HeHal1 H. Tao!!'!

HEOJIMTCKA KBA,[(PATYPA KPYfA

HeHal1 H. Tao!!'!

HEOJIJ1TCKA KBA PATYPA KPYfA

Squaring the Circle - Neolithic Way

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Cn060AaH r. MapKOBl1n

3a 113AaBalJa

Ml1nolby6 An6l1jalHfn,

AYlpeKTOp YI rnaBHYI ypeAHI1K

CIP - KaTallOrl13aUl1ja y ny6nl1KaUl1jl1, HapOAHa 6116JBtoTeKa Cp6l1je, SeorpaA

ISBN 978-86 -17-16535-0

© 3AB0l13A YI,IDE H I1KE, Deorpa" 2009. 0BO Aeno ce He CMe YMHO)f(aBaTI1, <pOTOKomlpaTI1 11 Ha 6Y1110 Kojn Ha'lYlH penpoAYKoBaTn,

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I1cxpaHa Kao M3BOP 3a rrpoyqaBalbe rrp0l.\eca HeOITMTM3al.\Mje 25

Ex Oriente lux? 35

Y rroTpa3M 3a rrOpeKITOM HeOITMTa OaITKaHa 39

o KITMMaTCKMM rrpoMeHaMa 49

Cum grano sallis 53

oeITo CITMKaHM yKpac Ha HeOITMTcKoj rpH'JaPMjM 71

IlpMHl.\MrrM HeOITMTCKe reoMeTpMje 105

IlepMo~M3al.\Mje CTapqeBaqKe Kymype III

Ilpe~ITor rrepMO~M3al.\Mje 127

3aKlbYQHa pa3MaTpalba 135

Summary 145

JIMTepaTypa 167

I1H~eKc rrojMoBa 187

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11 MaTpl1l\Y HacelbaBalDa paHor HeOJII1Ta, Kao 11 06jalliIDeIDe <j>eHoMeHa • •

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10

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HOBO TYMa'ielbe CHCTeMa YKpawaBalba.

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TpaHc¢ep HeonHTa Ha rrpoCTop EanKaHa.

4 KaKBI1 cy Hnp. jstor, SciDirect 1111H Blackwell

11

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12

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HOB or aM6MjeHTa M yp6aHor MMlbea, a Tpaje, ca rroBpeMeHMM rral10BMMa • •

M rroBpeMeHMM Y3JIeTMMa CBe 110 TpeHYTaKa y KO)MMa HaCTa)e OBa KIDMra.

Taj I1YX 6YHTOBHMIlITBa Hac I1MpeKTHo rroBe3yje ca I1PYIlITBMMa Koja cy Ol1aBHO HeCTaJIa ca JIMu;a 3eMlbe M rrOCTaJIa l1eo apXeOJIOIlIKOr 3arrMca.

5 113Y3eTaK je)K. HeHKeH O. Nenquin 1961) KOjl1 ce 6a BH OBI1M nepHoAoM, ami Y 0611aCTl1 3anaAHe 11 l\e~lTpa J]H e Espone.

13

IhlHl1 MI1 ce I\a ce pa3Boj CaBpeMeHOr '-IOBeKa (Homo sapiens-sapiens) Cll060l\HO MO)Ke rrOl\elll1TI1 Ha I\Be OCHOBHe eTarre 11 TO Ha BpeMe rrpe 11

rroclle rrO'-leTKa rrp0l13BOl\lhe xpaHe! OBaj I\oral)aj, 111111 cepl1ja Mel)yc06HO

YClloBlbeHI1X 11 rrOBe3aHI1X 1\0ral)aja!cIlY'-lajeBa CaCBI1M cy rrpeoKpeHyll11

CYl\611HY '-IOBe'-laHCTBa, pal\l1KallHO 113MeHI11111 Ha'-lI1H )KI1BOTa HajBener

6poja lbYI\CKI1X 3ajeI\HI1l\a, Te cy I1X rypHyll11 y OHO UITO l\aHaC CMaTpaMO •

l\I1BI1I1113al\I1JOM, rrpOMeHI1Bllll1, 1\0HeKlle, 'IaK 11 perrpOl\yKTI1BHI1

l\I1KllyC BpCTe. OBaKO 3Ha'lajHe rrpOMeHe 113T11el\a rr06yl)yjy 11 l\aHaC • •

CTpaCT ca KOJOM ce I1CTpa)KI1Ba'll1 yrrYlllTaJY Y rrpoY'laBalhe rrpella3a

ca 1I0Ba'lKo-caKyrrlba'lKe Ha rrpol13Bol)a'lKY CTpaTerl1jy y I1CXpaHI1,

lllTO rrOHeKal\ 1\0BOl\I1 1\0 OlllTpl1X rrOl\ella 11 )KeCTOKI1X Hay'lHl1x

cYK06lbaBalha. lllTaBI1111e, rOTOBO CBaKI1 I1CTpa)KI1Ba'l KOjl1 ce 6aBI1

rrp0611eMI1Ma Heolll1Tl13al\l1je CKIIOH je I\a, rrpe 111111 KaCHl1je, rrpel\1I0)K11 .» .

CBOJ "Op"rIHaIlHI MOl\ell rrO'leTaKa 3eMlbOpal\lhe 11 Cel\eHTap"3al\IJe.

01\ f. qajlll\a (Childe) 1\0 l\aHaC, Kp03 l\eo BeK I1CTpa)KI1Balha, MOl\e1l11 •• •

HeOIlI1TI13al\I1Je Ol\pa)KaBaJY He caMO pe3YIITaTe 11 1\0MeTe rrOJel\l1HI1X

I1CTpa)KI1Ba'la Ben 11 CTalhe Teop"jcKe MI1CIII1 y Hallloj HaYl\I1, Te ce TaKO • •

pel\OM CMelhYJY KOMrrapaTIBHO-ICTOP"JCKI, CTpYKTypalll1cTl1'1KI1 11

rrpOl\ecyalll1cTI1'1KI1 11 rrOCTrrpOl\ecyalll1cTI1'1KI1 rrpl1cTyrrl1: HeKI1M

MOl\elll1Ma je rrp"rr"CIBaHO rrpeBI1111e l\eTepMI1HI1CTl1'1KO Bl1l)elhe, HeKI1Ma • •

I\a cy MOHOKaY3aIlHI1, OI\HOCHO I\a rrpOI1CTl1'1Y 113 Jel\He rrpeMI1Ce, alll1 Je

'Il1lheHI1l\a I\a cy Benl1HOM ycrreBall11 I\a rrOHYl\e rro HeKY HOBY Bl13ypy.

Y CBaKOM clly'lajy 113 IhI1X ce MO)Ke 'II1TaTI1 IcTop"jaT rrpalCTop"jcKe •

apXeOIlOfI1Je.

011110 I\a ce Orrpel\elll1MO 3a Ml1rpaTopHy, aYTOXTOHI1CTI1'-1KY •

111111 HeKY MelllOBI1TY TeOpI1JY, caM rrOI\YXBaT rrpellaCKa ca 1I0Ba'-lKO-

caKyrrlba'-lKe Ha rrpol13Bol)a'-lKY I1cxpaHy, rrpel\CTaBlba orpOMaH KopaK y

6 YHTajytil1 AOMany apXeOJlOwKY nI1TepaTYPY tlaK caM CKlIOH Aa TBPAHM Aa je 611110 I1 ayntCTl1 l lKHX 11 EaJIKaHO-l\eHTpl1l.J.HI1X.

15

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

ocaMOCTalbMBalDY qOBeKa w\ rrpMpOl\e. OBaj HeM3MepHO 3HaqajaH rroMaK'

he Y BPJIO Carnel\MBoj 6YI\yhHOCTM KOHaqHO oMoryhMTM 3ajel\HMu;aMa I\a

M3a6epy MeCTO 3a )!(MBOT, TpajHo ra HaCeJIe M y TOM rrpou;ecy M3 KopeHa •

rrpOMeHe HaBMKe, I\pYIlITBeHY opraHM3aU;M)y, OI\HOC rrpeMa OKOJIMHM

(eKOCMCTeMY), OI\HOCe Mel')y 3ajel\HMu;aMa M CTBope caCBMM HOB aM6MjeHT.

Lla je CBeCT 0 3Haqajy OBe TpaH3MU;Mje 6MJIa rrpMcyTHa M KOI\ caMMX aKTepa

6Mhe rrOKa3aHO Kal\a 6Yl\e peQM 0 rrMTalDY opHaMeHTaJIHOr CMCTeMa paHor

HeOJIMTa BaJIKaHCKO-aHaI\OJICKOr rrpOCTopa.

OCMM orrIlITMM rrMTaIDMMa 0 rrOpeKJIY, HaCTaHKY M pa3Bojy

HeOJIMTa, apXeOJIOrMja HeOJIMTa Cp6Mje orrTepeheHa je M 1\0l\aTHMM •

HeI\OYMMu;aMa Be3aHMM 3a rrOpeKJIO HeOJIMTCKMX 3a)eI\HMu;a Ha OBOM TJIy.

CprrCKM HeOJIMTI1Qapl1 I1Majy rrpel\ C060M jel\aH 3HaQajaH rrp06JIeM KOjl1 •

)e rrOCJIel\l1u;a 113Y3eTHOCTl1 MOl\eJIa HacelbaBalDa y paHOM 11 Cpel\IDeM

HeOJII1TY KOjl1 je crreU;l1<!ll1KYM 6aIlI u;eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa. Pal\M ce 0

yrral\lbl1BOM OI\CYCTBY BI1IlIeCJIojHI1X Hacelba Tl1rra TeJI (tell) 11 6pojQaHoj • •• • • •

1\0MI1HaU;I1)11 )eI\HOCJIO)HI1X 11 KpaTKOTpa)HI1X HaJIa3l1IlITa 3a KO)e )e BeOMa • • •

TeIlIKO YTBpl\l1TI1 TaQHY rr0311U;I1)y y reHepaJIHO) XPOHOJIOIlIKO) CXeMI1,

QI1Me ce ry611 MoryhHocT Carnel\aBalDa in situ rrpou;eca TpaH311U;l1je 11/I1JII1

TpaHc¢OpMaU;l1je.

KaKo 6l1x Ha IlITO 60lbl1 HaQI1H QI1TaJIaQKoj rry6JII1U;11 rrp116JII1)!(110

3HaQaj rrl1TalDa HeOJII1TM3aU;Mje 11 cKpeHyo rra)!(IDY Ha 6pojHe oTBopeHe

rrp06JIeMe, I\ahy Ha OBOM MecTY KpaTaK rrpernel\ OHora IlITO je TOKOM XX BeKa o6eJIe)!(I1JIo 6aBlbeIDe HeOJIMTI13aU;l1joM M ¢eHOMeHI1Ma HeOJII1Ta y

EBporrM. OBaj 11360p He rrpel\CTaBlba HMKaKaB KOHaQaH rrpl1Ka3 6pOjHMX

MOl\eJIa HeOJIMTI13aU;l1je, Beh cy6jeKTl1BHM 11360p, KOjM CBaKaKO Ol\pa)!(aBa

11 Moje a¢I1HMTeTe y OBOj 06JIaCTl1 apxeOJIorl1je.

Jel\aH 01\ rrpBI1X rroHyl')eHI1X MOl\eJIa HeOJII1TI13aU;l1je je MOl\eJI Oa3a

(Oasis) I1JII1 PajcKI1 BpT (Garden of Eden). lhera je y CBOjl1M 6pOjHl1M

TeKCTOBI1Ma 11 KIDMraMa rrporrampao r. '-!ajJII\ (Hrrp. Childe 1929, I1nl1

1958), a 3aCHl1BaO ce Ha rrpeTrrOCTaBU;11 I\a cy KpajeM JIel\eHOr 1\06a, y

BpeMe Kal\a je I\OJIa3l1JIO 1\0 parrl1l\HOr I1cYIlII1BalDa y 06nacTM JIeBaHTa,

IbYI\I1, 6l1lbKe 11 )!(MBOTI1IDe rrpOHaIlInl1 I1l\eaJIHI1 Xa6l1TaT y OKOJII1HI1

CJIaTKOBOI\HI1X 113Bopa/oa3a. '-!ajJII\ je y CBOjl1M pal\OBI1Ma 113HOCl10

YBepelDe I\a cy KOpeHI1 eBporrcKe U;I1Bl1nI13aU;l1je y 6JIl1CK0l1CTOQHl1M

U;I1BI1JII13aU;l1jaMa MecorroTaMl1je 11 Erl1rrTa. CMaTpao je I\a cy yTI1u;ajl1

113 OBe 06JIaCTl1 rrpeHOIlIeHI1 y 06JIaCT jyrOI1CTOQHe 11 u;eHTpaJIHe EBpone

1\0JIl1HOM LlYHaBa, a He nYTeM Mel\l1TepaHCKI1X OCTpBa.

MOl\eJI KOjl1 je Cpel\l1HOM XX BeKa npel\JIo)!(l1o P. Bpejl\BYI\

(Braidwood 1963), ayTOp I1CKOnaBalDa Ha l)apMy (Jarmo) npel\Bl1l\eO

7 ... KOjl1 ce Ha ElIl1CKOM I1CTOKY AoroA110 HeWTO paHl1je, a Ha EallKaHY ca nojaBoM BI1H1.J.aHCKe KyllType KpajeM VI i\II1J1eHl1jYMa CTape epe.

16

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

je HajpaHMje eKCrrepMMeHTe ca KYJITMBal\MjoM )!(MTapMl\a y 6Pl\OBMTMM 30HaMa. llierOB MOl\eJI Ha3BaH Xunome3a 30He je3zpa (Nuclear Zone Hypothesis) rrpeTrrocTaBlba rrocTojalDe KYJITypHor rrpara, KOjM ce caCTojM 01\ TeXHOJIOIIIKMX 3HalDa ()!(pBlDeBM), rr03HaBalDa rrpMpOI\He Cpel\MHe M

rrOCTerreHe Cel\eHTapM3al\Mje. E. EocepyrrB (Boser up 1965) je 6MJIa rrpBa Koja

je rrpMMeTMJIa I\a 6M HarrrM rrpMpOI\HM rrpMpaIIITaj Morao I\a rrpel\CTaBlba He3aBMCHM areHC y rrpoMeHM cy63MCTeHl\Mje (CTpaTerMja 06e36eljMBalDa

Cpel\CTaBa 3a )!(MBOT), Koja je I\MpeKTHo YTMl\aJIa Ha rrpoMeHe y HaBMKaMa

M rroqeTaK 3eMlbOpal\lDe KaKO 6M ce HaXpaHMJIa 6pojHa rrral\Ha YCTa.

J13BaH lDeHor rrOlba MHTepecoBalDa OCTaJIO je nMTalDe UlTa je Y3poKOBaJIO

TaKaB rrorrYJIal\110HI1 6YM. KOMrrJIeKCHl1jl1 MOl\eJII1, Kao IIITO cy TO PeBollyu,uja UlUpOKOZ

cneKmpa (The Broad Spectrum Revolution) 11 Xunome3a MapzuHallHe 30He (Marginal Zone Hypothesis) lI. EI1HqlOpl\a 11 K. <DJIeHepl1ja npemOCTaBlbajy

BI1IIIe Y3poKa 3a Cel\eHTapl13al\l1jy 11 HeOJIMTI13al\l1jy. EYl\ytll1 I\a cy y CBOjl1M pal\OBMMa (KaKo Binford 1968, TaKO 11 Flannery 1969) Y3eJIM Kao

• • •

BepOI\OCTOJHY npeTilOCTaBKY I\a cy JIOBl\M-caKynlbaqM HaJBepoBaTHMJe

1\06po npMJIaroljeHM npMpOI\Hoj CpeI\MHM, OBM ayTopM cy nOKYIIIaJIM I\a YTBpl\e Y3poKe KOjl1 cy Me30JIMTCKe (enMnaJIeOJIMTcKe) JIOBl\e-caKynlbaqe

HaTepaJIM Ha rrpOM3BOl\lDY xpaHe. MOl\eJI PeBollyu,uje UlUpOKOZ cneKmpa rrpel\CTaBlba rroKYIIIaj 06jallilDelDa HaqMHa al\arrTal\Mje lbYI\CKMX 3ajel\HMl\a

Ha Kpaj JIel\eHMX 1\06a. CMaTpa ce I\a ce OHa OI\MrpaJIa y MMJIeHMjYMMMa rrocrre l3000. rOI\MHe CTape epe y 06JIaCTMMa EJIMCKOr MCTOKa M HelliTO

KacHMje Ha EBporrCKOM KOHTMHeHTy. 3a pa3JIMKy 01\ al\arrTal\Mje Ha TelliKe

YCJIOBe JIel\eHor 1\06a Kal\a je Ha pacrrOJIaralDY 6MJIO peJIaTMBHO MaJIO

pecypca 3a al\eKBaTHY McxpaHY HaCTyrrajyhe 1\06a HYI\MJIO je 06Mlbe C

KOjMM ce 3ajel\HI1l\e JIOBal\a-caKyrrlbaqa rro rrpBI1 rryT cpehy: y TorrJIMM BOl\aMa, Y3 06aJIe, 6yjao je )!(MBOT, a KOJIMqMHOM 11 pa3HOJIMKOllihy )!(MBor

CBeTa I\paCTMqHO je YBehaH M 6poj jecTMBMX )!(MBOTMlDCKMX M 6MlbHl1X

BpCTa Koje cy cTajaJIe Ha pacrrOJIaralDY. PeqHM TOKOBM 6MJIM cy ycrropeHM

lDl1XOBMM pa3JIMBalDeM y MHoro IIIMpa KopMTa, TaKO I\a cy 6pojHe BpCTe

pM6a 6MJIe y rrpl1JIMl\11 I\a y CBOM ce30HCKOM rrOXOI\Y CaBJIal\ajy MaTI1l\e

M nojaBe ce y 06JIaCTMMa y Kojl1Ma MX paHl1je Hl1je 611JIo! EoraTCTBO

)!(I1Bor CBeTa yrroTrrYlDaBajy M 6pojHe BpCTe rrTMl\a Koje cBoja HOB a CTaHMIIITa HaJIa3e y MOqBapHMM 06JIaCTMMa HaCTaJII1M TOKOM rrpOl\eca

TorrlbelDa JIel\HMqKMX MaCMBa. OI\JIyqyjyha rrpOMeHa, l\aKJIe, HaCTaJIa je

rro 3aBpIIIeTKY JIel\eHMX 1\06a M orrrel\aJIa ce y rrpOMeHM <j>OKyca y 0l\a6Mpy

rrJIeHa. BeJII1KMx Cl1capa je 6l1BaJIO CBe MalDe TaKO I\a cy JIOBl\M rrOCTerreHO

8 H H a 4 e n o 3 aHHM a tby nOJbonp"1Bpe~VIt1 eKOHOMI1CT

9 Moryne je Aa je ynpaso OBO 11 BpeMe KaAa ce no npBl1 nyT nojaBlhyjy pl16e 11 3 nopOAl1ue acipenseridae Ta KO Ay6oKO Y YHYTpaWlhOCTI1 6 aJIKaHCKor n onYOCTpBa.

17

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

rrpena3MnM Ha nOB Ha Malbe )!(MBOTMlbe, KOjMX je, 360r rrOBOJbHMX ycnoBa

M perrpOIlYKTMBHMX l\MKnyca, 6MBano CBe BMIIIe.

ITo EMH<j>oPIlY ce rrorrynal\Mja Koja ce ycrreIIIHo 6aBMna

eKcrrnOaTal\MjoM rrOMopCKMX pecypca "rrpenMna" y 3ane~e rile je 6Mna

rrpMHy~eHa lIa ce ocnOHM Ha nOKanHe KynTMreHe M Ha lbMMa 6a3Mpa

CBOjy CTpaTemjy cy63MCTeHl\Mje. AllarrTal\Mja nOBal\a-caKyrrJba'Ia, rro

OBMM aYTopMMa, HajBepoBaTHMje ne ce 1I0rOllMTM YKonMKO 1I0~e 110

CMalbelba y KOnM'IMHM 1I0CTyrrHe xpaHe. OHM O'IeKyjy lIa cy l\eHTpM

rrorrynal\MoHor 6yMa y xpaHoM 60raTMM 06nacTMMa, a lIa ce rrpenMBalbe

CTaHOBHMIIITBa HapO'IMTO ocena y MaprMHanHMM 06nacTMMa, Koja, rrOTOM,

y l\MJbY 3allOBOJbaBalba HapacnMx rroTpe6a y xpaHM, eKcrrepMMeHTMIIIY ca • •

KynTI1Bal\M)OM 11 ycrreBaJY lIa ce rrpl1narOlle HOBI1M ycnOBI1Ma.

BpeMeHoM cy ce I1CKpl1CTanl1Canl1 rrapaMeTpl1 Koje 611 Tpe6ano

Y3l1MaTl1 y 063MP rrpl1nl1KOM pacrrpaBa 0 HeOnl1Tl13al\l1jl1 11 YTBp~MBaIhY

lheHOr rropeKna. 0 TOMe rOBope [pl1r (Grigg 1982) M EapKep M [eM6n (Barker

and Gamble 1985) 11 yKa3yjy Ha HeorrXOIlHOCT pa3MaTpalha Cnellenl1X

eneMeHaTa: eKoc<j>epa, TexHonorMja, rrpMTMcaK rrorrynal\Mje M COl\MjanHa

KOMrrneKCHOCT. KoeH (Cohen 1989) je rrpMKa3ao rraneorraTonOIIIKe 1I0Ka3e

KOjM rroTBp~yjy lberoBY Te3Y lIa je pa3Boj 3eMJbOpaillhe 6MO 3arrpaBo

MHTeH3MBMpalhe cy63MCTeHl\Mje, IIITO je 1I0IIInO Kao peaKl\Mja Ha KPM3Y y

McxpaHM KOjy je rrpoY3poKoBao rrorrynal\MOHM 6yM.

I1HTepecaHTHM cy, anM M Malhe rr03HaTM MOllenM HeBe3aHM 3a

McxpaHY (non-nutritional), Koje rrpellna)!(y HeKM aYTopM, KOjM rroKYIIIaBajy

lIa Y3POK 3a HeonMTM3al\Mjy rrpoHa~y y BMIIIe-Malhe er30TM'IHMM

JbYIICKMM rroTpe6aMa. HaBeIIIny HeKe Oil lbMX, He caMO KypM03MTeTa

pallM, Ben M KaKO 6MCMO CTeKnM yBMIl y IIIMPMHY MorynMx rrpMCTyrra.

BOllnM M MapTMH (Wadley, Martirr 1993) cy CBeCHM 'IMlbeHMl\e lIa je

3eMJbOpaillba rrpMxBaneHa Kao 1I0MMHaHTHM MOllen cy63MCTeHl\Mje

yrrpKoc HeKMM 3Ha'IajHMM OrpaHM'IelhMMa (Flannery 1973; Henry 1989)

Koja neMo rrpolIMCKYTOBaTI1 Kalla 6Ylle pe'I 0 rrpena3y ca Me30nMTcKor

Ha HeonMTCKM Ha'IMH McxpaHe. YKpaTKO, BOllnM M MapTMH rrpey3MMajy

pe3ymaTe rpyrre cTpY'IlhaKa (Zioudrou et al. 1979; Brant! et al. 1979), KOjM • •

cy y )!(MTapMl\aMa, KyKypy3y M ) e'I MY, OTKpMnM rrOCTO)albe rrCMxoreHe

cyrrCTaHl\e ef30prrMH (exorpin) Koja M3a3MBa rroja'IaH ocenaj 3aIlOBOJbCTBa.

ITo OBI1M aYTOpMMa orrojHo lIejCTBO er30prrMHa rrpl1ByKno je JbYlle lIa ce • •

Hacene OKO HI1IIIa y KO)I1Ma cy pacne III1BJbe )!(I1Tapl1l\e 11 TaKO HarrYCTe CBO)

HOMallcKM Ha'II1H )!(I1BOTa. )J;ollaTHM KBanl1TeT ce rrpOHana311 y HaBollHo • •• •

M3pa)!(eHO) TOnepaHl\I1)11 KO)y 1I0HOCl1 KOH3YMal\l1)a OBe cyrrCTaHl\e

(HacrrpaM rrpMpOIlHe arpeCI1BHOCTI1), a Koja je 6l1na HeorrxollHa 3a rrO'IeTaK

)!(I1BOTa y Benl1M 3ajeIlHMl\aMa. Y OBOM MOlleny Hl1je jacHo 360r 'Iera 611

18

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

ce rrOIlHOCMne BenMKe )!(pTBe M "Ie Kana HeCMrypHa neTMHa 3apall ManMX

KOnM'lMHa enoprrMHa y BenMKMM KOnM'lMHaMa )!(MTapMI.ja Kalla cy y MCTO • •

BpeMe 1I0CTyrrHe pa3He IIpyre orrOMIlHe cyrrCTaHl\e Kao IIITO Je MHIIMJCKa

KOHOmDa (Cannabis sativa), 3a KOjy rrocToje rrOllal\M lIa je KopMIIIheHa Kao

orrMjaT Oil HeonMTa (Hui-Lin Li 1974). JOIII jellaH enOTM'lHM MOllen je oHaj

rrpellnO)!(eH jOIII 1953. rOIlMHe (Braidwood et al. 1953) M peaqmpMMcaH 1986

(Katz, Voigt 1986) KOjM Tpa)!(M Y3POK HeonMTM3al\Mje, M3Mel)y oCTanor, y

OTKpMhy anKoxonHMX rrMha, a rrpe CBera rrMBa. OBaKBe rrpMMepe HaBOIIMM

ca orraCKOM lIa jellHM IIpyre He MCKlby'lyjy Beh, HarrpOTMB, rroKa3yjy Ha •

rrpBM rrornell cKpMBeHe rrpellHocTM eKcrrnOaTal\MJe )!(MTapMl\a, a TMMe M

cellena'lKOr Ha'lMHa )!(MBOTa.

3Ha'lajHo MeCTO y pacnpaBaMa 0 nO'leQI1Ma HeOnJolTa I1Ma pall BaH

AHllena 11 PaHenca (Runnels and van Andel 1988: 83-109), KOjM pa3MeHY

11 CI1CTeMe pa3MeHe YCTaHoBlbeHe TOKOM enl1naneOnl1Ta Ha BenMKOM

npoCTopy Oil AHallonMje 11 nnaHI1Ha 3arpoc 110 ErMnTa nocMaTpajy Kao

113BOP M ycnoB IIIl1pelha HeOnl1Ta. IlpeMa OBI1M ayTopMMa TproBMHa 11 •

pacnoJaBalhe IIpYIIITBa 1I0rOllMnM cy ce BMIIIe MnM Malhe cMMynTaHo y

pa3nM'lMTl1M lIenOBMMa MCTO'lHOr Melll1TepaHa npe nojaBe eKoHoMMja

3aCHOBaHMX Ha ceocKoj 3eMlbopalllhM. OBa ¢opMynal\Mja CMeIIITa

TproBMHy Ha 'leno nMCTe ¢aKTopa KOjM cy nocneIIIMBanM npMxBaTalhe M • • • ••

pacepBalhe 3eMlbopaillhe M y On03Ml\MJM Je ca CTaHOBMIIITMMa lIa Je pa3BoJ

KOMnneKCHMX IIpYIIITaBa nOCnellMl\a cny'lajHor oTKpMha MnM eBonYl\Mje

3eMlbopalllhe. OBM ayTopM cy rrp06neM rrOCTaBMnM 06pHYTO. TproBMHa

Mel)y MCTO'lHO-MeIlMTepaHcKMM IIPYIIITBMMa 06e36ellMna je rrpeTrrocTaBKe

3a eKcrrepMMeHTMcalhe ca 1I0MeCTMKaTMMa KaKO 6M ce 06e36ellMo • ••

BMIIIaK BpellHOCTM 3a TproBMHy MnM lIa ce M311p)!(aBaJY 3aHaTnMJe KOJe

cy rrocBeheHe rrpoM3BolllhM 1I06apa HaMelheHMX TproBMHM. EpojHe cy

KpMTMKe Koje cy CTMrne ayTopMMa OBor MOllena. IO Y OBOM IIYxy rrMIIIe M

XajlleH (Hayden 1990), KOjM cMaTpa lIa cy paHM 1I0MeCTMKaTM M 06jeKTM

pa3MeHe MManM BMIIIe ynory rrpeCTM)!(He Hero yrroTpe6He p06e. OH je

lIalbe rrpellnO)!(MO MoryhHOCT lIa je 3eMlbopaillha rrO'lena rrOIIITO cy y Beh

pacnojeHoM IIPYIIITBY MohHMl\11 KopMCTMnM cBoje rrpOM3BOile 3a jaBHe

r036e 11 rrOKa3l1Balhe 6narOCTalha.

CBe)!( npl1CTyrr rrl1Talhl1Ma HeOnl1Tl13aQl1je 1I0Heo je )K. KOBeH y

CBOjOj Klh11311 The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (Cauvin

2000). OBa Cl1HTe3a pa3MaTpa npoQec KOjl1 je nO'leo rrpe OKO 14000 rOIlI1Ha.

3a pa3nl1KY Oil eKOnOIIIKI1X, allarrTaQMOHI1CTM'lKMX 11 MaTepl1janl1CTl1'lKI1X

MHTepnpeTaQMja OH lIe¢I1HI1IIIe HeOnl1TcKY peBonYQl1jy Kao "peBonYQl1jy

y cMM60nMMa" Koja nOllpa3YMeBa peCTpyKTypMpalhe I1l1eja, penMrMje M

10 norne,u;anl Dickson 1989 J.1 nOneMItIKY y Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2/ 1112/2

19

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

c11M60JIa. 3a'leTI1 y CelleJIa'lKI1M 3ajellHI1I.jaMa Ha EJII1CKOM I1CTOKY OHI1 ce,

no OBOM aYTopy npe OKO 9000 rolll1Ha, y Beh pa3BI1jeHoM 06JII1Ky 6p30 11

CHa)!(HO llIl1pe Kp03 EaJIKaH 11 lIalhe y EBpOlly. KOBeHY ce 3aMepa Ha'll1H Ha • • •

KOJI1 1l0cMaTpa Me30JII1TCKe nonYJIaU;I1Je, KOJe cy npl1Ka3aHe Kao naCI1BHI1 •

nOCMaTpa'l11 npou;eca HeOJII1TI13aU;I1Je.

-

- .

- -- -- -

.... .... .:: ~ --~-- - ---- ---

- -- - --

-_ .. -- --- - -----=. - =-.--.:-- - ---. ---. - - --- - - - -. .. -. . - ~ -- _ --. - --- - -- -- - .... --- - - - ---.:c- ::,.-...... ... - --- .. - . -~ - --------: -- - --- ~- --.. : =---. -- -.

~ .. -.-:- -::-~- .. --....... --, ....... - •

•

'"-:7--::-• • • • •

• - -~ Cnl1Ka 1 - IIhtpeli>e Heomna 113 30He npJ.1MapHe HeOlIJ.1T143al.l}1je (npeMa Zvelebil et al. 1991)

Y HOBl1je BpeMe 1I0llaTHY nOMeTIny, aJII1 11 CaCBI1M HOB CeT 1I0Ka3a

nOHYlll1JIa je reHeTI1Ka. Ca nl10HI1pCKI1M pallOM AMepMaH 11 KaBaJII1-

C<jJopu;a (Ammerman, Cavalli-Sforza 1984) nO'leJIO je fueHO YBol)efue y

apxeoJIorl1jy, aJII1 11 lIe6aTa 0 1I0MeTI1Ma OBe III1CU;l1nJII1He Koja nocTaje

He3a0611JIa3Ha y pacnpaBaMa 0 nOpeKJIY 11 Ha'll1HY Ull1pefua HeOJII1Ta

(O'Connell 1999). OBa III1CU;l1nJII1Ha ce CBe 'IeUlhe Ha311Ba 11 apxeOreHeTI1Ka.

LlOMeCTI1KaU;l1ja, Kao npou;ec y KOMe ce nOBehaBa Mel)Y3aBI1CHOCT

lhYIICKI1X 11 611lhHI1X 11 )!(I1BOTl1fuCKI1X 3ajellHI1u;a je Beh lIy)!(e BpeMe jellaH

Oil I1HTepeca reHeTl1'1KI1X I1CTpa)!(I1Bafua. EKcnepTI1 Tpa)!(e MapKepe •

1I0MeCTI1KaU;I1Je y reHOMI1Ma 1I0MeCTI1KOBaHI1X BpCTa, 113 npOUlJIOCTI1 11

113 caBpeMeHI1X Y30paKa. ilOBpaTHa I1H<jJopMaU;l1ja apxeOJIora cacTojl1

ce y TOMe lIa OTKpl1jy KOHTeKCTe KOjl1 611 eBI111eHTl1paJII1 lhYIICKO

rrOHaUlafue Be3aHO 3a rrpou;ec 1I0MecTI1KaU;l1je. Y oBaj rrpou;ec yKlhy'lyjy

ce 11 apXe0300JI0311 KOjl1 npaTe MOp<jJOJIOUlKe rrpOMeHe Ha )!(I1BOTl1fuCKI1M

KOCTI1Ma TOKOM rrpou;eca 1I0MeCTI1KaU;l1je (Zeder et al. 2006).

20

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

OBaKaB rrpl1cTyrr 11 rrpoy'laBaIne MI1TOXOHI\Pl1jCKI1X CeKBeHl\11 Ha

Y30pl\I1Ma 1\0cTyrrHI1M 113 apXeOJIOIllKI1X 11 CaBpeMeHI1X KOHTeKCTa Ben

1\0HOCI1 orr 11 rrlbl1 Be pe3YJITaTe (Renfrew 2001) KOjl1 yKa3yjy Ha 3ajel\HI1'1KO

rrOpeKJIO HOCI1JIal\a TaJIaCa HeOJII1TI13al\l1je Ha EBporrcKoM KOHTI1HeHTY

ca rrorrYJIal\l1jaMa 113 06JIaCTI1 JIeBaHTa 11 AHal\OJIl1je (Cavalli-Sforza,

Ammerman 1984). AHaJII13e cy BpllleHe 11 Ha Y30pl\I1Ma )!(I1BOTI1IDCKI1X

KOCTl1jy (B. Ha rrpl1Mep Edwards et al. 2004: 707) ca l\l1lbeM I\a ce YTBpl\11

rrOpeKJIO 1\0MeCTI1KaTa, a pe3YJITaTI1 rrOHOBO yrrynyjy Ha 6JII1CKOCT L(HK

CeKBeHl\11 ca caBpeMeHI1M 6JII1CK0I1CTO'lHI1M, eBpOrrCKI1M 11 a</Jpl1'1KI1M

rOBe'leTOM (Bos taurus). MOl\eJIY Hanpeo08aIVe y mallaCUMa (Wave of advance) AMepMaHa 11 KaBaJII1-C</J0pl\e Haj'lelline ce 3aMepa Ha

peKoHcTpYKl\l1jl1 6p311He llIl1pelDa HeOJII1Ta Kp03 EBporry, Ha rrorpelliHO

rrOCTaBlbeHI1M rrpeMI1CaMa 0 MaTpl1l\11 HacelbaBalDa y Me30JII1TY 11

HeOJII1TY 11 Ha IDI1XOBOj I1HTeprrpeTal\l1jl1 reHeTCKI1X MaTpl1l\a. OBaj MOl\eJI

I\OKa3yje rrOpeKJIO lbYI\CKI1X 11 )!(I1BOTI1IDCKI1X 3ajel\HI1l\a EBporre 11 yKa3yje

Ha JIeBaHT Kao Cl1rypHO 113BOpl1ll1Te l\eJIa eBporrCKe rrorryJIal\l1je. TOKOM •

rOl\I1Ha OBa) MOl\eJI ce 1\0rrYIDaBa HOBI1M Ca3HaIDI1Ma 11 TeXHOJIOlllKI1M

1\0CTI1rHynl1Ma (KOMrrjYTepCKe CI1MYJIal\l1je, Hrrp. Edmonds et al. 2004)

TaKO I\a ne y cKopl1je BpeMe 611TI1 Moryne l\e</JI1HI1TI1BHO 3aKlbY'll1TI1 •

I\I1CKyCI1)y 0 rrOpeKJIY eBporrcKor HeOJII1Ta.

[eHepaJIHO Y3eBllII1 MOl\eJII1 HeOJII1TI13al\l1je ce Mory CBPCTaTI1 y •

I\Be )aCHO Orrpel\elbeHe rpyrre HaY'lHI1Ka: aYToxToHl1cTe 11 rrpl1CTaJII1l\e

Ml1rpal\110HI1X Teopl1ja 01\ KOjl1X CBaKa I1Ma 6pojHe Hl1jaHce y rrpl1CTyrry,

06jalliIDeIDI1Ma 11 apryMeHTI1Ma. Y caBpeMeHoj cBeTcKoj JII1TepaTypl1 je

caMO TOKOM OCaMl\eCeTI1X 11 l\eBel\eCeTI1X rOl\I1Ha 06jaBlbeHo Bl1ll1e 01\

Tpl11\eCeT TaKBI1X MOl\eJIa. Mo)!(e ce rrpl1MeTI1TI1 I\a je aYTOXTOHI1CTl1'1KI1X

rrpl1CTyrra CBe MalDe (Hrrp. CpejoBl1n 1998; 2001), llITO He 3Ha'll1 I\a ce

yTI1l\aj oBor Ha'll1Ha Ml1ll1lbelDa 11 I\albe He ocena BpJIO CHa)!(HO y cprrcKoj

apxeOJIorl1jl1 (Hrrp. Bogdanovic 2004).

Y rrOCJIel\IDe BpeMe 06jaBlbeHe cy cTYl\l1je Koje rrocBenyjy Bl1ll1e

rra)!(lDe JIOKanHOM rrpl1xBaTalDY HeOJII1TCKI1X Tpal\l1l\l1ja/rraKeTa 11 cTaBlbajy • •

HarJIaCaK Ha KOHTaKTe KO)11 cy OCTBapl1BaHI1 TOKOM I1HTepaKl\I1)e JIOKaJIHe

JIOBa'lKo-caKyrrlba'lKe rrorryJIal\l1je ca </JapMepl1Ma KOjl1 cy y Hal\l1palDY

(BI1I\I1 KOI\ Whittle 1996; Price et al. 2001; Gronenborn 1999). [eHepaJIHO

Y3eBllIl1, aYToxToHI1CTl1'1KI1 MOl\eJII1 ce 6a311pajy Ha Tpl1 rrpeTrrocTaBKe: • •

• TOKOM Me30JII1TCKOr rrepl1ol\a rrOCTO)aJIe cy Cel\eHTapHe 3a)eI\HI1l\e ca

rrorrYJIal\l1jaMa Koje cy 611JIe crrpeMHe I\a rrpl1XBaTe HeOJII1TCKI1 Ha'll1H

)KUBOTa;

• rYCTI1Ha HacelbaBalDa rr03HOMe30JII1TCKI1X

3ajel\HI1l\a 611JIa je CJIl1'1Ha y l\aTI1M 06JIaCTI1Ma; • •

paHOHeOJII1TCKI1X

• rrOCTO)aO)e KOHTI1HYI1TeT y HacelbaBalDY llII1pOM perl10Ha.

21

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

CnltlKa 2 - 06naCT nnoAHor nonYMeceu;a

.', •

OBaKBa pa3Mwllllhafba nOTKpenlheHa cy OTKpwheM caCBWM oc06eHe •

KynrypHe TpaAWl\w)e y ceBep03anaAHOM Aerry npocmpafba Kynrype

rrwHeapHe KepaMwKe (JIEK) rAe ce Ha npwMepy JIa XoreT (La Hoguette)

BWAW KaKO rrOKarrHe Me30rrWTCKe rpyne nO'lwfbY Aa ce 6aBe KyrrTWBal\wjoM

W AOMeCTWKal\wjoM lKWBOTWfba npe nojaBe JIEK Kynrype (Liinnig 1989;

Price et al. 2001). Me~YTwM, npeMAa cy OBe npeTnOCTaBKe HajBepOBaTHwje

Ta'lHe 3a 06rracTw l\eHTparrHe W ceBep03anaAHe EBpone W Aalhe oCTaje

'IWfbeHwl\a Aa HW y 06rracTw [p'lKe HW y jyrowcTo'lHoj EBponw OBO Hwje

6wo crry'laj.

MnaK, BerrWKa BehwHa caBpeMeHWX 06jalllfbefba Be3aHWX 3a nWTafba

HeorrWTW3al\wje nOAYAapHa je y oApe~wBafby perWOHa y KojeM je nO'leo

npOl\ec HeorrWTW3al\wje W Harra3W ra y 06rracTw jyr03anaAHe A3wje (B.

Hnp. Bar Yoseph 1998 wrrw J. Cauvin 2000). OCWM 06rracTw KOjy 'IeCTO y

HaYl\W Ha3WBaMO JIllOOHU nOllYMeceu, 'IWfbeHWl\e rOBope Aa ce CrrW'IaH W • •

caCBWM He3aBwcaH pa3BO) AorOAWO Ha )Olll HeKorrWKO MeCTa Ha nrraHeTW.

