-erties.

Identifier Property of P (λ) Eigenvalue pairing

T-even PT (−λ) = P (λ) (λ,−λ)

*-even P ∗(−λ) = P (λ) (λ,−λ)

T-odd PT (−λ) = −P (λ) (λ,−λ)

*-odd P ∗(−λ) = −P (λ) (λ,−λ)

T-palindromic revPT (λ) = P (λ) (λ, 1/λ)

*-palindromic revP ∗(λ) = P (λ) (λ, 1/λ)

T-anti-palindromic revPT (λ) = −P (λ) (λ, 1/λ)

*-anti-palindromic revP ∗(λ) = −P (λ) (λ, 1/λ)

Definitions of identifiers for odd-even and palindromic-like square matrix polynomi-als, together with the special symmetry properties of their spectra (see [Mackey et al.2006]) are given in Table IV.

Gyroscopic systems of the formQ(λ) = λ2M+λG+K withM ,K Hermitian,M > 0,and G = −G∗ skew-Hermitian are a subset of ∗-even (T -even when the coefficientmatrices are real) QEPs and are identified with gyroscopic. Here, for a Hermitianmatrix A, we write A > 0 to denote that A is positive definite and A ≥ 0 to denote thatA is positive semidefinite. When K > 0 the eigenvalues of Q are purely imaginary andsemisimple [Duffin 1960], [Lancaster 1966] and the quadratic Q(iλ) is hyperbolic.

A Hermitian matrix polynomial P (λ) is hyperbolic if there exists µ ∈ R ∪ {∞}such that P (µ) is positive definite and for every nonzero x ∈ Cn the scalar equationx∗P (λ)x = 0 has k distinct zeros in R ∪ {∞}. All the eigenvalues of such a P are real,semisimple, and grouped in k intervals, each of them containing n eigenvalues [Al-Ammari and Tisseur 2011], [Higham et al. 2009], [Markus 1988]. These polynomialsare identified in the collection by hyperbolic. Overdamped systems Q(λ) = λ2M +λC +K are particular hyperbolic QEPs for which M > 0, C > 0, and K ≥ 0; they havethe identifier overdamped. Finally, a QEP is said to be proportionally damped whenM , C, and K are simultaneously diagonalizable by congruence or strict equivalence[Lancaster and Zaballa 2009] (a sufficient condition for which is that C = αM + βKwith M and K simultaneously diagonalizable, hence the name), and such a QEP isidentified by proportionally-damped.

Hermitian matrix polynomials P (λ) with even degree k that are elliptic, i.e.,P (λ) > 0 for all λ ∈ R [Markus 1988, §34], are identified by elliptic. Elliptic ma-trix polynomials have nonreal eigenvalues.

The identifier sparse is used if the defining matrices are stored in the MATLABsparse format. Problems that depend on one or more parameters are identified withparameter-dependent. Problems for which random numbers are used in the construc-


Table V. Quadratic eigenvalue problems.acoustic_wave_1d acoustic_wave_2d bicycle bilby

cd_player closed_loop concrete damped_beamdirac foundation gen_hyper2 gen_tantipal2

gen_tpal2 intersection hospital metal_stripmobile_manipulator omnicam1 omnicam2 pdde_stability

power_plant qep1 qep2 qep3qep4 qep5 railtrack railtrack2

relative_pose_6pt schrodinger shaft sign1sign2 sleeper speaker_box spring

spring_dashpot surveillance wing wiresaw1wiresaw2

Table VI. Other eigenvalue problems.Polynomial, degree ≥ 3 butterfly mirror orr_sommerfeld

planar_waveguide plasma_drift relative_pose_5ptNonsquare polynomial qep4 surveillanceNonregular polynomial qep4 qep5 surveillanceRational loaded_stringNonlinear fiber gun hadeler

time_delay

tion are identified with random. A separate identifier, scalable, is used to denote thatthe problem dimension (or an approximation of it) is a parameter. For parameter-dependent problems a default value of the parameter is provided, typically being avalue used in previously published experiments.

For some problems a supposed solution is optionally returned, comprising eigen-values and/or eigenvectors that are exactly known, approximate, or computed. Theseproblems are identified with solution. The documentation for the problem providesinformation on the nature of the supposed solution.

Tables V and VI identify the QEPs, the PEPs that are of degree at least 3, the non-square PEPs, the REPs, and the nonlinear but non-polynomial and non-rational prob-lems in the collection.

3. COLLECTION OF PROBLEMSThis section contains a brief description of all the problems in the collection. The iden-tifiers for the problem properties are listed inside curly brackets after the name of eachproblem. The problems are summarized in Table VII.

We use the following notation. A ⊗ B denotes the Kronecker product of A and B,namely the block matrix (aijB) [Higham 2008, Sec. B.13]. The ith unit vector (that is,the ith column of the identity matrix) is denoted by ei.acoustic wave 1d {pep,qep,symmetric,*-even,parameter-dependent,sparse,scalable}.This quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) = λ2M +λC+K arises from the finite elementdiscretization of the time-harmonic wave equation −∆p − (2πf/c)2p = 0 for theacoustic pressure p in a bounded domain, where the boundary conditions are partlyDirichlet (p = 0) and partly impedance ( ∂p∂n + 2πif

ζ p = 0) [Chaitin-Chatelin and vanGijzen 2006]. Here, f is the frequency, c is the speed of sound in the medium, and ζis the (possibly complex) impedance. We take c = 1 as in [Chaitin-Chatelin and vanGijzen 2006]. The eigenvalues of Q are the resonant frequencies of the system, and