HajpaHwjw HeorrWT y jylKHOj A3wjw, y cKrraAY ca TpeHyTHwM CTafbeM

wCTpalKeHocTw, je y TIaKwcTaHY, Ha Harra3wlllTY Mexprapx W AaTyje ce

OKO 7000 rOAWHa cTape epe (Fuller 2006: 20). Y KWHW je TaKo~e nOCTojarro

lKapwlllTe HeorrWTW3al..\wje y AorrWHW peKe JaHrl\e. Y OBOj 06rracTw HaCTarra

je TIeHrTYlliaH Kynrypa (Pengtoushan), Koja je AaToBaHa w3Me~y 7500

22

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

•

pa3JIMKOBafuY IIBa BeJIMKa HeOJIMTCKa KOMrrJIeKca: JellHor OJIMqeHOr y KepaMMl.\M AH3a6erOBO - fypa BahyJIyj CTMJIa (BaJIKaHcKO-aHaIlOJICKM

KOMrrJIeKC) M IIpyror KOjM KapaKTepMIlIe rpy6a KepaMMKa M KOjM ce YKJIarra

y fuerOB ITollYHaBcKM KOMrrJIeKC. OBaKaB rromell lIeJIyje BeOMa 3aCHOBaHO •

Kalla cTYIIMpaMO Macy KepaMMqKOr MaTepMJaJIa HeOJIMTCKe erroxe.

A. BMTJI je y CBOjOj KfuM3M Europe in the Neolithic: the Creation of New Worlds (Whittle 1996) Kao M y qJIaHKY Fish, faces and fingers: presences and symbolic identities in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Carpathian basin (1998) rrpellcTaBMo je TpM MOlleJIa rro KojMMa ce MOlKe

pa3MaTpaTM rrp06JIeM HeOJIMTM3al.\Mje M OIlJIyqyje ce 3a XM6pMIIHM MOlleJI. OH je Kao maBHM HellOCTaTaK KOJIOHM3aTopcKMX MOlleJIa HaBeo qMfueHMl\Y

lIa je npocrop, 3a KOjH ce paHMje CMaTpaJIO lIa je HeHacelbeH y 1I06a

rrOqeTaKa HeOJIHTa jyroMCTOqHe EBpone, HrraK HacelbeH H HaBOIlM lIeceTaK

JIOKaJIMTeTa Ha KojHMa ce MOlKe npaTMTH Me30JIHTCKH pa3Boj. ITopell

ljepllancKHx HaJIa3HIlITa Ha KojHMa ce MOlKe camellaTH pe3YJITaT pa3Boja

H TpallHl\Hje Me30JIMTCKe erroxe, BHTJI HaBOIIH jOlli <DpaHKTH, rrehHHY

TeorrTepa, HeKOJIMKO rrojaBa Ha 3arrailHOM BaJIKaHY Ha3MBa the Dinaric chain from Montenegro to Slovenia, 3aTMM HaJIa3MIlITa Ha ceBepHoj cTpaHM

ITaHoHcKe HM3Mje y Jacary (Jaszag), ceBepHo Oil COJIHOKa M jyr 1I0JIMHe

Byr-,[(fuecTap MCTOqHO Oil Kaprram, IlITO qMHM IIBalleceTaK rrojaBa.11 OH je •

OlliTpO rrpoTMB l.\pTafua Kapam pacrrpocTMpafua rroJellMHMX KyJITypHMX ¢eHoMeHa Ha KojMMa ce IlIpa¢Mpa rrpa3aH rrpocTop M3Meljy HaJIa3MIlITa

M aYToMaTcKM ce cMaTpa lIeJIOM KyJIType. I1rraK M BMTJI HeXOTMl.\e yrralla

y CJIMqHY 3aMKY Kalla lIoKa3yje lIa rrpocTop jyroMCTOqHe EBporre HMje 6e3 • •

TparoBa Me30JIMTCKMX rrorrYJIal.\MJa, JellMHO IlITO, Kao 3a pa3JIMKy Oil OHMX

Koje KpMTMKyje He lIaje KapTy ca IlIpa¢MpaHMM rrpOCTopOM Me30JIMTa. 3aHMMlbMBO je BMljefue r. BejJIMja (Bailey 1995), KOjM YCTaJIaCaHM

BaJIKaHCKM rrpelleo He BMIIM Kao "aYTOCTpally" 3a IlIMpefue HeOJIMTCKMX Mlleja ca BJIMCKOr MCTOKa Beh BMIlIe Kao ,,¢MJITep" KOjM je MOIIM¢MKOBao,

cKpeTao, a He Kalla M 6JIOKMpaO rrOKpeTe lbYIlM M Mlleja.

3a CTMl.\afue YBMlla y 6p3MHy rrp0l.\eca HeOJIMTM3al.\Mje, BpellHa

rrOMeHa je H CTYIIMja J. )KMJIay (Zilhao) KOjH HaM lIaje OCHOBa 3a

pa3MaTpafue rrMTafua IlIMpefua HeOJIMTa rrOMopCKMM rrYTeM. OH oBaj

pa3Boj rrpaTM Ha rrpMMepy 3arrailHor MellMTepaHa. ITo fuerOBM MMllilbefuY,

rrOTKperrlbeHOM C14 lIaTYMMMa 6MJIO je rroTpe6Ho CBera IIBa BeKa lIa

HeOJIHTCKH HaCelbeHHl\H cTMrHY 110 3anallHHx rpaHHl\a KOHTMHeHTa.

06aK6a 6p3uHa Ulupelba, Koja ce 00200ulla 3a C6e2a Ulecm 2eHepau,uja, MOJICe ce Haj60lbe 06jacHumu y OK6Upy nOMopcK02 nuoHupcK02 KOlloHu3amopcK02 Mooella (maritime pioneer colonization model) (Zilhao 2001).

11 Koje, npw TOMe, He Mopaj y HeonxOAHO 6WTl1 XPOHOJIOWKI1 01H xpOHe - npHMeA6a H.H.T.

24

!1cxpaHa KaO J13BOP 3a rrpoyqaBalhe rrpou;eca

J1aKo je ,[(eHen (Dennel 1979) 6HO Bpno CKenTW!aH no nHTaIhY •

ca3Halha Y Be3H ca npaHCTopHJCKHM HaBHKaMa Y HcxpaHH, CKOPO ca

cHrYPHoIllhy MOlKeMO TBpl\HTH I\a je npelIa3aK Ha HeOlIHTCKH Ha'lHH

HcxpaHe H cel\ena'lKH Ha'lHH lKHBOTa 1\0HeO oceTaH nal\ Y HyTpHTHBHHM

Bpel\HOCTHMa y HcxpaHH (Hnp. Nestle 2000), Koja je rrOCTana 60raTHja

YrJbeHHM xHl\paTHMa, a cHpoMaIllHHja rrpoTeHHHMa. Me30nHTcKH

1I0Bal..\-cKY!1Jba'l KOjH he Ha Kpajy rrp0l..\eca TpaH3HI..\Hje rrOCTaTH

HeonHTCKH <papMep, HMao je rrpel\ C060M Herrpernel\HH rrpoCTop JIeBaHTa

y eKocHcTeMY 03Ha'leHOM Kao parkland rl\e My je Ha pacrronaralhY

cTajano rrpeKO CTOTHHY jecTHBHX 6HlbHHX BpCTa 60raTHX rrpOTeHHHMa,

MHHepanHMa H yrlbeHHM XHl\paTHMa. Y3 TO, 6pojHe I\HBlbe lKHBOTHIhCKe •

nOBHe BpCTe HMane cy 3Ha'lapH Yl\eo y HcxpaHH, OI\HOCHO lheHOM

rrpOTeHHCKOM I\eny. Ce30HCKO MHrpHpalhe 3a 6HlbKaMa (y rrpH06anHOM

rrojacy rrepHOI\ 1\03peBalha lKHTapHl..\a H jecTHBHX 6HlbaKa je rrap MeCel..\H

HCrrpel\ OHor y rrnaHHHCKHM 06naCTHMa) H lKHBOTHlhaMa YTHl..\alIO je Ha

pa3HOBpCHOCT HcxpaHe, anH H Ha OrpaHH'Ielhe caBpeMeHHX apxeonora • •

Y OTKpHBalhY IhHXOBHX rrpHBpeMeHHX lIoropa, KOJH ce peTKO ca'lYBaJY y

apxeonOIllKOM 3arrHcy. J13Y3eTaK y OBOM cMHcny rrpel\CTaBlba Hana3HIllTe

Oxano II (Nadel, Hershkovitz 1991). Ca Cel\eHTapH3al..\HjoM H ocnalhalheM

Ha HcxpaHY 3aCHOBaHOM Ha lKHTapHl..\aMa 1\01Ia3H 1\0 ocnalhalha Ha

xpaHy 60raTY MHHepanHMa, IllTO ce MOlKe BHl\eTH H Ha aHTporronoIllKoM

MaTepHjany (B. Ha rrpHMep Mikic 1981) KOjH rroCTaje 3HaTHO rpal..\HnHHjH,

IllTO ce H 06jaIlllhaBa CBe MalhHM Cal\plKajeM rrpoTeHHa lKHBOTHIhCKor

rropeKna y HcxpaHH.

ITpoY'laBalhe rraneo-HcxpaHe rrOCTalIO je y rrOCnel\lhHX I\Bal\eCeTaK

rOI\HHa, ca YBol)elheM TeXHHKa <plIoTaI..\Hje, pa3BHjeHHx Crrel..\HjalIHcTH'IKHX

HCTpalKHBalha MaKp06HlbHHX OCTaTaKa H reHeTH'IKHX aHalIH3a, pecypc

25

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

jel\HaKO 3HaqajaH 3a rrpoyqaBalhe IbYI\CKMX 3ajel\HMl1a Kao IIlTO je TO Y 1\06a CTMnCKO-TMrronOIIlKe apxeonorMje 6Mna rpHqapMja. EpOjHMM CTYI\MjaMa je

I\OKa3aHO I\a je, aHanM30M OCTaTaKa McxpaHe Moryne peKOHCTpYMcaTM He

caMO jenoBHMK IbYI\M Y rrpOIIlnOCTM Ben M lhMXOBe COI1MjanHe MaTpMl1e, lhMXOBe rroTpe6e, HaBMKe, KpeTalha M Y Kpajlhoj nMHMjM, KapaKTep (Hrrp.

Smith 1973). CTYI\Mje OCTaTaKa IbYI\CKe McxpaHe, Koje rrpoHana3MMo • •

Ha apxeonoIIlKMM MCKorraBalhMMa 1\0rrpMHOce CBe OIIlTPMJOJ CnMI1M

Ha KOjOj ce BMI\M oBaj rn06anHM pa3Boj. feHepanHo Y3eBIIlM Y l\yroM

rrepMOI\Y 01\ XOMO xa6MnMca 1\0 Hac, l\aKne Y TMX BMIIle 01\ I\Ba MMnMOHa

CnHKa 3 - flopeljelhe naneOnIHCKOr 11 caBpeMeHor HaqJ1Ha J1CXpaHe

rOI\MHa 1\0IIlnO je 1\0 CBera HeKonMKO peBonYI1MOHaPHMX I\oral)aja. ITpBM

je CBaKaKO rrOqeTaK rrnaHMpalha M opraHM30BaHor 6aBlbelha nOBOM, a

I\pyrM je rroqeTaK rrpOM3BOl\lhe xpaHe. 06a OBa rrpena3a (CKOKa) MMana cy

l\aneKOCelKHe YTMl1aje Ha TOK IbYI\CKe rrOBeCTM. ITpBM je qOBeKa M31\MraO •

ca HMBoa neIIlMHapa Ha HMBO rrpel\aTOpa M HaTepao ra I\a ce YI\PYlKYJe, rrnaHMpa, pa3BMja CBe eqlMKacHMje CTpaTerMje rrpelKMBlbaBafba, a I\pyrM

ra je rrpOMeHMO M Y 6MonOIIlKOM cMMcny M 01\ lhera HaqMHMO y rrpaBOM

cMMcny peqM 1\0MeCTMKOBaHY BPCTY (Hodder 1990). KaKo TO l\aHaC

M3rnel\a, jOIIl caMO jel\aH I\oral)aj ca TaKO l\aneKOCelKHMM rrOCnel\Ml1aMa

3al\eCMO je HaIIlY BPCTY, a TO je MaCOBHO KopMIIlnelhe MHI\YCTpMjcKe xpaHe (MHCTaHT xpaHa, TV dinners, junk food). HOBO Y TOM HaqMHY McxpaHe

je YBol)elhe xeMMjcKMx al\MTMBa KOjM rro rrpBM rryT yqeCTByjy y IbYI\CKOM

MeTa60nM3MY, a y rrOCnel\lhMx rrel\eCeTaK rOI\MHa jacHo ce BMl\e rrOCnel\Ml1e TaKBor HaqMHa McxpaHe. ,[(a CBaKM pa3BMTaK M M306Mlbe HMje HeMMHOBHO

M "KopaK y 1\06pOM rrpaBI1Y" BMI\M ce M M3 CBe BMIIlMX CTorra CMPTHOCTM

01\ rrOCnel\Ml1a paKa M roja3HocTM y Cjel\MlheHMM AMepMqKMM ,[(plKaBaMa, OI\HOCHO Ha rn06anHoM HMBOy. ITocnel\Ml1a roja3HocTM M3a3MBa 3HaqajaH

rropeMenaj 31\paBlba M oceTHY rrpoMeHY y rroHaIIlalhy. OCTeoapTpMTMC,

KopoHapHe 60necTM, CpqaHM Yl\ap MnM I\Mja6eTec cy caMO HeKe 01\ 60necTM Koje I\Ona3e ca M306MlbeM M nOIIlMM 0l\a6MpOM xpaHe. HeraTMBHe

• •

rrOCnel\Ml1e KOJe cy ycnel\Mne M KOJe 1\0BOl\e 1\0 TonMKe CMPTHOCTM HMKaKO

26

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

HMCY Morne 6MTM /10 Kpaja rrpe/1BMljeHe-" HeKM he pehM /1a, Ha cpehy rro •• •

pa3BoJ U;MBMJIM3aU;MJe, HM HeOJIMTCKM 'WBeK HMJe Morao /1a rrpe/1BM/1M

peJIaTMBHM rra/1 y HyTpMTMBHOM KBaJIMTeTY McxpaHe y TpeHyTKy Ka/1a ce O/1JIY'lMBao 3a ce/1eJIa'lKM M 3eMJbOpa/1HM'IKM )KMBOT.

MeIjYTMM, rrocToje M rrpMMepM 3aje/1HMu;a M3 eTHorpa<pCKe rpalje

M M3 apXeOJIOUlKMX M3Bopa Koje HMCY 6MJIe crrpeMHe /1a ce "rrperryCTe"

HeOJIMTY, 'IeMY je /106ap rrpMMep HOCMJIau;a XapM<pMeH KyJIType KOjM cy )KMBeJIM yrrope/10 ca HeOJIMTCKMM JbY/1MMa (Marks, 1976: 43-60; Bar-Yoseph

1998: 147-149). MeHM ce MrraK 'IMHM /1a cy M rrope/1 rra/1a y McxpaHM Kojer

cy rrOCJIe rrap ce30Ha CBaKaKO MOpaJIM 6MTM CBeCHM M /1aJbe MMaJIM BeOMa

MohaH MOTMB KOjM MX je 3a/1p)KaO Ha MeCTY M Harno rrOTerao 06apa'l M •

cmlpaJIY HarrpeTKa M U;MBMJIM3aU;MJe.

J1MIIlIJ.1KaU;J1je yBo1)elba AOAaTHe J1CXpaHe oAojQaAJ1 • •

J1 lheH 3HaQaJ 3a rrpou;ec HeOJIJ1TJ13aU;J1Je

HOBMja reHeTCKa MCTpa)KMBalha cy HaM rrOKa3aJIa /1a je HaUl reHOM

joUl YBeK 6JIM)KM HaBMKaMa y McxpaHM KaKBa je 6MJIa y BpeMeHY rrpe rrO'leTaKa HeOlIl'lTa (Cordain 1999: 19-73; Simopoulos 2003: 1-22), UlTO H

• • •

HHJe 'lY/1HO aKO ce HMa y BH/1Y /1a Je BHUle /1eCeTHHa rryTa /1Y)KH pa3BOJ BpCTe npOTeKao YTaKBHM YCJIOBHMa. HaBHKe y HcxpaHH rr03Hor naJIeOJIMTa

H errMnaJIeOJIMTa peKOHCTpYHcaHe cy y BeJIHKoj MepH 3aXBaJbyjyhH

MHHYU;H03HHM HCKonaBalhHMa, aHaJIH30M MaKp06MJbHHX OCTaTaKa,

naJIHHOJIOrHjH, aJIH H CTalhY H xeMHjcKor caCTaBa 3y6a H 3y6He rneljH KO/1 •

aHaJIH3MpaHMx MH/1MBM/1ya, y OBOM CJIY'laJY caxpalheHMx Ha HeKpOnOJIaMa

y 06JIaCTH L\lhenapcKMX 6p3aKa y YKpajMHM (Lilly 1997). ITa MnaK, M /1aJbe

HMje jacHo KOjM cy pa3JI03M HaTepaJIM nocMaTpaHe nonyJIaU;Mje ITJIO/1HOr • •

nOJIYMeceu;a - 'IMJa Je JIOBa'lKo-caKynJba'lKa HcxpaHa npeMa CXBaTalhMMa

caBpeMeHMx HYTPMU;HoHMcTa rrpe/1CTaBJbaJIa M/1eaJI KOMe BaJba Te)KMTH M • •

/1aHaC, /1a ce npeopMJeHTMUlY Ha 3HaTHO OCKY/1HMJY HeOJIMTcKY McxpaHy. (CJIMKa 3). Ce/1eHTapM3aU;MjoM M OrpaHM'IaBalheM rrpoCTopa C Kojer

caKyrrJbajy xpaHY, Me30JIMTCKM JIOBU;M-caKyrrJba'lM )KpTByjy /106ap

/1eo cBoje Tprre3e Koja je 6MJIa pe3YJITaT reHepaU;MjcKMx MCTpa)KMBalha rrpMpO/1HMX pecypca, CTaHMUlTa 6MJbHMX M )KMBOTMlhCKMX BpcTa M

lhMXOBMX ce30HCKMX rrpoMeHa. 0 OBOMe rOBopM M P. XaJIaH/1 (Haaland

1995: 167) M 'IaK M3HOCM rrpeTrrocTaBKY /1a je rrpMJIMKOM rrpeJIaCKa Ha

Ce/1eHTapHM Ha'lHH )KMBOTa MOpaJIO /10hM /10 cyK06a MHTepeca M3Meljy •

MYUlKor M )KeHCKor /1eJIa rrorryJIaU;HJe ca /1aJIeKOCe)KHHM rrOCJIe/1Mu;aMa

12 I1Ma, cpenoM, H Ao6pHX cTpaHa y caBpeMeHoj HcxpaHH, a Ty flpe csera BI1 AI1 M

I'JIo6am13a~l1jy KyxHlhe, Koja AOnpl1 HOCI1 yno3Hanatny 11 pa3Yi\IeBathy pa3J1 l1 t ll1Tl1 X KyllTypa.

27

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

KOjM he ce OqMTaBaTM qaK M Y CTMJIY YKpaIlIaBalha rrocyl)a. JIoBaqKO­

caKyrrJbaqKM HaqMH cy63MCTeHl\Mje, KOjM je 6MO KapaKTepMCTMqaH 3a

JbYIICKY BPCTY crroc06HY 3a arrCTpaKTHo MMIlIJbelhe, YllppKMBalhe M •

KOJIeKTMBHO rrJIaHMpalhe M KOJM ce ycaBpIlIaBao TOKOM BMIlIe lIeceTMHa • • •

XMJballa rOIlMHa - TOKOM HeKOJIMKO reHepal\MJa 3aMelheH Je cTpaTerMJoM • • rrpexpaHe KOP Je lIeJIMMMqHO 3HaqMJIa ocaMOCTaJbMBalhe Oil rrpMpolle

(lloMeCTMKal\Mja 6MJbaKa M lKMBoTMlha), a lIeJIOM OCTaJIa 3aBMCHa Oil

lheHMX hYIlM (cYIlIHe rOIlMHe, Harna rrpoMeHa KJIMMaTCKMX YCJIOBa ... ). 3a

OBaKaB rrpeJIa3, KOjM he HeIlITO KacHMje pe3YJITMpaTM rrojaBoM cjajHMx • • • • •

KyJITypa M l\MBMJIM3al\MJa, Mopao Je rrocToJaTM M3Y3eTHo JaK pa3JIOr, KOJM

cy, KaKO he ce lIaJbe y TeKcTY BMlleTM, rrpBe rrperr03HaJIe lKeHe.

KJIMMaTCKe rrpoMeHe HMCY caMe rro ce6M pa3JIOr 3a rrpM­

rrMTOMJbaBalhe 6MJbaKa. Y rrpeTxolIHMM KOJIe6alhMMa KJIMMe JbYllcKa

BpcTa je CBOj orrCTaHaK 06e36el)MBaJIa allarrTal\MjoM M MMrpal\MjaMa. Ca • • •

IIpyre cTpaHe rr03HaTM cy cJIyqaJeBM lIa Je M y BpeMe rrpe HeOJIMTM3al\MJe

6MJIO eKcrrepMMeHTMcalha ca pa3JIMqMTMM BpcTaMa IIMBJbMX l\epeaJIMja Ha

ce30HcKoj OCHOBM. 3Halhe 0 XpaHJbMBoj BpellHOCTM lKMTapMl\a CBaKaKO je • •

rrocToJaJIO lIyrM HM3 rOIlMHa rrpe HO IlITO cy ce JbYllcKe 3aJe1lHMl\e OIlJIyqMJIe •• •

lIa CBOJY cTpaTerMJY McxpaHe 3acHYJY Ha lhMMa. JellHO Oil HajBalKHMjMx rrMTalha Kalla rOBopMMO 0 3Haqajy M

•

lIaJIeKOCelKHOCTM rrpeJIaCKa Ha HeOJIMTCKM HaqMH McxpaHe Je yrrpaBo

MOTMB 3a oBaj KopaK! HMje Moryhe YTBPIIMTM lIa JIM cy JbYllcKe 3ajellHMl\e

6MJIe CBeCHe JIOIlIMX CTpaHa Be3aHMX 3a OBY TpaH3Ml\Mjy. OIlJIYKa lIa ce

3ajellHMl\a celleHTapM3yje M rrpel)e Ha rrpOM3BOillhY xpaHe HajqeIlIhe ce

06jaIlIlhaBa BehoM KOHTPOJIOM y cHa611eBalhY HaMMpHMl\a y3 HarropaH M

MYKOTprraH pall (BMIIM Ha rrpMMep Tudge 1998). ITo TaI,ly 3aqapaHM Kpyr

HapacTajyhe rrorrYJIal\Mje, KOjM je 6MO rrOCJIeIlMl\a pelloBHor cHa611eBalha

xpaHoM pe3YJITMpaJIa je rroTpe60M 3a KYJITMBMCalheM CBe BMIlIe M BMIlIe 3eMJbe. ITo HeKMM ayTopMMa (yKJbyqyjyhM M K. TaI,la) yqMHaK KOjM

cy JbYllcKe 3ajellHMl\e MMaJIe Ha eKOCMCTeM rrOHeKall je 6MO (rrpMMepM

AycTpaJIMje M AMepMKe) lIeBacTMpajyh. J1rraK OBO rrpellCTaBJba M lIeo

06jaIlIlhelha 3a parrMIlHO IlIMpelhe HeOJIMTa M rrpeJIa3aK Ha 3eMJbOpalllhY.

Ha OBOM MeCTY Tpe6a YBeCTM jellHy 3HaqajHY qMlheHMl\Y KOjy T. TejJIop eJIa60pMpa y CBOjOj KlhM3M Prehistory of sex (Taylor 1996). OH Kp03

•

rrpMMepe caBpeMeHMx JIOBaqKO-caKyrrJbaqKMX 3aJe1lHMl\a M celleJIaqKMX

IIpYIlITaBa rroKa3yje lIa je rrpOCeqaH MHTepBaJI M3Mel)y IIBa rropol)aja • •

y rrpBMM 3aJe1lHMl\aMa OKO TpM 110 qeTMpM rOIlMHe IIOK Je y rrOTOIhMM

cKpaheH Ha rrepMOIl Oil jellHe 110 TpM rOIlMHe. i3 OBO ce 06jaIlIlhaBa

KpahMM rrepMolloM 1I0jelha/JIaKTal\Mje TOKOM Koje rrocToje MHoro Malhe

IlIaHce 3a OrrJIOIlIhY. C 063MPOM lIa ce IlIMpelhe HeOJIMTa qeCTO Be3MBaJIO 13 3a AOAaTHe H H<popMa~Hje 0 oABHKa salhY OA Aojelha BHAeT H H KOA: C lay ton et a1. 2006

28

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

3a nonYJIaU;WOHW 6YM MO)l(eMO npeTnOCTaBWTW ,n;a je OBO pa3MWllIJbafue • MOrJIO WMaTW W peaJIHe OCHOBe Ka,n;a ce pa,n;w 0 BpeMeHY TpaH3WU;WJe

Me30JIWT/HeOJIWT. MCTO CTaHOBWIlITe 3aCTyna W B. TpeBaTaH (Trevathan

1987), Koja je YBepeHa ,n;a ce MO)l(e ,n;OKa3aTW YCJIOBJbeHOCT nonYJIaU;WOHOr • •

pacTa nopBOM ,n;o,n;aTHe wcxpaHe 3a WH,n;WBw,n;ye Y3paCTa Je,n;He ,n;o neT ro,n;WHa. 0Ha CMaTpa,n;a je ca nO'IeU;WMa npWXBaTafua 3eMJbOpa,n;fue CBeTCKa

nonYJIau;wja panw,n;HO YBenaHa, Te ,n;a je, npeMa fueHWM npOpa'IyHwMa

)I(eHa, npOCe'IHO pal)aJIa no OCMOPO ,n;eu;e. 0Ha ,n;aJbe nOBJIa'IW napaJIeJIY • • •

ca )I(eHaMa Y caBpeMeHOM CBeTY 'IwJa ce oByJIaU;WJa nOHOBO YCTaJbYJe CBera 12 ,n;o 15 Meceu;w o,n; 3a'Iena. M3Y3eTHo BWCOK MOpTaJIWTeT ,n;eu;e cTapocTw

w3Mel)y je,n;He W neT ro,n;WHa Y JIOBa'IKO-caKynJba'IKWM 3aje,n;Hwu;aMa MO)l(e

ce Bw,n;enl Ha CJIe,n;eneM rpa<jJWKOHY (CJIWKa 4).

70

60

50

40

JO

20

IS

10

s

o

,

IlM6eH

, , , , , , , , \

1\ , \ , , , , \

, r;l . I

• I /' I •

• / / ./ ,/

./ I II ~ ,,1

\ \ \ \ \

, \ " \

' .~

__ " " I .. T. _ , /- __ "

KapncTOH-AtUH:: '"-,

1-<5

" HaHve'AOj

5-<10 10-<20 20-<40

ClIHKa 4 - M OpTaJll1'reT y pa3 J1 H 4 HTl1M JI OSa1.J. KO-caK YnJh a lIKItIM 3ajeAHl1~aMa

KaKO ce TO W ,n;aHac MO)l(e np0'IWTaTW W3 6pOjHWX npwpy'IHWKa

3a wcxpaHY HajMJIal)wx 'IJIaHOBa 3aje,n;Hwu;e npBa xpaHa Koja ce yBO,n;W

Ben ca llIeCT Meceu;w CTapOCTW ,n;eTeTa je Kallia o,n; )I(WTapWu;a (Hnp.

Thomson et al. 2009). 0Ha ce ,n;aHac Mewa ca MJIeKOM W npoKYBaHa ,n;aje

,n;eTeTy. ,1J;Be 'IWfueHWu;e cyrepwwy ,n;a ce WCTa cTBap ,n;oral)aJIa o,n; KaKO je •

'IOBeK OTKPWO XpaHJbWBe Bpe,n;HocTw )I(WTapWu;a, a HapO'IWTO o,n; KaKO Je

Morao ,n;a npe,n;Bw,n;w W CeJIeKU;WoHwllIe/MaHwnYJIWllIe noro,n;He BpcTe. M3

29

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

apXeOJIOlliKe JII1TepaType BI1I\I1MO I\a cy I\I1Blhe )!(I1Tapl1l\e Haj'lellihe paCJIe

y 1130JIOBaHI1M HI1IlIaMa (Hillman 1996) 11 CKJIal\l1IlITeHe y pel\111II1jeHTI1Ma

(rrI1TOCI1Ma I1JII1 CI1JIOCI1Ma) KOjl1, KaKO Behl1Ha I1CTpa)!(I1Ba'la rroTBpl)yje,

HI1CY 611JII1 I\OBOlhHI1 I\a rroxpaHe KOJIl1'1l1He HeOrrXOI\He 3a I1cxpaHY

l\eJIOKyrrHe 3ajeI\HI1l\e. OTYl\a ce 11 rrpeTrrOCTaBlhaJIO I\a cy )!(I1Tapl1l\e

CmlKa 5 - nOCJleAl1~e KOplllUnetba )fOITapl1~a y McxpaHM oAoj4aAl1 (npeMa: Holland 1989)

Y3rajaHe y pl1TyaJIHe CBpxe, 3a rrp0l13BOl\lhY aJIKOXOJIHI1X rrl1ha (Katz,

Voigt 1986) I1JII1 Kao I\Ol\aTaK y yo611'1ajeHoj I1CXpaHI1. AJITepHaTl1Ba

pa3MI1IlIlhalhl1Ma Koja rroKYlliaBajy I\a o6jacHe eKCKJIY311BHOCT )!(I1Tapl1l\a

y paHI1M <j>a3aMa HeOJII1TI13al\l1je Moma 611 611TI1 CTaHOBI1IlITe I\a cy

OHe 3arrpaBO HaMelheHe I\Ol\aTHoj I1CXpaHI1 ol\oj'lal\l1, a Moryhe je 11 Kao

I\Ol\aTHa I1cxpaHa CTaPl1jl1x (KOjl1 cy 360r npl1pOl\e I\OTal\aIlIlhe I1cxpaHe

- opaCI1, BJIaKHaCTe HaMl1pHI1l\e, 11 360r pal\HI1X aKTI1BHOCTI1 Koje 'IeCTO

yKlhy'lyjy 11 3y6e) oCTajaJII1 BeOMa paHO ca YHI1WTeHI1M (a6pal\l1paHI1M)

3y611Ma.

Kao IlITO heMOBl1l\eTI1, MaHl1nYJIal\l1ja I\I1Blhl1M BpCTaMa nO'leJIa

je I\OCTa npe nO'leTKa HeOJII1Ta. 3Halhe ce cKynlhaJIO reHepal\l1jaMa, a

'Il1lheHI1l\a I\a cy )!(I1Tapl1l\e YKYCHe 11 Kao 3eJIeHe (Tacl1h ~. 11 MapKoBl1h

~. pers. comm.) Momo je 611TI1 OI\JIy'lyjyhe 3a rrO'leTKe MaHl1rrYJIal\l1je, a •

nOTOM 11 KYJITI1Bal\I1Je I\I1Blhl1X BpCTa.

)KpBlheBI1, I\OI\YIlIe OHI1 3a YCI1TlhaBalhe OKepa, rroCTojaJII1 cy

MI1JIeHl1jYMI1Ma rrpe KyJITI1Bal\l1je )!(I1Tapl1l\a y AyCTpaJIl1jl1 18000 rol\l1Ha

rrpe H. e. I1JII1 y Bal\l1 Ky6alha (Wadi Kubbaniya) (Wendorf 1988) y 06JIaCTI1

30

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

AcyaHa y ErWIITy.14 OHO lIITO je HelloCTajaJIO 3a rrpwrrpeMy 06pOKa lIeTeTY

Koje je W3 HeKOr pa3JIOra OCTaJIO 6e3 1I0jelba WJIW je y rrpOl.\ecy rrpeJIaCKa Ha • qBPCTY xpaHy Je MJIeKO.

TIpeMa lIaHalIIlbWM ca3HalbWMa rrpwrrWTOMlbaBalbe KarrpOBWlla

KaCHW 3a 1I0MeCTWKal.\wjoM )!(wnpWl.\a. C 063WpOM lIa cy pa3JIWKe Ha

CKeJIeTWMa IIWBlbe W rrWTOMe OBl.\e W lIaHac BpJIO MaJIe (W CBOlle ce Ha

IIwMeH3wje CKeJIeTa Koje ce Mory 06jacHwTw W pa3JIWqWTWM Y3paCTWMa

WHllwBwllye), Te lIa je HeorrxOllaH Behw lIeo CKeJIen 3a rrpel.\W3HO YTBpl)wBalbe, MO)!(e ce rrpeTrrOCTaBWTW lIa je CKeJIeT paHWX 1I0MeCTwKaTa

6wo y CBeMY CJIWqaH CKeJIeTY IIWBIbWX jeIlWHKW, Te lIa ce MO)!(lIa W3 Tor • •

pa3JIOra jaBlba IIWCKperraHl.\wJa y BpeMeHY rrpwrrWTOMlbaBalba KarrpOBWlla.

Y OBOM MOlleJIY OHW cy WCTOBpeMeHW, a rroCToje W rraJIeOHTOJI03W KOjW

3aroBapajy paHl1jl1 lIaTYM 1I0MeCTl1Kal.\wje OBl.\e (Barker 1985). YrrOTpe6a

MJIeKa 11 MJIeqHI1X rrpow3Boila y BpeMe HeOJIWTCKOr rrepl10lla 6l1JIa je

1I0BeileHa rrOIl 3HaK rrWTalba Oil KaKO je A. IIlepaT (Sherratt) 1981. rOlll1He

YBeo TepMI1H "PeBOJIYl.\wja ceKYHllapHI1X rrp0113BOlla" (Secondary Products Revolution). OH je CBOjwM pallOM Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution rrpeIlJIO)!(WO cBe06yxBaTHw MOlleJI rrOqeTaKa

KOpl1lIIhelba )!(WBOTWlba 3a IIPyre HaMeHe OCWM Kao W3BOP rrpoTewHa y

wcxpaHw. Haw Me, rrpeMa OBOM MOlleJIY rroCToje IIBa KlbyqHa MOMeHTa:

OTKpwhe W pacejaBalbe WHOBal.\wja Be3aHWX 3a ceKYHllapHe rrpOW3BOile Oil

)!(WBOTWlba W rrOTOM lbWXOBa lIIl1pOKa yrroTpe6a, Koja he KOHceKBeHTHO

TpaHc<p0pMwcaTw eBporrcKe 3ajellHWI.\e W IIpYlliTBa. EYllyhw lIa je oBaj pall • •

KOHI.\WrrWpaH KpaJeM cellaMlleceTwx rOllwHa y BpeMe Kalla apXe0300JIOrWJa

jOlli YBeK Hwje 6wJIa TaKO pa3BwjeHa W lIIWPOKO rrpwxBaheHa Kao y HOBwje

BpeMe, W Kalla je Ha pacrrOJIaralbY 6wJIO 3HaTHO Malbe lIaTYMa 1I06wjeHwx

pallwoyrlbeHwKoM WJIW HeKWM IIpyrwM BWIIOM arrCOJIYTHor lIaTOBalba,

IIlepaT je rrOqeTKe peBOJIYl.\wje ceKYHllapHWX rrpOW3BOila CTaBWO y BpeMe

IV-III MWJIeHwjYMa CTape epe. r1aKo je Oil Talla oBaj pall He6pojeHo rryn

I.\I1TWpaH, IIlepaToB TeopeTcKw MOlleJI 1I0)!(WBeO je 6pojHe KpwTwKe Koje • •

cy yrrraBHoM I.\wlbaJIe Ha HellOBOlbaH Y30paK Ha OCHOBY KOJer Je MOlleJI HaCTao, aJII1 W Ha lberOBO peJIaTWBHO rr03HO lIaTOBalbe OBor <peHoMeHa. Oil

rrojaBe IIlepaToBor MOlleJIa 6pOjHW apXeOJI03W, apXe0300JI03W, XeMWqapW,

aJIW W MOJIeKYJIapHW 6WOJI03W rroKYlliaBajy lIa lIajy CBOj 1I0rrpwHoc y OBOM

rrpaBI.\Y. TaKo X. [PI1H<PI1JIII rroTBpl)yje KOpl1lIIhelbe MJIeKa W MJIe'lHI1X

14 vhl'repeCaHTHo je Aa ce y eKcnepHMeHTanHoj apXeOllOfl1jl1 rJla4aHe KaMeHe anaTKe npaBe Ha "AeHT114HHM )f(pBl-beBt1Ma Ha Kojl1Ma 611 ce Morne MlIeTH 11 )fUtTap"l1,e. Hl1je HeTlOfl1 llHO nOMl1ClII1Tl1 Aa je mallaBO KaMeHO opyrye HaCTaJlO Kao HycnpOAYKT (byproduct) MJleBel-ba )1<t1Tap11l1,a 11J111 OKepa, a Moryha je t1 o6pHyTa npeTrIOCTaBKa. Mnesel-be )fOITapl1l1,a

CBaKaKO je 6t1o MHOI'OCTPYKO AY)f(M 11 peAOBHl1jl1 nocao OA MJleBeH>a OKepa KOjl1 ce, 6t1J1o y pl1TyallHe, ecreTCKe HlIM npaKTl1'-fHe/MeA JlllI,HHCKe CBpxe KOPltlCTHO cnOpaAHl.JHO. OBO 614

Morno o6jacHHTItI pa3JlOr 1IITO ce AD fna4aHJIIX KaMeHJIIX opyl)a HJ.1je AOWJlO MHoro paHJ.1je, ca nojasoM KOpJ.1Wnett.a OKepa.

31

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

npOM3BO)W 01\ n03Hor HeonMTa (Greenfield et al. 1988), I\OK HeKM CKOpMjM

pal\OBM (Copley et al. 2003; Copley et al. 2005; Burger et al. 2007) I\alhe

nOMepajy nOqeTKe ynoTpe6e MneKa M MneqHMX npepal)eBMHa y BpeMe

paHor HeonMTa, OI\HOCHO y BpeMe 1\0naCKa HeonMTCKor naKeTa y EBpony.

Bpel\aH nOl\aTaK 3a l\aTOBalhe noqeTaKa ynoTpe6e MneKa, Kal\a je peq 0

TepMTopMjM oanKaHa, I\aje 11. MMpaKn (Miracle 2006), KOjM je Ha OCHOBY

TeMelhHe apxe0300nowKe aHanM3e KOWTaHor MaTepMjana M3 l1ynMtlMHe

netlMHe y MCTpM y6el\lhMBO nOKa3ao I\a je TOKOM cpel\lher HeonMTa OBa

nehMHa 6Mna KopMwheHa Kao 3aKnOH 3a CTal\a OBalla Koje cy 6Mne Y3rajaHe

3a npOM3BOl\lhY MneKa/CMpa. MHTepeCaHTaH je M 3aKlhyqaK I\a ce TOKOM

KacHMje, n03HOHeonMTCKe oKynallMje OBe MCTe nehMHe 1\0rOl\MO 3aOKpeT

y CTpaTerl1jM eKCnnOaTallMje OBalla, Te cy Tal\a 6Hne qYBaHe HCKlhyqHBO

360r Meca, WTO je no MHpaKny nOTBpl)eHo H Ha I\pyrHM Hana3HWTHMa • •

WMPOM ceBepHo Jal\paHCKe perHJe.

3a nOTpe6e npHnpeMalha 1\0l\aTHOr (HnH OCHOBHor) 06poKa 3a

ol\ojqe HeOnXOI\HO je 6Hno l\aKne ceneKlIHoHHcaTH )KHTapHlIe, nO)KlheTH

MX y l\aTOM TpeHyTKy, caMneTM MX, nOMewaTM MX C MneKOM MnM qaK

C BOI\OM M npoKYBaTM, a OHl\a OCMMcnMTM HaqMH Ha KOjM he l\eTe Kawy

KOH3YMMpaTM. L\a 6M ce 1\06Mna Kawa 01\ )KMTapMlIa 6Mno je, l\aKne,

HeOnXOI\HO OCMMcnMTM M HOB pellMnMjeHT KOjM je Morao MhM I\MpeKTHO

Ha BaTpy. fpHqapMja je y OBOM cMMcny MMana, M jow YBeK MMa, 3HaqajHMx

npel\HOCTM y OI\HOCY Ha CBe oCTane pellMnMjeHTe, WTO MO)Ke I\a 06jacHM

pa3nor lheHe KacHMje nonynapHOCTM. YnoTpe6a KepaMMKe, KaKO je TO

jow 1995. rOI\MHe npel\nO)KMna P. XanaHI\ (R. Haaland) , Koja je TaKOl)e • •

BenMKM HarnacaK CTaBMna Ha 3HaqaJ 1\0l\aTHe McxpaHe ol\oJqal\M y

npenacKy Me30nMT/HeonMT, WMpM 6a3y McxpaHe M oMoryhaBa ynoTpe6y

)KMTapMlIa. XanaHI\OBa TBpl\M I\a je oTKpMhe TexHonorMje KepaMMKe

MMano l\eMorpa<jJcKe MMnnMKallMje now TO je KYBaHa xpaHa, no 1h0j, •

nOrOI\Ha 3a npena3aK OI\OJqal\M Ha qBPCTY xpaHY, WTO Kao nOCnel\MlIY

MMa 3HaTHO cKpaheH nepMOI\ I\ojelha M Ha Kpajy nOBehaHY nnOI\HOCT KOI\

)KeHa. Y CBOM qnaHKY Sedentism, cultivation and plant domestication in the holocene middle Nile region, OHa I\OKa3yje I\a je OBO oTKpMhe pe3yITTMpanO

MHTeH3MBHMjOM ynoTpe60M 6MlhHMX pecypca. Y OBOM KOHTeKcTY MO)KeMO

ce npMceTMTM M 6pOjHMX Hana3a KOWTaHMX cnaTyna, Koje y CTapqeBaqKoj

KynTypH npel\CTaBlhajy caM BPX 3aHaTCKor YMeha. 06HqHO cy y Hawoj

nHTepaTypH TYMaqeHe Kao I\eo "ToaneTHor npH60pa". Moryhe je I\a cy OHe

3anpaBO KopHwheHe 3a nocnY)KHBalhe l\eqHje xpaHe.

lbYI\H cy npe nojaBe 3eMlhOpal\lhe 6HnH npHMopaHH (H

npojeKToBaHH) I\a jel\y pa3nHqHTY xpaHY, OI\HOCHO CBe qera cy ycneBanH I\a • ••• •

ce 1\0qenaJY, a qYBalhe BHwaKa HaMHpHHlIa HaJBepOBaTHHJe HHJe nOCTOJano

32

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

Kao ,n;OMI1HaHTHa CTpaTerl1ja. TeK ca rrojaBoM 3eMlbOpa,n;lbe 11 CTOqapCTBa

,n;Ona311 ,n;0 rrojaBe BI1IIlKOBa Koje je 611no HeOrrXO,n;HO KOH3epBI1paTI1 11

CMeCTI1TI1. I1naHl1palbe rrOTpOIIllbe rrocTaje y HeOnl1TY aKTyenHo rra ce TaKO

Bpno 6p30 jaBlbajy rrpBa crrpeMI1IIlTa 11 TparrOBI1 (EI1HaH).

):(a nl1 je MO)!(,n;a rroCTojana ,n;wpepeHl\l1jal\l1ja y Haql1HY I1cxpaHe 3aCHOBaHa Ha PO,n;HOj rrpl1rra,n;HOCTI1, rrl1Talbe je Ha Koje heMO CBaKaKO

CaqeKaTI1 o,n;rOBOp. I1p06neMI1 cy HeMoryhHocT rrOY3,n;aHor xpOHonOIIlKor

CI1HXPOHI130Balba nOBHI1X KaMrrOBa 11/l1nl1 6aql1ja 11 l\eHTpanHI1X Hacelba

11/l1nl1 3I1MOBHI1Ka. "13 eTHorpa<jJCKe nl1TepaType MO)!(e ce Ca3HaTI1 ,n;a ce rrpaBI1 pa3nl1Ka 113Mel)y MyIIlKe 11 )!(eHCKe I1cxpaHe (Hagen et al. 2001; 11

HapOq~1TO Kennedy 2003). I1oCToje rrpl1Mepl1, KaKaB je 11 oHaj KO,n; A3aH,n;e

Hapo,n;a y jY)!(HOM Cy,n;aHY, r,n;e cy MylliKapl\11 11 )!(eHe YBeK o,n;BojeHI1

npl1 06e,n;y (Braithwaite 1982). Moryhe je npeTIIOCTaBI1TI1 ,n;a je "MylliKa

I1CXpaHa" TOKOM rrepl1o,n;a Ka,n;a je 6110 O,n;CYTaH 360r nOBa, YKOnl1KO je TO

6110 Mo,n;en cy63I1CTeHl\l1je, BepOBaTHO 6l1na 6a3l1paHa Ha npOTel1HI1Ma

60raToj I1CXpaHI1, lIITO je 11 6l1no Heonxo,n;HO lberOBOM Xa6l1TYcy

113nO)!(eHOM ,n;HeBHI1M HanOpl1Ma y nOTpa311 3a nOBI1HOM. ,,)KeHcKa

I1CXpaHa", C ,n;pyre CTpaHe 611 BepOBaTHO npe,n;CTaBlbana ynpaBo OHO •

lIITO BI1,n;I1MO 113 OCTaTaKa KOJI1 HaM ce Hy,n;e ca I1CKOnaBalba Hacelba r,n;e

11 ,n;ona311 ,n;o Benl1KI1X npoMeHa nOqeTKOM 11 TOKOM HeOnl1Ta. Ha OCHOBY

CBor npoyqaBalba M. IbInI1 naK TBp,n;11 ,n;a He nocToje npaBI1 ,n;OKa311 KOjl1

611 nOKa3l1Banl1 pa3nl1Ql1Tl1 npl1CTyn pecypCI1Ma KOjl1 611 nOTOM 113a3Banl1

CMalbelbe KBanl1TeTa I1CXpaHe KO,n; )!(eHa (Lilly 1997: 223). JIl1nl1 ,n;albe

HanOMl1lbe,n;a nOCTojl1 yBepelbe,n;a ce npena3aK Me30nI1T/HeOnI1T y EBporrl1

rrocMaTpa Kao npena3 113 nOBaQKO-caKyrrlbaQKOr HaQI1Ha rrpl1Bpel)I1Balba

Ha HeOnl1TCKI1 HaQI1H )!(I1BOTa rrYTeM KonOHl13al\l1je ca Enl1CKOr I1CTOKa.

'leCT je cnYQaj ,n;a ce nOBl\I1-caKynlbaQI1, KOjl1 611Bajy aKymypl130BaHI1, • •

rrocMaTpaJY Kao naCI1BHI1 npl1MaOl\11 OHora IIlTO Je 3aMI1IIllbeHO Kao cynepl1opHI1 HaQI1H )!(I1BOTa (Zvelebil, Dolukhanov 1991). Ml1lI1lbelba

caM ,n;a npl1XBaTalbe HaQI1Ha 3a e<jJI1KaCHl1je npo,n;y)!(elbe BpCTe Hl1je 6l1no

Heorrxo,n;HO noce6Ho 06pa3naraTI1 11 HaMeTaTI1 nOBaQKO-caKyrrlbaQKI1M

3aje,n;HI1l\aMa Koje cy ,n;ona3l1ne y KOHTaKT ca Beh ce,n;eHTapHI1M

3eMlbopa,n;HI1QKI1M ,n;PYIIlTBI1Ma 11 CTeKne yBI1,n; y npe,n;HOCTI1 ce,n;enaQKOr HaQI1Ha )!(I1BOTa. OB,n;e npeBacxo,n;HO MI1Cnl1M Ha 6pOjHOCT lbl1XOBI1X

3aje,n;HI1l\a, no,n;eny nocna, e<jJI1KaCHOCT 11 yna,n;lbl1BO MHOlliTBO ,n;el\e.

):(aKne, npe)!(I1BlbaBalbe HajMnal)I1X 6110 je Hajy6e,n;lbl1Bl1jl1 pa3nor

11 Bl1lI1e Hero ,n;OBOlbaH MOTI1B 3a )!(pTBOBalbe 06l1lba 11 pa3HoBpCHOCTl1 •

Me30nl1TCKe I1CXpaHe, HanYlliTalbe paHI1JI1X HaBI1Ka 11 nOQeTaK

ce,n;eHTapI13al\l1je. JaCHo je ,n;a ce OBO Hl1je ,n;eCl1no y je,n;HOM TpeHyTKy Te

,n;a je Mopano 6l1Tl1 ,n;OCTa eKCnepl1MeHTI1Calba TOKOM OBor npOl\eca, na cy

33

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

ce CBaKaKO HeKe 3aje,n;HHl1e Bpaharre paHHjoj CTpaTerHjH cy63HCTeHl1Hje (O'Connell 1999), a HeKe je YHarrpel)HBarre H Ha Taj HaqHH ce CBe BHlIle Be3HBarre 3a ce,n;erraqKH HaqHH )KHBOTa.

34

Ex Oriente lux?

Oil BenWKe je Ba)!(HOCTW pa3YMeTW rrpellwCTopwjy TpaH3Wl\wje

Oil nOBaqKO-caKyrrlbaqKe Ha 3eMlbOpallHWqKY rrpWBpellY y 06nacTw

IlnollHor rrOnYMeCel\a, C 063WpOM lIa ce Y3POl\W HeOnWTW3al\wje EBpOrre

HajBepOBaTHwje KPWjy yrrpaBo Ha TOM rrpoCTopy. Mo)!(e ce penw lIa je l\eo

crrneT eKonOlllKWX W cOl\wjanHwx qWHwnal\a 0llpellWO <jJwHanHw WCXOII

OBor rrpol\eca. lJecTe W Harne rrpOMeHe KnWMe KpajeM rrocneillher nelleHor

1I06a, rrOBpeMeHO 6yjalhe rrpwpOlle Ha MeCTWMa rile je 6wna rrYCTWlha (W

06pHyTO), 6nW3WHa Cpell03eMHor Mopa, 1I0nWHa JopllaHa, COlbY 60raTO

MpTBO Mope W )!(WBa KOMYHWKal\wja rrorrynal\wja Ha TpoMeryw A3wje,

A<jJpWKe W EBporre, 6wnw cy, W3rnella, Oil rrpeCYIlHor 3Haqaja 3a HaCTaHaK

HeOmlTa yrrpaBo Ha OBOM MeCTY, rrap XWlballa rOIlWHa rrpe HO llITO ce

CnWqaH rrpOl\ec (He3aBWCHO) 1I0rOilWO W Ha IIpyrwM MeCTWMa. XpOHonorwja

1I0raryaja KOjW cy 1I0Benw 110 KyITTWBal\wje IIWBIbWX )!(WTapWl\a y 06naCTW

JIeBaHTa/ilnOIlHor rronYMeCel\a W3rnella OBaKO: rrpBW TparOBW yrroTpe6e • •

IIWBIbWX )!(WTapWl\a 3a IbYIICKY wcxpaHy Ha KOJe Hawna3WMO JOlli y rr03HOM

rraneonWTY lIona3e ca 06ane [anwnejcKor je3epa W Hana3WllITa Oxano II (Nadel, Hershkovitz 1991), a HelliTO KacHwje W W3 oa3e BallW Ky6alha (Wadi

Kubbaniya) HallOMaK AcyaHa y Erwmy (Wendorf 1988).

Hana3wllITe Oxano II oTKpwBeHo Ha 06anw [anwnejcKor je3epa

rrpellCTaBlba CTanHO Hacelbe nOBal\a-pw60nOBal\a-caKyrrlbaqa lIaTOBaHO

y 23000 BP.15 3axBalbyjynw aHaep06HwM ycnoBwMa OQysaHo je MHOlliTBO

(Ha xwlballe) 3pHeBlba, ceMeHKW, Bona W OCTeonOlliKor MaTepwjana KOjW

cy 6wnw W3BaHpeilaH W3BOP 3a rrpoyqaBalhe HaQWHa wcxpaHe OBWX IbYIIW

ca BpxyHl\a rrocneillher nelleHor 1I06a. Ben y OBO BpeMe eBwlleHTHO je

15 Ha OBOM MecTY Kopl1CHtny C14 AaTYMe KaKO je yo6l1 t lajeHo y lIwrepaTypH Koja ce OBI1M nepl10AOM 6a811. Petl je 0 HeK3J1116pl1paHI1M AaTYMl1Ma 6e3 na60paTOpl1jcKor 6poja. OBaKBo HaBo!jel-be je CaCBl1M HeKopeKTHo, ami ce npaBAa HenocTojal-beM Kaml6pa~110He Kpl1Bylhe 3a OBaKO .rW60KY npoillllocT.

35

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

KOpl1IIlhelbe I1I1Blbl1X BpCTa 3pHeBiba Koje he Xl1lballaMa rOlll1Ha KacHl1je

611TI1 KYITTI1BI1CaHo y lIoMahy BpCTy. 16

TOKOM rrellaHTHO Bol)eHI1X apxeOlIOIIlKI1X I1CTpa)!(I1Balba Ha

rroMeHYToM HalIa311IIlTY Balll1 Ky6alba OTKpl1BeHO je o611lbe 611lbHI1X OCTaTaKa Mel)y Kojl1Ma 3HaqajHo MeCTO I1Majy u;epealIl1je. Pall110Kap6oH

lIaTYMI1 KOjl1 cy pal)eHI1 113 rapa aCOU;l1paHor ca )!(I1Tapl1u;aMa rroKa3yjy lIa ce palll1 0 BpeMeHY 113Mel)y 18500-17000 rOlll1Ha BP (Wendorf 1988). OCI1M

)!(I1Tapl1u;a rrpoHal)eHI1 cy 11 6pOjHI1 )!(pBlbeBI1 3a Koje ce rrpeTrrocTaBlba lIa

cy KOpl1IIlheHI1 3a MlIeBelbe. J1HTepecaHTHo je lIa cy OTKpl1BeHI1 OCTaU;11 yrlbeHl1caHor lIeqjer <j>eu;eca y KOMe cy OTKpl1BeHI1 TparOBI1 <j>I1HO MlIeBeHe

611lbHe KaIIle. Llalbe rroTBplle CTpaTeIIlKor rrpl1Kyrrlbalba )!(I1Tapl1u;a CTI1)!(Y

ca HalIa3111l1Ta Ke6apaH KylIType file ce TOKOM rrepl10lla lIaTl1paHOr y BpeMe 113Mel)y 18000-14500 BP jaBlbajy CeQI1Ba ca Cl1lIl1KaTHI1M cjajeM

KapaKTepl1CTI1QHI1M 3a Ty aKTI1BHOCT .

•

CpeiJ03eMHO _'lope MC,ilnj a

nanCCTHH8 .......

CJlJIIKa 6 - CBeTJlJlljoM 60jOM 03Hal.feHe cy 30He ca AHBlbJIIM )f(JIITapJllLI,aMa y BpeMe npe,n; KepaMJIIl.fKOr HeOJlJIITa A (npeMa Wendorf 1988)

Ha HalIa3111l1TY EI1H feB OTKpl1BeHI1 cy TparOBI1 Hacelba Ha

oTBopeHoM rile ce TaKol)e jaBlbajy )!(pBlbeBI1 11 IIBa TYQKa, Kao 11 KpeMeHI1 HO)!(l1hl1 ca Cl1lIl1KaTHI1M cjajeM (Moore 1978). OBa rrojaBa MO)!(e ce

rrpaTI1TI1 11 y o61IacTI1 3arpoc rrlIaHI1Ha. J13Mel)y 14500 11 12500 BP

16 XPOHollowKa no,n;YAapHocT ce MO)f(e BJII,n;eTJ!I Y nojaBJ!I a1l3TKJII o,n; rJlalfaHor KaMeH3 JII y noTpe6e )f(pBfheBa. OKO 18000 BP Y MMABOH Y (Midwan) M ApHeM (Arnhem) y 0611acTM 3anaAHe AyCTpanMje! (B. Langlon 1994)

36

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

nOBehaHa KOJHlq~1Ha nallaBMHa oMoryhMna je JbYIICKMM 3ajellHMu;aMa

lIa eKCnnOaTMIIIY MHOrO Behy TepMTopMjy, Te lIona3M 110 nonynaU;MoHor

paCTa TOKOM reoMeTpMjcKor nepMOlla Ke6apaH KynType. TOKOM cnellehMx

IIBe XMJballe rOIlMHa 1I0na3M 110 Harne npOMeHe KnMMe Ka MHoro CyBJbMM ycnoBMMa IIITO ce 1I0rOilMno OKO 10500 BP.

MopcKa 06ana ce y TO BpeMe nOBnaqM eKcnoHMpajyhM npM TOM

HOBe npOCTope 3a 6MJbHe (xano<pMTe/halophyte) M )!(MBOTMlhCKe BpCTe. Taj

nepMOIl Haj60Jbe ocnMKaBajy Hana3MIIITa HaTy<pMjeH Kymype (Bar-Yoseph, Valla 1991), Ten A6y XypeMpa (Tell Abu Hureyra) (Moore, Hillman, and

Legge 2000) y CMPMjM, lIaTOBaHO OKO 10200 BP M AMH Manaxa (Ain

Mallaha - 'Enyan) y roplheM TOKY JOPllaHa. 3a 06a HaCeJba MMa MHIIMU;Mja

lIa cy 611J1a HaCeJbeHa TOKOM Beher lIena rOIlI1He. Ha pacrronaralhY 11M je

611J10 150 BpcTa jeCTI1BOr ceMelha 11 Boha. AI1H MaJlaxa je 611J1a rrpaBa

Bapolli ca rrelleceTaK Kyha KpY)!(He OCHOBe rrpeqHMKa Oil 7 110 9 MeTapa (Perrot 1957; Bar-Yosef, Valla 1991). HaqMH rpaillhe HaCTaM611, Oil qBpCTOr

• •

MaTepl1Jana, YKa3YJe lIa ce Ha OBOM MeCTY MOrJlO )!(MBeTM nepMaHeHTHo.

Y OBOM TpeHyTKy nojaBJbyjy ce npBe jaMeiTparroBM, Koje jacHo yKa3yjy • • •

Ha CTpaTerMJY qYBalha xpaHe KOJa HarOBelliTaBa celleHTapM3aU;MJY. I1HTepecaHTHa je qMlheHMu;a lIa Beh Oil 12000 BP cpeheMo rnaqaHe KaMeHe

311eJle M IIIOJbe. Y OBOM nepMollY Mory ce rrpaTMTM M rrpou;ecM pa3MeHe,

na je YCTaHOBJbeHO lIa ce TOKOM Beher lIena HaTY<PMjeH KynType pellOBHO pa3Melhyjy oncMIIMjaH M IIIKOJbKe M3 Cpell03eMHor M U;pBeHor Mopa (Bar­

Yosef 1999).

BehM 6poj CellenaqKMX 3ajellHMu;a no npBM nyT npen03HajeMo TOKOM

HaTY<PMjeH Kymype (Bar-Yosef, Valla 1991; Bar-Yosef 1999). QMlheHMu;a lIa

IIMBJbe )!(MTapMu;e 1I0crreBajy y npM06anHoM nojacy y paHO nponehe, npe • • OCTanMX BpCTa KOJe ce CTpaTeIIIKM caKynJbaJY, Kao M lIa MX MMa M TOKOM

u;enor neTa y 6p1IMMa, Morna 6M lIa 06jacHM penaTMBHO 6p30 YCBajalhe OBe HaMMpHMu;e (npaKTMqHO Oil KaKO ce npOIIIMpMna no JIeBaHTY).

OKO 11000 BP 06nacT JIeBaHTa norOIlMno je noropIIIalhe KnMMaTCKMX

ycnoBa M y TO BpeMe HeCTajy HaCeJba y MaprMHaMa Cpell03eMHe 30He. HeKe

3ajellHMu;e (XapM<pMeH) ce qaK Bpahajy Ha paHMjM HaqMH CTpaTerMje y

cy63McTeHU;MjM. Oil OBor 1I06a BpeMe M3Meryy HOBMX KymypHMx <peHoMeHa

ce cKpahyje M nojaBJbyjy ce 6pojHa HOB a HaCeJba y 06nacTM nnollHor rroJlyMeceu;a. OKO 10300 BP rrOql1lhe npeKepaMl1qKM HeOJlI1T A (PPNA)

ca Bapl1jaHTaMa KXl1aMl1aH 11 CYJlTaHl1aH (Bar-Yosef 1999: 169). To je

BpeMe OCHMBalha JepI1XOHa, rile ce 6ene)!(e rrpBI1 1I0MeCTMKaTl1 (cBera 6%),

a TaKorye 11 BpeMe Kalla rrorrynaU;Mje JIeBaHTa HenOBpaTHO Kpehy nYTeM

HeOJlI1Ta.

37

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

CmtKa 7 - fleBaHTCKJ1 KOpJ1Jl;Op Y BpeMe Xl J1 X MJ1neHJ1jYMa CTape epe

(npeMa: Bar-Yosef 1999)

DoraT 11 pa3HOBpCTaH pa3Boj HeOJlI1TCKI1X KyJlTypa TIJlOI\HOr

nOJlYMeCe1\a, Cl1rypaH CaM, OCTane 11 Hal\albe 113BOP I1HCnl1pa1\l1je 3a •

caBpeMeHe apxeoJlore KOJI1 Tpa)((e Ol\rOBOpe Ha nl1Talha npeHoca TeKOBI1Ha

HeOJlI1Ta 11 "HeOJlI1TCKOr naKeTa" 11ll1pOM EBponCKor KOHTI1HeHTa.

38

Y IIOTpa3M 3a IIOpeKlIOM HeOlIMTa EalIKaHa

Y apXeononljM HeOnMTa jyroMcTo'lHe EBpOrre Cel1aMl1eCeTe M OCaMl1eCeTe rOI1MHe XX BeKa 06ene)!(eHe cy He caMO y6p3aHMM

MCTpa)!(MBalbeM HeonMTCKMX Hana3MUlTa UlMPOM OBe 06naCTM, Ben

M TeopMjcKMM pacrrpaBaMa 0 rropeKny OBe rrojaBe." MaKO je TeopMja 0 MMrpaTopHOM (MnM 'IaK KonOHM3aTopCKOM) rropeKny l1aHac rrOTKperrJbeHa

MHorMM 110Ka3MMa 360r rrpMpOl1e apxeonOUlKor MaTepMjana, 6pOjHMX CTMnCKMX M perMOHanHMX BapMjaHTM M Hel10BOJbHOr 6poja CMCTeMaTCKM

•

MCTpa)!(eHMX Hana3MUlTa, JOUl YBeK ce HMCMO ycarnacMnM 0 M3BOPMUlTY

KynTypa paHor HeonMTa Ha EanKaHCKOM rronYOCTpBY. OCMM rrpeTXOI1HMX, pa3nore 3a OBaKBO CTalbe MO)!(eMO Tpa)!(MTM Ha BMUle CTpaHa. Jel1Ha 6M 6Mna

Hel10CTaTaK rroTBpl)eHMx Hana3MUlTa Ha Tpa'iKoj 06anM. Ta HeHaCeJbeHOCT

MO)!(e 6MTM npMBMI1Ha, HaCTana Kao rrOcnel1l1l1a Hel10BOJbHe CI1CTeMaTCKe

I1CTpa)!(eHOCTI1, anl1 11 Kao nOcnel1l1l1a nopaCTa HI1BOa ErejcKor Mopa

rrocne 8000. rOl1l1He cTape epe. Y nepl1ol1Y 011 8000. 110 4500. rOl1l1He CT.

epe HI1BO Mopa rropaCTao je y npoceKy 40 MeTapa, a 110 HaUlI1X l1aHa 3a

jOUl 10 MeTapa (Todorova, BajcoB 1993; [oBel1apl1l1a 2004). HaceJba Koja

cy Morna nocTojaTI1 Ha 06anl1 ErejcKor Mopa Ha nyTy Ka 110nl1Hl1 Mapl1l1e,

MeCTe 11/l1nl1 CTpYMe cal1a ne)!(e I1crrOI1 rrOBpUlI1He Mopa Ha l1y6l1Hl1 Ha

KOjOj 611 11 rrOI1BOI1Ha apxeonorl1ja TeUlKO 6l1na 011 rrOMOnl1. Y rrpl1nor •

rrpeTrrOCTaBl1l1 0 rrocToJalbY TaKBI1X Hana3l1UlTa rOBOpl1 11 MaTpl1l1a

HaCeJbaBalba paHO-HeOnI1TCKI1X HaCeJba Ha rrpM06anHoM l1eny EanKaHCKor

rronyocTpBa. TaKBa cy 6l1na 3Ha'lajHa HeOnl1TCKa HaCeJba CecKno, JaHl1l1a

(Giannitsa), anl1 11 HaCeJbe TpaH31111MOHe cpa3e Me30nI1T/HeOnI1T KaKBO je

6l1no <t>paHKTI1 (Franchti).

C I1pyre CTpaHe apXeOn03l1Ma je 110 CKOPO 6l1no Ha pacrronaralbY TeK l1eceTaK HeOnl1TCKI1X Hana3l1UlTa Ha Tepl1TOpl1jl1 'II1TaBe TypcKe, Koja ce

17 OSAe neMo, sa oay npl1mlKY, OCTaSI1TH no CTpaHI1 pa3He J10KaJlHe TeOpl1jcKe MOAeJle KOjW nOKywasaj y Aa o6jacHe Y3poKe HaCTaHKa Beom-tTa H YCMepl1TH ce caMO Ha l-herOBO 113BOpI1WTe.

39

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

CMaTpa 3a HajBepoBaTHMje M3BOpMllITe HeOJIMTCKMX KyJITypa OaJIKaHCKOr

rrOJIyoCTpBa. OBaKBo CTalhe /lyro je CTpyqlhaKe yrrynMBaJIO Ha qaTaJI

XMjMK (Gata! Hiiyiik), KOjM je 6MO Haj60lbe MCTpa)!(eHO HaJIa3MlIlTe y

AHa/lOJIMjM M Koje MMa caCBMM oc06eHY M je/lMHCTBeHY MaTepMjaJIHY

'" :0. II: po -• " -'" >-m 2t :r 0 .. --:I: .: -& 0-c:

20

o ~

·20 -

-40 -

-60 -

~ -

-100 -

-120 -

·140 20 15 10 o

8p Me ( 1000

Cm1Ka 8 - llieMaTcKM npHKa3 npoMeHe HUBoa Mopa y nocne.n; lhl1X 20000 rO,D;H Ha

KyJITypy. CaMMM TMM, rroperyelhe HeOJIMTa OaJIKaHa M MaTepMjaJIHMX

OCTaTaKa ca qaTaJI XMjMKa /laBaJIO je HeraTMBaH pe3YJITaT, rra je rrOTpara

HaCTaBlbaHa MJIM y OKBMpMMa JIOKaJIHe Me30JIMTCKe Tpa/lMI.\Mje OaJIKaHa

MJIM Ha HeKOM /lpyroM MeCTy.

Tpe6a Ha nOqeTKY HarnaOlTM /la je TepMTopMja /laHallllhe TypcKe

BeOMa pa3HOJIMKa. qecTo je Ha3MBajy 11 3eMlba 'Iemupu 200uLUiba oo6a.

J!IHTepecOBalhe 3a OBY 06JIaCT je /lyro rO/ll1Ha 6MJIO y ceH 1.\ 11 MHTepeCOBalha

3a apXeOJIOrMjy JieBaHTa. Y Klh11311 Neolithic in Turkey ayTopl1 cy noce6Ho • ••

113/1 BOJI1JII1 HeKOJII1KO perl10Ha KOJI1 cy 0/1 3HaqaJa 3a npoyqaBalhe

HeOJII1TI13al.\l1je. To cy 06JIaCTI1: Ypcpa-,i'\l1jap6aKMp (Urfa-Diyarbakir),

40

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

KOlna-AKcapaj (Konya-Aksaray), 06nacT Bem1KWX je3epa (EYP/lYP) W perWOH MpaMOpHOr MOpa (Ozdogan and Ba~gelen 1999: ll).

IlpeMa HaBO/lWMa M. 03/10raHa AHa/lOnwja W OCTanw /lenOBW TypcKe

/lyro cy 6wnw 3aHeMapwBaHw rrpwnwKoM pacrrpaBa 0 rropeKny HeOnWTa

(Ozdogan and Ba~gelen 1999: 9). OBe 06nacTw cy /10 CKOPO 6wne y CeHl.\w BenWKWX WCTpa)!(WBalDa y JIeBaHTY. Llo MenapToBwx WCTpa)!(WBalDa y

XaJ,mnapy (Ha<;ilar) W rrOTOM '-[aTan XWjWKy rre/leCeTwx rO/lwHa rOTOBO /la

ce Hwje HW 3Hano 3a rrocTojalDe HeonWTCKWX KynTypa y AHa/lOnwjw (Mellart

1970). 0/1 Ta/la rra /10 /laHaC y '-\enoj TypCKOj je WCTpa)!(eHO '-IeTp/leCeTaK Hana3WWTa paHor W rr03Hor HeonWTa, WTO je W /lalbe penaTwBHo Manw 6poj

3a /le<j>wHwTwBHO rr03Wl.\WOHWpalDe HeonWTa TypcKe y OKBWPY rn06anHwx

/leWaBalDa rrO'-leTKOM Xono,-\eHa. IlopeljelDa pa/lw y 06nacTw JIeBaHTa,

Koja je /lyro 6wna y <j>OKYCy CBeTCKe apxeonorwje, WCTpa)!(eHO je rrpeKo

400 nOKanwTeTa, /10K je y 06nacTw JyrowcTo'-lHe EBporre CWCTeMaTCKW wnw 6ap COH/la)!(HO WCTpa)!(eHO Bwwe CTOTWHa HeonWTCKWX Hacelba.

J1CTpa)!(WBalDa cy HapO'-lWTO wHTeH3wBwpaHa y rrocne/llDwx /lBa/leCeTaK

rO/lwHa Ka/la je W WCTpa)!(eHa BehwHa /laHaC rr03HaTWX Hana3WWTa HeonWTa

y TYPCKOj. OCWM WHTeH3WBHWX TepeHcKwx pa/lOBa Balba HarroMeHYTw /la

cy pe3yJITaTW WCTpa)!(WBalDa rrno/l MO/lepHe MeTO/lOnorwje, a 06jaBlbeHw cy •

wnw y ,-\enwHw Ha cTpaHwM Je3Wl.\WMa wnw ca eKCTeH3WBHWM pe3wMewMa.

*

'-[WlDeHWl.\a je wrraK /la rroCTojw rrpeKW/I y HacelbaBalDY Ha Hana3WWTWMa y 06nacTw BenwKwx je3epa y AHa/lOnwjw, Te /la ce OHa, KaKO

heMO BW/leTw, rrOKnarra y BenwKoj Mepw ca rrO'-lel.\wMa HeOnWTa y Tecanwjw,

MaKe/lOHwjw W /lOnWHW peKe CTpYMe. KaKO 6WCMO WTO 60lbe pa3YMenw

6nwCKOCT KynTypHwx <j>eHOMeHa KOjW rroBe3yjy AHa/lOnwjy W EanKaH, O/IHOCHO TepMwH 6anKaHCKO-aHa/lOnCKW KynTypHw KOMrrneKC '-Iwjw je

ayTop MwnyTwH fapawaHwH (1998) Ha OBOM MeCTY /laheMO OCHOBHe

WH<j>OpMal.\wje 0 Xa6WTaTY W MaTepwjanHoj KynTypw Hana3WWTa 3Ha'-lajHwx

3a /lalbW cne/l /loraljaja Ha EanKaHY. IloCTojalDe CTanHWX Hacelba ca nOBa'-lKo-caKyrrlba'-lKwM Ha'-lWHOM

rrpwBpeljwBalDa W 6e3 Tpa/lWl.\wje rrpOW3BO/lIDe KepaMwKe, KaKBa cy HeBanw '-[opw, XanaH '-[eMW, fe6eKnw (Nevali <;ori, Hallan <;emi,

Giibekli) wnw AwwKnw XWjWK (A~ikli Hiiyiik) rOBope y npwnor TBp/llDW

/la 6w 06nacT AHa/lOnwje Tpe6ano CBaKaKO yKlby'-lWTW y 30HY rrpwMapHe

HeonWTW3al.\wje. J1rraK, 0/1 rroce6Hor wHTepeca cy HaM Hana3WWTa W3

06nacTw BenwKwx je3epa Koja ce, KaKO he ce BW/leTW, Mory /lWpeKTHo

rrOBe3aTW ca MaTepwjanHoM KynTypoM paHor HeonWTa EanKaHa.

41

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

R • r ak d

Cnl1Ka 9 - 06naCT jY)I<He AHap;OJB.fje ca Haj3HaqajmfjJ1M paHOHeOnI1TCKJ.1M Hana31111ITJ.1Ma

Kypyqaj XMjMK (Kuru~ay H6yuk), TeJI Hacelbe, HaJIa3M ce HallOMaK

MeCTa Kypyqaj (Kuru~ay), HellaJIeKO Oil je3epa EYPIlYP y jyr03arrailHoj

AHaIlOJIMjM. MCTpa)!(MBalba, qMjM je ayrop 6MO P. ):(ypy (Duru 1999)

crrpoBelleHa cy y rrepMollY Oil 1978. 110 1988. MCTpa)!(eHa je rroBpIlIMHa

Oil CKOPO 3500 m ' M oTKpMBeHo rrocTojalbe KYJITypHor cJIoja Oil rOTOBO

8 MeTapa. HajHM)!(M CJIoj 03HaqeH Kao 13, lIe6lbMHe 0,6-0,8 m, rrpMrralla

paHo HeOJIMTcKoj (Early Neolithic) ¢a3M )!(MBOTa Ha OBOM MecTY KOjM ca

HeKOJIMKO rrpeKMlla, (3a Hac je Oil 3Haqaja oHaj M3Mel)y EN CJIoj 13 M EN

CJIoj 12) Tpaje 110 rroqeTKa paHor 6poH3aHor 1I06a. Y HajHM)!(eM CJIojy HMje

rroTBpl)eHo rrocTojalbe apxMTeKToHcKMX OCTaTaKa, 1I0K ce Ben y CJIojy 12

rpalle Hall3eMHe Kyne Oil neprrl1'Ia ca jellHMM pellOM KaMeHor TeMelba. Y rr03HOHeOJIMTCKOM CJIojy 11, lIaTOBaHOM MeTOIlOM pallMoyrlbeHMKa Ha

5990±95 KaJIM6pMpaHMx rOIlMHa cTape epe, oTKpMBeH je lIeo MMrrpecMBHe

YTBplle ca rrOJIYKpYlKHMM KYJIaMa. 3a MCTpa)!(MBalbe OIlHoca paHor

HeOJIMTa jyr03arrailHe AHallOJIMje M Ereje M, y Kpajlboj MHCTaHQM,

l.\eHTpaJIHOr EaJIKaHa Ba)!(HM cy CJIojeBM paHor HeOJIMTa 13, 12 M 11, KOjM

rro C14 lIaTYMMMa HerrocpellHO rrpeTxolle M lIeJIMMMqHO ce rrOKJIarrajy ca

pa3BojeM HeOJIMTa EaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIyoCTpBa.

):(pyro HaJIa3MIlITe, Koje ne 6MTM Oil 3Haqaja y HaIlIoj pacrrpaBM je

XyjqeK (Hoy~ek), CMeIlITeHO TpMlleCeTaK KMJIOMeTapa jY)!(HO Oil Kypyqaja

42

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

... 1"'<

5ft;I$ h' v.)J.~. "'. I ~' :::t. ~ r ..7-1.~ X" ~ o:t: P c~t.o.:"p. P E pi ~:.tc. ~nn • .......... ' ILl .......... ~, ,.

gIOO)-H r

12.f-.4 III

e I ~

0 Il 113 I "JI ~ TYJI L~ •

;,-{tt- 1 . • I

&""00 tt:.oo ~~ I

1(i(tJ.~ . -~ • - - - -

C mt Ka to - Pen aTI1BHO-Xp m IOJlOlUKitI DA HOC HeOJl I1TCK l1 X HaJI a 3l1WTa y A HaAom1jl1

(npeM.: Duru 1999: 189)

TaKol)e y 06JIacn! BeJIWKWX je3epa. Ha OBOM HaJIa3wIlITY (Duru 1999) cpeneMo aCKOWI\He rrocYl\e, rrocYl\e ca rrpocorroMop<pHOM" rrpel\CTaBOM

Ha BpaTy W 0pHaMeHTaJIHW CWCTeM BpJIO 6JIW3aK OHOMe KOjW Kp03 rrap

l\eCeTWHa WJIW CTOTWHY rOI\WHa MO)KeMO BWl\eTW Ha HaJIa3WIlITWMa JaHWl.\a,

EJIeIlIHWl.\a, PaKwToBo WJIW AH3a6eroBo.

Ba)KHO je HarroMeHYTw I\a ce 1\0rOl\WO xwjaTYc Y )KWBOTY rOTOBO

CBWX Hacefua W3 rrepWOl\a aKepaMWqKOr W paHor HeOJIWTa OBe 06JIaCTW

OCWM Ha 'IaTaJI XWjWKY, HacefuY Koje Y TO 1\06a rrocTaje 1\0BOfuHO CHa)KHO • •

W opraHW30BaHO I\a ce 3aIlITWTW 01\ orraCHOCTW KOJa Je OqWrrrel\HO rrpeTWJIa.

IIlTo ce CWCTeMa yKpalliaBalba TWqe Ha XyjqeKY ce jaBfuajy CJIWKaHW MOTWBW • •

CTerreHWl.\a, CTpaTerwp YKpalliaBalba rr03WTWB-HeraTWB, I\wprOHaJIHa • • •

opWJeHTal.\WJa yKpaca W l.\pBeHW CJIwrr , IlITO cy eJIeMeHTW KOJe MO)KeMO

rrpaTWTW W Y pa3Bojy paHor W cpel\lber HeOJIWTa EaJIKaHa.

CTYl\wje HeOJIWTa 06aBfueHe Y rrOCJIel\lbwx I\Bal\eCeTaK rOI\WHa,

a Koje ce 6a3wpajy Ha MaTepwjaJIy W3 06JIaCTW ceBepHe W 3arral\He

AHal\OJIwje rOB ope 0 TOMe I\a ce HaCTaHaK HeOJIWTCKWX KyJITypa WJIW

rrOI\Yl\apa WJIW qaK KaCHW 3a HaCTaHKOM HeOJIWTCKWX KyJITypa Ha

EaJIKaHY, W3Y3WMajynw Ty KapaHOBO ca KOjWM 0 31\0raH W HaJIa3W HajBwIlIe

3ajel\HWqKWX eJIeMeHaTa. 360r Tora 6w ce MOrJIO 3aKfuyqWTW I\a, Kao IlITO

W 0 31\0raH TBpl\W (Ozdogan, Ba~gelen 1999), W3B03 HeOJIWTCKWX KyJITypa

Ha EaJIKaHCKO rrOJIyoCTpBO Hwje 6wJIa TaKO JIWHeapHa rrojaBa KaKO ce 1\0

cKopa CMaTpaJIo. Mel)yn!M, JIorWqHO rrWTalbe Koje ce rrOCTaBfua rrraCWJIO

6w OBaKO: 3aIlITO 6w OHW KOjW cy KpajeM VII MWJIeHwjYMa 6wJIW rrOTaKHYTW

I\a HarrYCTe OBY 06JIaCT OI\Max HaCTaBWJIW rryT EBporre? L\e<pwHwTwBHWX

OI\fOBOpa Ha OBO rrWTalbe 3a cal\a HeMa, aJIW ce Ha3wpy 6ap I\Be CTpyje Koje

18 n OCYAa ca npeAcTaBoM J111~a.

43

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

cy HarrYCHwe jY)!(HY AHaI\OJIMjy. Jel\Ha ce yrrynwa Ka ceBepy KorrHeHHM

rrYTeM H 3aYCTaBHna ce y 06nacTH MapMape rl\e je 3aCHOBana HeonHTCKY

Kymypy THrra <PHKpHTerre. Apyra CTpyja HIlWa je rrOMopCKHM rrYTeM

(BHI\H Hrrp. Efstratiou 1985; H Madella and Efstratiou 1998 ca I1HTHpaHoM

nHTepaTypoM) rra je rrpeKo ErejcKHx oCTpBa CTHrna 1\0 TecancKe paBHHl1e

H rrOTOM HaCTaBHna rrpeMa ConYHcKoM 3anHBY, OCTaBHBlIlH Hacelba Kao

lIlTO cy Hea HHKOMeI\Hja, CepBHa H JaHHl1a H rrOTOM Ka 1\0nHHH CTpYMe

KOjOj rpaBHTHpajy PaKHToBo, EnelIlHHl1a, KOBa'IeBO rl\e ce 3al\p)!(ana H

rrOTOM lIlHpHna Ka l1eHTpanHoM oanKaHY. Pal\HOKap60H l\aTYMH caCBHM

rrOl\p)!(aBajy oBaKBY rrpeTrrocTaBKY, a xHjaTyc H3Mel)y aKepaMH'IKor

HeonHTa H paHor HeonHTa (EN I H EN II) Y jY)!(HOj AHal\OnHjH 1\0BOlbHO

je BenHKH 3a oBaKBY ce06y/KonOHH3al1Hjy (CmlKa 10). Jel\aH 01\ pa3JIOra 3a

HanYlIlTalDe Hacelba y AHaI\OnHjH, MO)!(l\a H Haj3Ha'IajHHjH, 6Hna je KnHMa,

OI\HOCHO olIlTpe KnHMaTCKe rrpoMeHe Koje cy ce 1\0rOl\Hne Cpel\HHOM VII •• •

MHneHHJYMa, Kal\a Je HaCTymlO rrepHOI\ KOJH ce 'IeCTO Ha3HBa ManHM

nel\eHHM 1\060M (The Little Ice Age - Greenland Ice Core Project). Moryne

je I\a KnHMa HHje Mopana 6HTH jel\HHH Y3POK, Ben I\a ce Mopa pa'IYHaTH

H ca I\pyrHM Y3P0l1HMa Kao lIlTO cy nOBenaHa rYCTHHa HacelbaBalDa

H3a3BaHa Harno nOBenaHHM npHpOI\HHM npHpalIlTajeM nonynal1Hja

HOCHnal1a HeOnHTa. Ca I\pyre CTpaHe, npaBI1H KOjH cy KopHlIlneHH 3a

KonOHH3al1Hjy Ka oanKaHY MopanH cy 6HTH Ben Ol\aBHO n03HaTH, Kao lIlTO

ce TO HMnnHI1HTHO Mo)!(e pa3YMeTH H3 MOl\ena KOjH npel\na)!(y PaHenc H

AHl\en (Runnels, van Andel 1988) H KOjH rOBopH 0 TproBHHH ca Yl\albeHHM

06nacTHMa Kao rrpel\ycnoBY 3a HeonHTH3al1Hjy.