Table VII. Problems in NLEVP.acoustic_wave_1d Acoustic wave problem in 1 dimension.acoustic_wave_2d Acoustic wave problem in 2 dimensions.bicycle 2-by-2 QEP from the Whipple bicycle model.bilby 5-by-5 QEP from bilby population model.butterfly Quartic matrix polynomial with T-even structure.cd_player QEP from model of CD player.closed_loop 2-by-2 QEP associated with closed-loop control system.concrete Sparse QEP from model of a concrete structure.damped_beam QEP from simply supported beam damped in the middle.dirac QEP from Dirac operator.fiber NEP from fiber optic design.foundation Sparse QEP from model of machine foundations.gen_hyper2 Hyperbolic QEP constructed from prescribed eigenpairs.gen_tantipal2 T-anti-palindromic QEP with eigenvalues on the unit circle.gen_tpal2 T-palindromic QEP with prescribed eigenvalues on the unit circle.gun NEP from model of a radio-frequency gun cavity.hadeler NEP due to Hadeler.intersection 10-by-10 QEP from intersection of three surfaces.hospital QEP from model of Los Angeles Hospital building.loaded_string REP from finite element model of a loaded vibrating string.metal_strip QEP related to stability of electronic model of metal strip.mirror Quartic PEP from calibration of cadioptric vision system.mobile_manipulator QEP from model of 2-dimensional 3-link mobile manipulator.omnicam1 9-by-9 QEP from model of omnidirectional camera.omnicam2 15-by-15 QEP from model of omnidirectional camera.orr_sommerfeld Quartic PEP arising from Orr-Sommerfeld equation.pdde_stability QEP from stability analysis of discretized PDDE.planar_waveguide Quartic PEP from planar waveguide.plasma_drift Cubic PEP arising in Tokamak reactor design.power_plant 8-by-8 QEP from simplified nuclear power plant problem.qep1 3-by-3 QEP with known eigensystem.qep2 3-by-3 QEP with known, nontrivial Jordan structure.qep3 3-by-3 parametrized QEP with known eigensystem.qep4 3-by-4 QEP with known, nontrivial Jordan structure.qep5 3-by-3 nonregular QEP with known Smith form.railtrack QEP from study of vibration of rail tracks.railtrack2 Palindromic QEP from model of rail tracks.relative_pose_5pt Cubic PEP from relative pose problem in computer vision.relative_pose_6pt QEP from relative pose problem in computer vision.schrodinger QEP from Schrodinger operator.shaft QEP from model of a shaft on bearing supports with a damper.sign1 QEP from rank-1 perturbation of sign operator.sign2 QEP from rank-1 perturbation of 2*sin(x) + sign(x) operator.sleeper QEP modelling a railtrack resting on sleepers.speaker_box QEP from model of a speaker box.spring QEP from finite element model of damped mass-spring system.spring_dashpot QEP from model of spring/dashpot configuration.surveillance 21-by-16 QEP from surveillance camera callibration.time_delay 3-by-3 NEP from time-delay system.wing 3-by-3 QEP from analysis of oscillations of a wing in an airstream.wiresaw1 Gyroscopic QEP from vibration analysis of a wiresaw.wiresaw2 QEP from vibration analysis of wiresaw with viscous damping.


for the given problem formulation they lie in the upper half of the complex plane. Formore on the discretization of acoustics problems see, for example, [Harari et al. 1996].

On the 1D domain [0, 1] the n× n matrices are defined by

M = −4π2 1

n(In −

1

2ene

Tn ), C = 2πi

1

ζene

Tn , K = n

2 −1

−1. . . . . .. . . 2 −1

−1 1

.acoustic wave 2d {pep,qep,symmetric,*-even,parameter-dependent,sparse,scalable}.A 2D version of Acoustic wave 1D. On the unit square [0, 1] × [0, 1] with mesh size hthe n× n coefficient matrices of Q(λ) with n = 1

h ( 1h − 1) are given by

M = −4π2h2Im−1 ⊗ (Im − 12eme

Tm), D = 2πihζ Im−1 ⊗ (eme

Tm),

K = Im−1 ⊗Dm + Tm−1 ⊗ (−Im + 12eme

Tm),

where ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product, m = 1/h, ζ is the (possibly complex)impedance, and

Dm =

4 −1

−1. . . . . .. . . 4 −1

−1 2

∈ Rm×m, Tm−1 =

0 1

1. . . . . .. . . . . . 1

1 0

∈ R(m−1)×(m−1).

The eigenvalues of Q are the resonant frequencies of the system, and for the givenproblem formulation they lie in the upper half of the complex plane.bicycle {pep,qep,real,parameter-dependent}. This is a 2 × 2 quadratic polynomialarising in the study of bicycle self-stability [Meijaard et al. 2007]. The linearized equa-tions of motion for the Whipple bicycle model can be written as

Mq + Cq +Kq = f,

where M is a symmetric mass matrix, the nonsymmetric damping matrix C = vC1 islinear in the forward speed v, and the stiffness matrix K = gK0 + v2K2 is the sum oftwo parts: a velocity independent symmetric part gK0 proportional to the gravitationalacceleration g and a nonsymmetric part v2K2 quadratic in the forward speed.bilby {pep,qep,real,parameter-dependent}. This 5× 5 quadratic matrix polynomialarises in a model from [Bean et al. 1997] for the population of the greater bilby (Macro-tis lagotis), an endangered Australian marsupial. Define the 5× 5 matrix

M(g, x) =

gx1 (1− g)x10 0 0 0gx2 0 (1− g)x2 0 0gx3 0 0 (1− g)x3 0gx4 0 0 0 (1− g)x4gx5 0 0 0 (1− g)x5

.The model is a quasi-birth-death process some of whose key properties are capturedby the elementwise minimal solution of the quadratic matrix equationR = β(A0 +RA1 +R2A2), A0 = M(g, b), A1 = M(g, e− b− d), A2 = M(g, d),

where b and d are vectors of probabilities and e is the vector of ones. The correspondingquadratic matrix polynomial is Q(λ) = λ2A+ λB + C, where

A = βAT2 , B = βAT1 − I, C = βAT0 .


We take g = 0.2, b = [1, 0.4, 0.25, 0.1, 0]T , and d = [0, 0.5, 0.55, 0.8, 1]T , as in [Beanet al. 1997].butterfly {pep,real,parameter-dependent,T-even,sparse,scalable}. This is aquartic matrix polynomial P (λ) = λ4A4 +λ3A3 +λ2A2 +λA1 +A0 of dimension m2 withT-even structure, depending on a 10 × 1 parameter vector c [Mehrmann and Watkins2002]. Its spectrum has a butterfly shape. The coefficient matrices are Kronecker prod-ucts, with A4 and A2 real and symmetric and A3 and A1 real and skew-symmetric,assuming c is real. The default is m = 8.cd player {pep,qep,real}. This is a 60 × 60 quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) =

λ2M+λC+K, withM = I60 arising in the study of a CD player control task [Chahlaouiand Van Dooren 2002], [Chahlaoui and Van Dooren 2005], [Draijer et al. 1992], [Wortel-boer et al. 1996]. The mechanism that is modeled consists of a swing arm on which alens is mounted by means of two horizontal leaf springs. This is a small representationof a larger original rigid body model (which is also quadratic).closed loop {pep,qep,real,parameter-dependent}. This is a quadratic polynomial

Q(λ) = λ2I + λ

[0 1 + α1 0

]+

[1/2 00 1/4

]associated with a closed-loop control system with feedback gains 1 and 1 + α, α ≥ 0.The eigenvalues of Q(λ) lie inside the unit disc if and only if 0 ≤ α < 0.875 [Tisseurand Higham 2001].concrete {pep,qep,symmetric,parameter-dependent,sparse}. This is a quadraticmatrix polynomial Q(λ) = λ2M + λC + (1 + iµ)K arising in a model of a concretestructure supporting a machine assembly [Feriani et al. 2000]. The matrices have di-mension 2472.M is real diagonal and low rank. C, the viscous damping matrix, is pureimaginary and diagonal. K is complex symmetric, and the factor 1 + iµ adds uniformhysteretic damping. The default is µ = 0.04.damped beam {pep,qep,real,symmetric,sparse,scalable}. This QEP arises in the vi-bration analysis of a beam simply supported at both ends and damped in the middle[Higham et al. 2008]. The quadratic Q(λ) = λ2M + λC + K has real symmetric coeffi-cient matrices with M > 0, K > 0, and C = cene

Tn ≥ 0, where c is a damping parameter.