I10CTaBlba ce rrHTalDe: 3alIlTO rrorrynal1Hje Koje cy 3a C060M OCTaBHne

TaKO BHCOKe 1\0MeTe I1HBHnH3al1Hje Kao lIlTO je TO cny'Iaj y Xal,mnapy

HnH l.J:aTan XHjHKy HnH y I\pyrHM 06nacTHMa I1nOI\HOr rronYMeCel1a HHCY

rrOTpa)!(Hne HeKO I\pyro rrpH6e)!(HlIlTe 3a 6er 01\ H3HeHal\a npOMelDeHHX

KnHMaTCKHX ycnoBa Kao lIlTO 6H TO 6Hne jY)!(He 06naCTH H3 KOjHX je

HeonHTH3al1Hja H rrOTeKna Ben cy ce Ol\ny'IHnH 3a MHoro HeH3BecHHjH

rrOMopCKH rryT y Herr03HaTO? Ol\rOBOp MO)!(e 6HTH 'IHlDeHHl1a I\a cy jY)!(He

06naCTH 6Hne l\enOM Ben npeHacelbeHe 360r 'Iera ce H 1\0rOl\HnO oCBajalDe

ceBepHHx 06nacTH HnH 'IHlDeHHl1a I\a ce Ben y TO BpeMe I\oral)a lIlHpelDe • • •

apHI\HHX rrpel\ena KOJH CMalDYJY TepHTopHJY HeOrrXOI\HY 3a orrCTaHaK

nOKanHHX 3ajel\HHl1a. C I\pyre CTpaHe, Hel\OBOlbHa HCTpa)!(eHOCT 06naCTH

ceBepHe A¢pHKe He 1\0nYlIlTa HaM I\a 1\0HeCeMO l\e¢HHHTHBHe CTaBOBe

y Be3H ca BpeMeHOM HacelbaBalDa OBHX 06naCTH, anH rrpeMa HeKHM

ca3HaIDHMa HeonHTH3al1Hja ce I\oral)a y 1\06a Bna)!(He ¢a3e Caxape OKO

6000. rOI\HHe npe HalIle epe. HeKa cKopHja HCTpa)!(HBalDa Y-XpOM030MCKHX

AHK BapHjal1Hja y norrynal1HjaMa ceBepHe A¢pHKe nOKa3yjy I\a je roplDa

44

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

•• •

rrpeTIIOCTaBKa HaJBepOBaTHI1Je Ta'lHa, Te lIa cY ce paCepBalbe HeOJII1TCKOr

rraKeTa 11 Ml1rpaU;l1ja rrorrYJIaU;l1ja llIl1PI1JII1 11 Y rrpaBU;y jyra (Arredi et

al: 2004). ITo MI1IlIlbelbY M. 03110raHa (Ozdogan, Ba~gelen 1999: 211)

HacelbaBalbe EaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIyocTpBa 1I0BOlll1 ce y Be3Y ca rrpl1110IlIJII1u;aMa

113 AHallOJIl1je 11 TO BepOBaTHO He 113 caMO jellHe 06JIaCTI1 Ben BepOBaTHO

113 BI1IlIe lbl1X, IlITO 611 Momo lIa 6Ylle 06jallilbelbe 3a rrocTojalbe Tpl1

pa3JIWII1Ta aJII1 cpOIlHa HeOJII1TCKa KOMrrJIeKCa - CeCKJIO, AH3a6eroBo,

KapaHoBo, aJII1 11 lbl1XOBO lIeJII1MI1'lHO BpeMeHCKO pa3MI1M0I1JIa)Kelbe. C

IIpyre CTpaHe OH rrOKYlliaBa lIa rrpY)K11 OllrOBOp Ha rrl1Talbe IlITa je 6110

Morynl1 Y3POK 3a rrOKpeTe rrorryJIaU;l1ja 11 He rrpOHaJIa311 rroBoll y 611JIO

KaKBI1M KaTacTpo<paMa 611JIO y AHallOJIl1jl1 611JIO y jyrol1CTO'lHoj EBporrl1.

OH je MI1IlIlbelba lIa je Y3POK 3a I1celbaBalbe/HacelbaBalbe 6110 OllrOBOp Ha

IIpYlliTBeHe Typ6YJIeHU;l1je 113a3BaHe celleJIa'lKI1M Ha'lI1HOM )KI1BOTa.

He 611 npellCTaBlbaJIO BeJII1KO 113HeHal)elbe YKOJII1KO 611 ce y

npl106aJIHOM lIeJIY HeKI1X Oil ErejcKl1x OCTpBa Koja ce HI1)KY Ha nFY

Oil 3anailHe 06aJIe AHallOJIl1je 110 BOJIOCKOr 3aJII1Ba Ha 20 110 30 MeTapa

lIy611He OTKPI1JII1 TparOBI1 OBI1X paHOHeOJII1TCKI1X I1CelbeHI1Ka. Bapl1jaHTy

OBaKBor CTaBa npellJIO)K110 je HellaBHO K. EpYll6eHK y 360PHI1Ky Neolithic society in Greece. OH je MI1IlIlbelba lIa je KOJIOHI13aU;l1ja 113 AHallOJIl1je 611JIa

• •

rroCTynHa 11 lIa Je nocTOpo KOHCTaHTaH npl1JII1B CTaHOBHI1IlITBa TOKOM

lIyror BpeMeHcKor nepl10lla (Broodbank 1999). HeoJII1T [p'lKe je Oil 113Y3eTHor 3Ha'laja 3a pa3YMeBalbe rrOpeKJIa

HeOJII1Ta u;eHTpaJIHOf EaJIKaHa 11 jyrol1CTO'lHe EBporre. MO)Ke ce penl1 lIa

je HeOJII1T TecaJIl1je, Te rrJIOIlHe paBHI1u;e HallOMaK Mopa, IIYro 6110 113BOP •

HOBI1X rrOllaTaKa 0 pa3BoJY HeOJII1Ta, aJII1 11 113BOP HeCJIaralba ayTopa 0

lberoBoM rrOpeKJIY 11 yTI1u;ajy Ha YHYTpallilbOCT EaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIyoCTpBa.

PacnpaBe 0 rroCTojalbY aKepaMI1'lKOr HeOJII1Ta y Aprl1cl1 (Argissa Magoula),

c:lJpaHKTl1jy 11 KHOCOCY 611JIe cy rrOJIl1rOH Ha KOMe cy ce cYK06lbaBaJII1

apryMeHTI1 aYTOXTOHI1CTa 11 III1<PY3110Hl1cTa. Oil KaKO cy 06jaBlbeHI1 rrpBI1

pe3YJITaTI1 I1CTpa)KI1Balba Ha Aprl1cl1 11 CeCKJIY (Milojck 1960; Teocharis

1967), HOBI1M rrOllaU;I1Ma je OCBe)KeHa pacrrpaBa 0 rrOpeKJIY HeOJII1TCKI1X

KyJITypa Ha rp'lKOM KorrHy. l..[l1lbeHI1u;a lIa cy OBa IIBa ayTopa HajpaHl1je

CJIojeBe ca rroMeHYTl1x JIOKaJII1TeTa CTaBI1JII1 y I1HI1U;l1jaJIHy <Pa3Y HeOJII1Ta

- OIlHOCHO, KaKO ne ce KacHl1je Bl1l1eTI1, y crropHY <Pa3Y aKepaMI1'lKOr • •

HeOJII1Ta - y BeJII1KoJ Mepl1 Je Ollpelll1JIa lIalbl1 TOK I1CTpa)KI1Balba OBor

rrepl1olla. Y3 OBY, CTOjl1 11 'll1lbeHI1u;a lIa 110 lIaHac Hl1je OTKpl1BeHO BI1IlIe •

Oil IlIeCT HaJIa311IlITa KOJa ce Mory CMeCTI1TI1 y Me30JII1TCKI1 nepl1oll, Te lIa

ce lbl1XOBe JIOKaU;l1je He nOKJIarrajy ca OHI1M 113 HeOJII1TCKOr rrepl1olla. OBO

je 3a Benl1HY I1CTpa)KI1Ba'la 611JIO 1I0BOlbHO lIa ce YBepelbe 0 Ml1rpaTOpHoM

45

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

rrOpeKJIY Heom1Ta OP;P)!(M P;O HaUIMX p;aHa. Kao My CJIy'lajy YHYTpaUHbOCTM

EaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIYOCTpBa M y rp'lKoj Hep;oCTajy P;MBlbM rrporeHMTopM p;OMeCTMKOBaHMX BpCTa )!(MTapMI.\a (Halstead 1999).

BaH AHp;eJI M K. PaHeJIC (van Andel, C. Runnels 1995), paHMje • • •

rrOMMlbaHM Kao ayTopM Jep;He op; 3Ha'laJHMx TeopMJa 0 HacTaHKY HeOJIMTa, 6MJIM cy 3aMHTpMrMpaHM umpelbeM HeOJIMTa y 06JIaCTM rp'lKe M

jyroMcTo'lHe EBporre. OHM cy ce TaKol)e orrpep;eJIMJIM 3a MOp;eJI p;McpY3Mje rrorryJIal\Mje. Kao M AMepMaH M KaBaJIM-Ccpopl\a (Ammerman, Cavalli­

Sforza 1984) M OHM 3aKlby'lyjy p;a je HeOJIMT EaJIKaHa rrOCJIep;Ml\a rrpop;opa

CTaHOBHMlllTBa M3 AHap;OJIMje. CBoje HaJIa3e 6a3Mpajy Ha OCHOBY MaJIor 6poja Me30JIMTCKMX Hacelba y rp'lKoj M 'IMlbeHMl\M p;a He rroCTojM HM

KOHTMHYMTeT, HM CJIM'IHOCT Y MaTpMl\M HacelbaBalba M3Mel)y Me30JIMTCKMX

M HeOJIMTCKMX nonYJIal\Mja, HM y rp'lKoj HM y06JIaCTM jyroMcTo'lHe EBpone. Ca OBaKBMM CTaHOBMlllTeM ce yrJIaBHOM CJIa)!(e M K. TIepJIec (Perles 2001),

MHa'le eKcnepT 3a oKpecaHY KaMeHY HHP;YCTpHjy. OCJIalbajynH ce y CBOjOj

KlbH3H HajBHllle Ha rycTo HacelbeHY TeCaJIMjy H ycaMlbeHo Hacelbe y M OKO

nenMHe <llpaHKTM Ha TIeJIOnOHe3Y, TIepJIeCOBa cMaTpa p;a HeOJIMT y rp'lKoj • •

npep;CTaBlba TeMelbHM pacKMp; ca Me30JIMTCKMM Tpap;Ml\MpMa, KOJM ce

omep;a He caMO y M360py MeCTa 3a )!(MBOT Ben M y Ha'lMHY M3pap;e KaMeHMX

aJIaTKM. I1naK, y cKopMje BpeMe CTM)!(Y M p;pyra'lMja pa3MMllllbalba. Y CBOM

pap;y nOCBeneHOM TeopeTCKMM nMTalbMMa TpaH3Ml\Mje M3Mel)y Me30JIMTa

M HeOJIMTa y rp'lKoj K. KOl\aKMC (Kotsakis 2003) pa3MaTpa np06JIeMe

HaM3mep; peTKe HacelbeHOCTM TeCaJIMje y rrepMop;y rrpe HeOJIMTCKOr 6yMa M

rrpaBp;a je p;eJIMMM'IHO Hep;OBOlbHOM MCTpa)!(eHolllny, cTaBlbajynM p;o 3Halba

p;a cy M TMX HeKOJIMKO p;o p;aHac oTKpMBeHMx HaJIa3MlllTa Me30JIMTCKe

erroxe P;OBOlbHM p;a ce rrOCTaBe HeKa Ba)!(Ha rrMTalba, rrpe CBera 0 Morynoj

MHTepaKl\MjM JIOKaJIHMX M HOBorrpMp;OIllJIMX rrorryJIal\Mja. Y CBOjOj

KpMTMl\M 3Ha'lajHor p;eJIa K. TIepJIec 0 paHoM HeOJIMTY rp'lKe, KOl\aKMC ce rrpoTMBM jep;HocMepHMM TYMa'lelbMMa 3aCHOBaHMM Ha rrpep;y6el)elbMMa

Koja ce oCJIalbalbY Ha KOMrrapaTMBHo-McToPMjcKM rrpMcTyrr (Kotsakis 2002: 373-376). Ha OCHOBY HaJIa3a M3 rrenMHe TeorrTepa Ha ceBep03arrap;y

TeCaJIMje, Koja CBep;O'lM 0 60paBKy JIOBa'lKo-caKyrrlba'lKMx 3ajep;HMl\a

y p;y)!(eM BpeMeHcKoM rrepMop;y (Ha OCHOBY pap;MoKap60H p;aTYMa OBO

BpeMe ce rrpOl\elbyje M3Mel)y 9780 M 6700 cal BC), KOl\aKMC, Kao M

HelllTO paHHje nOMHlbaHH A. BHTJI, rrpol\elbyje p;a HH TeCaJICKa paBHHl\a

HHje 6HJIa HeHaCTaibeHa y BpeMe rrpe p;OJIaCKa HeOllumCK02 naKema. OH

TaKol)e nOKYlllaBa p;a YKa)!(e Ha KOMnJIeKCHOCT TpaH3Hl\Hje, npHxBaTalba,

HanYlllTalba H/HJIM rrpHJIarol)aBalba eJIeMeHaTa KOjH 'IHHe HeOllumCKU •

naKem H HHcHcTHpa Ha pa3YMeBaibY p;HHaMHKe OBor npol\eca, KOJH, •

HCTHHH 3a BOlbY, HHJe OCTaBHO npeBHllle TparoBa.

46

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

Ho, KaKO HeOJIMTMqapM Beh lIeu;eHMjaMa He Mory lIa ce 1I0rOBope

M YCBoje KOHaqaH CTaB 0 rrOpeKJIY HeOJIMTa y EBporrM, y rroMoh je rrpMTeKJIa reHeTMKa, Koja he CBOjMM 1I0CTMrHyhMMa HajBepoBaTHMje

pa3pelIlMTM OBY BeqMTY IIMJIeMy. HaMMe, HajHoBMja CTYIIMja (Bramarrti

et al. 2009), Koja je MMaJIa 3a U;MJb yBMIl Y reHeTcKY CJIMKY cTapMx

•• . .--, .....

•

. -. •

IIKT"

• ,

CmfKa 11 - H eOllHTCKa Hana3HlllTa y fp"lKOj Koja ce CnOMI1lbY Y TeKCTY

_ JI

-

•

rrorryJIaU;Mja EBporre, 1I01IlJIa je 110 BeOMa 3HaqajHMx pe3YJITaTa Ha OBOM

rrOJby. OHM cy, rropellehM MMTOxoHllpMjcKe L\HK (mtDNA) ceKBeHu;e, • rrpMKyrrJbeHe M3 aHTpOrrOJIOlIlKOr MaTepM)aJIa JIOBaqKO-caKyrrJbaqKMX

3ajellHMu;a u;eHTpaJIHe EBporre C jellHe M HeOJIMTCKMX <j>apMepa C IIpyre

cTpaHe, 1I01IlJIM 110 3aKJbyqKa lIa cy IIpeBHM JIOBU;M-caKyrrJbaqM HOCMJIM

MI1TOXOHIIPl1jcKe L\HK Tl1nOBe KOjl1 cy 113Y3eTHo peTKM y caBpeMeHI1M

u;eHTpaJIHOeBpOnCKI1M nonYJIaU;l1jaMa. TaKol)e je nOTBpl)eHo BeJIMKO

HeCJIarafue reHeTCKor MaTepl1jaJIa 113Mel)y JIOKaJIHI1X JIOBau;a-caKyrrJbaqa 11

<j>apMepa KOjl1 cy I1Ml1rpl1paJIM C nOqeU;MMa HeOJII1TCKOr rrepl10lla.

47

o KJIJ1MaTCKJ1M rrpOMeHaMa

YKOJII1KO ce CJIa)!(eMO ,n;a je lby,n;CKI1 pO,n; rrOqeTKOM HeOJII1TCKOr •

rrepl1o,n;a rrOqeO ,n;a ce OCaMOCTalbYJe O,n; rrpl1po,n;e, OH,n;a Y I1CTO BpeMe •• •

rrpl13HaJeMO KOJII1KI1 YTl1l1aJ OKOJII1Ha I1Ma Ha if>erOB OrrCTaHaK, pa3BOJ ... fIaJIeOKJII1MaTOJIOrl1ja ce 6aBI1 rrpoyqaBaif>eM KmiMaTCKI1X YCJIOBa 113

BpeMeHa rrpe CI1CTeMCKor Mepeif>a TeMrrepaType, rra,n;aBI1Ha 11 OCTaJII1X

peJIeBaHTHI1X rrO,n;aTaKa. fpaqll1KoHI1 KJII1MaTCKI1X 3arrl1Ca (proxy) ce

KOpl1CTe 3a peKOHCTpYKl1l1jy KJII1MaTCKI1X YCJIOBa y rrpOlUnOCTI1. 3a OBY •

CBpXy rrpoyqaBaJY ce KO,n;OBI1 OqYBaHI1 y ,n;eH,n;poxpOHOJIOlUKI1M 3arrl1CI1Ma,

3ap06lbeHI1 y CKeJIeTI1Ma TpOrrCKI1X KOpaJIHI1X rpe6eHa I1JII1 <j>OCl1nHOr

rroneHa 113Bal)eHor rrpl1JII1KOM KapOTa)!(e y JIe,n;HI1I1I1Ma I1nl1 je3epcKI1M 11

MOPCKI1M ce,n;I1MeHTI1Ma.

Je,n;aH o,n; rrl10HI1pa y rrpoyqaBaif>Y rraneOKJII1Me 6110 je M.

Ml1naHKOBl1n, MaTeMaTl1qap CBeTCKor peHOMea 11 rrpo<j>ecop oeorpa,n;cKor

YHI1Bep3I1TeTa. OH je KOpl1CTenl1 Tpl1 Op611TanHe Bapl1jal1l1je <j>0pMYJII1CaO • •

CJIo)!(eHI1 MaTeMaTl1qKI1 Mo,n;eJI KOJI1M Je 113paqYHao pa3JII1Ke y oCYHqaif>Y

11 o,n;roBapajynoj rrpOMeHI1 KJII1MaTCKI1X YCJIOBa y <j>yHKl1l1jl1 reorpa<j>cKI1X

lUl1pl1Ha. Y CBOM errOXaJIHOM ,n;eJIy Kanon der Erdbestrahlungen und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem, MI1JIaHKOBl1n (1941) je 06jaCHI10

11 ,n;aTl1paO HaCTaHKe, pa3Boj 11 rrOBJIaqeif>a mal111jaJIHI1X <j>a3a y TOKY

rrpOTeKJII1X 600000 ro,n;I1Ha. r1 KaKO TO rrOHeKa,n; 611Ba ca reHl1jaJIHI1M

OTKpl1nl1Ma 11 errOXaJIHI1M pe3YJITaTI1Ma, if>erOBa Teopl1ja je rOTOBO rrOJIa

BeKa 611JIa rrpl13HaTa TeK o,n; MaJIOr 6poja rroCBeneHI1Ka. fIpeoKpeT 11

CBeTCKO rrpl13Haif>e MI1JIaHKOBl1neBOr ,n;eJIa ce ,n;oro,n;l1o Ka,n;a je J')l Xej3

(J.D. Hays), y qacorrl1cy Science 1976. ro,n;I1He, rrpoyqaBajynl1 6YlUoTI1He

(KapOTa)!(e) ca MopcKor ,n;Ha rrOTBp,n;110 MI1JIaHKOBl1neBe Teopl1je 113HeTe y

rrOMeHYToj Kif>11311 (Hays et al. 1976). 3a peKoHcTpYKl1l1jy rraJIeOKJII1MaTCKI1X YCJIOBa KOpl1CTe ce 11

I1CTOPl1jCKI1 113BOPI1, KOjl1 Mory 611T11 ,n;parOl1eHI1 y peKoHcTpYKl1l1jl1,

49

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

aJIW nOKpwBajy caMO nOCJIelllhWX nap xWlballa TOllwHa, npel\W3Hwje 5000, KOJIWKO nocTojw nWCMO (Embree 1987: 75-76). 3a KJIWMaTCKe YCJIOBe lIy6lbe

y npOlllJIOCT KopwCTe ce HeKW Oil CJIellenWX rpa<jJwKoHa (Lorius et aI.1985).

C 063WpOM lIa je pacT 6WlbHor nOKpWBa'la IIwpeKTHO YCJIOBlbeH

KJIWMOM, npOY'laBalhe IIpBeHwx npCTeHOBa Ha jOlll )I(WBOM IIPBeny W

50

,.

• ;t •

CHI ...

• . . ,... !

• • I, •

I

ilIlOBP

• •

N." , .","*_11 .. n l' .... ~

...

".

.. .. ..

Cm1Ka 12 - IlpeKnonJbeHItl rpa<i>ItI KOHItl ca pe3YJITaTItIMa naneOKJIItIMaTOnOllIKJ1X

ItI CTpa)f(ItI Balha (npeMa Lorius et al. 1985)

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

HaJIa3HMa I-\pBeTa H3 apXeOJIOlIlKHX CJIojeBa rrpy)!(a I-\parOI.jeHY MoryhHOCT

YBHI-\a y rraJIeOKJIHMaTCKe YCJIOBe. "KOI-\OBH" KOjH ce 'IHTajy y crrel-\y

rrpCTeHOBa pa3JIH'IHTe lIlHpHHe, rYCTHHe H H30TorrCKor CaCTaBa I-\HpeKTHO

OCJIHKaBajy KJIHMaTCKe rrpHJIHKe y l-\aTOM TpeHyTKy y rrpOlIlJIOCTH. Y • ••

YMepeHOM rroJacy HaCTaJe rro Jel-\aH I-\pBeHH rrpCTeH rOI-\HlIllDe, Te ce Ha •

TaJ Ha'lHH CTBapa CJIHKa KJIHMaTCKHX rrpOMeHa Ha rOI-\HlIllDeM HHBOy.

'-[HIDeHHl1a I-\a rroCToje H3pa3HTO l-\yroBe'lHe BpCTe I-\pBeha (Pinus Aristata, Sequoia Gigantea, Quercus HTI-\) H MoryhHocT cTBapalDa KOMrr03HTHHX

HH30Ba I-\pBeHHX rrpCTeHoBa (master tree ring sequence) rrpy)!(ajy HaM

MoryhHocT I-\a 1-\06HjeMo rrpel1H3He pe3YJITaTe rraJIeOKJIHMaTCKHX rrpOMeHa

l-\y60KO y rrpOlIlJIOCT, a CBaKaKO 1-\0 BpeMeHa HajpaHHjHx 3eMlbOpaI-\HH'IKHX

3ajel-\HHl1a OaJIKaHa H OJIHCKOr HCTOKa (Petit et al. 1990). Y HaCJIaraMa CHera H JIel-\a Ha BHCOKHM rrJIaHHHaMa, rJIe'lepHMa HJIH

Ha rrOJIOBHMa, KpHjy ce TparoBH KOjH TaKol)e 1-\0rrpHHOce HalIleM 60lbeM

pa3YMeBaIDY KJIHMaTCKHX OCI1HJIaI1Hja. HaHMe, OBe HaCJIare cal-\p)!(e •

rOI-\HlIlIDe aKYMYJIal1HJe rrpalIlHHe, Ba31-\YlIlHe l,lerrOBe ca H30TorrHMa • ••

KHceOHHKa, xeMHJCKHX rrpHMeca ca Mopa HJIH KorrHa, KOJH ce rrpOY'laBaJY

KaKO 6H ce 1-\06HJIa CJIHKa JIOKaJIHe TeMrrpaType, BJIa)!(HOCTH Ba3llYxa,

rral-\aBHHa, rra 'IaK H 6p3HHe BeTpa! KapOTa)!(OM JIel-\HHKa ce Mory

1-\06HTH HHcjJopMal1Hje 0 caCTaBY aTMoccjJepe H KJIHMaTCKHM YCJIOBHMa

TOKOM BHlIle 01-\ 250000 rOI-\HHa 3eMlbHHe rrpOlIlJIOCTH. 0YlIloTHHe

pal)eHe y OKBHPY rrpojeKTa "BOCTOK",19 KOjH ce OI-\BHjao Ha AHTapKTHKy

01-\ Cel-\aMl-\eCeTHX rOI-\HHa XX BeKa rra 1-\0 l-\aHaC, a Koje cy rrOCTaBHJIH

cTpY'lIDal1H Tal-\alIllDer COBjeTcKor caBe3a, rrpBe cy rrpY)!(HJIe rrOl-\aTKe 0

l1eJIOKyrrHHM rnal1HjaJIHHM H HHTeprnal1HjaJIHHM I1HKJIycHMa. TpeHyTHo

CTaHHl1a BOCTOK I-\P)!(H peKOpl-\ y l-\y6HHH KapOTa)!(e 01-\ 3100 MeTapa

HCrrpel-\ CTaHHl1e Ha fpeHJIaHl-\y.20 Pe3YJITaTH Ha OBHM rrpojeKTHMa 6e3 •

I-\HJIeMe rroKa3YJY I-\a ce Harne KJIHMaTCKe rrpOMeHe Mory OI-\HrpaTH y CBera • • •

rrap l-\el1eHHJa lIlTO Je 01-\ H3Y3eTHe Ba)!(HOCTH Kal-\a pacrrpaBlbaMO 0 YTHl1aJY •

KJIHMaTCKHX rrpOMeHa Ha lbYI-\CKe 3aJel-\HHl1e y rrpOlIlJIOCTH.

JOlIl jel-\Ha 01-\ TeXHHKa 3a pa3YMeBaIDe H rrpahelDe KJIHMaTCKHX

rrpOMeHa je rrpOY'laBalDe cjJOCHJIHOr rrOJIeHa, KOjH rrOTH'Ie H3 Cel-\HMeHaTa

ca'lYBaHHX Ha I-\Hy je3epa HJIH OKeaHa. Kao lIlTO je rr03HaTO, CHTHa 3pHa

rrOJIeHa HMajy crroco6HocT I-\a 6Yl-\y o'lYBaHa 1-\0BOlbHO I-\yro, a Ha OCHOBY

6HlbHe BpCTe ca Koje rrOTH'Ie rrOJIeH MO)!(e ce ca BeJIHKOM rrpel1H3HolIlhy

YTBpl-\HTH CJIHKa KJIHMaTCKHX 1-\0ral)aIDa l-\aJIeKO y rrpOlIlJIOcT. YKOJIHKO •

ce rrpel1H3HO YTBpl-\H XPOHOJIOlIlKH rroJIo)!(aJ Y30paKa, lIlTO ce H 'IHHH

19 Earth in Space, Vol. 8, No.3, November 1995; 9; http;//www.agu.org/sci_soc/vostok.html#vostfig21 20 Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) je 3aycTaBlbeH Ha nap MeTapa W3Ha,n; CTeHa Ha Ay61t1HItI o,u; 3028,8 MeTapa J.1CnOA nOBplllJ.1He neAa.

51

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

HeKOM Oil caBpeMeHMX <jJM3M'IKo-xeMMjcKMX MeTolla, Hajrrpe MeToiloM

pallMoyrJbeHMKa C14, oHlla ce rranMHonOlliKe MHTeprrpeTal\Mje Mory

KOPMCTMTM y apxeonOlliKOM KOHTeKCTy. OHe he HaM rrOKa3aTM caCTaB

<jJnope y lIaToM rrepMOIlY, IlITO je Oil M3Y3eTHor 3Ha'laja 3a peKOHcTpYKl\Mjy •

eKOCMCTeMa rroJellMHMX HeonMTCKMX HaCeJba.

CBe rrpeTxollHO HaBelleHe MeTolle McrrMTMBafua rraneOKnMMaTCKMX

rrpoMeHa rroTBpl)yjy lIa je TOKOM 3eMJbMHe, a rrOTOM M 'IOBeKOBe MCTopMje

rroBpeMeHo lIona3Mno 110 BeOMa HarnMX M IIpaCTM'IHMX rrpoMeHa y

eKocMcTeMy/6Moc<jJepM. Ha CnMl\M 12 MO)!(e ce BMlleTM lIa cy ce OBaKBM

1I0ral)ajM ollBMjanM C ollpel)eHoM rrpaBMnHollihy rrocnellfuMX 20000

rOIlMHa M TO Y reHepanHOM TpeHIlY (rropaCT MnM rrall cpellfue rOIlMllifue

TeMrrepaType), ami M rrpaTehl1x Kone6afua. 3eneHl1 rraIlIfual\11 Mnl1 ryCTe •

'IeTMHapcKe IlIyMe ce ca CTaHOBI1IlITa reonorl1Je, a rroHeKall, Kao IlITO TO

cyrepMIlIe /1,ozaljaj 8200 (BI1I1I1 cnMKY 12) 11 ca CTaHOBI1IlITa MHIII1BMllye,

,,3a'laC", rrpoMeHe y HerrnOIlHe CTerrCKe I1nl1 rrycTMfucKe rrej3a)!(e. TeK he

ce 6Yllyhl1M I1CTpa)!(I1Baful1Ma 11 aHanl130M pe3ynTaTa 110 KOjl1X 1I0na3e

KnMMaTon03M YTBPIIMTM KonMKO ce rrpoMeHa y KynTypM MO)!(e 06jacHMTM

HarnMM rrpoMeHaMa y eKocMcTeMY. Ha rrpBM rrornell HeKe Oil KnMMaTCKMX

KpMByJba M3 BpeMeHa 8000-4000 cTape epe MlleanHO ce rroKnarrajy

ca KynTYPHo-McToPMjcKMM Ta6enaMa Ca'iMfueHMM apxeonoIlIKMM

CpellcTBMMa.

52

Cum grana sallis

Kao UITO CMO Bl11\elHI 113 npeTXOI\HI1X nOrrraBJba TOKOM nepl10l\a

Knl1MaTCKOr OnTI1MYMa, y BpeMe 113Mel)y 6500. 11 6200. cTape epe npBe •

rpyne CTOqapa 11 3eMJbOpal\Hl1Ka noqene cy I\a HaCeJbaBaJY perl10H

jyrOI1CTOqHe EBpone I1l..\eHTpanHor EanKaHa. lbl1XOBa HaCeJba OTKpl1BaMO

Ha Benl1KOM nOl\pyqjy 01\ [pqKe Ha jyry 1\0 Mal)apcKe Ha ceBepy. L\aJbI1

pa3Boj HeOnl1TCKI1X 3ajel\Hl11..\a oMoryhl1o je nojaBY CTOTI1Ha HaCeJba 11

npl1nl1qHO rycTo HaCeJbaBalhe. Ha BPxYHI..\YHeOnl1TCKOr pa3Boja OBa perl1ja

je npl1nl1qHO rycTo HaCeJbeHa. ITo TpeHyTHI1M nOl\al..\l1Ma caMO y penlOHY

l..\eHTpanHor EanKaHa OTKpl1BeHO je npeKo 200 Hana3l1WTa CTapqeBaqKe

KynType paHor 11 Cpel\lher HeOnl1Ta. OBaKaB 6yM 11 Wl1pelhe HeOllumCKOZ

naKema KpajeM VII 11 noqeTKOM VI Ml1neHl1jYMa CTape epe 3a6ene)!(eH je

11 y MaKel\OHl1jl1 (Peny6nl1Ka MaKel\OHl1ja 11 [pqKa MaKeI\OHl1ja), 1\0nl1Hl1

CTpYMe y 3anal\Hoj EyrapcKoj 11 y TpaHCl1nBaHl1jl1 y PyMyHl1jl1.

C 063l1pOM I\a je I..\I1Jb OBe Klhl1re nOKywaj peKOHCTpYKl..\l1je I\ena

)!(I1BOTa HeOnl1TCKI1X 3ajel\Hl11..\a 11 nOCTaBJbalhe HeKI1X np06neMa, KOjl1 611

MOrnl1l\a nOKa)!(y KOMnneKCHOCT 11 I\I1HaMI1KY 1\0ral)alha y OBOM nepl10l\Y,

pacnpaBa 0 con 11, Ma KOnl1KO Ha npBI1 nornel\ CnOpel\Ha y OI\HOCY Ha •• •

KnaCWlHa nl1Talha nepl101\113al..\l1Je 11 xpOHOnOrl1Je I1nl1 HeWTO MOl\epHI1Ja •

nl1Talha 0 I1l\eHTI1TeTY, KOHTI1HYI1TeTI1Ma I1nl1 nepl..\enl..\l1JI1 CBeTa OBI1X • •

3aJel\Hl1l..\a, I1naK MO)!(e I\a 1\0npl1HeCe pa3YMeBalhY pa3BOp HeOnl1Ta Ha

npOCTOpl1Ma l..\eHTpanHor EanKaHa 11 jyrol1CTOQHe EBpone. IToKywahy

I\a 11 Kp03 OBO nOrnaBJbe YKa)!(eM Ha OnpaBl\aHOCT Te3e 0 Ml1rpaTOpHOM

nopeKny HeOnl1TCKI1X KynTypa EanKaHa 11 TO TaKO WTO hy YBeCTI1 jel\Hy

He3a06l1na3HY 11 Hal\aCBe KOPI1CHY HaMl1pHl1l..\y Koja je, KaKO he ce TO

l\aJbe 113 TeKCTa Bl1l\eTI1 y MHorOMe Ol\pel)l1Bana 11360p MeCTa HaCeJbaBalha

TOKOM HeOnl1Ta, a TO je 06l1QHa KYXl1lhCKa CO.

TOKOM I1CTOpl1je QOBeQaHCTBa MHoro Tora je 3aBl1Cl1nO 01\ conl1!

EpOjHI1 CaBe311, pl1BanCTBa, anl1 11 paTOBI1 BOl\l1nl1 cy ce 360r conl1. CaMo

53

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

jel\aH 01\ MHor06pojHMX rrpMMepa Morao 6M 6MTM HerrpMjaTelbcTBO M3Mel)y

AYTapMjaTa M Apl\Mjeja qeMY je Y3POK 6MO ce30HCKM M3BOP CJIaHe BOl\e

KOjM je rrocTojao Y rpaHMqHoj 06JIaCTM M3Mel)y OBa I\Ba MJIMpCKa rrJIeMeHa.

OBO je, KaKO HaC 06aBeliITaBa CTpa60H 6MO pa3JIOr 3a HerrpeCTaHa

HerrpMjaTelbcTBa M cyK06e (BMl\eTM KOI\: Papazoglu 1969: 71-72). Co je

6MJIa M3BOP 60raTcTBa M pa3JIOr 3a ycrroH M rrporracT 6pOjHMX 3ajel\HMl\a M

I\p)!(aBa. r1aKo je M I\albe jel\Ha 01\ CTpaTewKMx HaMMpHMl\a, TeK y MOl\epHO

BpeMe CMO y rrpMJIMl\M I\a He 06panaMo MHoro rra)!(lbe Ha lby M cMaTpaMo

je HOpMaJIHOM rrojaBoM y HaWMM CBaKOI\HeBHMM )!(MBOTMMa. YrrpKOC TOMe

WTO 3a cel\eJIaqKe 3ajel\HMl\e CO rrpel\CTaBlba BMTaJIHY M He3a06MJIa3HY

HaMMpHMl\Y, OHa je 360r cBoje XMl\pOCKOrrHOCTM HajqeWne HeYXBaTlbMBa Y

apXeOJIOWKI1M KOHTeKCTI1Ma. Kao TaKBa, CO je HajqeWne rrpeHe6peraBaHa

11 rOTOBO CaCBI1M 1130CTaBlbaHa Y I\I1CKYCl1jaMa 0 np06JIeMl1Ma 11 reHe311

HeOJII1Ta (N.N. Tasic 2000). 3Ha'laj TprOBI1He 11 pa3MeHe, TOKOM HeOJII1TCKOr nepl10l\a, 6110 je

OnWl1pHO TpeTl1paH Y apXeOJIOWKoj JII1TepaTypl1 (BI1I\I1 KOI\: Runnels,

van Andell 1988), a apXeOJI03M cY ce qeCTO 6aBMJIM npoMeToM KpeMeHa,

OnCMI\MjaHa, 6MTYMeHa, CnOHI\MJIyca MJIM l\MHa6apMTa, aJIM HMje 6MJIO

1\0BOlbHO rra)!(lbe rrocBeneHo HM ynoTpe6M COJIM HM TproBMHM OBOM

HaMMpHMl\OM. HajBepOI\OCTojHMje 06jawlbelbe 3a OBY qMlbeHMl\Y je Ben

nOMeHYTa HeYXBaTlbMBa npMpOl\a COJIM, aJIM M peJIaTMBHO 06Mlbe COJIM Y

06JIaCTM npB06MTHe HeOJIMTM3al\Mje. r1naK nOCToje 6pOjHM HaqMHM Ha • • •

KO)e)e HeOJIMTCKM qOBeK CBaKaKO Mopao I\a KOPMCTM CO, Te rrpOM3JIa3M I\a)e

OHa, HajBepoBaTHl1je, 6MJIa He3a06MJIa3aH I\eo HeOJIMTCKe eKOHOMl1je. Co ce • •

KOPMCTI1 Y lbYI\CKO) 11 )!(MBOTMlbCKO) McxpaHM, 3aTMM Kao KOH3epBaHC, aJIM

M Kao Cpel\CTBO HeOrrXOI\HO Y rrpepal\M M WTaBlbelbY KO)!(a, a BepOBaTHO M

Y pl1TyaJIHMM M Mel\l1l\MHCKMM 3aXBaTI1Ma.

CJIaTMHe, CJIaHM 113BOPM 11 PYI\HMl\M KaMeHe COJIM, Kao M MeCTa •

Ha KO)MMa ce l\eWaBaJIa pa3MeHa COJIM cy OCTaBMJII1 1\0BOlbHO TparOBa Y

caBpeMeHoj TorrOHOMaCTI1l\I1, I\a 6MCMO MOf}lM I\a HarrpaBI1MO rrpeKJIarralbe

caBpeMeHI1X TOrrOHI1Ma 11 apXeOJIOWKI1X HaJIa3I1WTa. r1MeHa MeCTa M

rpal\OBa Kao WTO cy Salzburg, Salona, Salisbury (113 JIaTMHCKor KopeHa sal,

-is) I1JIM Hallstatt, Hallein, Halle (rpqKI1 KopeH hall), I1JIM TY3JIa, Tuz Gdld (TYPCKM Ty3 = co) CBa MMajy y OCHOBI1 peq co. Ha rrpMMep, rrocTojM BI1We

01\ I\Bal\eCeT MeCTa y Cp6l1jl1, PyMyHl1jl1, ByrapcKOj 11 MaKel\OHl1jl1 Koja

ce 30BY CJIaTI1Ha, a y 6JIl13l1Hl1 HeKI1X 01\ lbl1X cy OTKpl1BeHa HeOJII1TCKa

Hacelba (Hrrp. VetniC 1972). 3Ha'laj COJII1 Kao BMTaJIHe HaMMpHI1l\e je rroMeHYo jow f. 'IajJII\

(Childe 1929: 244), KOjl1 je nOKywao I\a 06jaCHl1 3JIaTHe HaJIa3e 113

MepceH6ypra pa3MeHoM 11 KOMepl\l1jaJIHI1M 3Ha'lajeM COJII1. 1l0CTOjl1

54

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

06MMHa JIMTepaTypa 0 eKCrrJIOaTaU;MjM COJIM y XaJIlilTaTY, XaJIaMHYM XaJIey.

MrraK, OBa HaJIa3MlllTa rrpMrral\ajy MHOrO MJIal)oj errOXM rrpaMcTopMje. Kao

rrapal\OKC MO)!(e ce Y3eTM 'IMIDeHMu;a I\a je 3Ha'laj COJIM 6MO 3aHeMapMBaH

y CTYI\MjaMa rrocBeheHMM HeOJIMTY - BpeMeHY Cel\eHTapM3aU;Mje lbYI\CKMX

rrorryJIaU;Mja M BpeMeHY 1\0MeCTMKaU;Mje 6MlbaKa M )!(MBOTMlDa. M3Y3eB

KpaTKMX OCBpTa KOjM ce TM'Iy TprOBMHe COlbY (Hrrp. Runnels, van Andel

1988; Gimbutas 1991; Sherrat 1997) HMje 6MJIO rroKYlllaja I\a ce 06jacHM

OI\HOC M3Mel)y KopMlllhelDa COJIM M rrO'leTaKa HeOJIMTa. BehMHa cTpY'llDaKa

KOjM cy ce 6aBMJIM rrMTaIDMMa COJIM, CJIa)!(e ce I\a je cJI060l\aH rrpMCTyrr COJIM •• •

Y lbYI\CKOJ M )!(MBOTMIDCKOJ McxpaHM rrO'leo ca rrO'leU;MMa HeOJIMTM3aU;MJe

(Nenquin 1961: 11, 126, 156; Adshead 1992: 26). Mel)yTMM, OBO je 06M'IHO

6MO M Kpaj pacrrpaBe 0 COJIM. MeTOI\OJIOlliKe nperrpeKe M3TJIel\aJIe cy

npeBeJIMKe I\a 611 ce 113BYKao 6MJIO KaKaB KOpl1CaH 3aKlbY'laK: I\OKa3a 0 •

eKCnJIOaTaU;I1JM COJIM y HeOJII1TY MJIM HeMa I1JIM cy nOCpel\HI1 - Kao lIITO • •

Je CJIY'laJ rJIa'laHMX KaMeHI1X CeKl1pa OTKpl1BeHMX y PYI\HI1U;I1Ma KaMeHe •

COJII1 11 rrOJel\l1Ha'lHMM HaJIa3l1Ma HeOJII1TCKe KepaMMKe Hel\aJIeKO 01\

MHCTaJIaU;Mja 3a eBanopaU;Mjy COJIM M3 BOl\e ca CJIaHMX M3Bopa (Nenquin

1961: 127, 128).