Half of the eigenvalues of the problem are purely imaginary and are eigenvalues of theundamped problem (C = 0).dirac {pep,qep,real,symmetric,parameter-dependent,scalable}. The spectrum ofthis matrix polynomial is the second order spectrum of the radial Dirac operator withan electric Coulombic potential of strength α,

D =

1 +α

r− d

dr+κ

rd

dr+κ

r−1 +

α

r

.For −

√3/2 < α < 0 and κ ∈ Z, D acts on L2((0,∞),C2) and it corresponds to a spheri-

cally symmetric decomposition of the space into partial wave subspaces [Thaller 1992].The problem discretization is relative to subspaces generated by the Hermite functionsof odd order. The size of the matrix coefficients of the QEP is n+m, corresponding to nHermite functions in the first component of the L2 space and m in the second compo-nent [Boulton and Boussaid 2010].

For κ = −1, α = −1/2 and n large enough, there is a conjugate pair of isolated pointsof the second order spectrum near the ground eigenvalue E0 ≈ 0.866025. The essential


spectrum, (−∞,−1] ∪ [1,∞), as well as other eigenvalues, also seem to be captured forlarge n.fiber {nep,sparse,solution}. This nonlinear eigenvalue problem arises from amodel in fiber optic design based on the Maxwell equations [Huang et al. 2010], [Kauf-man 2006]. The problem is of the form

F (λ)x = (A− λI + s(λ)B)x = 0,

where A ∈ R2400×2400 is tridiagonal and B = e2400eT2400. The scalar function s(λ) is

defined in terms of Bessel functions. The real, positive eigenvalues are the ones ofinterest.foundation {pep,qep,symmetric,sparse}. This is a quadratic matrix polynomialQ(λ) = λ2M + λC + K arising in a model of reinforced concrete machine foundationsresting on the ground [Feriani et al. 2000]. The matrices have dimension 3627; M isreal and diagonal, C is complex and diagonal, and K is complex symmetric.gen hyper2 {pep,qep,real,symmetric,hyperbolic,parameter-dependent,scalable,solution,random}. This is a hyperbolic quadratic matrix polynomial generated from agiven set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors (λk, vk), k = 1: 2n, such that with

Λ = diag(λ1, . . . , λ2n) =: diag(Λ1, Λ2), Λ1, Λ2 ∈ Rn×n,V := [ v1, . . . , v2n ] =: [V1 V2 ] , V1, V2 ∈ Rn×n,

λmin(Λ1) > λmax(Λ2), V1 is nonsingular, and V2 = V1U for some orthogonal matrix U .Then the n× n symmetric quadratic Q(λ) = λ2A+ λB + C with

A = Γ−1, Γ = V1Λ1VT1 − V2Λ2V

T2 ,

B = −A(V1Λ21V

T1 − V2Λ2

2VT2 )A,

C = −A(V1Λ31V

T1 − V2Λ3

2VT2 )A+BΓB,

is hyperbolic and has eigenpairs (λk, vk), k = 1: 2n [Al-Ammari and Tisseur 2011],[Guo et al. 2009a]. The quadratic Q(λ) has the property that A is positive definite and−Q(µ) is positive definite for all µ ∈ (λmax(Λ2), λmin(Λ1)). If λmax(Λ) < 0 then B and Care positive definite and Q(λ) is overdamped.gen tpal2 {pep,qep,real,T-palindromic,parameter-dependent,scalable,random}.This is a real T-palindromic quadratic matrix polynomial generated from a given setof eigenvalues

λ2j−1 = cos tj + i sin tj , λ2j = λ2j−1, tj ∈ (0, π), j = 1: n, (4)

lying on the unit circle. Let

J = diag

([0 β1−β1 0

], . . . ,

[0 βn−βn 0

]), iβj =

λ2j−1 − 1

λ2j−1 + 1∈ R, (5)

S = diag

([0 1−1 0

], . . . ,

[0 1−1 0

])∈ R2n×2n, X = [X1 X1H ]Π ∈ Rn×2n,

where X1 ∈ Rn×n is nonsingular, H ∈ Rn×n is a symmetric matrix, and Π is a per-mutation matrix such that ΠTSΠ =

[0−I

I0

]. Then the n × n real quadratic Q(λ) =

λ2A2 + λA1 +A0 with

A2 = (XJSXT )−1, A1 = −A2XJ2SXTA2, A0 = −A2(XJ2SXTA1 +XJ3SXTA2) (6)


is real T -even with eigenvalues ±iβj , j = 1: n. Finally,

Q(λ) = (λ+ 1)2Q(λ− 1

λ+ 1

)= λ2(A2 +A1 +A0) + λ(−2A2 + 2A0) + (A2 −A1 +A0) (7)

is real T -palindromic with eigenvalues λj , j = 1: 2n (see Al-Ammari [2011]).gen tantipal2 {pep,qep,real,T-anti-palindromic,parameter-dependent,scalable,random}. This is a real T-anti-palindromic quadratic matrix polynomial generatedfrom a given set of eigenvalues lying on the unit circle as in (4). Let J be as in (5) and

S =

[In 00 −In

], X = [X1 X1U ] ,

where X1 ∈ Rn×n is nonsingular and U ∈ Rn×n is orthogonal. Then the n × n realquadratic Q(λ) = λ2A2 + λA1 + A0 with matrix coefficients as in (6) is real T -oddwith eigenvalues ±iβj , j = 1: n. Finally, Q(λ) in (7) is real T -anti-palindromic witheigenvalues λj , j = 1: 2n (see Al-Ammari [2011]).gun {nep,sparse}. This nonlinear eigenvalue problem models a radio-frequency guncavity. The eigenvalue problem is of the form

F (λ)x =[K − λM + i(λ− σ2

1)12W1 + i(λ− σ2

2)12W2

]x = 0,

where M,K,W1,W2 are real symmetric matrices of size 9956 × 9956. K is positivesemidefinite and M is positive definite. In this example σ1 = 0 and σ2 = 108.8774.The eigenvalues of interest are the λ for which λ1/2 is close to 146.71 [Liao 2007, p. 59].hadeler {nep,real,symmetric,scalable}. This nonlinear eigenvalue problem has theform

F (λ)x =[(eλ − 1)A2 + λ2A1 − αA0

]x = 0,

where A2, A1, A0 ∈ Rn×n are symmetric and α is a scalar parameter [Hadeler 1967].This problem satisfies a generalized form of overdamping condition that ensures theexistence of a complete set of eigenvectors [Ruhe 1973].hospital {pep,qep,real}. This is a 24×24 quadratic polynomialQ(λ) = λ2M+λC+K,with M = I24, arising in the study of the Los Angeles University Hospital building[Chahlaoui and Van Dooren 2002], [Chahlaoui and Van Dooren 2005]. There are 8floors, each with 3 degrees of freedom.intersection {pep,qep,real}. This 10×10 quadratic polynomial arises in the problemof finding the intersection between a cylinder, a sphere, and a plane described by theequations

f1(x, y, z) = 1.6e-3x2 + 1.6e-3 y2 − 1 = 0,f2(x, y, z) = 5.3e-4x2 + 5.3e-4 y2 + 5.3e-4 z2 + 2.7e-2x− 1 = 0,f3(x, y, z) = −1.4e-4x+ 1.0e-4 y + z − 3.4e-3 = 0.

(8)

Use of the Macaulay resultant leads to the QEP Q(x)v = 0, where

Q(x)v = [ yf1 zf1 f1 yf2 zf2 f2 yzf3 yf3 zf3 f3 ]T

= (x2A2 + xA1 +A0)v,

v = [ y3 y2z y2 yz2 z3 z2 yz y z 1 ]T.

The matrix A2 is singular and the QEP has only four finite eigenvalues: two real andtwo complex. Let (λi, vi), i = 1, 2 be the two real eigenpairs. With the normalizationvi(10) = 1, i = 1, 2, (xi, yi, zi) = (λi, vi(8), vi(9)) are solutions of (8) [Manocha 1994].


loaded string {rep,real,symmetric,parameter-dependent,sparse,scalable}. Thisrational eigenvalue problem arises in the finite element discretization of a boundaryproblem describing the eigenvibration of a string with a load of mass m attached by anelastic spring of stiffness k. It has the form

R(λ)x =

(A− λB +

λ

λ− σC

)x = 0,

where the pole σ = k/m, and A > 0 and B > 0 are n × n tridiagonal matrices definedby

A =1

h

2 −1

−1. . . . . .. . . 2 −1

−1 1

, B =h

6

4 1

1. . . . . .. . . 4 1

1 2

,and C = kene

Tn with h = 1/n [Solov′ev 2006].

metal strip {pep,qep,real}. Modelling the electronic behaviour of a metal strip us-ing partial element equivalent circuits (PEEC’s) results in the delay differential equa-tion [Bellen et al. 1999]{

D1x(t− h) +D0x(t)= A0x(t) +A1x(t− h) , t ≥ 0,

x(t)= ϕ(t) , t ∈ [−h, 0),

where

A0 = 100

[ −7 1 23 −9 01 2 −6

], A1 = 100

[1 0 −3

−0.5 −0.5 −1−0.5 −1.5 0

],

D1 = − 1

72

[ −1 5 24 0 3−2 4 1

], D0 = I, ϕ(t) =

[sin(t), sin(2t), sin(3t)

]T.

Assessing the stability of this delay differential equation by the method in [Faßbenderet al. 2008], [Jarlebring 2008] leads to the quadratic eigenproblem (λ2E+λF+G)u = 0with

E = (D0 ⊗A1) + (A0 ⊗D1), G = (D1 ⊗A0) + (A1 ⊗D0),

F = (D0 ⊗A0) + (A0 ⊗D0) + (D1 ⊗A1) + (A1 ⊗D1).

This problem is PCP-palindromic [Faßbender et al. 2008], i.e., there is an involutorymatrix P such that E = PGP and F = PFP .mirror {pep,real,random}. The 9×9 quartic matrix polynomial λ4A4 +λ3A3 +λ2A2 +λA1 + A0 is obtained from a homography-based method for calibrating a central ca-dioptric vision system, which can be built from a perspective camera with a hyperbolicmirror or an orthographic camera with a parabolic mirror [Zhang and Li 2008]. A0 andA4 have only two nonzero columns, so there are at least 7 infinite eigenvalues and 7zero eigenvalues.mobile manipulator {pep,qep,real}. This is a 5 × 5 quadratic matrix polynomialarising from modelling a two-dimensional three-link mobile manipulator as a time-invariant descriptor control system [Byers et al. 1998, Ex. 14], [Bunse-Gerstner et al.1999]. The system in its second-order form is

Mx(t) +Dx(t) +Kx(t) = Bu(t),

y(t) = Cx(t),


where the coefficient matrices are 5× 5 and of the form

M =

[M0 00 0

], D =

[D0 00 0

], K =

[K0 −FT0F0 0

],

with

M0 =

[18.7532 −7.94493 7.94494−7.94493 31.8182 −26.81827.94494 −26.8182 26.8182

], D0 =

[−1.52143 −1.55168 1.551683.22064 3.28467 −3.28467−3.22064 −3.28467 3.28467

],

K0 =

[67.4894 69.2393 −69.239369.8124 1.68624 −1.68617−69.8123 −1.68617 −68.2707

], F0 =

[1 0 00 0 1

].

The quadratic Q(λ) = λ2M + λD + K is close to being nonregular [Byers et al. 1998],[Higham and Tisseur 2002].

omnicam1 {pep,qep,real}. This is a 9× 9 quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) = λ2A2 +λA1 + A0 arising from a model of an omnidirectional camera (one with angle of viewgreater than 180 degrees) [Micusık and Pajdla 2003]. The matrix A0 has one nonzerocolumn, A1 has 5 nonzero columns and rank 5, while A2 has full rank. The eigenvaluesof interest are the real eigenvalues of order 1.

omnicam2 {pep,qep,real}. The description of ominicam1 applies to this problem, too,except that the quadratic is 15× 15.

orr-sommerfeld {pep,parameter-dependent,scalable}. This example is a quarticpolynomial eigenvalue problem arising in the spatial stability analysis of theOrr Sommerfeld equation [Tisseur and Higham 2001]. The Orr Sommerfeld equationis a linearization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in which the pertur-bations in velocity and pressure are assumed to take the form Φ(x, y, t) = φ(y)ei(λx−ωt),where λ is a wavenumber and ω is a radian frequency. For a given Reynolds numberR, the Orr Sommerfeld equation may be written[(

d2

dy2− λ2

)2

− iR{

(λU − ω)

(d2

dy2− λ2

)− λU ′′

}]φ = 0. (9)

In spatial stability analysis the parameter is λ, which appears to the fourth power in(9), so we obtain a quartic polynomial eigenvalue problem. The quartic is constructedusing a Chebyshev spectral discretization. The eigenvalues λ of interest are those clos-est to the real axis and Im(λ) > 0 is needed for stability. The default values R = 5772and ω = 0.26943 correspond to the critical neutral point corresponding to λ and ω bothreal for minimum R [Bridges and Morris 1984], [Orszag 1971].

pdde stability {qep,pep,scalable,parameter-dependent,sparse,symmetric}. Thisproblem arises from the stability analysis of a partial delay-differential equation(PDDE) [Faßbender et al. 2008], [Jarlebring 2008, Ex. 3.22]. Discretization gives riseto a time-delay system

x(t) = A0x(t) +A1x(t− h1) +A2x(t− h2),


where A0 ∈ Rn×n is tridiagonal and A1, A2 ∈ Rn×n are diagonal with

(A0)kj =

{−2(n+ 1)2/π2 + a0 + b0 sin

(jπ/(n+ 1)

)if k = j,

(n+ 1)2/π2 if |k − j| = 1 ,

(A1)jj = a1 + b1jπ

n+ 1

(1− e−π(1−j/(n+1))

),

(A2)jj = a2 + b2jπ2

n+ 1

(1− j/(n+ 1)

).