I1poY'laBalDeM paHOT HeOJIMTa jyroMcTo'lHe EBpone M IDerOBMX

Be3a ca HeOJIMTOM AHal\oJIMje M EJIMCKOr MCTOKa, ManMpalDeM HaJIa3MlIITa

M npeKJIanalDeM ca ManaMa M3BopMlIITa COJIM (npeMa TpeHyTHo

n03HaTMM JIe)!(MlllTMMa M TonOHOMaCTMU;M) I\OJIa3M ce 1\0 3aKlbY'lKa I\a cy

paHOHeOJIMTCKa Hacelba rOTOBO YBeK rrOBe3aHa ca COlby. CTora hy ce Ha

OBOM MeCTY 3aJIO)!(MTM I\a ce y 6Yl\yhMM MCTpa)!(MBaIDMMa M cTYI\MjaMa

Y3Me y 063Mp 'IMIDeHMu;a I\a je MaTpMu;a HacelbaBalDa HeOJIMTCKMX

3ajel\HMu;a y I\MpeKTHoj Be3M ca l\oCTyrrHollihy COJIM (3eMlbMlIITa 60raTa

COlbY, CJIaHM M3BOPM, CJIaTMHe, PYI\HMU;M KaMeHe COJIM).

Ho, rrpBo 6M Tpe6aJIo I\OKa3aTM I\a je CO 3aMCTa 6MJIa y yrroTpe6M

TOKOM HeOJIMTa. l.[eCTo cy ce y HyTpMU;MOHMCTMU;M BOI\MJIe pacrrpaBe

I\a JIM je rroTpe6a (MJIM 'IaK 3aBMcHocT) 3a OBOM HaMMpHMU;OM

<pM3MOJIOlliKa MJIM je OHa rrCMXOJIOlliKe rrpMpOl\e MJIM rraK caMO

KyJITypHM <peHOMeH. 3aKlbY'leHO je I\a je 11 lbYI\MMa 11 )!(MBOTMlDaMa

HeOrrXOI\Ha CO y MeTa60JIM'IKMM rrpou;eCMMa. OHa je HeOrrXOI\Ha 3a KpB,

HepBHM CMCTeM M rrpaBMJIaH pal\ cpu;a. Hal\albe, co yrrpaBlba rrpou;ecoM

OCM03e Mel)yheJIMjcKe Te'lHOCTI1, ca KaJIl1jYMoM CO Mrpa HajBa)!(Hl1jy

yJIory y l\enOJIapl13aU;l1jl1 HepBHor 11 Ml1l11l1hHOr TKI1Ba, y Cal\ejcTBY ca

MarHe3l1jYMoM perYJIMllie aKTMBHOCT au;eTMJIXOJII1Ha M TaKO yTl1'1e M3Mel)y

OCTaJIOr Ha I1HTeCTI1HaJIHY rrepI1CTaJITI1KY, OI\HOCHO rrpaBI1JIaH pal\ u;peBa

(Hrrp: Hall 1999). CaBpeMeHe nperropyKe HYTPI1U;110HMCTa M3Hoce 3 rpaMa •

COJII1 I\HeBHO, lIITO Ha rOI\MlIIIDeM HI1BOY 113HOCl1 OKO Jel\HOr KI1JIOrpaMa.

55

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

I10CTOjM MrraK M rrpMJIM'IHa KOH<PY3Mja Y I1M<ppaMa Kalla ce rrpOpa'lyHaBa rOIlMIIHba KOJIM'IMHa COJIM rro maBM. Pa3JIM'IMTM aYTopM lIajy pa3JIM'IMTe

rrpOpa'lyHe, KOjM MIlY Oil jellHor 110 7,2 KMJIorpaMa rOIlMllilbe (Multhauf 1978: 3-7). MCTMHa je, TaKol)e, lIa ce ca yrroTpe60M COJIM y caBpeMeHOM,

•

aJIM M y TpallMI1MOHaJIHMM IIPYllITBMMa rrpeTepYJe. M3yeTHo je 3Ha'lajHa 'IMlbeHMl1a, rroTBpl)eHa caBpeMeHOM

•

MeIlMI1MHOM, lIa YKOJIMKO He'lMJM Ha'lMH McxpaHe CaIlP)!(M 1I0BOlbHe KOJIM'IMHe CMpOBor MJIM rre'leHor Meca, pM6e MJIM 'IaK MHceKaTa He rrocTojM

<p113110JIOlliKa 1l0Tpe6a 3a YHOCOM 1I0ilaTHl1X KOJIl1'1l1Ha COJII1. OBO je

BepOBaTHO M 6MO cJIY'Iaj ca 3ajellHMl1aMa Koje cY rrO'lMBaJIe Ha JIOBa'lKO­

caKyrrlba'lKoj cy63MCTeHI1MjM. C IIpyre CTpaHe Kalla rrorryJIal1Mja )!(MBM

ymaBHoM Ha )!(I1Tapl1l1aMa, rroBphy I1JII1 KYBaHoM Mecy - HeollxollHO je

YHollielbe 1I0ilaTHe KOJIl1'1l1He COJII1. OBO 611 Morao lIa 6Ylle YllpaBO cJIy'laj

y IIpeJIaCKY ca JIOBa'lKo-caKYlllba'lKe Ha paHY 3eMlbopailibY (Adshead 1992: 7). YrroTpe6a COJII1 y cTo'lapcTBY je jOlli 3Ha'lajHMja Oil yrroTpe6e y

lbYIICKOj I1CXpaHI1, C 063l1POM Ha 'IMlbeHI1I1Y lIa III1Blbe )!(I1BOTI1IbCKe BpcTe

06e36el)yjy 1I0BOlbaH YHOC COJIM rralliOM Ha BeJIMKMM rroBpllIMHaMa, IIOK ca

1I0MeCTl1KOBaHl1M )!(I1BOTMlbaMa TO Hl1je CJIy'laj. Y MOMeHTY Kalla cy 6l1JIe

CllYTaHe lbYIICKI1M HaBI1KaMa 11 IIpl1Hyl)eHe lIa )!(MBe Ha OrpaHl1'1eHOM •

IIPOCTOPY, llITO ce M 1I0rOllMJIO ca 1I0MeCTMKal1MJOM TOKOM paHor HeOJIMTa

1I0ilaTHe rropl1Mje COJIM cy MOpaJIe 6MTM YBol)eHe y IbMXOBY McxpaHy. OBO je Momo 6MTM YCllelliHO OCTBapeHO HarracalbeM Ha COlbY 60raTMM

rrallilbal1MMa llITO je BepOBaTHO M 6MO CJIy'laj y 06JIaCTM JIeBaHTa. Y •

CJIY'laJY COlbY-CMpOMallIHMX 3eMlbMllITa, KaKBa cy OHa y l1eHTpaJIHOM OaJIKaHY 1I0ilaTHa CO je MOpaJIa 6MTM 06e36el)MBaHa Ha IIpyrM Ha'lMH, MJIM

ce30HCKMM rrOKpeTMMa CTaila y COlbY 60raTe 06JIaCTM MJIM TprOBMHOMI

pa3MeHoM. Kalla je pe'l 0 rroTpe6aMa 3a COlbY y )!(MBOTMIbCKOj McxpaHM

rrocToje pa3JIM'IMTe rrperropyKe. Mory ce rrpoHahM rrpopa'lyHM lIa je 3a McxpaHY KpaBa, rroce6Ho OHMX ca TeJIeTOM rroTpe6Ho OKO 36 kg. COJIM

rOIlMllilbe, aJIM rrocToje M rrpopa'lyHM lIa je HeorrxOIlHO CBera OKO 10 KMJIorpaMa (Adshead 1992). CaBpeMeHe rrperropyKe 0 KopMllIhelbY COJIM

y McxpaHM lbYIlM 11 )!(MBOTMlba 6M Mome lIa HaM rrOMorHY y rrpopa'lyHy

o KOJIM'IMHM COJIM Koja je 6MJIa HeorrxOIlHa jellHOj HeOJIMTcKoj 3aje1lHMI1M,

y 06JIaCTM y KOjOj HeMa rrpMpOIlHMX M3Bopa COJIM, 3a 3allOBOlbaBaibe

IbMXOBMX rroTpe6a y 1I0MahMHCTBY. I1peTrrocTaBlbaM lIa cy KOJIM'IMHe Koje

cy 3aMCTa 6MJIe KopMllIheHe y HeOJIMTCKOM rrepMOIlY 6MJIe 3HaTHO Malbe, • •

aJII1 11 TaKBe cy rrpellCTaBlbaJIe 3Ha'laJaH HallOp 11 11311aTaK 3a 3aJeIlHMI1Y.

Tpe6a CBaKaKO 1I0llaTl1 lIa 1l0cToje 6pojHe KyJITypHe I1MrrJII1Kal1l1je

YIIOTpe6e COJII1. JellHa Koja MI1 ce 'II1HI1113Y3eTHO 3Ha'lajHoM je, a y TOMe he

ce CBI1 CJIO)!(I1TI1, lIa je 1l0'leTaK yrroTpe6e COJII1 HallpaBl10 BeJII1KI1 1l0MaK

56

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

y raCTpoHoMl1jl1: He caMO IlITO je xpaHy YQl1HI10 yKyCHl1jOM, Ben 11 360r

Tora IlITO je oMorynl1o KOH3epBI1paIDe HaMl1pHI1l\a, Meca 11 pl16e. C I1pyre

CTpaHe yrroTpe6a COJII1 y KYJII1HapCTBY Moma je 03HaQaBaTI1 11 pa3JII1Ky

113Me~y 3ajeI1HI1l\a: OHI1X KOjl1 KOpl1CTe co 11 OHI1X KOjl1 je He KOpI1CTe.

--

• ClTl1Ka 13 - TlocTpojelbe 3a enanopal\ltIjy COJlJ.1 143 Hana3HWTa COJlHHl\aTa

(npeMa HHKonoB 2008)

57

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

Kao UITO CMO TO CBW CBeCHW jellaH Oil HajwCTpajHwjwx W HajOqWTwjwx

Ta6ya TWqe ce yrrpaBo wcxpaHe.21 Y 06JIaCTW EaJIKaHa rile cy ce rpyrre • • 3eMlbOlleJIal.\a, KOJe CTW)f(y ca Jyra, cycpeTaJIe ca JIOBI.\WMa-caKyrrlbaqWMa

CJIJ1Ka 14 - MeTo,n; eBarrOpaIJ;J1je COJIJ1 TpaAJ1IJ;J10HaJIHoM TeXHJ1KOM eBarrOpaIJ;J1je

"3 eTHOrpaq,CKe ""reparype (Connah 1991)

• • KOJW cy Je ce30HCKW HaCelbaBaJIW W BepOBaTHO HWCY pellOBHO KOPWCTWJIW

1I0llaTHY co y wcxpaHw, OBa pa3JIWKa, y3 6pojHe IIpyre, CBaKaKO je 6wJIa . "c,

BPJIO 3HaqaJHa y rrOlleJIw Ha "MW W "OHW . J1CTOpwjy KopWllInelDa W rrpOW3BOilIDe COJIW y 3arrailHoj EBporrw

rrpWKa3ao je :>K. HeHKeH (T. Nenquin). lherOBa WCTpa)f(WBaIDa 6wJIa cy

CKOHl.\eHTpWCaHa Ha <PpaHI.\YCKY, HeMaqKY, AyCTpwjy W EHrrreCKY, rile je rrpOHallIao BWllIe Oil 30 JIOKaJIWTeTa KOjW cy Morrrw 6WTW KopwllIneHw 3a

rrpow3BoilIDY COJIW TOKOM HeOJIWTCKor rrepwolla. Kao qBpCTe 1I0Ka3e OH Y3wMa HaJIa3e 6pWKeTa)f(e (briquetage), llITO je TepMwH KOjW 03HaqaBa

BeJIWKe KOJIWqWHe <pparMeHaTa rpy6e KepaMwKe y acol.\wjal.\wjw ca JIO)f(WllITeM. OBe l.\eJIWHe ce rroHeKall 06jallIIDaBajy Kao rpHqapCKe

• •

paIlWOHWl.\e, aJIW Je lIaHac W3BeCHO lIa ce pallW 0 rroCTpoJeIDwMa 3a

wCKYBaBalDe (eBarrOpal.\wjy) CJIaHe BOlle (Nenquin 1961). Jow jellHa rpyrra

1I0Ka3a Koja 6w rrOTBplIWJIa lIa ce co KOpWCTWJIa TOKOM HeOJIWTa 6wJIa 6w

MaTpWl.\a HacelbaBalDa y 1I0JIWHaMa 3aJII.\ax (Salzach) W 3aJIax (Saalach).

I1peMa HeHKeHY qWHW ce lIa je 06wlbe CJIaHWX w3Bopa 6wJIO 1I0BOlbHO

21 CBaKo KO je OpraHJ130BaO apXeOJIOLUKa MCKonaBalha l1JIM l1CXpaHY 3a Behy rpyny lhYAl1 • CBeCTaH Je Te tll1lheHMu;e.

58

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

• npWMaMlbWBO 3a npBe 3eMlbOpal\HWKe W CTOqape KOJW CY W HaCeJIWJIW OBY W WHaqe roCTOlby6wBY 06JIaCT (Nenquin 1961: 52).

CnJ1Ka 15 - PeKoHcTpYKQJ1ja nO)l(J1111Ta cnpeMHor 3a 6pHKeTa)KY, Y pacTep, KOjW TBope

061IH u;e ApneTa, nOCTaBJbajy ce KOH ItI '-I He nOCYAe Kao OHe J.13 fopi'be TY3ne .

3a npeTIIOCTaBKY I\a je co KOpWIllneHa Y HeOJIWTY jyrowCTOqHe EBpOne

WMaMO 6pojHe I\WpeKTHe W WHI\WpeKTHe I\OKa3e. Me!jy OHe npBe MOmO 6w ce CTaBWTW OTKpwne HaJIa3WIllTa CTapqeBaqKe KyJIType JIYHKa, I10waHa

CJIaTWHW (Lunca, Poiana Slatini) y I\OJIWHW peKe CwpeT, Ha KpajlbeM WCTOKY

EaJIKaHCKOr nOJIYOCTpBa, rl\e je Cpel\lbOHeOJIWTCKa KepaMWKa npOHa!jeHa

y KOHTeKCTY CJIaHOr W3Bopa KOjW je CBe 1\0 Hel\aBHO 6wo y ynoTpe6w (Dumitroaia 1987: 253-258). CJIyqaj foplbe TY3JIe, Cpel\lbOHeOJIWTcKor

• • •• Hacelba KOJe ce HaJIa3W Hal\OMaK HaJ3HaqaJHwJer pYI\HwKa KaMeHe COJIW Ha

l\eHTpaJIHOM EaJIKaHY 1\0 CKOPO je 6wo jel\WHCTBeH y HeOJIWTY EaJIKaHa. TOKOM WCKonaBalba Ha TOM MeCTY OTKpWBeHa je caCBWM aTWnWqHa KJIaCa

KepaMWKe - nocYl\e Y 06JIWKY KopHeTa Koje ce nOBe3yjy ca npOW3BOl\lbOM COJIW (CoviC 1961; Chapman 1988: 12). Ha OCHOBY aHaJIorwja ca KacHwjwM

HaJIa3WMa 6pWKeTa)!(e, nOMeHYTw ayTopw cy KOHWqHe nocYl\e W3 fOPlbe

Ty3JIe aTpw6ywpaJIw ynpaBo eBanOpal\wjw COJIW.

,ll;pyrw npwMep CTW)!(e ca WCTOKa EyrapcKe, Hel\aJIeKO 01\ MeCTa

I1poBal\Wa y 06JIaCTW BapHe, rl\e je TWM ApXeOJIOIllKOr WHcTwTYTa W My3eja

EyrapcKe aKal\eMwje HaYKa nOI\ PYKOBOI\CTBOM B. HWKOJIOBa WCTpa)!(WO

JIOKaJIWTeT ca WHI\WKaTWBHWM Ha3WBOM COJIHWl\aTa (HWKOJIOB 2008). Peq

59

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

je 0 jellMHOM n03HaTOM JIe)!(MnITY KaMeHe COJIM y ByrapcKoj, Koje je, Kao •

IllTO BMIIMMO, OTKpMBeHO M eKCnJIOaTMCaHO Oil caMMX nOqeTaKa Tpa)HOr

HacelhaBalba OBor lIeJIa BaJIKaHCKOr nOJIYOCTpBa. qMHM ce lIa oBaj nOllaTaK • • M3BaHpeilHO MJIycTpy)e 3Haqa) COJIM, aJIM M MCTpa)!(MBaqKM M nMOHMpCKM

KapaKTep HeOJIMTCKMX 3ajeIlHMl.\a. HajCTapMjM CJIojeBM OBor HaJIa3MIllTa

lIaTOBaHM cy y BpeMe KapaHoBo III-IV KylIType, lIaKJIe OKO 5400. rollMHe cTape epe, a 6MJIO je HacelheHO M TOKOM Bener lIeJIa XaJIKOJIMTCKor

nepMolla. I1peKo OBor HaJIa3MIllTa TMna TeJI TOKOM TpaqKOr nepMolla HacyT

je TyMyJI KOjM ce lIampa y BpeMe IV BeKa CTape epe. Ha 060llY Hacelha

je M M3BOP CJIaHe BOlle ca 160-190 rpaMa COJIM no JIMTpy (HMKOJIOB 2008: 49). LlMpeKTaH 1I0Ka3 3a eBanOpal\Mjy COJIM M3 CJIaHor M3Bopa cy, no B.

HMKOJIOBY, Ha XMlhalle <pparMeHaTa rpHqapMje TaHKMX 3MIIOBa TMnMqHMX caMO 3a OBO HaJIa3l1IllTe (HI1KOJIOB 2008: 135-154).

I1oCToje 6pOjHM npl1MepM "npMMI1TI1BHe" npoM3Boillbe COJII1 3a • • •

KO)y )e HeonXOllaH caMO CJIaHI1 113BOP 11 1I0BOlhHO rOpl1Ba, 1I0K )e y HeKI1M

cJIyqajeBI1Ma nOTpe6aH caMO MaHyeJIHI1 pall YJIO)!(eH y npl1Kynlhalbe

rpYMelba M 6JIOKOBa COJIM ca, TOKOM JIeTlbMX MeCel\M MCYIlleHMx, CJIaHMX

je3epa M MOqBapa. Be3 HeKe HapOqMTO CJIo)!(eHe TeXHOJIOrMje Koja je Moma

6MTM npenpeKa paHMM HaCelheHMl\MMa 6MJIO je, lIaKJIe, Moryne 1I0nM 110

OBe OCHOBHe )!(MBOTHe HaMMpHMl\e. HaBeIllny jellaH OllroBapajynM npMMep

y KojeM ce onMcyje npoM3Boillba COJIM ca 06aJIe [BMHeje Ha nOqeTKY XVIII BeKa. B. B03MaH (V Bosman) je cBojeBpeMeHo M3BeCTMO lIa ce: ,,3eMlhaHe

nocYlle nopel)ajy Y TYl\eTMMa jellHa nopell IIpyre; Kalla ce HanpaBM IIBa

pella CBe ce 3aJIMje mMHoM, CKOPO Kao Kalla ce rpallM Kyna Oil l\MraJIa, a oHlla ce Mcnoll lbMX HanpaBM HeIllTO IllTO JIMqM Ha JIO)!(MIllTe MJIM ne n" (npeMa Multhauf 1978: 21). Ha OCHOBY OBaKBMX onMca M Ha OCHOBY

OCTaTaKa 6pMKeTa)!(e, M3mella lIa je OBO 6MJIa maBHa npoM3Bol)aqKa

TeXHMKa 3a 1I06Mjalbe COJIM IllMpOM CBeTa M TO Kp03 BeKOBe Oil HeOJIMTa

110 nojaBe HeIllTO CJIO)!(eHMjMx M e<pMKacHMjMx TeXHMKa pMMCKe enoxe. Y HeKMM lIeJIOBMMa EBpone oBaj MeTOII, aJIM M HeKM jOIll npMMMTMBHl1jM,

•

Kao IllTO )e TO CMnalbe CJIaHe BOlle IIMpeKTHo Ha yrlheBlhe - IllTO ce 110

XIX BeKa pallMJIO y BYKOBMHM, PyMyHMja, npe)!(MBeJIM cy 110 caBpeMeHor 1I06a (Multhauf 1978: 20). Y 06JIaCTMMa me HMje 6MJIO nOBpIllMHcKe COJIM

nOCTojaJIe cy IIpyre TeXHMKe Koje He yKlhyqyjy pYllapelbe, aJIM cy 6MJIe

e<pMKaCHe Illl1pOM CBeTa. Ben y TpeneM MI1JIeHl1jyMy CTape epe KMHe311 •

cy OTKPI1JII1 IIBe rJIaBHe TeXHI1Ke: eBanOpal\l1)a y nJII1TI1KI1M nocYllaMa

M eBanOpal\l1ja MopCKe BOlle nOMeIllaHe ca jell HOM BPCTOM arrrl1. Y npM06aJIHl1M 06JIaCTl1Ma Hl1je Hey06l1qajeHo lIa ce CO 1I06l1ja TaKO IllTO ce

cnalhyjy aJIre I1l1pyre XaJIMo<pMTHe 6l1lhKe, a lbl1XOB neneo ce KOPI1CTM Kao

CO. OBa TeXHI1Ka MOrJIa je 6l1Tl1 KOpl1IllneHa 11 y OCTaJII1M 06JIaCTl1Ma ca

60

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

je 0 jellMHOM n03HaTOM JIe)!(MnITY KaMeHe COJIM y ByrapcKoj, Koje je, Kao •

IllTO BMIIMMO, OTKpMBeHO M eKCnJIOaTMCaHO Oil caMMX nOqeTaKa Tpa)HOr

HacelhaBalba OBor lIeJIa BaJIKaHCKOr nOJIYOCTpBa. qMHM ce lIa oBaj nOllaTaK • • M3BaHpeilHO MJIycTpy)e 3Haqa) COJIM, aJIM M MCTpa)!(MBaqKM M nMOHMpCKM

KapaKTep HeOJIMTCKMX 3ajeIlHMl.\a. HajCTapMjM CJIojeBM OBor HaJIa3MIllTa

lIaTOBaHM cy y BpeMe KapaHoBo III-IV KylIType, lIaKJIe OKO 5400. rollMHe cTape epe, a 6MJIO je HacelheHO M TOKOM Bener lIeJIa XaJIKOJIMTCKor

nepMolla. I1peKo OBor HaJIa3MIllTa TMna TeJI TOKOM TpaqKOr nepMolla HacyT

je TyMyJI KOjM ce lIampa y BpeMe IV BeKa CTape epe. Ha 060llY Hacelha

je M M3BOP CJIaHe BOlle ca 160-190 rpaMa COJIM no JIMTpy (HMKOJIOB 2008: 49). LlMpeKTaH 1I0Ka3 3a eBanOpal\Mjy COJIM M3 CJIaHor M3Bopa cy, no B.

HMKOJIOBY, Ha XMlhalle <pparMeHaTa rpHqapMje TaHKMX 3MIIOBa TMnMqHMX caMO 3a OBO HaJIa3l1IllTe (HI1KOJIOB 2008: 135-154).

I1oCToje 6pOjHM npl1MepM "npMMI1TI1BHe" npoM3Boillbe COJII1 3a • • •

KO)y )e HeonXOllaH caMO CJIaHI1 113BOP 11 1I0BOlhHO rOpl1Ba, 1I0K )e y HeKI1M

cJIyqajeBI1Ma nOTpe6aH caMO MaHyeJIHI1 pall YJIO)!(eH y npl1Kynlhalbe

rpYMelba M 6JIOKOBa COJIM ca, TOKOM JIeTlbMX MeCel\M MCYIlleHMx, CJIaHMX

je3epa M MOqBapa. Be3 HeKe HapOqMTO CJIo)!(eHe TeXHOJIOrMje Koja je Moma

6MTM npenpeKa paHMM HaCelheHMl\MMa 6MJIO je, lIaKJIe, Moryne 1I0nM 110

OBe OCHOBHe )!(MBOTHe HaMMpHMl\e. HaBeIllny jellaH OllroBapajynM npMMep

y KojeM ce onMcyje npoM3Boillba COJIM ca 06aJIe [BMHeje Ha nOqeTKY XVIII BeKa. B. B03MaH (V Bosman) je cBojeBpeMeHo M3BeCTMO lIa ce: ,,3eMlhaHe

nocYlle nopel)ajy Y TYl\eTMMa jellHa nopell IIpyre; Kalla ce HanpaBM IIBa

pella CBe ce 3aJIMje mMHoM, CKOPO Kao Kalla ce rpallM Kyna Oil l\MraJIa, a oHlla ce Mcnoll lbMX HanpaBM HeIllTO IllTO JIMqM Ha JIO)!(MIllTe MJIM ne n" (npeMa Multhauf 1978: 21). Ha OCHOBY OBaKBMX onMca M Ha OCHOBY

OCTaTaKa 6pMKeTa)!(e, M3mella lIa je OBO 6MJIa maBHa npoM3Bol)aqKa

TeXHMKa 3a 1I06Mjalbe COJIM IllMpOM CBeTa M TO Kp03 BeKOBe Oil HeOJIMTa

110 nojaBe HeIllTO CJIO)!(eHMjMx M e<pMKacHMjMx TeXHMKa pMMCKe enoxe. Y HeKMM lIeJIOBMMa EBpone oBaj MeTOII, aJIM M HeKM jOIll npMMMTMBHl1jM,

•

Kao IllTO )e TO CMnalbe CJIaHe BOlle IIMpeKTHo Ha yrlheBlhe - IllTO ce 110

XIX BeKa pallMJIO y BYKOBMHM, PyMyHMja, npe)!(MBeJIM cy 110 caBpeMeHor 1I06a (Multhauf 1978: 20). Y 06JIaCTMMa me HMje 6MJIO nOBpIllMHcKe COJIM

nOCTojaJIe cy IIpyre TeXHMKe Koje He yKlhyqyjy pYllapelbe, aJIM cy 6MJIe

e<pMKaCHe Illl1pOM CBeTa. Ben y TpeneM MI1JIeHl1jyMy CTape epe KMHe311 •

cy OTKPI1JII1 IIBe rJIaBHe TeXHI1Ke: eBanOpal\l1)a y nJII1TI1KI1M nocYllaMa

M eBanOpal\l1ja MopCKe BOlle nOMeIllaHe ca jell HOM BPCTOM arrrl1. Y npM06aJIHl1M 06JIaCTl1Ma Hl1je Hey06l1qajeHo lIa ce CO 1I06l1ja TaKO IllTO ce

cnalhyjy aJIre I1l1pyre XaJIMo<pMTHe 6l1lhKe, a lbl1XOB neneo ce KOPI1CTM Kao

CO. OBa TeXHI1Ka MOrJIa je 6l1Tl1 KOpl1IllneHa 11 y OCTaJII1M 06JIaCTl1Ma ca

60

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

I1oce6Ho je Bpel\Ha rrOMeHa jOlIl jel\Ha TeXHMKa Bal)eIDa conM, Koja

6M Morna 6MTM KopMlIlneHa TOKOM HeonMTa HapO'lMTO y TpaHCMnBaHMjM.

HaMMe, anaTKe 3a PYl\apelDe conM HMCY TMrronOlIlKM pa3nM'lMTe 01\

TpaI\Ml\MOHanHMX HeonMTCKMX rna'laHMX KaMeHMX ceKMpa. OBe anaTKe

cy Morne I\a ce KopMCTe TaKO lIlTO 6M Yl\apl\MMa 6MnM Ol\nOMlbeHM

KOMal\M conM rrOrOI\HM 3a M3Bna'lelDe M l\albM TpaHcrropT. KacHMje TOKOM

rrpaMcTopMje, TOKOM 6pOH3aHor M rB031\eHOT 1\06a YCTaHOBlbeH je Cnel\enM

• ...

• ~9a6er090

CmtKa 17 - rpal'H1~e npOCHlpat-ha c rapqenatlKe KyllType (TaMHa nJ.1HJ.1ja 03HaQaBa COlbY CJ.1pOMalllHe 06naCTJ.1)

pal\HM rrpOl\ec: OKHa cy 6Mna YKorraBaHa Y l\err03MTe conM ca MeCTa rl\e

ce co rrojaBlbMBana Ha rrOBplIlMHM; KaKO 6M OCn060l\MnM 6nOKOBe conM

KopMlIlneHM cy KaMeHM M I\pBeHM KnMHOBM. L\peBHM PYl\apM rrpaTMnM

cy Hacnare conM M rrOHeKal\ rrpaBMnM Bene ranepMje Ha MecTMMa rl\e

ce rrojaBlbMBana co 60lber KBanMTeTa. L\pBeHM rroTrropHM cTy60BM

KopMlIlneHM cY 3a 06e36el)MBaIDe pal\HOr rrpocTopa Y PYI\HMl\MMa.

Haj'lelIlne I\MMeH3Mje 6noKoBa 6Mne cY 80x1Sx1S l\M. KOMal\M conM cY

MCel\aHM M M36al\MBaHM Ha rroBplIlMHY y3 rroMon rroce6Ho HarrpaBlbeHMx

I\pBeHMX HOCMlbKM MnM cY y6al\MBaHM Y KO)[(He PYKcaKe M M3HOlIleHM

(Nenquin 1961: 118-119).

62

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

rpyrra lIoKa3a KOjW crrallajy y rrocpellHe, a rOB ope y rrpWJIor Te3W lIa je co KopWIlIheHa TOKOM HeOJIWTa cy W JIOKal\wje paHWX 3eMlbopaIlHW'IKWX W

CTO'lapCKWX Hacelba. OHa cy CKOHl\eHTpWCaHa y ITJIOIIHOM rrOJIYMeCel\Y Oil JIeBaHTa, AHallOJIwje W 3arpoc rrJIaHWHa - 06JIaCTWMa w3Y3eTHO 60raTwM

JIaKO 1I0cTyrrHoM COlby. ITpwMep '-IaTaJI XwjwKa, jellHor Oil HajpaHwjwx

yp6aHwx l\eHTapa, 06jaIlIlhaBa caM ce6e. OH ce HaJIa3W y 1I0JIWHW KOlha

(Konya) Ha rrap caTW xOlla Oil OHora IlITa je rrpeOCTaJIO Oil je3epa TY3 reJIe (Tuz Gala), CJIaHor je3epa Koje TOKOM JIeTa wcrrapaBa oCTaBlbajyhw

CJIaHY KOPY Ha rroBpwwHW 3eMlbe. TOKOM HeOJIWTa je3epo je 6wJIO Behe a

CJIaHa MO'IBapa ce IlIWpWJIa 110 caMor Hacelba. LlOJIWHa KOlha y l\eHTpaJIHoj AHallOJIwjw je W3rJIeila 6wJIa rycTo HacelbeHa TOKOM Me30JIWTa, HeOJIWTa

W XaJIKOJIWTa. AWWKJIW XWjWK (A~ikli Hiiyiik) W Kow XWjWK (Kosh

Hiiyiik) CMeWTeHW cy HellaJIeKO Oil Tpeher no 3Ha'lajy W3BOPWWTa COJIW

Y OToMaHcKoM ,-\apcTBy - Xal,lw oeKTaIlI (Haji Bekta~) KOjW ce HaJIa3W

HellaJIeKO Oil rpalla Kajcepw (Adshead 1992). Jow jellaH eKCrrJIW,-\WTHW

npwMep je JepwxoH, HaJIa3WIlITe ca BWIlIe XWlballa lIyrwM KOHTwHywTeToM,

a Koje ce HaJIa3W y HenocpellHoj 6JIW3WHW MpTBor Mopa y Koje peKa JOPllaH

CBaKOIIHeBHO YJIWBa HOBe TOHe COJIW. OpOjHW JIOKaJIWTeTW y COlbY 60raTwM

perwoHwMa, Kao IlITO cy 1I0JIwHa peKe JOPllaH, CJIaHa nycTwlha AJIeno

W rrollHolKje 3arpoca, rrollPlKaBajy rrpeTrrOCTaBKY lIa je CO KopwIlIheHa • •

y rrpwrrpeMalhy W KOH3epBal\wJw xpaHe W lKWBOTWlhCKOJ wcxpaHw W lIa je 6wJIa Oil BeJIWKOr 3Ha'laja 3a w360p rrpe6WBaJIWIlITa Oil HajpaHwjwx

HeOJIWTCKWX lIaHa. rOTOBO lIa HeMa HW jellHor Hacelba paHor HeOJIWTa y

06JIaCTW ITJIOIlHOr rrOJIYMeCel\a WJIW y AHallOJIwjw lIa Hwje 6wJIO y Be3W ca rroBpIlIwHCKOM COlbY WJIW CJIaHWM W3BopwMa.

*

KOMrrJIeKC paHor W cpeillher HeOJIWTa CTap'leBO-KepeIlI-KpwIlI

IlIWpWO ce Ha rOTOBO 500000 KBallpaTHwx KWJIOMeTapa. Y reorpacpcKoM

CMWCJIY CpellwIlIlha 06JIaCT OBor KYJITypHor KOMrrJIeKCa 6wo je l\eHTpaJIHW

OaJIKaH ca lIeceTwHaMa Hacelba Koja cy ce OBlle pa3BwjaJIa TOKOM xWlballY rOllwHa. Kao IlITO je rrpwKa3aHo Ha KapTw, 06JIaCT l\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa

je w3Y3eTHo cwpoMawHa COlbY (CJIWKa 17). Marra pacrrpocTWpalha OBe

KyJIType OTKpWBa lIa cy rpaHw,-\e OBor KYJITypHor KOMnJIeKCa oMe!jeHe

60raTwM W3BOpwwTwMa COJIW. Ha WCTOKY cy 1I0JIWHe CwpeTa W ITpyTa W

TpaHCWJIBaHwja ca 6pOjHWM HaJIa3WWTWMa paHor W cpeillher HeOJIWTa.

OIlJIW'IHa WJIyCTpa'-\wja 3a 60raTcTBo TpaHCWJIBaHwje COlbY cy pe'lw jellHor

rrYTHwKa ca nO'leTKa XIX BeKa KOjW je W3BeCTWO lIa ce KaMeHa co jaBlba Ha •

rroBpIlIwHW Ha MHorWM MeCTWMa W lIa "lIeBelleceT 'IyBapa HWJe 1I0BOlbHO

63

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

lIa 6M ce Crrpe'lMJIa Kpa~a OBor KpalbeBCKor BJIaCHMIlITBa" (Adshead

1992). 'leCT je M cJIy'laj lIa Kyne y TpaHCMJIBaHMjM MMajy rrollpYMe KOjM cy

YKorraHM IIMpeKTHo y co!

Y l.\eHTpy 06JIaCTM TaKO 60raTe COlbY CMelliTeHO je HaJIa3MIlITe

rypa BanyJIyj, Koje rrpellcTaBlba HajpaHMjM HeOJIMT y OBOj pemjM, ca

MHTeH3MBHOM rpH'IapCKOM rrpollyKI.\MjoM M 60raTMM KyJITypHMM CJIojeM,

ca YB03HMM CrrOHIIMJIYCOM, orrcMIIMjaHoM M orraJIOM (Lazarovici, Maxim 1995: 154, 156, 158). OBO HaJIa3MIlITe 3Ha'lajHo je M rro TOMe IlITO ce y

• • apXe0300JIOlliKOM MaTepMJaJIY MO)!(e YTBPIIMTM 1I0MMHal.\MJa rOBe'leTa y

OIlHOCY Ha K03Y M OBl.\y, IlITO je HeO'leKMBaHO C 063MpOM Ha paHo lIaTOBalbe

rype BanyJIyj. lIlTo ce TM'Ie lIaTMpalba OBor HaJIa3MIlITa MMa M IIpyra'lMjMx

MMllilbelba, aJIM OHa He Melbajy 6MTHO lberOB KapaTKep (Thiessen 2000), HMTM lberOB 3Ha'laj y paHoj rrOBeCTM CTap'leBO-KpMIlI KOMnJIeKca. C

063MPOM lIa je co 6MJIa TaKO JIaKO 1I0cTyrrHa, Moje je MMllilbelbe lIa 6M 6MJIO

rrorpelliHo MCKlbY'lMTM rrpoM3BoillbY COJIM Ha OBOM HaJIa3MwTY caMO Ha

OCHOBY M30CTaHKa 6pMKeTa)!(e. reHepaJIHO ce y JIMTepaTypM He IIOMMWlba

Ha MorynHocT eKCIIJIOaTaI.\Mje KaMeHe COJIM y PYIIHMI.\MMa. MrraK, 'IaK M lIa

je TaKBMX rrOKYIlIaja y OBOj 06JIaCTM 6MJIO, He 6MCMO 6MJIM Y MorynHocTM

lIa je rrOTBpllMMO IIOlliTO CO MMa OC06MHy "pereHepMcalba" OIlHOCHO

CTBapalba HOBMX KpMCTaJIa KOjM cKpMBajy 1I0Ka3e 0 paHOM pYllapCTBy. Y CJIy'lajy lIa pailMOKap60H lIaTYMM IIOTBplle lIa ce y CJIy'lajy rype BanyJIyj MrraK pallM 0 HajpaHMjoj ¢a3M HeOJIMTa l.\eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa, Momo 6M ce

• • • ca JOlli BMIlIe aprYMeHaTa rrOTKperrMTM Te3a 0 1I0CelbeHMl.\MMa KOJM TparaJY

3a COlbY Kao CTpaTewKMM pecypcoM HeorrxOIIHMM 3a lIalbe HacelbaBalbe • OBe perMJe.

Ha ceBepy, HellaJIeKO Oil 0poIlIxa3e, M3Me~y 1I0JIMHa peKa TMce,

Mypewa M Kepellia rrocTojM "lIerrpecMja Koja je rrorrJIaBlbeHa TOKOM

jeceHM a y JIeTO je rroKpMBeHa 1 110 3 cm lIe6eJIMM CJIojeM KpMCTaJIM30BaHe COJIM rrOMewaHe ca 6JIaTOM" (V. Chapman 1974: 31). OBa cMTyal.\Mja je

MlleaJIHa 3a eKCTpaKI.\Mjy COJIM KopMwnelbeM HeKe Oil TpallMI.\MOHaJIHMx

eBarrOpal.\MOHMX TeXHMKa MJIM Ben rrOMeHYTMX MeTolla ¢MJITpal.\Mje

Kao y cJIy'lajy paHMje rroMeHYTor KpalbeBCTBa Bylbopo. HailoMaK

Opowxa3e HaJIa3M ce HeOJIMTCKO Hacelbe CapBaw, Kao M amOMepal.\Mja

Oil BMwe Oil 'IeTplleCeT HeOJIMTCKMX JIOKaJIMTeTa. OBa 06JIaCT rrpellcTaBlba

ceBepoMcTo'lHY rpaHMI.\Y CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType rile ce OHa MeWaJIa ca

JIOKaJIHOM HeOJIMTCKOM Kepew KyJITypOM M ¢OpMMpaJIa CTap'leBO-Kepew •

BapMJaHTY· Ha 3arrallY, 60raTM PYIIHMI.\M KaMeHe COJIM rropell roplbe Ty3JIe

MapKMpajy rpaHMI.\Y CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType. JY)!(Ha rpaHMl.\a oMe~eHa je ca HeKOJIMKO TorrOHMMa Ty3M, TY3 M CJIaHMl.\e (S\lanice) y jyroMcTo'lHoj

64

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

l\pHOj [OpM, OIlHOCHO MCTOqHOj AJI6aHMjM, HO 3a Calla HeMa OTKpMBeHMx

HeOJIMTCKMX HaJIa3MIlITa aCOU;MpaHMx y3 OBe TorrOHMMe. .D:a JIM cy

CTapqeBaqKa (CTapqeBO-MMrrpeco) HaJIa3MIlITa yTOj perMjM MMaJIa HeKaKBe • • • Be3e ca rrpMMopCKMM rrOCTpOJeInMMa 3a KOJe ce 3Ha lIa cy rrocTOJaJIa rropell

BaJIOHe M .D:MpaxMjyMa (Adshead 1992) KacHMje TOKOM MCTopMje jOlli YBeK • • HMJe caCBMM pCHO.

'IMIneHMu;a je lIa ce rrpeMa aHaJIM3M apXeOJIOlliKOr MaTepMjaJIa, •

KepaMMKa, oKpecaHM KaMeH, apxMTeKTypa, MO)!(e YTBPIIMTM rrocToJaIne

rrpaBMJIa lIa y perMoHMMa 60raTMM JIaKO 1I0cTyrrHoM COlbY 1I0JIa3M 110 MHTeH3MBHor rrpeKJIarraIna M MelliaIna KyJITypa rra TaKO MMaMO KyJITypHM

¢eHoMeH Ha3BaH CTapqeBo-Kepelli y 1I0JIMHaMa Kepellia M MopMIlIa,

perMOHaJIHY BapMjaHTy CTapqeBo-KpMIlI y TpaHCMJIBaHMjM M 1I0JIMHaMa

CMpeTa M ITpyTa M CTapqeBO-MMllpeco y AJI6aHMjM (KOJIIlI) M IIY)!( CPllCKO­

aJI6aHCKe rpaHMu;e. OBaKBa MeIlIaBl1Ha KyJITypa Moma 611 lIa cyrepl1IlIe • •

lIa HI1Je 1l0CTOJao MOHOllOJI Hall 113BOpl1IlITl1Ma COJII1 y OBOM rrepl10llY Te • • •

lIa 1l0CTOJl1 3aJellHl1qKl1 I1HTepeC 3a OBY CTpaTewKY HaMl1pHI1U;y KOJI1 je cpolIHe, aJIM 1I0HeKJIe pa3JIMql1Te KyJIType CTOrrl10 y jellHy rroce6Hy

Bapl1jaHTY. ITOCTOjM 11 I1HTepeCaHTHa eTHorpa¢cKa 6eJIelliKa Oil JI ITa)!(

II ITpau;a (Le Page du Pratz) 113 1758. rOlll1He Koja llpeTxollHO 113HeTOj •

XI1110Te311 lIaJe 113BecHY Te)!(I1HY: MHoujaHLlu oOlla3e U3 BeOMa yoalbeHux 06llacmu Ha OBO Mecmo

(Great Salt Spring) oa mOKOM 3UMe llOBe U npaBe co. IIpe HO Ulmo

cy cJ)paHLlY3U OCBOjUllU OBY 06llacm U oOHellU 6aKapHO nocylje,

MHoujaHLlu cy Ha llULlY Mecma npaBUllU 3eMlbaHO nocylje HeonxooHO

3a OBY aKLlujy: nomOM cy ce BpanallU Kynu ca mOBapOM COllU U KOH3epBupaHUM MeCOM (U;MTl1paHO rrpeMa Adshead 1992).