Here, the ak and bk are real scalar parameters and n ∈ N is the number of uniformlyspaced interior grid points in the discretization of the PDDE. Asking for the delaysh1, h2 such that the delay system is stable leads to the quadratic eigenvalue problem(λ2E + λF +G) v = 0 of dimension n2 × n2 with

E = I ⊗A2 , F =(I ⊗ (A0 + e−iϕ1A1)

)+((A0 + eiϕ1A1)⊗ I

), G = A2 ⊗ I,

where i is the imaginary unit and ϕ1 ∈ [−π, π] is a parameter. (To answer the stabilityquestion, the QEP has to be solved for many values of ϕ1.)

Following [Jarlebring 2008], [Faßbender et al. 2008] the default values are

n = 20, a0 = 2, b0 = 0.3, a1 = −2, b1 = 0.2, a2 = −2, b2 = −0.3, ϕ1 = −π/2.This problem is PCP-palindromic [Faßbender et al. 2008], i.e., there is an involutorymatrix P such that E = PGP and F = PFP . Moreover, only the four eigenvalues onthe unit circle are of interest in the application. The exact corresponding eigenvectorscan be written as xj = uj ⊗ vj for j = 1: 4.planar waveguide {pep,real,symmetric,scalable}. This 129 × 129 quartic matrixpolynomial P (λ) = λ4A4 + λ3A3 + λ2A2 + λA1 + A0 arises from a finite element so-lution of the equation for the modes of a planar waveguide using piecewise linear basisfunctions φi, i = 0: 128. The coefficient matrices are defined by

A1 =δ2

4diag(−1, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 1), A3 = diag(1, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 1),

A0(i, j) =δ4

16(φi, φj) A2(i, j) = (φ′i, φ

′j)− (qφi, φj) A4(i, j) = (φi, φj).

Thus A1 and A3 are diagonal, while A0, A2, and A4 are tridiagonal. The parameter δdescribes the difference in refractive index between the cover and the substrate of thewaveguide; q is a function used in the derivation of the variational formulation andis constant in each layer [Stowell 2010], [Stowell and Tausch 2010]. This particularwaveguide has been studied in the literature in connection with other solution methods[Chilwell and Hodgkinson 1984], [Petracek and Singh 2002].plasma drift {pep}. This cubic matrix polynomial of dimension 128 or 512 resultsfrom the modeling of drift instabilities in the plasma edge inside a Tokamak reactor[Tokar et al. 2005]. It is of the form P (λ) = λ3A3 + λ2A2 + λA1 + A0, where A0 and A1

are complex, A2 is complex symmetric, and A3 is real symmetric. The desired eigenpairis the one whose eigenvalue has the largest imaginary part.power plant {pep,qep,symmetric,parameter-dependent}. This is a QEP Q(λ)x =

(λ2M + λD + K)x = 0 describing the dynamic behaviour of a nuclear power plantsimplified into an eight-degrees-of-freedom system [Itoh 1973], [Tisseur and Meerber-gen 2001]. The mass matrix M and damping matrix D are real symmetric and thestiffness matrix has the form K = (1 + iµ)K0, where K0 is real symmetric (hence


K = KT is complex symmetric). The parameter µ describes the hysteretic damping ofthe problem. The matrices are badly scaled.qep1 {pep,qep,real,solution}. This is a 3 × 3 quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) =

λ2A2 + λA1 +A0 from Tisseur and Meerbergen [2001, p. 250] with

A2 =

[0 6 00 6 00 0 1

], A1 =

[1 −6 02 −7 00 0 0

], A0 = I.

The six eigenpairs (λk, xk), k = 1: 6, are given by

k 1 2 3 4 5 6

λk 1/3 1/2 1 i −i ∞

xk

[110

] [110

] [010

] [001

] [001

] [100

]Note that x1 is an eigenvector for both of the distinct eigenvalues λ1 and λ2.qep2 {pep,qep,real,solution}. This is the 3×3 quadratic matrix polynomial [Tisseurand Meerbergen 2001, p. 256]

Q(λ) = λ2

[1 0 00 1 00 0 0

]+ λ

[−2 0 10 0 00 0 0

]+

[1 0 00 −1 00 0 1

].

The eigenvalues are λ1 = −1, λ2 = λ3 = λ4 = 1, and λ5 = λ6 =∞. The Jordan structureis given by

XF =

[0 0 1 01 1 0 10 0 0 0

], JF = diag

(−1, 1,

[1 10 1

])for the finite eigenvalues and and

X∞ =

[0 −10 01 1

], J∞ =

[0 10 0

]for the infinite eigenvalues (see Gohberg et al. [2009] or Tisseur and Meerbergen [2001,Sec. 3.6] for definitions of Jordan structure).qep3 {pep,qep,real,parameter-dependent,solution}. This is a 3×3 quadratic matrixpolynomial Q(λ) = λ2A2 + λA1 +A0 from Dedieu and Tisseur [2003, p. 89] with

A2 =

[1 −1 −10 1 00 0 0

], A1 =

[−3 1 00 −1− ε 00 0 1

], A0 =

[2 0 90 0 00 0 −3

].

The eigenpairs (λk, xk), k = 1: 6, are given by

k 1 2 3 4 5 6λk 0 1 1 + ε 2 3 ∞

xk

[010

] [100

] [1ε−1ε+10

] [100

] [001

] [101

]For the default value of the parameter, ε = −1 + 2−53/2, the first and third eigenvaluesare ill conditioned.


qep4 {pep,qep,nonregular,nonsquare,real,solution}. This is the 3 × 4 quadraticmatrix polynomial [Byers et al. 2008, Ex. 2.5]

Q(λ) = λ2

[1 0 0 00 1 0 00 0 0 0

]+ λ

[0 1 1 01 0 0 11 0 0 0

]+

[0 0 0 00 0 1 00 1 0 1

].

The eigensystem includes an eigenvalue λ1 = 0 with right eigenvectors [2 1 0 − 1]T

and e1 and an eigenvalue λ = ∞ with right eigenvector [0 0 1 0]T . The Jordan andKronecker structure is fully described in Byers et al. [2008, Ex. 2.5].qep5 {pep,qep,nonregular,real}. This is the 3 × 3 quadratic matrix polynomial[Van Dooren and Dewilde 1983, Ex. 1]

Q(λ) = λ2

[1 4 20 0 01 4 2

]+ λ

[1 3 01 4 20 −1 −2

]+

[1 2 −20 −1 −20 0 0

].

Its Smith form [Gantmacher 1959] is given by

D(λ) =

[1 −1 −1−λ 1 + λ λ0 −λ 1

]Q(λ)

[1 −3 60 1 −20 0 1

]=

[1 0 00 λ− 1 00 0 0

],

and since det(Q(λ)) = det(D(λ)) ≡ 0 this problem is nonregular.railtrack {pep,qep,t-palindromic,sparse}. This is a T-palindromic quadratic ma-trix polynomial of size 1005: Q(λ) = λ2AT + λB + A with B = BT . It stems from amodel of the vibration of rail tracks under the excitation of high speed trains, dis-cretized by classical mechanical finite elements [Hilliges 2004], [Hilliges et al. 2004],[Ipsen 2004], [Mackey et al. 2006]. This problem has the property that the matrix A isof the form

A =

[0 0A21 0

]∈ C1005×1005,

where A21 ∈ C201×67, that is, A has low rank (rank(A) = 67). Hence this eigenvalueproblem has many eigenvalues at zero and infinity.railtrack2 {pep,qep,t-palindromic,sparse,scalable,parameter-dependent}. Thisis a T-palindromic quadratic matrix polynomial of size 705m × 705m: Q(λ) = λ2AT +λB +A with

A =

0 · · · 0 H1

0 · · · 0 0...

......

0 . . . 0 0

, B =

H0 HT

1 0

H1 H0. . .

. . . . . . HT1

0 H1 H0

= BT ,

where H0, H1 ∈ C705×705 depend quadratically on a parameter ω, whose default valueis ω = 1000. The default for the number of block rows and columns ofA andB ism = 51.The structure of A implies that there are many eigenvalues at zero and infinity.

Like the problem railtrack this problem is from a model of the vibration of railtracks, but here triangular finite elements are used for the discretization [Chu et al.2008], [Guo and Lin 2010], [Huang et al. 2008]. The parameter ω denotes the frequencyof the external excitation force.relative pose 5pt {pep,real}. The cubic matrix polynomial P (λ) = λ3A3 + λ2A2 +

λA1 + A0, Ai ∈ R10×10, comes from the five point relative pose problem in computer


vision [Kukelova et al. 2008], [Kukelova et al. 2011]. In this problem the images offive unknown scene points taken with a camera with a known focal length from twodistinct unknown viewpoints are given and it is required to determine the possiblesolutions for the relative configuration of the points and cameras. The matrix A3 hasone nonzero column, A2 has 3 nonzero columns and rank 3, A1 has 6 nonzero columnsand rank 6, while A0 is of full rank. The solutions to the problem are obtained fromthe last three components of the finite eigenvectors of P .relative pose 6pt {pep,qep,real}. The quadratic matrix polynomial P (λ) = λ2A2 +

λA1 + A0, where Ai ∈ R10×10, comes from the six point relative pose problem in com-puter vision [Kukelova et al. 2008], [Kukelova et al. 2011]. In this problem the imagesof six unknown scene points taken with a camera of unknown focal length from twodistinct unknown camera viewpoints are given and it is required to determine the pos-sible solutions for the relative configuration of the points and cameras. The solutionsto the problem are obtained from the last three components of the finite eigenvectorsof P .schrodinger {pep,qep,real,symmetric,sparse}. The spectrum of this matrix polyno-mial is the second order spectrum, relative to a subspace L ⊂ H2(R), of the Schrodingeroperator Hf(x) = f ′′(x) + (cos(x) − e−x

2

)f(x) acting on L2(R) [Boulton and Levitin2007]. The subspace L has been generated using fourth order Hermite elements on auniform mesh on the interval [−49, 49], subject to clamped boundary conditions. Thecorresponding quadratic matrix polynomial is given by K − 2λC + λ2B where

Kjk = 〈Hbj , Hbk〉, Cjk = 〈Hbj , bk〉 and Bjk = 〈bj , bk〉.Here {bk} is a basis of L. The matrices are of size 1998.

The essential spectrum of H consists of a set of bands separated by gaps. The endpoints of these bands are the Mathieu characteristic values. The presence of the short-range potential gives rise to isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicity. The portion ofthe second order spectrum that lies in the box [−1/2, 2]× [−10−1, 10−1] is very close tothe spectrum of H.shaft {pep,qep,real,symmetric,sparse}. The quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) =λ2M + λC + K, with M,C,K ∈ R400×400, comes from a finite element model of a shafton bearing supports with a damper [Kowalski 2000, Ex. 5.6]. The matrix M has rank199 and so contributes a large number of infinite eigenvalues. C has a single nonzeroelement, in the (20, 20) position. The coefficients M , C, and K are very sparse.sign1 {pep,qep,hermitian,parameter-dependent,scalable}. The spectrum of thisquadratic matrix polynomial is the second order spectrum of the linear operatorMf(x) = sign(x)f(x) + af(0) acting on L2(−π, π) with respect to the Fourier basisBn = {e−inx, . . . , 1, . . . , einx}, where f(0) = (1/2π)

∫ π−π f(x) dx [Boulton 2007]. The cor-

responding QEP is given by Kn − 2λCn + λ2In where

Kn = ΠnM2Πn, Cn = ΠnMΠn

and In is the identity matrix of size 2n + 1. Here Πn is the orthogonal projector ontospan(Bn).

As n increases, the limit set of the second order spectrum is the unit circle, togetherwith two real points: λ±. The intersection of this limit set with the real line is thespectrum of M . The points λ± comprise the discrete spectrum of M .sign2 {pep,qep,hermitian,parameter-dependent,scalable}. This problem is anal-ogous to problem sign1, the only difference being that the operator is Mf(x) =

(2 sin(x) + sign(x))f(x) + af(0).


Near the real line, the second order spectrum accumulates at [−3,−1] ∪ [1, 3] ∪ {λ±}as n increases. The two accumulation points λ± ≈ {−0.7674, 3.5796} are the discretespectrum of M .

sleeper {pep,qep,real,symmetric,sparse,scalable,proportionally-damped,solution}.This QEP describes the oscillations of a rail track resting on sleepers [Lancaster andRozsa 1996]. The QEP has the form

Q(λ) = λ2I + λ(I +A2) +A2 +A+ I,

where A is the circulant matrix with first row [−2, 1, 0, . . . , 0, 1]. The eigenvalues ofA and corresponding eigenvectors are explicitly given as

µk = −4 sin2

((k − 1)π

n

), xk(j) =

1√n

exp

(−2iπ(j − 1)(k − 1)

n

), k = 1: n.