TpeHyTHo 113mella CaCBI1M jacHo lIa cy HeOJIMTCKe 3ajellHMu;e y COlbY

6oraTl1M 06JIaCTl1Ma EaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIyoCTpBa, Kao IlITO je TO CJIyqaj ca

HaJIa3MIlITl1Ma y [ypa EanyJIyj, [opInoj Ty3JIM 11 CapBaIlIY 6MJIe MMynHl1je Oil OCTaJII1X I1CTOBpeMeHI1X 3ajeIlHI1u;a. 06l1lbe rpHqapMje (Koja MO)!(e 6MTl1

11 lIeo rroCTpojeIna 3a eBarrOpaU;l1jy), JIYKcY3Ha p06a 11 pacKolli TeXHI1Ka YKpalliaBaIna 11 pa3HoBpcHOCT MOTI1Ba cy OHO IlITO I1CTpa)!(MBaql1Ma

0IlMax rralla y OqM .

.D:aTOBaIne apXeOJIOlliKOr MaTepMjaJIa 113 [opIne TY3JIe, Koja je

yjellHO 11 Haj3allallHl1ja TaqKa CTapqeBaqKe KyllType, Moma 611, MO)!(lIa, • •

lIa HaM 1l0MorHe lIa CXBaTI1MO JellHY CTpaHy CTpaTerl1Je HaCelbaBaIna y

OBOM perl10Hy. HajpaHl1ja ¢a3a [opIne Ty3JIe Vlb rrpl111alla CpellIneM

HeOJII1TY u;eHTpaJIHOr EaJIKaHa (OIlHOCHO ¢a311 MNCB II 110 N.N.

Tasic 1997. I1JII1 Tpalll1U;110HaJIHo CTapqeBO IIb rro D. Arandelovic­

Garasanin 1954). CJII1KaHa lIeKOpaU;l1ja yKa3yje Ha 6JIl1CKe Be3e ca

65

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

jyroM u;eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa. 0pHaMeHTaJIHW CWCTeM cal1P)!(W CJIWKaHe • • U;WK-u;aK JIWHW)e W OCTaJIW rrpaBOJIWHW)CKW perrepToap rl1e ce rrOHeKal1

• • • )aBlba)y TpoyrJIOBW, TaHKe BepTWKaJIHe JIWHW)e ca Mpe)!(OM rrOCTaBlbeHOM

wcrrOI1 06011a, Kao W BWCOK rrpou;eHaT CJIWKaHe KepaMWKe, Hey06wqajeH

3a HaJIa3WllITa y OBOj 06JIaCTW (roToBo 20%). lIlTo ce TWqe pa3BwjeHe

CJIWKapCKe TeXHWKe W KOM6wHau;wje pa3JIWqWTWX TeXHWKa YKpalliaBalha

rpy60r rrocylja, aHaJIOTwje 3a oBaj XOPW30HT MOTJIW 6WCMO rrpoHanw Ha

PYI1HWKY y MeTOxwjw W y AH3a6eroBY II, a HapOqWTO Kal1a je y rrwTalhY

Kopwilinelhe TeXHWKe "apKal1HOr 6ap60TwHa". OBa CJIWqHOCT cyrepwilie

l1a je HajBepoBaTHwje y TO BpeMe 11011IJIO 110 jel1HOr 6p30r rrOKpeTa Kal1a je

foplha Ty3JIa YCTaHOBlbeHa Kao CTaHwu;a CTapqeBaqKe KyJIType Ol1aKJIe ce

OBa KyJITypa llIWpWJIa l1albe Ka ceBepy, aJIW W rrOBpaTHO npeMa IlIyMal1wjw.

ITpeMa pacrrOJIO)!(WBWM C14 l1aTYMwMa W3 OBe 06JIaCTW HenOCpel1HO

rrOCJIe rrpBe <pa3e HacelbaBalha Ha fOplhOj Ty3JIw, TOKOM cpel1lher HeOJIWTa

u;eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa 11011IJIO je 110 rycTor HacelbaBalha u;eHTpaJIHOr

BaJIKaHa llITO ce MO)!(l1a MO)!(e 06jacHwTw oTKpwneM HOBor W3BopwlliTa

COJIW W CTwu;alheM YCJIOBa 3a l1albe HacelbaBafbe.

YBoljefbeM COJIW y apXeOJIOlliKY wHTeprrpeTau;wjy, Kao jel1He 011

HaMwpHwu;a qwja je Ha6aBKa HeOrrXOI1Ha y pel10BHWM W rrpel1BWl1lbWBWM

WHTepBaJIWMa, 1106wjaMo eJIeMeHT HeOrrXOl1aH rrpw 06jallIfbaBafbY •

qWfbeHWu;e l1a rrOCTO)W rrOI1Yl1apaH W CWHXPOHW30BaH pWTaM rrpOMeHa y

MaTepwjaJIHoj KyJITypW CTapqeBo-KepellI-Kpwlli KOMrrJIeKCa Ha orpOMHOM

rrpoCTopy 011 jyroWCTOqHe AJI6aHwje 110 ceBepOWCTOqHe PyMyHwje.

CJIel1enw KopaK je rrpanelhe KOMyHwKau;wja W rrYTeBa pa3MeHe KaKO 6w

ce YCTaHOBWJIO l1a JIW je KOHTpOJIa Hal1 CJIaHWM W3BopWMa MOTJIa 6WTW eJIeMeHT KOjW je 110Beo 110 cou;wjaJIHe CTpaTw<pwKau;wje. HWKaKO MW Hwje

HaMepa l1a TBPI1WM l1a je co 6wJIa jel1WHW rroTwu;aj Mwrpau;wja WJIW jel1WHW W3BOP aKyMyJIau;wje W 60raTCTBa y HeOJIWTCKWM 3ajeI1HWu;aMa, aJIW CBaKaKO

rrpel1JIa)!(eM l1a 6w Tpe6aJIo l1a ce Y3WMa BpJIO 036wlbHO y pa3MaTpafbe Kal1a • •

ce pacrrpaBlbaJY rrWTafba HeOJIWTa W HeOJIWTW3aU;W)e. JyroWCTOqHa EBporra je 60raTa pa3HOBpCHWM MWHepaJIHWM

CwpoBwHaMa. Marra, Koja je pe3YJITaT l1eTalbHOr WCTpa)!(WBalha I,I. '-IerrMeHa (Chapman 1981) 0 6aJIKaHCKWM HeOJIWTCKWM KYJITypaMa W

W3BopwMa CwpoBwHa, rroKa3yje MOTyne TprOBaqKe rrYTeBe MaTepwjaJIa

KOjW ce rrojaBlbyjy y apXeOJIOlliKoj 110KYMeHTau;wjw (CJIWKa 16). Ha fbOj je •

rrpwKa3aH reHepaJIHW TpeHI1 npOMeTa CwpoBwHa W JIYKCY3HWX MaTepW)aJIa

Ha TepwTopwjw u;eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa. HapaBHo, pal1w ce 0 CwpoBwHaMa W

MaTepwjaJIy KOjW je 3a6eJIe)!(eH TOKOM apXeOJIOllIKWX WCTpa)!(WBafba. To cy

pa3He BpCTe KaMeHa Kao llITO je orrCWl1wjaH, BYJIKaHCKO CTaKJIO Koje je, 360r

CBOjWX W3BaHpel1HWX KapaKTepWCTWKa aJIW W JIenOTe, 6WJIO Ha W3Y3eTHoj

66

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

l\eHI1 TOKOM Beher lIena rrpal1CTOpl1je, 3aTI1M IIpyre BpCTe KBanl1TeTHI1X

Cl1pOBI1Ha rrorollHl1x 3a 113pailY anaTKI1 11 yKpaca (ana6aCTep, MepMep,

KpeMeH, rpaHI1T, ropCKI1 Kpl1CTan, 6a3anT). OCI1M OBI1X MaTepl1jana y • •

pa3MeHI1 y'lecTBy)y y 3HaTHO) Mepl1 11 IIIKOlbKe crroHlIl1nyc 11 rnl1l\eMepl1C,

3aTI1M lIeHTanl1jYM (11 <pOCl1nHI1 11 pel\eHTHI1), a BepOBaTHO 11 KOCT 11

pmKI1Ha III1Blbl1X )!(I1BOTl1lba. TI1Me ce CBaKaKO He I1Cl\prrlbyje nl1CTa

Moryhl1x apTI1Kana pa3MeHe, Beh Mel')y lbl1X Balba yKlby'll1TI1 11 OHe Koje

HI1CY OCTaBl1nl1 Tpara y KynTypHI1M cnojeBI1Ma. Pa3nl1'111Te BpCTe IIpBeTa,

rrp0l13BOlll1 Oil KO)!(e 11 TeKCTl1na, pa3nl1'111Te CMone, BocaK, Mell, cYllieHe

rre'lypKe 11 Meco MOrnl1 cy 611TI1 y Kpyry pa3MeHe. Mel')y OBe Cl1pOBI1He

11 HaMl1pHl1l\e CBaKaKO Balba yKlby'll1TI1 11 co Koja je, 6Yllyhl1 lIa je Oil • •

BI1TanHOr 3Ha'la)a 3a rrpe)!(I1BlbaBalbe cellena'lKI1X 3a)ellHl1l\a 11 lbl1XOBI1X

CTalla, Mopana I1MaTI1 11 rroce6HY BpeIlHOCT.

l1aKo pel\l1rrpOl\l1TeT He rrpellCTaBlba YBeK ol\foBapajyhy

lIe<PI1Hl1l\l1jy 3a MOllanl1TeT TproBI1He 11 pa3MeHe, TaKol')e He MO)!(eMO

rrpl1XBaTI1TI1 06pa3nO)!(elbe lIa je KOHTI1HYl1paHo cHa611eBalbe COlbY

611no pe3ynTaT caMO pl1TyanHe pa3MeHe KaKO ce y HeKI1M cny'lajeBI1Ma

rrpellna)!(e (Nenquin 1961; Adshead 1992). TPOlliKOBI1 1I06aBlbalba 11

TpaHcrropTa MOpanl1 cy 6e3 cyMlbe 611TI1 KOMrreH30BaHI1 Ha HeKI1 Ha'lI1H.

To Hac CYO'laBa ca rrl1TalbeM: IIITa je Morao 611TI1 apTI1Kan 3a pa3MeHY?

Ko)!(e, KepaMI1Ka, 3aHaTCKO YMehe, pallHa CHara, 6pa'lHI1 rrapTHepl1 I1nl1

HeKI1 IIpyrl1 MaTepl1jan KOjl1 Hl1je olloneo 3y6y BpeMeHa - MO)!(eMO caMO

lIa Haral')aMo. '-II1HI1 ce lIa 611 jelll1HI1 MaTepl1janl1 KOjl1 611 Kao CpellCTBa

pa3MeHe MOrnl1 lIa rroTI1'1Y ca l.\eHTpanHor oanKaHa, a lIa KacHl1je 6YllY

apxeOnOIIIKI1 rroTBpl')eHI1 611nl1: MepMep, ana6aCTep I1nl1 MO)!(lIa rOpCKI1

Kpl1CTan. 3a rroTpe6e OBor palla Kao 11 y 1\I1lbY pa3YMeBalba Xl1rrOTeTl1'1KOr

MOllena MeXaHI13Ma pa3MeHe COlbY crroMeHyheMo orrcl1l1l1jaH 11 CrrOHlIl1nyc, • •

KO)11 rOBope y rrpl1nor rrOCTO)alba pa3MeHe Ha Benl1Ke YllalbeHocTI1

(Dimitrijevic, Tripkovic 2003: 47-62). OBI1 MaTepl1janl1 HI1CY, HapaBHo,

jelll1HI1 TprOBI1HCKI1 apTI1Knl1 Tor BpeMeHa, anl1 OHI1 I1Majy rroce6aH

3Ha'laj 3a HeOnl1TCKe 3ajellHl1l\e. <t>yHKl\l1ja orrcl1l1l1jaHa je YTl1nl1TapHa

1I0K crroHlIl1nyc cnY)!(11 Y lIeKOpaTI1BHe cBpxe, a OHO IIITO I1X '1I1HI1

3Ha'lajHl1jl1M Oil IIpyrl1x MaTepl1jana je MoryhHocT nOl\l1palba lbl1XOBOr

rropeKna rrYTeM <p11311'1Ko-xeMl1jcKl1x aHanl13a. ITopell crroHlIl1nyca 11

OrrCl1l1l1jaHa, 0 MoryhHocTI1 pa3MeHe HeKI1X IIpyrl1x Cl1pOBI1Ha, rrorrYT

He<pPI1Ta, rpaHI1Ta I1nl1 ceprreHTI1HI1Ta, IIl1cKyTyje ce y rrocneillbe BpeMe

(Bogosav!jevic-PetroviC 2004). CTpy'llba'-\l1 TaKol')e 06pahajy rra)!(lbY Ha

anaTKe Oil rna'laHOr KaMeHa 6e3 TparoBa yrroTpe6e Koje 611 rrOTBplll1ne,

611no rrocTojalbe crre,-\l1janl130BaHl1x paIl110HI1,-\a, 611no rrp0l13BOile

HaMelbeHe TprOBI1HI1. Y CBOM pallY y KOM rra)!(lbl1BO aHanl1311pa KOHTeKCTe

67

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

HaJIa3a OrrCHI1HjaHa Ha l1eHTaJIHOM BaJIKaHY, B. TpHrrKoBHn (2001) je

CKJIOH BHl)eIDY OrrCHI1HjaHa He HCKlbyqHBO Kao 06jeKTa rrpeCTH)I(a, Ben H

apTHKJIa rrOrOI1HOr 3a TproBHHy 3axBalbyjynH H3aHpel1HHM <j>H3HqKHM

CBojcTBHMa. 11rraK, y 06JIaCTHMa cycel1HHM CTapqeBaqKoj rrocTojH BPJIO

MaJIH 6poj HaJIa3HIIITa OrrCHI1HjaHa. OHaj y KaprraTHMa je HajBepOBaTHHje

H3BopHIIITe OrrCHI1HjaHa OTKpHBeHor Ha l1eHTpaJIHOM BaJIKaHY, HaKO He 6H Tpe6aJIo 3aHeMapHBaTH HH erejcKa HaJIa3HIIITa. Ha CTapqeBaqKHM

JIOKaJIHTeTHMa, OrrCHI1HjaH ce HaJIa3H y CBHM <j>a3aMa, aJIH y BeOMa

OrpaHHqeHHM KOJI WlH HaMa y rropel)eIDY ca HCToBpeMeHHM HaJIa3HIIITHMa

y ErejH HJIH AHaI10JIHjH. 113Y3e11H cy HaJIa3HIIITa JIHBal1e-KaJIeHHn,

l1eHTpaJIHa Cp6Hja (6,45%) H fOJIOKYT-BH3Hn, BojBOI1HHa (18,51%), 110K

yKynHa 3acTynlbeHocT Ha OCTaJIHM HaJIa3HIIITHMa BapHpa H3Mel)y 0,08% H

2,22% (Saric 1999; TpHnKoBHn 2001). OBaKo HH3aK HHBO 3aCTynlbeHocTH

MO)l(e ce rrpOTYMaqHTH HJIH 3al10BOlbaBajynHM KBaJIHTeTOM JIOKaJIHHX •

CHpOBHHa 3a OKpecaHY HHI1YCTPHJY HJIH 0I1CYCTBOM pel10BHe pa3MeHe OnCHI1HjaHa ca 06JIaCTHMa l1eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa.

ApTe<j>aKTH 011 CrrOHI1HJIyca HaM OBl1e Mory nOMonH Ha HHI1HpeKTaH

HaqHH. OBH l1eKopaTHBHH npel1MeTH HaJIa)l(eHH cyy jyroHCTOqHoj EBporrH

jOlli 011 nOqeTKa CTapqeBaqKe KyllType. AHaJIH3e CTPOHI1HjYMOBHM

H30TonOM cy nOKa3aJIe l1a IIIKOlbKe nOTHqy ca 06aJIa Jal1paHCKOr H ErejcKor

Mopa. I10CTaJIe cy, HHaqe, BpJIO rrorrYJIapHe KpajeM VI MHJIeHHjYMa ca noqeTKOM BHHqaHCKe KyJIType (Muller 1997). 113 BpeMeHa rrOqeTKa

HeOJIHTH3al1Hje jyroHCTOqHe EBporre rrocTojH BPJIO MaJIO HaJIa3a OBor

THna H TO H3 AH3a6erOBa y Perry6JIHl1H MaKel10HHjH H fypa BanyJIyj y PyMyHHjH (Dimitrijevic, Tripkovic 2006). OBl1e je 6HTHO HanoMeHYTH

l1a 06a HaJIa3HIIITa rrpel1CTaBlbajy HHHI1HjaJIHy <j>a3y HeOJIHTa H l1a ce

HaJIa3e y perHoHHMa 60raTHM COlby. I10jaBa JIYKCY3HHX rrpel1MeTa norrYT

CrrOHI1HJIyca OBaKO l1aJIeKO Ha ceBepy rroTBpl)yje TprOBaqKe Be3e ca ErejoM.

TprOBaqKH nYTeBH OBor MaTepHjaJIa 6H Mome 6HTH 110JIHHe peKa CTpYMe,

Bapl1apa, MopaBe H LlYHaBa y rrpaBI1Y ceBepa. HaJIa3H rOBope l1a cy OnCHI1HjaH H CrrOHI1HJIYC 110rrpeMaHH Ha

l1eHTpaJIHH BaJIKaH H3 pa3JIHqHTHX rrpaBal1a. Mal)apcKH OnCHI1HjaH H

erejcKH CnOHI1Hrryc rroTBpl)yjy l1a je TproBHHa nocTOjaJIa 011 caMor rroqeTKa

HeOJIHTa jyroHCTOqHe EBpone. TaKol)e HaM Mory paCBeTJIHTH H npHpOI1Y

caMe TprOBHHe H eKOHOMCKor CTalDa CTaHOBHHKa QeHTpaJIH06aJIKaHCKOr

perwoHa. MaJIH 6poj HaJIa3a OBor THna ca HaJIa3HIIITa Ha QeHTpaJIHOM

BaJIKaHY yrrynyje Ha TO l1a HeOJIHTCKO CTaHOBHHIIITBO nOI1Pyqja 6e3 COJIH

HHje Momo l1a npHylliTH jOlli jel1Hy er30THqHY CHPOBHHY y CBOM ,,6yl,leTY".

YBol)eIDeM COJIH y pacnpaBy 0 HeOJIHTY BaJIKaHa 110JIa3HMO 110

HOBor 3HaqajHor eJIeMeHTa KOjH yqeCTByje y pa3MeHH. fOpIDH npHMepH

68

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

rrpel1CTaBlbajy TeK rrOqeTHY <jJa3Y y rrpoyqaBalbY TprOBHHe COlbY Y HeOJIHTY

jyroHCTOqHe EBpOrre. Pa3MeHa CHpOBHHa H rrOJIy<jJa6pHKaTa 3a CO je • • )OW YBeK XHrrOTe3a, a 3a rrOCTaBlbalbe BaJIHI1HHX 3aKlbyqaKa He110CTa)e

HCTpalKHBalbe Koje 6H YKlbyqHJIO MHHepaJIOWKe aHaJIH3e CHpOBHHa H

lbHXOBHX HaJIa3HWTa, MarrHpalbe H, HapaBHO, KPHTHqKO Camel1aBalbe

110 calla rr03HaTor apXeOJIOWKOr MaTepHjaJIa. Y cKopHje BpeMe jaBlba

ce HHTepec 3a HCTpalKHBalbe YJIore COJIH y HeOJIHTCKHM I1PywTBHMa

(Chapman et al. 2001; HHKOJIOB 2008), rra OBO rromaBlbe Tpe6a mel1aTH

Kao rroKywaj l1a ce Ol1pel1H CMep 6Yl1ylier HCTpalKHBalba H l1a rrpHByqe

rralKlbY Ka OBOM BHI1Y MeljyKymypHe H MeljyperHOHaJIHe KOMYHHKal\Hje y

OKBHPY 6aJIKaHCKOr HeOJIHTa.

69

nelIO ClIMKaHM yKpac Ha HeolIMTcKoj rpHqapMjM

PeTKO Koja TeXHI1Ka YKpawaBalba rpw!apl1je, KOjy Mo)!(eMO CpeCTI1

y npal1cTopl1jl1 jyrol1cTo'lHe EBpone 0lll1we TaKBOM elIeraHU;l1joM,

npeU;113Howhy 11 npe¢l1lbeHowhy Kao WTO je TO clIy'laj ca 6elII1M

ClIl1KalbeM Ha KepaMI1U;11 paHor HeOlII1Ta. OBaKO YKpaweHe nocYlle,

OTKpl1BaHe WI1POM OBor npocTopa, ynopello ca MOHOXPOMHI1M,

npellcTaBHI1U;11 cy HajpaHl1je rpH'IapCKe npollyKU;l1je. M nopell Tora, •

OHe peTKO Kalla ollaJY YTl1caK eKCnepl1MeHTa 111I11 Hal1BHe YMeTHocTI1.

HanpOTI1B, IbI1XOBI1 311110BI1 Oil CBera nap Ml1lIl1MeTapa lIe6lbl1He 11 •

OlllIl1'1HO OCMI1WlbeH yKpac cyrepl1wy IIY)!(y Tpalll1U;I1JY OBor 3aHaTa.

MaKo 3HaTHO pel)e, OBaKO YKpaweHa KepaMI1Ka jaBlba ce 11 y CTap'leBa'lKoj

KylITyPI1 u;eHTpalIHor EalIKaHa. MHora nl1Talba cy nOCTaBlbaHa y Be311 ca

OBOM opHaMeHTalIHoM TeXHI1KOM: lIa 1I11 je TO CTl1lICKa MaHI1¢ecTaU;l1ja

Koja je 06elIe)!(l1lIa nO'leTaK HeOlIl1TCKor pa3Boja jyrol1cTo'lHe EBpone

111I11 lIa 1I11 je nOCTojalIa npeTxollHa MOHoxpoMHa ¢a3a? L\a 1I11 ce 6elIO • •

ClIl1KaHI1 opHaMeHT nOJaBlbYJe caMO 11301I0BaHO 111I11 y I1CTOM KOHTeKcTY

ca OCTalIl1M lIeKOpaTI1BHI1M TeXHI1KaMa ¢I1Hor nocyl)a? L\a 1I11 je 6elIO

ClIl1Kalbe XPOHOlIOWKI1 OCeTlbI1Bo? OBa nl1Talba cy, Kao WTO heMO

Bl1l1eTl1, Oil BelIl1KOr 3Ha'laja 3a pa3pewelbe MHOrl1X 611THI1X 3arOHeTKI1 y

npoy'laBalby HeOlIl1TCKOr nepl10lla jyrol1cTo'lHe EBpone, nonYT nl1Talba • •

HeOlI11T113aU;I1Je 111I11 ollHoca HeOlIl1TCKI1X 11 Me301II1TCKI1X nonYlIaU;I1Ja,

alIl1 11 npoCTopHor pacnopella npBI1X ¢apMepa 11 CTO'lapa. TIojaBa 6elIO

ClIl1KaHOr opHaMeHTa YHelIa je MHore np061IeMe y Hanope lIa ce CTBOPI1

nOY311aHa 11 cBe06yxBaTHa nepl1011113aU;l1ja CTap'leBa'lKe KylIType I1I1Pyrl1x

HeOlIl1TCKI1X KylITypa EalIKaHcKor nOlIYOCTpBa.

Ha)!(alIOCT, 3a OllroBope Ha rope nOCTaBlbeHa nl1Talba 1I0cTynHI1 cy

HaM caMO peTKI1 TparOBI1, CBI1 pa36au;aHI1 Ha nap lIeCeTI1Ha ¢parMeHaTa ca

6elIO ClIl1KaHI1M MOTI1BI1Ma y OKBI1PY CTap'leBa'lKe KylIType 11 nap CTOTI1Ha

Ha HalIa311WTI1Ma jyrol1cTo'lHe EBpone: Oil JaHI1u;e 11 Hea HI1KoMelll1je Ha

71

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

jyry ,[10 )J;Olbe BpalbeBMHe M CapBallIa Ha ceBepy, M 0,[1 KaprraTa Ha MCTOKY

,[10 I10,[lrOpM Ha 3arra,[ly. I1oKYllIaheMO ,[Ia YCTaHOBMMO 06pa3al\ CTMJICKOM

aHaJIM30M ca,[lp)!(aja yKpaca CJIMKaHOr Ha KepaMMl\M KaKO 6M pa3YMeJIM

lberOB CMCTeM M OCHOBHe TpeH,[IOBe. KaKo he ce McrrOCTaBMTM, OBO he 6MTM •

M BeOMa 3Ha'la)HO y TparalbY 3a KopeHMMa paHOHeOJIMTCKMM KYJITypaMa

BaJIKaHa.

'IMlbeHMl\a Koja HallIY rroTpary 3a 06paCl\eM M MoryhMM

3Ha'ielbeM YKpallIaBalba rrocY,[la 'IMHM jOllI Te)!(OM je HeMoryhHocT ,[la,

'IaK M M3,[1aJIeKa, HaCJIYTMMO 6MJIO KOjM rrO,[laTaK KOjM 6M pa3jacHMo

rrMTalbe eTHM'IKe rrpMrra,[lHOCTM HOCMJIal\a paHOHeOJIMTCKMX KyJITypa

jyroMcTo'lHe EBporre. I1ope,[l OBor OrpaHM'Ielba TaKol)e HaM He,[lOCTajy • •

MHorM rrO,[lal\M 0 ,[IpYllITBeHOM yCTPO)CTBy lbMXOBMX 3a)e,[lHMl\a, TaKO ,[Ia

je TellIKO M 3aMMCJIMTl1 ,[Ia 6l1JIO Koje 06jallIlbelbe cl1M60JIa MO)!(e 6l1Tl1

,[IaTO 6e3 orraCHOCTI1 ,[Ia ce Hal)eMo y ,[IOMeHY Tpa,[lI1l\110HaJIHOr (11 'IeCTO

rrpl1MaMlbl1Bor) rroje,[lHOCTaBlbl1Balba Tl1rra Eozufba-3eMlba, BelluKa

MajKa, I1JII1 IIpeoa'iKu Kyllm. Ha pacrrOJIaralbY HaM je, ,[IaKJIe, caMO ,[leo

MaTepl1jaJIHe KyJIType paHMX 3eMlbOpa,[lHI1Ka 11 ¢apMepa jyrOI1CTO'lHe

EBporre KOjl1 je O,[lOJIeo 3y6y BpeMeHa 11 I1rraK rrOCTaO ,[leo apXeOJIOllIKOr

3arrl1Ca. Pa,[lM ce 0 HaJIa3l1Ma KepaMI1Ke, rrpe,[lMeTa 0,[1 KOCTI1 11 pora, 0 •

I1H,[IYCTpl1)M KaMeHa, apxMTeKTypl1, MaTpl1l\11 HacelbaBalba 11 peTKI1M

rp060BI1Ma. l1aKo OrpaHl1'1eHI1 He3HalbeM, 113TJIe,[la ,[Ia je I1rraK Moryhe •

,[IO,[laTI1 KO)e 3pHO 11 rrOHY,[lI1TI1 O,[lTOBOP Ha rrl1Talbe 0 KapaKTepy • •

YKpallIaBalba rpH'Iapl1)e - )ecy JIM OBe rrocY,[le caMO YKpallIeHe I1JII1 OHe

rrpeHoce YKpallIeHY rropyKy. Y CI1Tyal\Mjl1 ca rroCTojehMM OrpaHM'Ielbl1Ma

'II1HI1 ce ,[Ia 611 3aKlbY'laK OBor Tl1rra 6MO ,[IOBOlbaH,[Ia HarrpaBMMO jOllI je,[laH

KopaK Ka pa3YMeBalbY Ha'lMHa pa3Ml1llIlbalba OBI1X ,[IaBHMX rrpl1MelbeHMX

YMeTHMKa.

I1rraK, KaKO 6M CMO rrOCTMTJII1 oBaj l\l1lb, MopaMO Hajrrpe rrperr03HaTM

Koje 0,[1 CTI1JICKI1X rrojaBa Mory yorrllITe 6l1Tl1 rropel)eHe, O,[lHOCHO, MopaMO •

ycrroCTaBI1TI1 lbl1XOBY rrpel\113Hy XPOHOJIOllIKY rr0311l\I1)y 11 O,[lHOC KaKO

6l1CMO MX rrperr03HaJIl1 Kao CI1CTeM 11 eBeHTyaJIHO pa3YMeJIl1 lbl1XOBY

TpaHC¢OpMal\l1jy. aBa TeXHI1Ka Hl1je MHoro pa3JIM'IMTa 0,[1 KllaCU'iHOZ

CTI1JICKO-Tl1rrOJIOllIKor MeTO,[la, aJIM heMo I1MaTM Ha yMy XO,[lepOBO

yrr030pelbe ,[Ia je "munollozuja OKOCHUl{a pa360ja KOHmeKcmyallHoz

npucmyna y apxeollozuju Kao 11 ,[Ia HI1 y KOM CJIy'lajy He HeCTaje nompe6a

oa ce KllacugJUKyje U KamezopuUle" (Hodder 1991: 136).

72

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyr a

I I

H

H ~

,

CJn1Ka 18 - Ta6ena pa,o:J1oKap6oH AaTYMa 3a Y30pKe ca Hana31111ITa ca 6eJn1M CJn1KatbeM

73

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

XpOHOJIOrHja H IIepH0,I1H3aI:(Hja

KaKO neMO BH,I1eTl!( ,I1albe Y TeKCTY, opHaMeHTaJIHa TeXHHKa H3Be,I1eHa

CJIHKalDeM 6eJIOM 60jOM IIO TaMHHjoj OCHOBH IIOCY,I1e Be3aHa je 3a roTOBO •

l.\eo pa3BO) CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType y umpeM CMHCJIY pe'lH, O,I1HOCHO 3a KOMIIJIeKC CTap'leBO - AH3a6erOBO - WBPP (3aIIa,I1Ho6yrapcKa CJIHKaHa

KepaMHKa). 22 Y1naK, y paHHjHM nepH0,I1H3al.\HjaMa YBeK joj je ,I1aBaHa

--

I .. rllJ!'dI1i NJI ..

• 6p .... altl' • -•

~;.jenaJ ' •

rptl""'! rip; f). K)'Ca ruJl • '. -., hJl ~ ----

CmlKa 19 - KapTa Hana3HWTa ca 6eno Cll ltI KaHHM yKpacoM paHor HeOmlTa ~eHTpan Hor Ea J]K aHa

, -'

-

caCBHM O,I1pel)eHa n03Hl.\Hja y pa3Bojy CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType. TaKo ce Ha

npHMep npeMa nepH0,I1H3al.\HjH B. MHJIoj'lHna 6eJIo CJIHKalDe nojaBlbyje

y q,a3H CTap'leBO II, 3aje,I1HO ca CBHM THnOBHMa rpy60r nocyl)a, l.\pBeHOr

MOHOxpOMHor nocyl)a H MpKO CJIHKaHor npaBOJIHHHjcKor opHaMeHTa. ):(. rapawaHHH (Arandelovic-Garasanin 1954) naK, CTaBlba 6eJIo CJIHKaHH

opHaMeHT HCKlbY'lHBO y q,a3Y CTap'leBO IIa, TaKol)e KapaKTepHCTH'lHY no

ynoTpe6H TaMHHX 60ja Ha l.\pBeHoj n0,I1JI03H, 6HKOHH'lHHM npoq,HJIHMa

H o6e BpCTe MOTHBa, npaBOJIHHHjcKHM H KPHBOJIHHHjCKHM. EeJIo

CJIHKalDe ca MpelKacTHM MOTHBHMa H TpoymoBHMa je THnH'lHO 3a q,a3y

22 W(est) B(ulgarian) P(ainted) P(ottery)

74

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

I1poToCTapqeBO II Y XpOHOnOIliKOM CHCTeMY ,1J;. CpejoBHha. I1peMa OBOj

nepHOp;H3alV1jH, OBO je BpeMe Kap;a ce no npBH nYT nojaBlbyje 6ap60THH p;eKOpal.\Hja H YTHCHYT MOTHB 3pHa nllIeHHl.\e (Srejovic 1971). CTapqeBO -

JIHHeapHa A <\.>a3a je npeMa C. ,1J;HMHTpHjeBHhy nepHop; CnHKalha 6enHM • •

KanlbHqaCTHM opHaMeHToM, a KapaKTepHllIe Je H p;OMHHaI.\HJa nceyp;o-

HMnpeco p;eKOpal.\Hje (DimitrijeviC 1974: 83). M. fapallIaHHH y CBOM

xpOHonOIliKOM CHCTeMY CTaBlba 6eno cnHKaHH opHaMeHT y <\.>a3Y CTapqeBO IIa (fapallIaHHH 1972; Garasanin 1979: 118-120), a npeMa r. JIa3apoBHhHjy

CTapqeBo-KpHIlI Ib je <\.>a3a 6eno cnHKaHor opHaMeHTa (Lazarovici 1979:

43).

3ajep;HHqKa TaqKa CBHX rope nOMeHYTHx CHCTeMa je nojaBa 6enor

CnHKalha y OKBHPY jep;He <\.>a3e CTapqeBaqKe KYITType H nOCTojafue

MOHoxpoMHe <\.>a3e Koja joj npeTXop;H. MeI)YTHM, BehHHa aYTOpa pa3nHKyje

6eno cnHKafue no KBanHTeTY 6ene 60je, na no jep;HHMa (Hnp. Srejovic

1971) paHHjy nojaBY npep;CTaBlba 6eno cnHKafue ca nOpl.\enaHCKHM cjajeM,

a KacHHjy 6ena 60ja Koja ce Ibycna H oTHpe. OBa npeTllOCTaBKa he TaKol)e

6HTH npeHCnHTaHa Kp03 aHanH3Y cap;plKaja 6eno cnHKaHor opHaMeHTa.

HelliTO p;albe y OBOj KfuH3H (p;eTalbHHje Ha CTp. 113-116) npep;nolKeH • •• •

Je xpoHonolliKH CHCTeM KOJH pa3nHKYJe p;Ba rnaBHa nepHop;a y pa3BOJY CTapqeBaqKe KynType l.\eHTpanHor EanKaHa: <\.>a3a paHor HeOnHTa H <\.>a3a

cpep;fuer HeonHTa (ENCB H MNCB p;albe y TeKCTY). cfla3a cpep;fuer HeOnHTa

je nop;elbeHa y TpH nop;-<\.>a3e (I-III) ca p;albOM nop;enOM 3aBpllIHe <\.>a3e

KyITType Ha MNCB IIIa H IIIb (N.N. Tasic 1997: 43-44; 1998). Kao IlITO

he TO 6HTH cnyqaj y KOHCTpYHcafuY nepHOp;H3aI.\HOHOr CHCTeMa H OBp;e • Je I..\HIb p;a HCKOPHCTHMO npep;HOCTH MeTop;a p;aTOBafua pap;HoaKTHBHHM

yrlbeHHKOM H oTKpHjeMo HCTOBpeMeHe 6eno cnHKaHe yKpace. Y OBOM

cnyqajy heMO fueroBY npel.\H3HOCT H anconYTHe p;aTYMe ynoTpe6HTH Kao • cpep;CTBO npHnHKOM ycnoCTaBlbafua penaTHBHo-xpOHonOIliKe cepHJe.

*

Mel)y BHllIe op; 150 perHCTpoBaHHx H npeKo 80 HCTpalKHBaHHx

Hana3HIlITa, caMO Ha TepHTopHjH l.\eHTpanHor EanKaHa OBa BpcTa

p;eKOpal.\Hje nojaBlbyje ce caMO Ha 11 Hana3HIlITa. To cy:23

• AjMaHa - Mana Bp6Hl.\a

• EHcepHa 06ana - Hoca

• Epp;o - KycoBal..\

• Eyl,laK - JIYP;OIlI • ,1J;HBOCTHH

23 OBaj em-teaK ce O~HOCI1 Ha Hana3HWTa ca KOjl1X je MaTepl1jan o6jaBlbeH y HajMal-bY pyKy y Ij>OpMI1 npeJlI1MI1HapHOr 113BewTaja.

75

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

• ):(Olha EpalheB~lHa - ):(epOlhe

• rpl1Bal\

• Marapehl1 Mnl1H - AnaTI1H

• CTapqeBO

• CajaH - ):(oM60lII

• 3MajeBal\ - CMe):lepeBCKa I1anaHKa

OBOM cnl1CKY ):IO):lajeM 11 AH3a6erOBO - je):ll1HO YI1CTI1HY Bl1lIIecnojHo •

Hana311lIITe KOJe no TI1ll0nOlIIKI1M 11 CTl1nCKI1M O):lnl1KaMa KepaMI1Ke

npl1na):la BpeMeHY 11 rnaBHI1M KapaKTepl1CTI1KaMa CTapqeBaqKOr

KOMllneKca. YllpaBO 360r Bl1lIIecnojHe llpl1pO):le OBor Hana311lIITa 11 • •

lherOBor 113Y3eTHor 3HaqaJa 3a pa3YMeBalhe TOKOBa pa3BOJa yKpaca y

l\eHTpanH06anKaHCKOM llpOCTOpy AH3a6eroBY he 611TI1 llocBeheHo HelIITO

Bl1lIIe llpoCTopa y OBOM pa):ly.

Tpe6a I1MaTI1 Ha yMy ql1lheHI1l\Y I1cTaKHYTY paHl1je ):la, Ma KOnl1KO

Ba)KaH, 6eno Cnl1KaHI1 yKpac npe):lCTaBlba llpe 113Y3eTaK Hero llpaBl1nO

y rpHqapcKoj llpO):lyKl\l1jl1 paHor 11 Cpe):llher HeOnl1Ta EanKaHa. J1naK,

6y):lyhl1 ):Ia je ):10 ):IaHaC 06jaBlbeHo HeKOnl1KO ):IeCeTI1Ha C14 ):IaTYMa,

MO)KeMO ):Ia llpl1CTYlll1MO aHanl1311 opHaMeHTa 11 llOCTaBI1MO ra y peanaH

xpOHOnOlIIKI1 OKBl1p. OBaKaB lloCTynaK oMoryhl1he HaM ):Ia llOTBP):ll1MO

I1nl1 O):l6al\I1MO HeKe 0):1 XI1nOTe3a llO lll1TalhY llopeKna 11 pa3Boja OBor

Haql1Ha YKpalIIaBalha (Hllp. JOBaHOBl1h 1966). Y aHanl1311 pe3ynTaTa

C14 ):IaTyMa llOlIITOBaHe cy YTBpl)eHe llpOl\e):lype (Waterbolk 1983) 3a

eBanyal\l1jy KBanl1TeTa Y30pKa 11 lheroBY KanI16pal\l1jy, Te cy llpe CBI1X

O):l6aqeHI1 pe3ynTaTI1 KOjl1 cy ):IaBanl1 eKCTpeMHe Bpe):lHOCTI1. HalIIa

6a3a llO):laTaKa 3a oBaj llepl10):l je I1llaK Bpno cKpoMHa 11 OrpaHI1QeHa Ha

):IaTyMe ca ):(olhe EpalheBI1He, JIY):lOlIIa, EI1CepHe 06ane - Hoca, CTapQeBa,

):(I1BOCTI1Ha, ):(oM60lIIa 11 AH3a6eroBa, TaKO ):Ia heMo ce 3a lloTpe6e OBor

pa):la llocnY)KI1TI1 11 C14 ):IaTyMI1Ma 113 OKOnHI1X nO):lpYQja.

Y TeKCTY KOjl1 cne):ll1 HaBeo caM KapaKTepl1CTI1'!aH MaTepl1jan ca

lloje):ll1HI1X Hana311lIITa KaKO 611CMO 611nl1 y npl1nl1l\11 ):Ia I1X Mel)yc06HO

ynope):ll1MO 11 KOH<PPOHTl1paMO ca pe3ynTaTI1Ma C14 aHanl13a.

76

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

AjMaHa, Mana Bp611l\a, 1)epllarr

Ca OBor Hana3HIIITa Ha o6anH )J,YHaBa Y o6nacTH 1)epllarra rroTwlY

<pparMeHTI1 ca 6eno Cnl1KaHHM opHaMeHToM KOjH je arrnl1l\HpaH Ha

1

ClIMKa 20 - fpH tlapHja H 6eno CJH1 KaHt1 yKpac 113 A j MaHe

l\pBeHoj HnH l\pBeHKaCTo-6paOH nOBpIIlHHH rrOCYlle, a opraHH30BaH je •

Y MOTH Be MpelKe, TpoyrnoBa ca BepTI1KanHHM nHHH)aMa, 113nOMJbeHHX

nl1Hl1ja Hnl1 MeaHllapa y XOpl130HTanHHM HnH HenpaBHnHO pacnopel)eHHM

TpaKaMa (Stalio 1986: 27-35). 3ajellHo ca cnHKaHHM opHaMeHToM Hana3e

ce H XOpl130HTanHe HnH BepTHKanHe TpaKe OTI1CaKa HOKTa, nOHeKall

annHl\l1paHe Y HacYMwIHoM nopeTKY. TaKol)e ce jaBJbajy H nnaCTHqHO

MOllenOBaHe TpaKe. J13Y3eTHa je nojaBa MOllena nenl1 rile ce Hall • •

KBallpaTHOM OCHOBOM HaIlBH)a Kyrrona ca KpylKHHM OTBOPOM, KO)Y, Kao

II1TO neMO lIaJbe y TeKcTY Bl1l1eTH, MOlKeMO Be3aTH 3a KOHl\errl\Hjy KBallpaTa

y Kpyry. THnonOIIlKa aHanH3a nocyl)a ca AjMaHe, Kao H 6nHcKe aHanorHje

ca MaTepl1janoM ca PaKHTOBa (HnH H3 AHallonHje y Kpajlhoj HHCTaHl\H), • •

Hrrp. TYHenaCTe IIpIIlKe rOBope y rrpHnor paHOM lIaTYMY 3a OBa) MaTepl1)an,

rra 611 ce Ha OCHOBY KnaCI1QHHX apxeonOIIlKHX MeTOlla Morao CTaBHTH y

caM Kpaj VII MHneHHjYMa.

77

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

1 , - 1

6

7 9

10

1 '

ClIl1Ka 21 - Eello ClIl1KaHa rpWIaPl1ja 113 ,lJ;ofue Epafu eBI1 He

78

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

I 2

.i7- ,

-}~.1 •

• • •

• I. • • , , ,

3 • • ~ • • -.,..

b

CnHKa 22 - rpJ1Ba~ . MOTH B Mep.o;eBJ.1Ha M KanJbl1'-IaCTO Cn J.1Ka H BJ1 CenM Tpoyrao

(npeMa: BogdanoviC 2004)

I I

C JHIKa 23 - Marapeol1 MnI1H. 6eno Cn J.1KaHH TpoyrnOBJ1 11 KOH I..J;eHTpl1'fHH KpyroBI1

79

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

EMcepHa 06aJIa, Hoca, BojBollMHa

Ha OBOM HaJIa311111TY paBHl1'lapCKOr Tl1na, CMelliTeHOM Ha

ceBepy BojBollMHe OTKpMBeHa je KepaMMKa yrJIaBHOM rpy6e M3palle

ca nap <jJparMeHTa lIpBeHor, MOHOxpOMHor nocyl)a. CBera HeKOJIMKO

YJIOMaKa YKpallieHO je 6eJIMM CJIMKalDeM Ha lIPBeHKaCToj OCHOBM. TOKOM • •

MCKonaBalDa Je OTKpMBeHa M KOJIeKlIMJa aJIaTKM Oil rrra'laHOr KaMeHa Kao M

• • • •

OKpecaHa KaMeHa MHIlYCTpMJa, KOP no aYTopOBMM pe'lMMa nOKa3YJe pKe

Me30JIMTCKe TpallMlIMje (D. Garasanin 1959: 9-11; Jl [apalllaHMH 1960:

228-229).

ClHtKa 24 - n OCYAa ca lleTBopOlHtCHOM CTonOM 113 BYl)aKa Ha fl YAaW KOM je3epy

MJIal)a Oil IIBe oKynallMoHe <jJa3e Ha OBOM HacelbY, CMelliTeHor y

lIeHTpaJIHoj IIIyMallMjM HellaJIeKO Oil KparyjeBlIa, callPlKM KJIaCM'IaH

CTap'leBa'lKM MaTepMjaJI ca nap <jJparMeHaTa YKpallleHMx 6eJIMM CJIMKalDeM

opraHM30BaHMM y MpelKaCT opHaMeHT. AyTOpM cy lIaTOBaJIM MaTepMjaJI

y <jJa3y npeJIa3a CTap'leBo/ BMH'Ia, M ynopellMJIM ra ca MaTepMjaJIOM M3

HajHMlKMx CJIojeBa BMH'Ie - EeJIor Eplla M l.(pHOKaJIa'lKe 6ape (Letica 1970: 15; BogdanoviC 1988: 71-72; TacMn H., TOMMn, E., 1969). MaTepMjaJI je

OCTao Heny6JIMKOBaH TaKO lIa je 1I0HOllieIDe peJIeBaHTHMx 3aKlbY'laKa, Ha

lKaJIOCT, caCBMM OrpaHM'IeHo.

EYI,IaK-JIYllalll, BojBollMHa

KepaMMKa ca OBor HaJIa3MlIITa Ha 06aJIM JIYllalliKor je3epa, HellaJIeKO

Oil TOKa peKe Kepelll, lIaTOBaHa je y KJIaCM'IHY <jJa3y CTap'leBO-Kepelll

KyJIType. Oil 06Mlba KepaMM'IKOr MaTepMjaJIa npoHal)eHa je caMO jellHa

lIeJIa nOCYlla M lIeo <jJMHO yrrra'laHor HMCKor nexapa lIpBeHe 60je. OCTaJIa

KepaMMKa OI\fOBapa KJIaCM'IHOM TMny CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType. IlpoHal)eHa

cy M TpM <jJparMeHTa 60jeHe KepaMMKe, 11 TO jellaH ca 6eJIMM CJIMKalDeM

M IIpyra IIBa ca lIPHMM TpaKaMa Ha lIpBeHoj OCHOBI1. OTKpMBeHa cy IIBa

80

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

EMcepHa 06aJIa, Hoca, BojBollMHa

Ha OBOM HaJIa311111TY paBHl1'lapCKOr Tl1na, CMelliTeHOM Ha

ceBepy BojBollMHe OTKpMBeHa je KepaMMKa yrJIaBHOM rpy6e M3palle

ca nap <jJparMeHTa lIpBeHor, MOHOxpOMHor nocyl)a. CBera HeKOJIMKO

YJIOMaKa YKpallieHO je 6eJIMM CJIMKalDeM Ha lIPBeHKaCToj OCHOBM. TOKOM • •

MCKonaBalDa Je OTKpMBeHa M KOJIeKlIMJa aJIaTKM Oil rrra'laHOr KaMeHa Kao M

• • • •

OKpecaHa KaMeHa MHIlYCTpMJa, KOP no aYTopOBMM pe'lMMa nOKa3YJe pKe

Me30JIMTCKe TpallMlIMje (D. Garasanin 1959: 9-11; Jl [apalllaHMH 1960:

228-229).

ClHtKa 24 - n OCYAa ca lleTBopOlHtCHOM CTonOM 113 BYl)aKa Ha fl YAaW KOM je3epy

MJIal)a Oil IIBe oKynallMoHe <jJa3e Ha OBOM HacelbY, CMelliTeHor y

lIeHTpaJIHoj IIIyMallMjM HellaJIeKO Oil KparyjeBlIa, callPlKM KJIaCM'IaH

CTap'leBa'lKM MaTepMjaJI ca nap <jJparMeHaTa YKpallleHMx 6eJIMM CJIMKalDeM

opraHM30BaHMM y MpelKaCT opHaMeHT. AyTOpM cy lIaTOBaJIM MaTepMjaJI

y <jJa3y npeJIa3a CTap'leBo/ BMH'Ia, M ynopellMJIM ra ca MaTepMjaJIOM M3

HajHMlKMx CJIojeBa BMH'Ie - EeJIor Eplla M l.(pHOKaJIa'lKe 6ape (Letica 1970: 15; BogdanoviC 1988: 71-72; TacMn H., TOMMn, E., 1969). MaTepMjaJI je

OCTao Heny6JIMKOBaH TaKO lIa je 1I0HOllieIDe peJIeBaHTHMx 3aKlbY'laKa, Ha

lKaJIOCT, caCBMM OrpaHM'IeHo.

EYI,IaK-JIYllalll, BojBollMHa

KepaMMKa ca OBor HaJIa3MlIITa Ha 06aJIM JIYllalliKor je3epa, HellaJIeKO

Oil TOKa peKe Kepelll, lIaTOBaHa je y KJIaCM'IHY <jJa3y CTap'leBO-Kepelll

KyJIType. Oil 06Mlba KepaMM'IKOr MaTepMjaJIa npoHal)eHa je caMO jellHa

lIeJIa nOCYlla M lIeo <jJMHO yrrra'laHor HMCKor nexapa lIpBeHe 60je. OCTaJIa

KepaMMKa OI\fOBapa KJIaCM'IHOM TMny CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType. IlpoHal)eHa

cy M TpM <jJparMeHTa 60jeHe KepaMMKe, 11 TO jellaH ca 6eJIMM CJIMKalDeM

M IIpyra IIBa ca lIPHMM TpaKaMa Ha lIpBeHoj OCHOBI1. OTKpMBeHa cy IIBa

80

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

pa3nWqWTe na60paTopwje. TIpeMa KOMeHTapy A. MeK¢epOHa (McPherron,

Srejovic 1988: 379-383) MOlKe ce CXBaTWTW lIa je 6wno TeIIlKO w311BojwTw

Y30pKe 1I06por KBanWTen, 6Yllynw lIa je ¢a3a KaCHor HeonWTa, L\WBOCTWH

II qeCTO rrOMeillaHa ca MaTepwjanoM ¢a3e L\WBOCTWH 1. TaKolje je 6wno

HeMoryne rrpwKyrrwTw 3a C14 aHanw3Y MaTepwjan KpaTKor lKWBOTHor BeKa.

L\OIha opalheBwHa - L\epolhe, Ol,lal\w, BojBollwHa

MOlKlla W HajBalKHwje Oil BWIIlecnojHwx Hana3WIIlTa

Kymype Koje je llano 6WTHe WH¢OpMal\wje, KaKO 0

CTapqeBa'IKe •

KepaMWqKOJ • ••

rrpollYKl\WJW, TaKO W 0 penaTwBHoJ xpoHonorwJw KynTyTpe.

CTpaTyM II callPlKW HOBe MOTWBe W HaqWHe lIeKOpal\wje. TInaCTWqHe

pe6paCTe TpaKe y jellHoM wnw IIBa pella ce rrojaBlbyjy Ha rrpena3HoM

rrocyljy Oil OBor XOpw30HTa. IIlTo ce TWqe 6enor cnwKalha, OHO ce rrojaBlbyje •

y KapaKTepWCTWqHOM MOTWBY KarrlbWl\a, rrOHeKall rrpaBonwHwJcKW

opraHw30BaHoM, a rrOHeKall rrpaBenw MpelKy wnw rwpnaHlle (CnwKa 21).

KarrlbWqaCTW MOTWBW cy rrOHeKall opraHw30BaHw y pelloBe TpoyrnoBa

W pOM60Ba, a WMa cnyqajeBa lIa rrpeKpwBajy l\enoKyrrHY rroBpillwHY

rrocYlle cTBapajynw TaKO n03WTWB-HeraTWB e¢eKaT. oena 60ja je nOHeKall

pa3BolllheHa (Karmanski 1979: 15, pI. XVII -XXVII).

Olla6paHa cy TPW Y30pKa W rrocnaTa y na60paTopwjy y [poHwHreHY.

Y30Pl\W rroTwlY W3 POBa B/1986-1987 ca MeCTa rile KepelIlKa jaMa npecel\a

XOPW30HT ca 6enwM cnWKalheM. (H.H. Tacwn 1993: 100).

l. GrN-15974: 6033BC (0.95) 5953 BC (Y30paK KOillTaHor MaTepwjana

KOjW lIaTyje HajHwlKw XOPW30HT Hacelba ca 6eno cnWKaHOM lIeKOpal\wjoM

y TWrrWqHOM CTwny L\olhe opalheBwHe);

2. GrN-15975: 5840BC (l.00) 5723 BC (TaKolje KOillTaHW Y30paK

Y3eT W3 rrpOIIlwpelha BaH jaMe KOjW TaKolje lIaTyje XOPW30HT ca 6enwM

cnwKalheM);

3. GrN-15976: 6048BC (0.68) 5932 BC (Y30paK Haropenor IIpBen

Y3eT W3 lIerr03wTa BaH jaMe KOjW TaKolje lIaTyje XOPW30HT ca 6enwM

cnwKalheM).

XOPW30HT ca 6enwM cnWKalheM Ha OBOM Hana3wIIlTY MOlKe ce

lIaTOBaTw w3Meljy 6048. W 5932. cTape epe.

82

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

rpVIBau;, KparyjeBau;, lliyMallMja

KepaMMKa paHe cpa3e HaJla3MlIITa rpMBau;jaBJba ce y pa3HMM 60jaMa,

Oil u;pHe 110 u;pBeHe. 06JIMU;M cy TMnWIHM 3a CTapqeBa'IKY KYJITYPY, y3 •

1I0MMHaU;M)y KOHMqHMX TaIMlpa.

POB A - MCKon

lliTO ce MOTMBa TMqe, 6eJIM TaqKaCTM opHaMeHT ce nOHeKall nojaBJbyje

y 06JIMKy BMceher Tpoyrna. I1paBonMHMjcKM opHaMeHT je opraHM30BaH y

06nMKY Mpe)Ke M TpoyrnoBa. TaKol')e ce cpehy cpparMeHTM ca u;pBeHMM •

ClIflKafueM npaBOnMHM)CKOr MOTHBa opraHH30BaHor y TpoyrnoBe M

Mpe)Ke. ,lJ;eKopaU;Mja je nOHeKall annMU;HpaHa M Ha YHYTpalllfuocT TafuHpa.

oena 60ja je na)KJbHBO rnaqaHa H HaHeTa je npe neqefua TaKO lIa je BeOMa

OTllOpHa M TpajHa (CnMKa 22).

POB A (M3 cnoja)

PenepToap YKpalliaBafua M3 cnoja je npMnMqHO 60raT. I10jaBJbyje ce

KaKO 6eno TaKO M U;PHO cnMKafue. I1ap cpparMeHaTa yKa3yje Ha nOCTojafue

MaT 6enor cnMKafua. Baja je MaT M naKO ce OTMpe. JellaH cpparMeHT ca

nacT03HMM 6enMM cnMKafueM je npoHal')eH y MCTOM cnojy. MOTMBM cy

napanenHe, XOpM30HTanHe nMHMje npaheHe 6enMM TaqKaMa ca 06e

CTpaHe. rpy60 nocyl')e je lIeKopMcaHO ypel')eHMM 6ap60TMHOM, MMnpeco

opHaMeHTOM (3pHO nllleHMu;e), nnaCTMqHMM TpaKaMa M annMKaU;MjaMa

pa3nHqHTOr 06nMKa (oorllaHoBHh 1983: 9-26; Bogdanovic 1988: 61-70;

2004).

JellHHH lIaTYM CTapqeBaqKe KylIType M3 rpHBu;a je Bln-869: 6129 BC

(0.83) 5988 Be. Y30paK je 6MO ManH KOMall yrJba, a nOTHqe H3 HajHM)Ker

cnoja POBa 0 ca lIy6MHe Oil 2 m (McPherron, Srejovic 1988: 379-388).

KaKo MO)KeMO BMlleTH H3 HanOMeHa M. oorllaHoBHha HajHH)KM HHBO • •

KynTypHor cnop ca 3eMYHMu;aMa npMnalla npoTOCTapqeBaqKO) KyJITypM

(Bogdanovic 1995). JiIaKo HeMaMO npeU;M3HMx nOllaTaKa 0 apXeOJIOlliKOM •

KOHTeKcTY, OBa) lIaTYM MO)KeMO Be3aTM 3a paHM HeonMT u;eHTpanHor

oanKaHa, OIlHOCHO 3a cpa3y npoTOCTapqeBa no ayTopy MCTpa)KMBafua y

rpMBU;Y·

MarapehM MnMH, AnaTMH, BojBollMHa

OBaj nOKanMTeT je lIao YJIOMKe cpMHe KepaMMKe lIeKopMcaHe

opHeMeHToM opraHH30BaHMM y pelloBe McnYfueHMx KpyroBa cnHKaHMX H

6enoM 60jOM. (Lekovic 1988: 79-80; H.H. TacHh 1993: 99-102). Hana3MlIITe

MMa penaTMBHo TaHaK KynTypHM cnoj Oil 0,3 m, Oil qera caMO 5-10 cm

83

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

• • • •

npwna,n;a CTap'leBa'lKO) KyJITypW, a wnaK )e no CBO)O) KepaMWl\W BPJIO WHTepecaHTHO. XOpW30HTaJIHa CTparwrpaq.mja Ha OBOM HaJIa3WIIITY

nOTBp,n;WJIa je nocTojalhe HajMalhe ,n;Be <\.>a3e oKynal\wje: paHy CTap'leBa'lKY

W HelliTO KacHwjy KepelliKY <\.>a3y. CJIWKaHa KepaMwKa ,n;aTOBaHa je y nepwo,n; paHor HeOJIWTa l\eHTpaJIHOr EaJIKaHa (CJIWKa 23).

Y30pKe cy npwKynWJIW H.H. Tacwn W B. JIeKoBwn W nOCJIaJIW y

JIa60paTopwjy y fpoHwHreHY (H.H. Tamn 1993: 101). Y30paK 6poj 3 je Y3eT W3 orlhwIlITa/BaTpwIlITa OKO Kora cy Hal')eHw 6eJIo CJIWKaHW <\.>parMeHTw.

Y30paK 6poj 2 je Y3eT ca MeCTa w3Mel')y KepelliKe jaMe W CTap'leBa'lKOr

XOPW30HTa. Y30paK 6poj 1 ,n;aTyje KepelliKY jaMy. OBW pe3YJITaTW cy y

w,n;eaJIHOM CKJIa,n;y ca CTpaTwrpa<\.>cKoM cepwjoM.

1.GrN-15971 : 5775BC (1.00) 5688BC

2.GrN-15972 : 5892BC (0.73) 5762BC

3.GrN-15973 : 6015BC (0.71) 5938BC

CajaH - L\oM60IlI, ceBepHw EaHaT, BojBo,n;wHa

Malha COH,n;alKHa WCKonaBalha y ceJIY CajaH, 110TeC JapoIlI, L\oM60IlI,

BpIlIeHa cy TOKOM 1972. ro,n;WHe Ka,n;a je W oTKpwBeHa nOBpIlIwHa o,n; 150 m '

(Giric 1974: 178). KOHCTaTOBaH je KyJITypHW CJIoj ,n;e6lI>WHe 1,6 m. EoraT

KepaMW'IKW MaTepwjaJI Haj'lelline je YKpallieH IlITwnalheM W nJIaCTW'IHWM

HaJIenl\WMa. Malhw 6poj <\.>parMeHaTa YKpallieH je 6ap60TwH TeXHWKOM.

KepaMW'IKW 06JIwl\w cy nOJIYJIOnTaCTe W JIonTaCTe nocy,n;e, 3,n;eJIe Ha • l\WJIWH,n;PW'IHO) CTonw, JIOHl\W ca l\WJIWH,n;PW'IHWM BpaToM W BepTWKaJIHO

nep<\.>opwpaHwM ,n;pIlIKaMa. JaBlI>ajy ce nocy,n;e Ha BWIlIe HWCKWX HOlKWl\a.

<DwHwja KepaMwKa YKpalliaBa ce HaHOllielheM eHr06e (<\.>WHor

I1peMa3a 110 'IwTaBoj 110BPIlIWHW), rrra'lalheM W CJIWKaHWM yKpacoM. Ha

OBOM HaJIa3wIlITY jaBlI>ajy ce nOHeKa,n; nocy,n;e YKpallieHe CJIWKalheM 6eJIOM

W l\pBeHOM 60jOM y MOTWBY je,n;HoCTaBHwx cnwpaJIa Ha MpKOj OCHOBW. O,n;

3Ha'laja 3a ,n;aTOBalhe OBor HaJIa3WIlITa je KepaMW'IKW <\.>parMeHT ca 6eJIo

CJIWKaHWM yKpacoM y MOTWBY TalhWX W ,n;e6lI>wx BepTWKaJIHWX JIWHwja W

<\'>PW30M TeKynwx cnwpaJIa 110CTaBlI>eHWX y3 caM 060,n;. Ha OCHOBY OBWX

nOKa3aTelI>a CajaH-L\oM60IlI 6w Tpe6aJIo CMeCTWTW y <\.>a3Y MNCB I IlITO

110TBpl')yjy W pa,n;woKap60H ,n;aTyMw (Boric 2002):

84

1.0xA-8567: 5812BC (89.3%) 5606BC

2.0xA-8566: 5810BC (95.0%) 5624BC

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

EnOHI1MHO Hana3l1WTe CTap'leBO je npBI1 nyT I1CKOnaBaHO 1928.

rOlll1He 11 llano je BeOMa 6l1THe nOllaTKe 0 CTpaTl1rpa<j>cKoM pacnopellY

pa3nl1'1I1TI1X BpCTa KepaMI1Ke 11 pa3nl1'1I1TI1M opHaMeHTanHI1M

TeXHI1KaMa. EYllyhl1 lIa je jellHo Oil peTKI1X Hana3l1WTa ca BepTI1KanHOM

CTpaTl1rpa<j>l1joM aFopl1, cy ce nOTpYlll1nl1 lIa KOM6l1Hyjy BepTI1KanHY

11 XOpl130HTanHY CTpaTl1rpa<j>l1jy jaMa 11 KynTypHI1X XOpI130HaTa.25 OBa

KOMrrnl1KOBaHa CTpaTl1rpa<j>cKa cepl1ja lIaje HaM cnellehe rrOllaTKe 0

rr0311l\l1jl1 6eno Cnl1KaHor opHaMeHTa rrO'leBWI1 ca lherOBI1M HajpaHl1jl1M

rrojaBlbl1BalheM y JaMI1 4.

JaMa 4 - I1paBOnl1Hl1jcKI1 6eno Cnl1KaHI1 MOTI1BI1, OpraHl130BaHl1

y Mpe)!(e, rrpoHal)eHI1 cy 3ajellHo ca rrpaBOnl1Hl1jcKI1M MOTI1BI1Ma

113BelleHl1M TaMHOM 60jOM. J1CTI1 06jeKaT je lIao 11 6ap60Tl1H opHaMeHT

KOjl1 rrpeoBnal)yje Ha rpy60M rrocyl)y, a Hana311 ce 3ajellHo ca rrnaCTI1'1HI1M

TpaKaMa, ywTI1HyTI1M opHaMeHToM, OTI1Cl\I1Ma HOKTa 11 6pallaBI1l\aMa.

JaMa 5A - J13 OBor 06jeKTa rrOTI1'1Y caMO Tpl1 6eno Cnl1KaHa

<j>parMeHTa, Cnl1'1Ha OHI1Ma 113 jaMe 4, anl1 OHI1 HeCTajy y rOplhl1M

cnojeBI1Ma I1CTe jaMe. 06jeKaT 0 KOMe je pe'l, TaKol)e je Callp)!(aBaO ynoMKe

ca 6ap60Tl1H lIeKOpal\l1joM, orpy6lbl1BalheM, rrnaCTI1'1HI1M TpaKaMa,

Behl1M arrnI1Kal\l1jaMa, yWTI1HyTI1M opHaMeHToM, OTI1Cl\I1Ma HOKTa 11

YTI1CHYTI1M KpyrOBI1Ma.

JaMa 6 - Y lhOj cy Hal)eHI1 ynOMl\11 ca 6enl1M Cnl1KalheM Ha l\pBeHoj

rrOBpWI1HI1. MOTI1BI1 cy Mpe)!(e 11 IIpyrl1 rrpaBOnl1Hl1jcKI1 opHaMeHTI1

rrorrYT l\I1K-l\aK nl1Hl1ja, anl1 11 rl1pnaHlle I1CrrOIl 060lla cYlla. OCTanl1

KepaMI1'1KI1 MaTepl1jan yKlby'lyje CI1BO rrocyl)e, rpy60 rrocyl)e YKpaweHo

6ap60TI1HOM, rrnaCTI1'1HI1M TpaKaMa, yWTI1HyTI1M opHaMeHToM,

ype3l1BalheM 11 6pallaBI1l\aMa. Y OKBI1PY I1CTOr KOHTeKCTa OTKpl1BeHO je 11

lIeceT <j>parMeHaTa ca 6I1KOHI1"1HI1M rrpo<j>l1noM.

JaMa 7 - Eena 11 TaMHa 60ja ce rrojaBlbyjy I1CTOBpeMeHo, anl1 je

6eno Cnl1Kalhe "IeTl1pl1 rryTa 3aCTyrrlbeHl1je. MOTI1BI1 KOjl1 cy Mornl1

6l1Tl1 peKoHcTpYI1CaHI1 cy rl1pnaHlle I1CrrOIl 060lla y KOM6I1Hal\l1jl1 ca

BepTI1KanHI1M nl1Hl1jaMa, Kao 11 TpoyrnOBI1. Eap60TI1H, 6pallaBI1l\e,

ype311, orpy6lbl1Balhe rrOBpWI1He 11 rrnaCTI1"1He TpaKe ce TaKol)e rrojaBlbyjy

Ha rpy60M rrocyl)y 3ajellHo ca Cnl1KaHOM lIeKOpal\l1joM (Ararrdelovic­

Garasarrirr 1954).

25 M. fp6HIi 1928. rOAM He; <l>j yKC, fOB AMaH H EpMX 1932. rOAM He; EpMX M)l ApaH~eBOBMIi­fapaWaHItIH 1971. rOAHHe.

85

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

Cm1Ka 25 - Beno CJIWKaHa na3a W3 CTap1.J eSa

'Ien!pM C14 pe3Y'ITaTa ,!IaTyjy 6eno cnMKaHM opHaMeHT:26

1. GrN -9034: 5585BC (0.84) 5446BC

2.GrN-6629: 5526BC (0.92) 5420BC

3. GrN -9036: 5789BC (0.86) 5696BC

4.0xA-8562: 5637BC (0.77) 5572BC

OBM ,!IaTyMM rroKa3yjy pa3MMMOMna)!(elhe ca OCTanMM ,!IaTYMMMa

XOpM30HTa ca paHMM 6enMM cnMKalheM, anM ce ,!Io6po YKnarrajy ca

pe3ynTaTMMa ca LloM6owa M Hana3MWTMMa ca 6enMM cnMKalheM y

EyrapcKoj Kao WTO cy fana6HMK M CnaTMHa Te ce Mory KOPMCTMTM Kao

apryMeHT 3a ,!IpyrM Tanac 6enor cnMKalha Ha Kpajy CTapqeBaqKe KynType.

26 KOMeHTape W KOHTeKCTe 3a cTap1.J eSal lKY cepwjy je Aao Ap. JaH flaHTHHI' (Jan Lanting) ca OAeJbel-ba 3a apXeOnOI'Hjy, KpaJbenCKOI' YHHBep3HTeTa y rpOI'H1H reHY {Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Dept. for Archaeology}.

86

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

3MajeBal1, CMe,!1epeBCKa I1anaHKa, IlIyMa,!1l1ja

OBaj nOKanl1TeT je ,!1aO CaMO je,!1aH ynoMaK ca 6enl1M Cnl1KaJ-beM

11 TO oHaj ca 6enl1M TpoyrnoM Ha TaMHoj n03a,!1I1HI1. Benl1Ka KOnl1ql1Ha

¢I1He, I1pBeHO rnaqaHe KepaMI1Ke (y O,!1HOCY 4:1) 611 Morna ,!1a HarOBeCTI1

HeUITO paHl1jl1 ,!1aTyM OBor Hana3l1IIITa. OBa BpCTa KepaMI1Ke, nOHeKa,!1 • •

Ha311BaHa MOHOXPOMHOM, Je Bpno peTKO ,!1eKOpI1CaHa, a Ka,!1a JeCTe OH,!1a • •

ce opHaMeHT caCTOJI1 yrnaBHoM 0,!1 ype3aHI1X nl1HI1Ja OpraHI130BaHI1X

y MpelKe, napanenHe 11 I1I1K-l1aK nl1Hl1je, I1nl1 naK pe,!10Ba 6pa,!1aBl1l1a

I1nl1 rrnaCTl1qHI1X TpaKa. rpy60 rrocyl)e je ,!1eKOpI1CaHO orpy6lhI1BaJ-beM,

OTI1Cl1l1Ma npCTa I1nl1 HOKTa, pe,!10BI1Ma 6pa,!1aBl1l1a I1nl1 nnl1TKI1M

lKlhe6lheJ-beM (Katunar 1988: 110-111).

AH3a6erOBO, OBqe rrone, Perry6nl1Ka MaKe,!10Hl1ja

HaKO ce Hana311 BaH l1eHTpanHe 30He CTapQeBaQKe KynType, OBO

Hana311IIITe je BeOMa KOPI1CHO 3a ,!106I1jaJ-be nOY3,!1aHI1X nO,!1aTaKa 0

CTpaTl1rpa¢CKOM nonolKajy 6eno Cnl1KaHOr opHaMeHTa Kp03 pa3nl1Ql1Te

¢a3e.

<Pa3a I je oKapaKTepl1CaHa Tl1nl1QHI1M 06nl1l111Ma 3a paHI1 HeOnl1T

perl10Ha Kao 11 6eno Cnl1KaHI1M opHaMeHToM OpraHI130BaHI1M y TpoyrnoBe

(Ia), I1I1K-l1aK nl1Hl1je, Karrlhl1QaCTI1M MOTI1BOM 11 peTKI1M rrojaBlhl1BaJ-beM

6ap60TI1H I1I1Mrrpeco ,!1eKOpal1l1je (Ib).

<Pa3a II je 3aCTyrrlheHa peTKI1M rrojaBlhl1BaJ-beM 6eno CnI1KaHOr,

Kpl1Bonl1Hl1jcKor opHaMeHTa y KOM611Hal111jl1 ca MpelKaCTI1M MOTI1BOM.

HCToBpeMeHo, TaMHO Cnl1KaHa KepaMI1Ka ce rrojaBlhyje ca MOTI1BI1Ma

Cnl1QHI1M y0611QajeHoM penepToapy CTapQeBaQKe Kymype (IIb npeMa M.

rapaIllaHI1HY)· Cepl1ja 113 AH3a6erOBa (¢a3e Ia 11 Ib) 3a ca,!1a Hajy6e,!1lhl1Bl1je

O,!1pel)yje BpeMe paHor 6enor Cnl1KaJ-ba Ha l1eHTpanHOM oanKaHY, O,!1HOCHO

HajpaHl1jy ¢a3y HeOnl1TCKor HaCelhaBaJ-ba OBe perl1je.

* OBI1M ce 3aBpIllaBa Cnl1CaK Hana311IIITa ca 6eno Cnl1KaHOM

,!1eKopa,-\l1joM Ha ,-\eHTpanHOM oanKaHY. HnaK, nOCToje 6pojHa Hana311IIITa

y Illl1peM 6anKaHCKOM perl10HY Ha Kojl1Ma je TaKol)e Hal)eHa OBa BpCTa

,!1eKOpl1CaHe KepaMI1Ke. OBa Hana311IIITa ce Hana3e y ,!1Be 3ace6He

reorpa¢CKe pefl1je. I1pBa je MaKe,!10Hl1ja (y reorpa¢CKOM CMI1Cny,

06YXBaTajyhl1 rpQKy MaKe,!10Hl1jy 11 cyce,!1Hy, Peny6nl1KY MaKe,!10Hl1jy) ca

,!10nI1HOM ,!10J-ber TOKa CTpYMe, npl1KlhyQyjyhl1 Ty 11 1130nOBaHe Hana3e y

jyrol1CTOQHoj An6aHl1jl1. ,lJ;pyra perl1ja je TpaHCl1nBaHl1ja ca OmeHl1joM

87

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

• • •

Ha )yry, 3a)e1lHO ca rrOMeHYTMM yrrallMMa Ha rrollpyq)e l1eHTpanHor

EanKaHa. CTYIIMja MaTepMjana ca Hana3MllITa y OBMM perMOHMMa je Oil • •

rrpecYIlHor 3Haqa)a 3a pa3YMeBalbe pa3BO)a lIeKopaTMBHe TeXHMKe M CTMna

Ha l1eHTpanH06anKaHCKOM rrollPyqjy, 6YllynM lIa ce McrrOCTaBMno lIa cy OHe

rrOCnellMl1e, MnM pallMje exo, CTMnOBa M3 06nacTM rrpMMapHe HeonMTM3al1Mje

y MaKelloHMjM, 1I0nMHM CTpYMe M TpaHcMnBaHMjM. llpBeHcTBo y rrpol1ecy

HeonMTM3al1Mje OBMX perMoHa je rroTBpryeHo cTpaTMrpa¢cKMM cepMjaMa

ca AH3a6eroBa (Gimbutas 1974) M C14 lIaTYMMMa ca IIpyrMx Hana3MllITa

jyroHCTOqHe EBporre H fp'lKe.

PailMoKap60H lIaTYMM HaBelleHM ca CBOjMM KOHTeKCTMMa, Kao

IlITO CMO BMllenM, rpyrrMllIy ce y IIBa xpoHonolliKa XOpM30HTa (CnMKa

18). YO'llbHBa pa3nHKa y cTHny H CallP)!(ajy 6eno cnMKaHe lIeKOpal1Hje

rroTBpryeHa je M CI4I1aTYMHMa.

Cnellena 3Ha'lajHa 'IHlbeHMl1a je lIa ce TOKOM cpeillber HeonHTa

IlIHpOM l1eHTpanHor EanKaHa jaBlba jOIli jellHa ¢a3a 6enor cnMKalba Koja ce

Hana3H y MCTOM KOHTeKcTY ca TaMHO cnHKaHOM KepaMHKoM, IlITO CTaBlba

06a HaqMHa YKpalliaBalba y MCTY xpoHonolliKY cepMjy. ,lJ;06ap rrpMMep

3a OBO je Hana3MllITe KOBa'leBO (Perniceva 1995: 103) Ha KOMe MMaMO

1I06py cTpaTMrpa¢cKy cepMjy rile ce 6eno M TaMHO cnMKalbe rrojaBlbyjy

3ajellHo y ¢a3M III. Eeno cnMKalbe, rrpMToM, yKlby'lyje rrpaBonMHMjcKe M

KpMBonHHMjcKe MOTMBe Kao M fbMXOBe KOM6MHaI1Mje. CrrMpanHM MOTHB

ce rrojaBlbyje y KOBa'leBY II M 'IeCTO je KOM6MHoBaH ca lIyrrnMpaHMM I1MK­

l1aK nMHMjaMa, a y KOBa'leBY III ce KOM6MHyje ca Mpe)!(aCTMM MOTMBOM.

MCToBpeMeHo, TaMHO cnMKaHM opHaMeHT je opraHM30BaH y crrMpane IlITO

yKa3yje Ha KacHMje lIaTOBafbe OBe cepMje (Perniceva 1995: 102-106).

3Ha'lM, Mory ce pa3nMKoBaTM IIBe rnaBHe lIeKopaTMBHe TeXHMKe

Koje pa3rpaHM'IaBajy IIBe pa3nM'IMTe ¢a3e HeonMTa, ENCB M MNCB III. Y

rrpBoj ce KOPMCTM 6eno cnMKafbe opraHM30BaHo y KBallpaTe, KarrlbM'IaCTe

MOTMBe, ¢nopanHe MOTMBe, TpeMono nMHMje M rroBpeMeHo TpoyrnoBe

M Mpe)!(e. ,lJ;pyra lIeKopaTMBHa TeXHMKa 'IeCTO yKlby'lyje MaT 6eny 60jy

M Mpe)!(aCTe MOTMBe, TpoyrnoBe, rMpnaHlle, crrMpane M KOM6MHal1Mjy

pa3nM'IMTMX MOT MBa IlITO 1I0BOIIM 110 rronMxpoMMje. llpBa TeXHMKa

3arrO'lMlbe y rrocnelllbMM BeKOBMMa VII MMneHMjYMa rrpe HOBe epe M

HaCTaBlba y rrpBe BeKOBe VI MMneHMjYMa. Ha CBOM BpXyHI1Y OHa rrOKpMBa

orpOMHO rrollPY'lje, Oil Hea HHKoMellMje 110 fypa Eanynyj. ,lJ;pyra TeXHHKa • ••

ce pa3BH)a H3 rrpBe H y HeKMM rroIlPY'lH)HMa, Kao IlITO Je Ha rrpHMep

1I0nMHa CTpYMe, oBaj pa3Boj ce MO)!(e rrpaTHTM Ha Hana3HllITMMa TMrra

Ten Kao IlITO je KOBa'leBO. Ha l1eHTpanHOM EanKaHY 6eno cnMKafbe je y

3Ha'lajHoM orrallafbY 110 Kpaja rrpBe ¢a3e cpellfber HeonMTa H rrOHOBO ce

rrojaBlbyje rrpell caM Kpaj CTap'leBa'lKe KynType. OBaj ¢eHOMeH Tpe6a

88

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

I

6

f 1

CnWKa 26 - ITpHMepH 6enor CmtKaI-ba 113 AH3a6eroBa I

• •

TeXHMKa HaCTaBlba eBOJlYl.\MJY 110 KpaJa CTapqeBaqKe KyJlType KaO M • •

l1a Je TpaHCnOHOBaHa y I1PyrM KOHTeKCT, TJ. TaMHO rrraqaHY KepaMMKY BMHqaHCKe KyJlType, npM TOMe 3al1plKaBajyhM CJlMqHe MOTMBe nonYT

cnMpalIa, l.\MK-l.\aK M napaJlelIHMX JlMHMja M MpelKaCTor MOTMBa."

OpHaMeHTalIHM CTMJI

TIvlTalbe CTI1J1a y l1eKOpal.\l1jl1 KepaMMKe paHor 11 cpel1lber HeOJlMTa

l.\eHTpaJlHOr EaJlKaHa M HaqMH KOM6MHOBaiba MOTMBa y OKBMPY Tor

CTMlIa je 011 BelIMKor 3Haqaja 3a npoyqaBalbe OBor nepMOl1a. OCMM lIlTO •

HaM npylKa elIeMeHTe 3a npen03HaBaibe TpeHI10Ba M yKyca 3aJe11HMl.\a

ca nOqeTKa HeOJlMTa EaJlKaHa oBaj CMCTeM YKpalliaBalba Morao 6M HaM

nOMohM y paCBeTlbaBalbY OCHOBa I1pYlliTBeHor YCTpojcTBa. Y rpy6MM l.\pTaMa Moryhe pa3J1MKOBaTM I1Be rrraBHe rpyne 6eJlo

CJlMKaHe l1eKOpal.\Mje Ha lIlMpeM nOI1Pyqjy jyroMCTOqHe EBpone. Jel1Ha je KapaKTepMCTMqHa 3a jylKHM l1eo KOMnJleKCa M npel1CTaBlbeHa je 6eJlo

ClIMKaHOM KepaMMKOM TMna: AH3a6erOBO Ia (Gimbutas 1976; Garasanin

1998), JaHMl.\a B (Chrisostomou 1993: 169-181), Hea HMKOMel1Mja (Pyke

27 MaKo M Aalbe 6e3 OtrypHOI' AOKa3a, Moryhe je Aa je 6ena HHKpycTaUl1ja HaCTaJla Kao oAroBop Ha now KBamlTeT 6ene 60je Koja ce llaKO ontpe. TexH HKa l1HKpycTaU l1je 611 je 1.fYBalla OA OTl1paI-ba 11 npl1 TOM 3awntTI1/la opHaMeHT OA npOnaAatha.

89

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

-I J

.\

•

1 8

Cm1Ka 27 - TIpHMepw TpenmHa 60je OCHOBe nocy.o;e J1 60je yKpaca (n03J1TI1B-HerantB)

(I. jaHMl\a; 2. HeBecTMHo; 3. 8. XaVMlIap; 4. 5. 7. AH3a6eroBo; 6. 9. KYPY' l3j)

and Yiouni 1996), KOBa'leBO (Perniceva 1995), TIOI\fOP" (Korkuti 1995).

Halla311 113 ElIeWHI1Qe 11 PaKI1TOBa TaKol')e np"nallajy OBOj rpynl1. Hew TO

TpaHC¢OpMI1CaH ca nap reHepaQl1ja 3aKaWlbelba, oBaj Ha'll1H lIeKopaQl1je

CTl1lKe 11 110 TpaHCl1l1BaHl1je, BojBolll1He (L\olba EpalbeBI1Ha) 11 l.\eHTpallHe

Cp611je (rp"BaQ 11 L\I1BOCTI1H I). Haj'lewne ce 6ello ClIl1Kalbe HaHOCI1

npeKo l.\pBeHOr rrpeMa3a 11 lIaje yrre'laTlhl1BY 11 e¢eKTHy npellcTaBY.

OBa BpCTa 6eJIor CJII1Kalba ce jacHo MOlKe CTl1l1CKI1 pa31111KOBaTI1

011 6ellor ClIl1Kalba Koje rrOTI1'1e ca MHOrl1X HaJIa311WTa y EyrapcKoj

(rrorrYT CJIaTI1He) alll1 11 113 PYMYHl1je, Kp'la (Circea) 11 Cp611je (BeJII1Ka

'-IecMa, CTap'leBO, CajaH-L\oM60w, I1TII). OBlle ce 6ello CJII1Kalbe KOP"CT"

lIa rrpellCTaBI1 MOTI1Be KOjl1 ce y KlIacl1'1Hoj ¢a311 rrojaBlhyjy OClIl1KaHI1

TaMHOM 60jOM Ha rrOll1l0311 Koja je 111111 CBeTJIOl.\pBeHa I1JII1 HapaHI,IaCTa.

MOTI1BI1 cy BI1Cenl1 TpoymoBI1 KOjl1 cy nOHeKall I1crrYlbeHI1 HI130BI1Ma •

BepTI1KallHI1X 111111 KOCI1X 1I11HI1Ja I1JII1 MpelKaCTI1M 0pHaMeHToM;

rl1pllaHllaMa 11 CIIl1pallaMa Koje ce y ¢"HallHoj ¢a311 KyllType 3aBpwaBajy

y 061111KY TponpCTe warre. TIopell CTl1l1CKe pa3JII1Ke Koja ce MOlKe

oKapaKTep"CaTI Kao lIe¢I1Hl1wyna pa31111Ka y XPOHOllOWKOj rrp"nallHocTI

(KaKo cy rrpellllOlKl1l1l1 CpejoBl1n 1971. 11 M. rapaWaHI1H 1979.), Kao WTO

90

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

CMO BW/lenW, rrocTojw W pa3nWKa y TeXHonorwjw KOjOM je W3Be/leH 6eno cnwKaHw OpHaMeHT, rra je y paHwjoj ¢a3W rrocTojaH W cjajaH, a y rr03Hoj

rraCTY03aH W lhycrra ceo

Tpe6a rrpWMenITW /la je, y OKBWPY rrpBe rpyrre, 6enw W rrOHeKa/l )!(yhKacTw cnWKaHW opHaMeHT arrnWI1WpaH Ha I1pBeHW rrpeMa3, TaKO /la

MOTWBW Ha rrpBW rrorne/l aCOl1wpajy Ha opraHCKe, a rrOHeKa/l W ¢nopanHe

¢opMe. OBe ¢opMe Koje rro/lcehajy Ha nWCTOBe, a Koje ce WCKlhY'IWBO

oCTaBlhajy y HeraTwBY, HWKa/la HWCY HacnWKaHe W30nOBaHO, Beh cy

wHKopnopwpaHe y 0pHaMeHTanHY CTpyKTypy ¢opMwpaHY 0/1 cepwja • •

rrapanenHwx W TanacaCTWX nWHwJa, I1WK-l1aK MOTWBa, npaBonwHwJcKWX

MOTWBa, wcnYlbeHwx TpoyrnoBa W pelje "S" MOTWBa.

Ba)!(HO je HanoMeHYTH /la, Ka/la ce Y3Me y 063WP CTpaTHrpa¢CKw

nono)!(aj OBe /lBe /leKOpaTWBHe TeXHWKe, ,,¢nopanHW CTwn" CTOjW WcnO/l

"CTwna TaMHor cnWKalba" W 6enor cnWKalba n03He ¢a3e. OBa BpCTa •

penaTWBHo-xpOHonOWKor O/lHOCa nOKa3YJe wcnpaBHOM npeTnOCTaBKY

/la je 0/1 CYWTWHCKor 3Ha'Iaja "OHO WTO je HacnWKaHO", a He 60ja Koja ce

KOPWCTW, wnw yKpaTKo: Ca/lp)!(WHa npe ¢opMe.

TOKOM Cpe/llbOHeOnWTCKor pa3Boja CTap'IeBa'IKe KynType, Ha rpy60M

rrocyljy W y TeXHWKaMa Koje cy 3a lby cBojCTBeHe (ype3wBalbe, YTwcKwBalbe,

nnaCTW'IHe arrnWKal1wje, )!(ne6lhelbe, ypeljeHw 6ap60TwH) rroCToje /lOKa3W • •

/la cy 'IeCTe WMWTal1wJe cnWKaHor opHaMeHTa, nonYT rwpnaH/lW KOJe ce nojaBlhyjy Ha 6ap60TwH opHaMeHTY ny'IHOr 06nWKa W3 AH3a6eroBa,

TpoyrnoBa ypaljeHwx TeXHWKOM YTWCKWBalba (wMrrpeco) W3 06pe I W

Konwa, 3aTWM rrperrneTeHe crrwpane y 06nwKy cnOBa S W3 KOHorrlhape,

a nOCToje 'IaK W Mpe)!(e, Koje cy MO)!(/la W Haj'Iewhw rrpwMep KOjW

wnyCTpyje oBaj TpeH/I. Y OBY rpyrry opHaMeHaTa Moryhe je y6pojaTw jow W KaHenOBaHW 6ap60TwH KOjW ce rrojaBlhyje Ha BenWKOM 6pojy nOKanWTeTa

Ha l1eHTpanHoM EanKaHY. IIope/l nOMeHYTwx BpcTa opHaMeHaTa CBaKaKO

jow rroCToje W /lpyrw MOTHBW KOjW ce rrpwMelbyjy WCKlhY'IWBO Ha rpy60j

rpH'Iapwjw, anw lbWXOBO pa3MaTpalbe 6whe ena60pwpaHo /lalhe y TeKCTY.

II03wTwB-HeraTwB

HapO'IWTO je Ba)!(HO wCTahw CKnOHOCT YMeTHwKa npeMa TeXHWI1W

chiaro-scuro, Koja je /10 ca/la y pa/lOBWMa Ha TeMY CTwna 6wna 3aHeMapeHa,

norOTOBO aKO ce Y3Me y 063HP /la je oBaj Ha'IHH YKpawaBalba BeOMa Ba)!(aH

3a pa3YMeBalbe CHCTeMa cnHKalba.

)J;06po je n03HaTO /la je 6eno cnWKalbe npWnH'IHO H3Y3eTHa nojaBa y

HeonwTY Me/lWTepaHa. )J;HpeKTHa aHanorwja OBOj TexHwl1w YKpawaBalba y

BpeMe OKO 6000. rO/lWHe CTape epe jow YBeK Hwje OTKpWBeHa. 3aHeMapWMO

91

I

1

I

92

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

1 3

\ 6

ClI l1Ka 28 - CTeneHaCnt MOTJ1BH J1 ,!l; J1jaroHane Ha paHOHeOJIl1TCKoj rpwlapl1jl1

(1. fpa,!l;HHHKe; 2. JaHJtlu;a; 3, 5·6. Hea HHKOM eAJ1ja; 4, 8. KOBaqeBO; 9. TIO,u;fOpH)

4 -,

7 •

CnHKa 29 - fpH'IaPl1ja ca Cll l1Ka H I1M yKpacoM 113 Kypyqaja (npeMa Duru 1995)

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

JIM Ty 'IMlheHMl1Y M rrOrrrel1aMO JIM HeKe 011 KapaKTepMCTM'IHMX OpHaMeHaTa

ca JIOKaJIMTeTa JaHMl1a B, KOBa'leBO l, HeBeCTMHO MJIM AH3a6erOBO

(rr03MTMB-HeraTMB Ta6JIa) MO)!(eMO rrpMMeTMTM l1a cy OpHaMeHTM M3Bel1eHM

TaKO l1a, Ha rrpBM rrOrrrel1, HMje Moryne penM llITa je CJIMKaHM opHaMeHT, a

lIlTa je caMa rrOBplIlMHa rrocYl1e. Haj3aHMMlhMBMjM je MrraK yKpac ca rrocYl1e

M3 JaHMl1e (CJIMKa 27/1). Ha OBOj Ba3M Mary ce BMl1eTM rrpel1CTaBe MOTMBa

y 06JIMKy M311y)!(eHMx JIMCTOBa, M3Y3eTHO rrpel1M3HO M3Bel1eHe y BMI1Y •

YKJIOrrlheHMx OI1Ce'laKa Kpyra, OCJIMKaHe TaKO l1a ce Ha OCHOBM y l1pBeHO)

60jM, y HeraTMBY, BMl1e JIMCTOBM 'IMja je OCOBMHa rrOCTaBlheHa rrOI1 yrrroM

011 45°. BeoMa je TelIlKO 3aMMCJIMTM l1a 6eJIa 60ja Koja OMBM'IaBa JIMCTOBe •

3arrpaBo rrpel1CTaBlha cal1p)!(a).

OBO HMje ycaMlheHM rrpMMep; CJIM'IHM JIMCTOJIMKM MOTMBM Y

HeraTMBY cpeny ce M Ha rpH'IapMjM M3 PaKMTOBa (HMKOJIOB 2002: T. 91), lIlTO 110l1aTHO rroTBpl)yje l1a je y mlTalDY HaMepa, a He CJIyqaj.

CJIM'IaH opHaMeHT KOjM ce 3aCHMBa Ha MrpM CBeTJIO-TaMHO MJIM

rr03MTMB-HeraTMB rrOHaBlha ce M Ha rrocYI1M M3 AH3a6eroBa la, rl1e cy

HaCJIMKaHM HM30BM l1MK-l1aK JIMHMja (CJIMKa 2717). 11 OBl1e je TelIlKO penM

lIlTa je 60ja rrpeMa3a, a lIlTa caMor opHaMeHTa. Ha OBOM MeCTY Balha •

rrOI1CeTMTM Ha CJIM'IHy TeHl1eHl1M)Y YKpalIlaBalDa Ha rrpMMepMMa TaMHor

CJIMKalDa Ha CBeTJIoj rrOBplIlMHM ca JIOKaJIMTeTa HeBeCTMHO y oyrapcKoj

MJIM aHaJII10JICKMX HaJIa3MlIlTa Kypy'laj l3, MJIM HelIlTO KacHMjer Kypy'laj 11 M XaI,IMJIap V. 'lMHM ce l1a je, Kao y cJIy'lajy iJpyzoz mallaca 6eJIor CJIMKalDa

Ha l1eHTpaJIHOM OaJIKaHY, KOjM 6eJIOM 60jOM rrOHaBlha yKpace KOjM ce

MHa'ie OCJIMKaBajy TaM HOM 60jOM, MJIM rrpMJIMKOM MMMTal1Mje CJIMKaHOr

opHaMeHTa Ha rpy60M rrocyl)y, OBO jOlIl jel1aH l1oKa3 l1a je 3a OBe YMeTHMKe

cal1p)!(aj 3Ha'lajHMjM 011 TeXHMKe KOjOM ce CJIy)!(e. YKOJIMKO ce cal1p)!(aj •

opHaMeHTa rrOCMaTpa y OBOM CBeTJIY, HOBM XOPM30HTM M aHaJIOrM)e

ne ce rrojaBMTM rrpel1 HaMa M MO)!(l1a rrOTBpI1MTM, aKO He 6alIl I1MpeKTHy

Be3Y M3Mel)y rrpOCTopHO Yl1alheHMX JIOKaJIMTeTa 3arral1He AHal10JIMje M

OaJIKaHa, OHl1a 6ap IhMXOBO Moryne 3ajeI1HM'IKO rrOpeKJIO.

MOTMBM Y 06JIMKY CTerreHMl..\a

OBaj MOTMB ce y CJIMKaHOM 06JIMKy rrojaBlhyje rOTOBO MCKlhY'lMBO

y ¢a3M paHor HeOJIMTa (ENCB), rl1e ra MO)!(eMO rrpoHanM 011 jyroMcTo'lHe

AJI6aHMje (Ilol1ropM) Ha 3arral1Y OaJIKaHa, rra CBe 110 KOBa'leBa Ha MCTOKY.

IlpeMa TpeHYTHoM cTerreHY MCTpa)!(eHOCTM OBM MOTMBM ce Mory rrpoHanM

M 011 )J;olhe opalheBMHe Ha ceBepy 110 JaHMl1e M Hea HMKOMel1Mje Ha jyry.

Koco rrOCTaBlheHe TaJIaCaCTe JIMHMje, TaK03BaHM TpeMOJIO MOTMB, Mory

93

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

ce rrOBe3an1 ca U;MK-u;aK MOTMBMMa, qeCTO KopMIlIneHMM TOKOM ENCB

M MNCB I ¢a3e OBor rro/lpyqja. ):(06ap rrpMMep OBe Be3e je MOTMB M3

KOBaqeBa (CJIMKa 28/8), Ha KojeM MO)!(eMO BM/leTM KaKO cy /lBa pe/la •

CTerreHaCTMX MOT MBa, CaqMlDeHMX 0/1 TpoymoBa crrOJeHMX BpXOBMMa y • • •

rrpaBOJ JIMHMJM, rrOCTaBlheHa TaKO /la y HeraTMBY OCTaBlhaJY MOTMB U;MK-

u;aK JIMHMje. IloHeKa/l TaKaB MOTMB rroKpMBa u;eJIy rroBpIlIMHY cY/la /10K je

y /lpyrMM rrpMMepMMa OrpaHMqeH Ha ¢pM30Be Y/lBojeHMx U;MK-u;aK JIMHMja

MCJIMKaHMX MCrrO/l 060/la MJIM M3Ha/l /lHa rrocY/le, Kao y cJIyqajy HaJIa3a M3

JaHMu;e.

I

h

CnJilKa 30 - [pwIapJ.1ja ca KypY"Iaja ca reOMeTpJ.1jcKJ.1M MOTJ.1BJ.1Ma (CTeneHacH1 MOTHB, AHjal'OHanHo nOAelbeHJ.1 KBaApaTt1 , Tpt1rnH<pJ.1, npeMa Duru 1995)

CTerreHaCTM MOTMBM ce KOM6MHyjy Ha pa3JIMqMTe HaqMHe M qMHM

ce /la OHM rrpaTe HeKY BM/llhMBy cxeMy. ):(OK 6MCMO 3a CMCTeM BMcenMX

TpoymoBa rrOCTaBlheHMX MCrrO/l 060/la MomM penM /la rrpe/lCTaBlhajy

orrIlITerrpMXBaneHM TpeH/I M 3HaK Y3ajaMHor rrperr03HaBalDa y je/lHOM

/ly)!(eM rrepMO/lY, TO ce He 6M Momo penM M 3a CTerreHaCTe (U;MK-u;aK)

MOTMBe. J1aKo je IlIMPOKO pacrrpOCTpalDeHa, IbMXOBa yrroTpe6a HMje

yHM¢opMHa. '-IMHM ce /la IlITO je BapMjaU;Mja MOTMBa CJI060/lHMja, TO BMIlIe

yKa3yje Ha Moryny ¢yHKU;Mjy rrpeHoca MH¢opMaU;Mje. IlpMJIMqHO qeCTa

je opMjeHTaU;Mja CTerreHaCTor MOTMBa rrO/l ymoM 0/1 45° Y O/IHOCY Ha ocy

rrocY/le (CJIMKa 27 M 28). OBaKaB HaqMH rr03MU;MoHMpalDa CTerreHaCTor

MOTMBa je jOlli yOqlhMBMjM Ha CJIMKaHoj /leKOpaU;MjM M3 3arra/lHe AHa/lOJIMje

(Kypyqaj XMjMK, Xal,IMJIap, CJIMKa 29 M 32), IlITO jOlli je/lHOM MO)!(e 6MTM

apryMeHT y /lOKa3MBalDY 3aje/lHMqKOr rrOpeKJIa yrrpKoc /lpyraqMjoj 60jM

CJIMKalba. J1 y je/lHOM 11 y /lpyroM cJIyqajy CTerreHaCTl1l1JII1 TpeMOJIO MOTI1B

rrOCTaBlheH je Kao /ll1jarOHaJIa KBa/lpaTa CMelliTeHor I1crrO/l 060/la rrocY/le,

IlITO, KaKO 113me/la I1Ma rroce6Ho 3Haqelbe.

94

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

):(aneKM Ol1jeK, MnM jel1aH 011 HaqMHa TpaHC<pOpMal1Mje OBOr MOT MBa y TpoyrnacTM MOTMB MO)!(e 6MTM rrocYl1a M3 ):(OIhe BpalheBMHe (CnMKa

21/14). Ha lhOj cy y TeXHMI1M rycTo rrOCTaBlbeHMX 6eno cnMKaHMx KarrlbMl1a

rrpel1CTaBlbeHM pOM60BM KOjM Y BepTMKanHMM pe110BMMa, Mel)yco6Ho ce

110l1MpyjynM TeMeHMMa, rroKpMBajy l1eny rroBpllIMHY rrocYl1e. Y HeraTMBY

ce jacHo M311Bajajy CTerreHaCTM MOTMBM Koje Hana3MMO y KOBaqeBY MnM JaHMI1M B (Chrisostomou 1993a: 123). Tpe6a rroce6Ho HarnaCMTM

M rrocTojalhe ocnMKaHMX BMcenMx TpoyrnoBa Ha MCTOj rrocYI1M MCrrOI1

06011a. OBa TMrronOlliKa KapaKTepMcTMKa rrocYl1e rroKa3yje CnMqHOCTM ca paHoHeonMTcKoM rpHqapMjoM M3 TecanMje.

Y KacHMjMM <pa3aMa CTapqaBaqKe KynType CTerreHaCTM MOTMB ce

pel)e jaBlba y Cnl1KaHOM yKpacy. Tal1a 110Ml1Hl1pajy TpoyrnOBI1, KOjl1 cy

HajqellIne nOCTaBlbeHI1 I1cnOI1 060l1a nocYl1a jel1HI1M TeMeHOM YCMepeHI1M

HaHI1)!(e. Mel)YTI1M, Ha npl1Mepy eneraHTHe Ba3e Ha KOHl1qHOj CTOrrl1 113

CTapqeBa (Cnl1Ka 25), anl1 11 Ha I1pyrl1M npl1Mepl1l1Ma Cnl1qHOr CTl1na,

BI1I1I1 ce l1a oBaj MOTI1B CaCBI1M nao y 3a60paB, rra je TaKO, HeOqeKI1BaHO,

nOCTao I1CnYHa npoCTopa 113Mel)y BepTMKanHI1X nl1Hl1ja Koje ce cnYllITajy

011 06011a. CTeneHaCTI1 MOTI1B, KOjM ce qeCTO cpene Kao Cnl1KaHM yKpac Ha

KepaMl1l1M paHor HeOnl1Ta l1eHTpanHor BanKaHa, I1naK ce 3al1p)!(aBa

y opHaMeHTanHOM CI1CTeMY CTapqeBaqKe KynType TOKOM cpel1lher • •

HeOnl1Ta, anl1 ca nocYl1a npena311 Ha npel1MeTe KOJe 03HaqaBaMO nOJMoM

)!(pTBeHI1K. OHI1 ce acol1l1pajy ca "KynTHI1M pal1lhaMa", 11 qeCTO ce TYMaqe

Kao "pl1TyanHI1 rrpeI1MeTI1". CKOPO l1a HeMa )!(pTBeHI1Ka KOjl1 Ha CBOjl1M HO)!(l1l1aMa HeMa rrnaCTl1qHO M3Bel1eHe I1nl1 ype3aHe CTerreHl1l1e. I1pl1MepM

rrpel1CTaBlbeHI1 OBl1e rrOTMqy 113 ):(Olhe BpalheBI1He (CnMKa 33/1, 3, 4) M

KOBaqeBa (CnMKa 33/5) 11 rropel1 Ben rrOMeHYTMX KOM6l1Hal1l1ja 06n11Ka,

OBM rrpl1Mepl1M cy l1eKOpl1CaHM CTerreHaCTI1M MOTI1BOM.

Jel1aH 011 rrpl1Mepa, KOjM yjel1HO rroKa3yje rroce6aH 3Haqaj MOTI1Ba

CTerreHl1l1a Ha OBOj BpCTI1 rrpel1MeTa je l1eo apXI1TeKType 113 Bp6jaHcKe '-!YKe, (Mitkovski, Naumov 2008: 10-11). Ha OqYBaHoM yraoHoM l1eny OBe

CTpyKType 113Bel1eHe cy CTerreHl1l1e, 6allI Kao Ha rrpl1Mepl1l1Ma )!(pTBeHI1Ka 113 KOBaqeBa, ):(Olhe BpalheBI1He I1nl1 ):(I1BOCTI1Ha. ):(OCTa qeCTO ce

• CTerreHaCTI1 MOTI1B ype3aH y CTpaHl1l1e )!(pTBeHI1Ka JaBlba yrropel10 ca

)!(eHCKI1M norrpcjeM, llITO je aCOl1l1jal1l1ja 0 KOjOj ne HelliTO BI111Ie peql1

6l1Tl1 KaCHl1je y TeKCTY.

J1HTepecaHTHO je l1a cy CTerreHaCTI1 MOTI1BI1, 11 Kal1a ce Cnl1Kajy 11 • •

Kal1a ce ype3YJY YBeK npel1CTaBlbeHI1 Kao l1enOBI1 Jel1HaKOCTpaHl1qHI1X TpoyrnoBa rrOCTaBlbeHI1X y H113, llITO I1X opraHCKI1 Be3yje 3a cnel1enl1

110Ml1HaHTHl1 Cnl1KaHI1 yKpac, BI1Cene TpoyrnoBe KOjl1 rrpel1CTaBlbajy

95

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

rrraBHM opMaHeHTaJIHM callP)l(aj CTapqeBO - KpMIlI - WBPP - AH3a6erOBO

KOMrrJIeKCa y KacHMjMM ¢a3aMa, CBe 110 rrpell Kpaj cpellfuer HeOJIMTa M

rrojaBe jOlli jellHor M3pa3MTO reoMeTpMjcKor MOTMBa - CrrMpaJIe, Koja he 06eJIe)l(MTM caM Kpaj OBor rrepMolla.

L\MjarOHaJIHe JIMHMje

Ha MOTMB rrpaBMx JIMHMja rrOCTaBlbeHMX rroll yrrroM Oil 45 CTerreHM y •

OIlHOCY Ha BepTMKaJIHY ocy rrocYlle, KOJe cy BeOMa qeCTe y paHoM HeOJIMTY jyroMCTOqHe EBporre, CBaKaKO 6M Tpe6aJIo 06paTMTM rroce6Hy rra)l(fuY.

L\MjarOHaJIHM MOTMB ce qeCTO CJIMKa y rpyrraMa Oil rro TpM M KOM6MHyje ca

BepTMKaJIHMM JIMHMjaMa (Hrrp. JaHMl.\a, Chrisostomou 1993a: 123; CJIMKa

31/1-3). IloHeKall, Kao IlITO je TO CJIyqaj y HaJIa3Y M3 KOBaqeBa (Perniceva

1995: 101) CJIMKajy ce IIMjarOHaJIHo rrOCTaBlbeHe rrpaBe JIMHMje (rroHeKall M

TpM JIMHMje jellHa 110 IIPyre) Koje cy yrrpaBlbeHe y cyrrpoTHMM rrpaBI.\MMa. OBaj MOTMB MO)l(e 6MTM MHKoprropMpaH y I.\MK-l.\aK MOTMB KOjM Mile OKO

l.\eJIe rrocYlle. CTpaTMrpa¢cKa rr03MI.\Mja OBor opHaMeHTa cyrepMIlIe paHY

¢a3y ENCB-a. KOM6MHoBafue OBor MOTMBa ca BMcehMM TpoyrrroBMMa McrrYfueHMM Mpe)l(aCTMM opHaMeHToM (CJIaTMHa, PaKMToBo; HMKOJIOB

2002) KOjM ce HaJIa3e McnOIl 060lla rrocYlle yKa3yje Ha opraHcKY Be3Y • • •

OBor HaqMHa lIeKOpal.\HJe ca KacHHJoM lIeKOpal.\MJoM 3aCHOBaHOM Ha

TpoyrJIaCTOM MOTMBY H TaM HOM CJIHKafuY. L\HjaroHaJIHe JIHHHje TaKol)e

HarOBelliTaBajy KBallpaTHY IIHcn03HI.\Mjy Koja je, Kao WTO heMO BHlleTH •

KaCHMJe, y OCHOBM opHaMeHTaJIHOr CMCTeMa paHor HeOJIMTa.

OpHaMeHT y 06JIMKy MeplleBMHa

OBaj opHaMeHT nojaBlbyje ce HCJIHKaH 6eJIOM 60jOM Ha caMO HeKOJIMKO JIOKaJIMTeTa Ha qMTaBOM EaJIKaHCKOM rrOJIyocTpBy M M3BeileH

je HCTOM TeXHHKOM Kao H IIPYrH KapaKTepHCTHqHH MOTMBH paHor 6eJIor

CJIHKafua - npe neqefua, 6eJIa 60ja je HaHen Ha I.\pBeHY nOBpwHHy CYlla

Koja je npeTXOIlHO rrraqaHa 1I0K HHje 1I06HJIa nOpl.\eJIaHCKH cjaj. KOJIMKO

HaM je rr03HaTO, oBaj MOTHB ce MO)l(e HahH y AH3a6erOBY (CJIMKa 26/6), PaKMToBY y EyrapcKoj (HMKOJIOB 2002: T. 9912) M rpMBI.\Y y l.\eHTpaJIHoj

Cp6HjM (Bogdanovic 1995; 2004). 360r reorpa¢cKe H XPOHOJIOWKe

M30JIOBaHOCTM oBaj MOTMB MMa BeJIMKM 3Haqaj 3a rrpahefue rrpoMeHe

y CTMJIy. Y MCTO BpeMe, y PaKMToBY, oBaj opHaMeHT ce nojaBlbyje Ha

96

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

HeKOJIMKO <pparMeHaTa, rrpM qeMY je ypal)eH TaKO lIa <pOpMMpa BMCehM

TpoyraO. I1ocTojalbe OpHaMeHTa y 06JIMKy MeplleBMHa Ha rpMBI.\Y

(CJIMKa 22/6) je Ba)!CHO 360r qMlbeHMl.\e lIa je OTKpMBeH y CJIojy KOjM je

Callp)!(aO <pparMeHTe KepaMMKe KOjM cy Ha ce6M MMaJIM 6eJIo CJIMKalbe • •

ca KarrlbMqaCTMM MOTMBOM, CepM)e BaJIOBMTMX rrapaJIeJIHMX JIMHM)a

(Koje Mory 6MTM M rrOBe3aHe y CTerreHaCTM MOTMB), TpoyrrroBe rrorrYlbeHe

Mpe)!(aCTMM opHaMeHToM. Y PaKMToBY, MOTMB MeplleBMHa ce rrojaBlbyje

yrropello ca MOTMBOM JIMCTOBa Koje HaJIa3MMO Ha JaHMI.\M, Hea HMKoMellejM

M AH3a6eroBY (CJIMKa 26/6). 0pHaMeHT y 06lIl'lKY MeplleBI1Ha, C IIpyre

cTpaHe, rrojaBlbyje ce y PaKMToBY Ha HeKOJIMKO <pparMeHaTa, opraHM30BaH

y 06JIMKy Tpoyrrra MJIM rrOCTaBlbeH IIMjarOHaJIHO rrpeKo roplbe rroBpUlMHe

cYlla (Ha I1CTI1 Haql1H Kao 11 rrapaJIeJIHe rrpaBe I1JII1 BaJIOBMTe JIMHl1je 113

PaKMTOBa, JaHl1l.\e 11 AKCOCa; BI1I1I1 KOII: HI1KOJIOB 2002). CXOIIHO TOMe,

<pparMeHTe M3 rpl1Bl.\a MO)!(eMO I1HTeprrpeTl1paTM Kao lIeo IIMjarOHaJIHO

rrOCTaBlbeHor MOTMBa y 06JIl1KY MeplleBMHa (CJII1Ka 22/6).

I 2

Cm1Ka 31 - MeToncKa, KBap; paTHa OpraHJ13au,l1ja CmtKaHor yKpaca

(1-3 JaHH~a; 4. A H3a6eroBo)

Ha BehMHM paHOHeOJIMTCKMX JIOKaJIMTeTa Ha j~HOM lIeJIY

OaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIYOCTpBa cpeheMO, CKOPO rro rrpaBMJIY, 6eJIo CJII1KaHe

MOTMBe opraHM30BaHe y KBailpaTHe MeTorre. OBY TeHlleHI.\Mjy MO)!(eMO

rrpMMeTMTM Ha HaJIa3MMa M3 JaHMl.\e, Hea HMKoMeIlMje, AH3a6erOBa,

KOBaqeBa MTII (CJIMKe 2611, 7 M 28; 31). MHTepecaHTHo je rrpMMeTMTM lIa je KBallpaT, Kao <popMa peTKo

OCJIMKaH Kao l.\eJIMHa,28 aJIM je 3aTO qeCTO Ha3HaqeH rr03Ml.\MOHMpalbeM

BepTMKaJIHMX JIMHMja M IIMjarOHaJIa. I10HeKall je rrpMKa3aHa caMO

IIMjarOHaJIHa JIMHMja (KOBaqeBO, JaHMl.\a), IIOK je HajqeIllhe rrpMKa3aH • •

pell rrapaJIeJIHMX JIMHM)a, KO)e cy rroHeKall BaJIOBMTe, a rroHeKall rrpaBe,

aJIM Kao IllTO TO rr03Ml.\Mja rrpMKa3aHor opHaMeHTa cyrepMIlle, Moryhe

je rrperro3HaTM MeTorrCKY (KBallpaTHY) IIMCII03MI.\MjY. HapOqMTO je

Ba)!(HO MCTahM lIa cy MeTorre opraHM30BaHe TaKO lIa ce yKJIarrajy y 06MM

rrOCYlle rrpM o6ollY. Y CJIyqajy rrOCYlla M3 JaHMl.\e (CJIMKa 31/1 M 3) cTpaHa

28 MentHa, BeJl l1Ka KOlll14l1Ha r pH1.J. apwje CTI1)f(e AO Hac y 0611 l1KY OIT HI1 X <l>parMeHaTa, peTKO Ka,!1.a Kao u,ene nocyp;e.

97

I

1 I' 3

ClIl1Ka 32 - CTeneHaCTI1 MOTI1BI1, MeTonCKa AI1Cn03IH~Hja yKpaca 11 AwjarOHaJIHe lIHHl1je

(1, 2. Kypyqaj; 3-4. XaVHnap)

KBaApaTa rOTOBO je jeAHaKa rrpe'IHI1Ky 060Aa, a Cnl1'IHa TeHAeHI.\I1ja MO)!(e ce rrpOHanl1 11 Ha Apyrl1M nOKanl1TeTI1Ma OBor KOMrrneKca. OBa BpCTa

•

opHaMeHTanHe OpraHl13al.\l1Je, OAHOCHO rr03111.\110HI1palhe KBaApaTa y

rrpaBl1nHI1M pa3Mal.\I1Ma 11 KOpenal.\l1ja I1CTI1X ca 0611MOM Kpyra, Kao 11 • • HarnaweHa Al1jarOHanHa nl1HI1Ja KBaApaTa, rOBope y rrpl1nor rr03HaBalhY

•

OCHOBHI1X rrpaBl1na reOMeTpl1Je.

C Apyre CTpaHe, KOMrr03111.\I1ja pa3HOBpCHI1X MOTI1Ba, rrorrYT rrpaBI1X, •

BanOBI1TI1X 11 Bl1weCTpYKI1X nl1HI1Ja, CTerreHaCTor MOTI1Ba, nl1CTOnl1KOr

MOTI1Ba (y HeraTI1BY) 11 rrojaBa I1CTI1X MOTI1Ba Ha MOAenl1Ma Kyna (rAe cy

TaKol)e Al1jaroHanHo rrOCTaBlbeHe) 113 TIopOAI1Ha (M. Garasarrirr 1979; OBAe: Cnl1Ka 45), Mal,lapa (CaHeB 1988: T. I, cn. 2, 13; OBAe: Cnl1Ka 4412) rroTBpl)yjy Be3Y 113Mel)y rrocYAe 11 Kyne 11 Aalbe Kp03 Be3Y AOManer 11 rrpl1rrl1TOMlbeHor.

KBaApaT Kao jacaH KOHl.\errT MOlKe ce rrpaTI1TI1 11 Ha nOKanl1TeTI1Ma y

06JIaCTI1 Je3epa y 3arraAHoj AHaAonl1jl1, rrorrYT XyjY'IeKa, Kypy'Iaj Xl1jl1Ka I1nl1 Xal,ll1napa (Duru 1995; 1999; Mellaart 1970).29 TIopeA 'Il1lheHl1l.\e Aa

cy KBaApaTI1, 3arrpaBo MeTorrCKe rrpe3eHTal.\I1je rrpl1cyTHe Mel)y Cnl1KaHI1M • •

opHaMeHTI1Ma KOJe CMO rroMeHynl1, Ba)!(HO Je rroMeHYTI1 aCKol1AHY rrocYAY

113 Xyj'IeKa (Cnl1Ka 34/8), Koja je BeOMa aTl1rrl1'IHa y OAHOCY Ha perrepToap

29 HeAasHo oTKpHhe )KeHCKor rpo6a y M eHTewe, HeAaJleKO OA it1m1nI1Hapa (mill.. KOMYH. ca J. Roodenberg), ca rpo6HHM np"JT0311Ma y Koje yna3H llocYAa KsaApaTHe oeBose ca AynJlI1M peAoM ype3aHl1X KsaApaTa ca nOCTaBJbeHI1M Al1jaroHanaMa, TaKotje yKa3yje Ha cI1M6oJlI11.J:HO 3Hal lethe 11 palUHpeHOCT Tor KOHl\enTa.

98

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

'2

1

5

4

6 7

CJl ItI Ka 33 - CTeneHaCTJ..1 Monf BM, KsaApaT J.1 AJlljaroHallHe Jl J.1Hl'Ije Ha )f(pTBeHJ.1IJ;I1Ma (1,3,4. ,l1,OI-ba OpaJ-beBJ.1Ha; 5. KOBaqeBO; 2, 6, 7. Bp6jaHcKa q yKa; )

rrocY,l1a H rrope,l1 cBoje He06wIHe ¢opMe MOlKe 6HTH yrrHcaHa y KBa,l1paT.

KBa,l1paTHa ¢opMa ce rrojaBlhyje H Ha MHHHjaTypHoM CTOllY ca HCTor

llOKallHTeTa (CllHKa 34/7) H Ha je,l1Hoj lKeHcKoj ¢HrypHHH (CllHKa 34/6;

Duru 1999: fig. 21, 22).

O,l1HOC KBa,l1paTa H Kpyra je, KaKO H3rJIe,l1a, 6HO 0,l1 BellHKor 3Haqaja,

TaKO ,l1a je OBeKOBeqeH Ha 6pOjHHM lKpTBeHHl.\HMa IllHpOM CTapqeBaqKOr

KylITypHor Kpyra. EpOjHH rrpHMepH rroKa3yjy ,l1a je HajqeIllhe KBa,l1paTHa

OCHOBa lKpTBeHHKa HOCHlla OKPYrJIH pel.\HIIHjeHT. I1oHeKa,l1, Kao Ha

rrpHMepl.\HMa H3 ,1J;OIne EpalDeBHHe (CllHKa 33/ 1, 3, 4), oTKpHBaMo

,l1HjaroHallHe llHHHje ype3aHe HllH MO,l1ellOBaHe Ha ,l10lDOj CTpaHH 6a3e.

I1pHMepaK H3 06pelKa y Cp6HjH (EpyKHep 1960: 18-23) CBe,l10qH 0

,l1yrOTpajHocTH OBor ¢eHoMeHa. OBaj Halla3 je ,l1aTHpaH y BpeMe Kpaja • CTapqeBaqKe KyllType, Te rrOCTO)e MHIlllhelDa ,l1a ce CllalKe H ca rrOqeTKOM

BHHqaHCKe KyllType.

CrreKTaKYllapHH Halla3H H3 JIerreHcKor BHpa (oB,l1e rrpH TOM He

MHCllHM Ha rr03HaTe KaMeHe CKYllrrType, Beh Ha lKpTBeHHKe OTKpHBeHe

99

I 1

6

7

Cm1Ka 34 - KBaApaT Y OCHOBJ.1 opHaMeHTanHor CJ1CTeMa y o6nacTH 0YPAYP, jY)f(Ha AHaAOJIJllja (XaI,lItlJIap, Kypyqaj, XyjqeK). Ha Cfll1KaMa 5-8. MO)f(e ce BItt,!l;en1,lJ;a ce I1 npe,Il,MeTJ.1

3a cBaKo,o:HeBHY ynoTpe6y, Kao lIITO cy rpy6e rrocy.o:e 3a CKJIa,o:J1lIITelbe, )KpTBeHJ.11.1)1 ,

<l>l1rypl1He J1 aCKOt1)~He nocYAe TaKorye yKJlanajy Y (HeTeM KBaApaTa.

y HeOnl1TCKI1M cnojeBI1Ma 03HaQeHI1M Kao J1erreHCKI1 Bl1p IIIb), rroKa3yjy

KOnl1KO IW6oKO cy KepaMI1Qapl1 paHor HeOnl1Ta MOrITl1 ):IOMl1l11lbaTI1

arrCTpaKTHe <popMe rrorrYT KBa):lpaTa, KO,-\Ke, c<pepe 11 ):Ipyrwx TpO):ll1MeH3110HanHI1X 06nl1Ka (Srejovic 1971: T. 12/1; OB):Ie: Cnl1Ka 35/1-5).

100

I

' . '.

1

•

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

3

• -. "

Cm1Ka 35 - Mo.o;emt Kyha J.1 "cpPyKHtjepe" (1 -5. fleneHCKI1 BHP; 6. naAl1Ha; 7. }J,Ol-ba 6palheBl1Ha)

•

OBaKBe rrocYl\e HMCY ycaMlbeHM rrpMMepI\M Beh MX MMa M Ha IIal\MHM

(JoBaHoBMh 1984; Jovanovic 1987; OBl\e: CJIMKa 35/6), ,[(OlDOj opalbeBMHM

(CJIMKa 35(7), a KaKO M3rJIel\a M Ha OJIarOTMHY.3O IIMTalbe OI\HOCa M3Mel)y

OBMX HaJIa3a ca OHMM M3 Me30JIMTCKor cTpaTYMa JIerreHcKor BMpa,

TaKol)e MO)!(e 6MTM 3aHMMlbMBa TeMa, 0 KOjOj OBl\e HeheMo pacrrpaBlbaTM.

30 DBO 3a na)Kalhe je AOHeTO H3 oCHony YSI1Aa y Heny6mtKOBaH Y rpHllapl1jy ca SJlarOTI1Ha.

101

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

OBe rrocYl1e, Koje qeCTO Ha3HBajy H <jJpyKTHjepaMa, rrOCTaBlheHe cy Ha

rrOCTOlhe y 06JIHKy KOl\Ke Koja, HeI1BOCMHCJIeHO, rrpel1CTaBlha rpal)eBHHy/

Kyny. ITocTolha Ha rrpHMepl\HMa H3 JIerreHcKor BHpa H ITal1HHe rOTOBO

cy Hl1eHTHqHa MOl1eJIHMa Kyna H3 MaI)apa y MaKel10HHjH (CJIHKa 44/2). YKOJIHKO OBY rrocYI1Y rrocMaTpaMo 01103rO, OHa HMa 06JIHK KBal1paTa HaKO

ce 3arrpaBO pal1H 0 HCeqKY c<jJepe rrOCTaBlheHe Ha KOl\Ky.

IT. lIlHajl1ep (Schneider 2002) HarrOMHlhe l1a je "rrpBH KBal1paT"

Mopao 6HTH pe3YJITaT jeI1HOCTaBHor, jacHor e<jJeKTHBHor H e<jJHKacHor

MeTOl1a KOHCTpYKl\Hje: MeTOl1a KOjH je O<jJ0PMHO lheroBY H3BOPHY •

reOMeTpH)Y H YCTaHoBHo lheroBY caBplUeHocT Kao HHcTpYMeHT 3a

CBe rrOTOlhe reoMeTpHjcKe H MeTpOJIOlUKe rrOI1YXBaTe. IToCTojalhe I1Be

HCToBpeMeHe KyJITypHe MaHH<jJecTal\Hje, Koje HMajy KBal1paT y OCHOBH •

CHCTeMa YKpalUaBalha, H y KO)HMa ce eKcrrepHMeHTHCaJIO ca BHCHHOM •

MOTHBa H rroJIyrrpeqHHKOM rrocYl1e, rrOCTaBlheHHM I1H)arOHaJIaMa, rro MOM

MHlUlhelhY, rrpel1CTaBlhajy HrraK HelUTO BHlUe 011 CJIyqajHoCTH. qHlheHHl\a

je, HrraK, l1a rrocToje pa3JIHKe y THrrOJIOrHjH H <jJaKTypH rrocyl)a Ha KojHMa

ce OBH yKpacH CJIHKajy, Kao H TO l1a ce pa3JIHKyje 60ja yKpaca KOjOM ce

CJIHKa y 06JIaCTH OaJIKaHa H AHaI10JIHje. 3a aYToxToHHCTHqKY CTpyjy y

apXeOJIOrHjH HeOJIHTa, nOMeHYTe qHlheHHl\e cy 6HJIe 110BolhaH pa3JIOr

l1a ce 0116al\H MorynHoCT lKHBHX Be3a OBa I1Ba KyJITypHa KOMfmeKca.

MHlUlhelha caM l1a je OCMHlUlheH H pa3pal)eH KOHl\eI1T y qHjeM je l\eHTpy

KBal1paT H lheroB OI1HOC rrpeMa 06HMY OTBopa rrocYl1e, lheHoj BHCHHH H

c<jJepH rrpel1CTaBlha 3HaqajaH eJIeMeHT Ha OCHOBY Kora ce MOlKe H3BplUHTH

rrOBe3HBalhe OBHX <jJeHOMeHa MaKap H Ha Yl1alheHOCTH 011 BHlUe 011 xHlhagy

KHJIOMeTapa.

*

• • rrpeTXOI1HO pa3MaTpaHHX yKpaca KO)H rrpel1CTaBlhaJY OCHM

HajTHrrHqHHje OI1JIHKe 6eJIor CJIHKalha y paHOM HeOJIHTY jyroHCTOqHe

EBporre (ENCB), rrojaBlhyjy ce H CrrOpal1HqHO rrpHMelheHH MOTHBH, rrorrYT

MOTHBa y 06JIHKy CJIOBa "W" (CJIHKa 28/9). OBaj MOTHB oTKpHBeH je Ha

JIOKaJIHTeTY ITOl1rOPH Kao l1