The eigenvalues of Q can be determined from the scalar equations

λ2 + λ(1 + µ2k) + (1 + µk + µ2

k) = 0.

Due to the symmetry, manifested in sin(π − θ) = sin(θ), there are several multipleeigenvalues.

speaker box {pep,qep,real,symmetric}. The quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) =

λ2M + λC + K, with M,C,K ∈ R107×107, is from a finite element model of a speakerbox that includes both structural finite elements, representing the box, and fluid ele-ments, representing the air contained in the box [Kowalski 2000, Ex. 5.5]. The matrixcoefficients are highly structured and sparse. There is a large variation in the norms:‖M‖2 = 1, ‖C‖2 = 5.7× 10−2, ‖K‖2 = 1.0× 107.

spring {pep,qep,real,symmetric,proportionally-damped,parameter-dependent,sparse,scalable}. This is a QEP Q(λ)x = (λ2M + λC + K)x = 0 arising from alinearly damped mass-spring system [Tisseur 2000]. The damping constants for thedampers and springs connecting the masses to the ground, and those for the dampersand springs connecting adjacent masses, are parameters. For the default choice of theparameters, the n× n matrices K, C, and M are

M = I, C = 10T, K = 5T, T =

3 −1

−1. . . . . .. . . . . . −1−1 3

.

spring dashpot {pep,qep,real,parameter-dependent,sparse,scalable,random}.Gotts [Gotts 2005] describes a QEP arising from a finite element model of a linearspring in parallel with Maxwell elements (a Maxwell element is a spring in series witha dashpot). The quadratic matrix polynomial is Q(λ) = λ2M +λD+K, where the massmatrix M is rank deficient and symmetric, the damping matrix D is rank deficientand block diagonal, and the stiffness matrix K is symmetric and has arrowheadstructure. This example reflects the structure only, since the matrices themselves arenot from a finite element model but randomly generated to have the desired properties


of symmetry etc. The matrices have the form

M = diag(ρM11, 0), D = diag(0, η1K11, . . . , ηmKm+1,m+1),

K =

αρK11 −ξ1K12, . . . −ξmK1,m+1

−ξ1K12 e1K22 0 0... 0

. . . 0

−ξmK1,m+1 0 0 emKm+1,m+1

,where Mij and Kij are element mass and stiffness matrices, ξi and ei measure thespring stiffnesses, and ρ is the material density.surveillance {pep,qep,real,nonsquare,nonregular}. This is a 21×16 quadratic ma-trix polynomial Q(λ) = λ2A2 + λA1 + A0 arising from calibration of a surveillancecamera using a human body as a calibration target [Micusık and Pajdla 2010]. Theeigenvalue represents the focal length of the camera. This particular data set is syn-thetic and corresponds to a 600× 400 pixel camera.time delay {nep,real}. This 3 × 3 nonlinear matrix function has the form R(λ) =

−λI3 +A0 +A1 exp(−λ) with

A0 =

[0 1 00 0 1−a3 −a2 −a1

], A1 =

[0 0 00 0 0−b3 −b2 −b1

],

and is the characteristic equation of a time-delay system with a single delay and con-stant coefficents [Jarlebring 2011], [Jarlebring and Michiels 2010], [Jarlebring andMichiels 2011]. The problem has a double non-semisimple eigenvalue λ = 3πi.wing {pep,qep,real}. This example is a 3 × 3 quadratic matrix polynomial Q(λ) =

λ2A2 + λA1 + A0 from Frazer et al. [1938, Sec. 10.11], with numerical values modifiedas in Lancaster [1966, Sec. 5.3]. The eigenproblem for Q(λ) arose from the analysis ofthe oscillations of a wing in an airstream. The matrices are

A2 =

[17.6 1.28 2.891.28 0.824 0.4132.89 0.413 0.725

], A1 =

[7.66 2.45 2.10.23 1.04 0.2230.6 0.756 0.658

],

A0 =

[121 18.9 15.90 2.7 0.145

11.9 3.64 15.5

].

wiresaw1 {pep,qep,real,t-even,gyroscopic,parameter-dependent,scalable}. Thisgyroscopic QEP arises in the vibration analysis of a wiresaw [Wei and Kao 2000]. Ittakes the form Q(λ)x = (λ2M + λC +K)x = 0, where the n× n coefficient matrices aredefined by

M = In/2, K = diag1≤j≤n

(j2π2(1− v2)/2

),

and

C = −CT = (cjk), with cjk =

4jk

j2 − k2v, if j + k is odd,

0, otherwise.

Here, v is a real nonnegative parameter corresponding to the speed of the wire. Notethat for 0 < v < 1, K is positive definite and the quadratic

G(λ) := −Q(−ıλ) = λ2M + λ(ıC)−K


is hyperbolic (but not overdamped).wiresaw2 {pep,qep,real,parameter-dependent,scalable}. When the effect of viscousdamping is added to the problem in wiresaw1, the corresponding quadratic has theform [Wei and Kao 2000]

Q(λ) = λ2M + λ(C + ηI) +K + ηC,

where M , C, and K are the same as in wiresaw1 and the damping parameter η is realand nonnegative.

4. DESIGN OF THE TOOLBOXThe problems in the NLEVP collection are accessed via a single MATLAB functionnlevp, which is modelled on the MATLAB gallery function. This function calls thosethat actually generate the problems, which reside in a private directory located withinthe nlevp directory. This approach avoids the problem of name clashes with existingMATLAB functions and also provides an elegant interface to the collection.

All problems have input parameters comprising the problem name followed by(where applicable) the dimension and other parameters, and the coefficient matricesdefining the problem (as specified in Section 2.1) are returned in a cell array. To illus-trate, the following example sets up the omnicam2 problem, finds its eigenvalues andeigenvectors with polyeig, and then prints the largest modulus of the eigenvalues:

>> coeffs = nlevp(’omnicam2’)coeffs =

[15x15 double] [15x15 double] [15x15 double]>> [X,e] = polyeig(coeffs{:}); max(abs(e))ans =3.6351e-001

The nonlinear function F (λ) in (3) can be evaluated by calling nlevp with eval as itsfirst argument. This is useful for evaluating the residual of an approximate eigenpair,for example:

>> lam = e(end); x = X(:,end); Fx = nlevp(’eval’,’omnicam2’,lam)*x; norm(Fx)ans =5.8137e-032

The second output argument from nlevp is a function handle that enables the non-linear scalar functions fi(λ) in (3) and their derivatives to be evaluated. This facili-tates the use of numerical methods that require derivatives, especially for the non-polynomial problems, for which obtaining the derivatives can be nontrivial. For exam-ple, the following code evaluates fi(0.5), i = 1: 3, and the first two derivatives (denotedfp, fpp), for the fiber problem:

>> [coeffs,fun] = nlevp(’fiber’);>> [f,fp,fpp] = fun(0.5)f =1.0000e+000 -5.0000e-001 -7.0746e-001

fp =0 -1.0000e+000 -7.0725e-001

fpp =0 0 7.0696e-001

Problems and their properties are stored in a simple database made from cell ar-rays. The database is accessed with the nlevp_query function in the private directory,


which is invoked using the query argument to nlevp. For example, the properties forthe butterfly problem are returned in a cell array by the following call (whose syn-tax illustrates the command/function duality of MATLAB [Higham and Higham 2005,Sec. 7.5]):

>> nlevp query butterflyans =

’pep’’real’’parameter-dependent’’T-even’’scalable’

A more sophisticated example finds the names of all PEPs of degree 3 or higher:

>> pep = nlevp(’query’,’pep’); qep = nlevp(’query’,’qep’);>> pep_cubic_plus = setdiff(pep,qep)pep_cubic_plus =

’butterfly’’mirror’’orr_sommerfeld’’planar_waveguide’’plasma_drift’’relative_pose_5pt’

The cell array pep_cubic_plus can then easily be used to extract these problems. Forexample, the first problem in pep_cubic_plus can be solved using

coeffs = nlevp(pep_cubic_plus{1}); [X,e] = polyeig(coeffs{:});

Table V and VI were generated automatically in MATLAB using appropriatenlevp(’query’,...) calls.

The toolbox function nlevp_example provides a test that the toolbox is correctly in-stalled. It solves all the PEPs in the collection of dimension less than 500 using MAT-LAB’s polyeig and then plots the eigenvalues. It produces Figure 1 and output to thecommand window that begins as follows:

NLEVP contains 52 problems in total,of which 47 are polynomial eigenvalue problems (PEPs).Run POLYEIG on the PEP problems of dimension at most 500:

Problem Dim Max and min magnitude of eigenvalues------- --- ------------------------------------

acoustic_wave_1d 10 3.14e+000, 4.59e-001acoustic_wave_2d 30 2.61e+000, 6.83e-001

bicycle 2 1.41e+001, 3.23e-001bilby 5 Inf, 4.84e-016

butterfly 64 2.01e+000, 3.59e-001cd_player 60 1.87e+006, 2.23e-004

closed_loop 2 1.07e+000, 3.31e-001concrete 2472 is a PEP but is too large for this test.

...

The nlevp_example.m function can be used as a template by the user wishing to test agiven solver on subsets of the NLEVP problems.


−5 0 50

0.5acoustic_wave_1d

−5 0 50

0.51

acoustic_wave_2d

−20 −10 0−5

05

bicycle

−2000 0 2000−0.1

00.1

bilby

−2 0 2−2

02

butterfly

−2 0 2

x 106

−101

cd_player

−2 0 2−1

01

closed_loop

−20 0 20−5

05

x 106 damped_beam

−20 0 20−10

010

dirac

−50 0 50−1

01

gen_hyper2

−1 0 1−1

01

gen_tantipal2

−1 0 1−1

01

gen_tpal2

−1 0 1

x 109

−202

x 109 intersection

−4 −2 0−100

0100

hospital

−100 0 100−50

050

metal_strip

−10 0 10−20

020

mirror

−2 0 2−0.5

00.5

mobile_manipulator

−1 0 1−0.1

00.1

omnicam1

−0.5 0 0.5−1

01

omnicam2

−5 0 5−2

02

orr_sommerfeld

−100 0 100−2

02

pdde_stability

−100 0 100−500

0500

planar_waveguide

−20 0 20−0.5

00.5

plasma_drift

−200 0 200−500

0500

power_plant

0 1 2−1

01

qep1

−2 0 2−1

01

qep2

0 2 4−1

01

qep3

−2 0 2−1

01

qep5

−50 0 50−2

02

relative_pose_5pt

−1 0 1

x 107

−101 relative_pose_6pt

−0.5 0 0.5−5

05

x 106 shaft

−2 0 2−1

01

sign1

−5 0 5−2

02

sign2

−20 −10 0−1

01

sleeper

−0.5 0 0.5−2

02

x 104 speaker_box

−40 −20 0−1

01

spring

−20 −10 0−0.02

00.02

spring_dashpot

−1 0 1−10

010

wing

−1 0 1

x 10−13

−500

50wiresaw1

−0.8 −0.8 −0.8−50

050

wiresaw2

Fig. 1. Eigenvalue plots for PEP problems produced by nlevp example.m.


The toolbox function nlevp_test.m automatically tests that the problems in the col-lection have the claimed properties. It is primarily intended for use by the developersas new problems are added, but it can also be used as a test for correctness of the in-stallation. While many of the tests are straightforward, some are less so. For example,we test for hyperbolicity of a Hermitian matrix polynomial by computing the eigensys-tem and checking the types of the eigenvalues, using a characterization in [Al-Ammariand Tisseur 2011, Thm. 3.4, P1]. To test for proportional damping we use necessaryand sufficient conditions from Lancaster and Zaballa [2009, Thms. 2, 4]. We reproducepart of the output:

>> nlevp_testTesting the NLEVP collectionTesting generation of all problemsTesting T-palindromicityTesting *-palindromicity...Testing proportionally dampingTesting given solutionsNLEVP collection tests completed.*** Errors: 0

5. CONCLUSIONSThe NLEVP collection demonstrates the tremendous variety of applications of nonlin-ear eigenvalue problems and provides representative problems for testing in the formof a MATLAB toolbox. Version 1.0 of the toolbox was released in 2008 and the currentversion is 3.0. The toolbox has already proved useful in our own work and that of oth-ers [Asakura et al. 2010], [Betcke 2008], [Betcke and Kressner 2011], [Grammont et al.2011], [Guo et al. 2009b], [Hammarling et al. 2011], [Jarlebring et al. 2010], [Su andBai 2011], [Tisseur et al. 2011] and we hope it will find broad use in developing, test-ing, and comparing new algorithms. By classifying important structural properties ofnonlinear eigenvalue problems, and providing examples of these structures, this workshould also be useful in guiding theoretical developments.

AcknowledgementsWe are grateful to the following people for contributing to the collection: Maha Al-Ammari, Younes Chahlaoui, and Christopher Munro (The University of Manchester),Zhaojun Bai (University of California, Davis), Lyonell Boulton (Heriot-Watt Univer-sity), Marlis Hochbruck and Dominik Lochel (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology),Tsung-Ming Huang (National Taiwan Normal University), Xin Huang and YangfengSu (Fudan University), Zuzana Kukelova (Czech Technical University), Y. F. Li (CityUniversity of Hong Kong), Branislav Micusık (Austrian Institute of Technology), Va-leria Simoncini (University of Bologna), David Stowell (Brigham Young University-Idaho), Nils Wagner (University of Stuttgart), Beiwei Zhang (Nanjing University ofFinance and Economics).

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NLEVP: A Collection of Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems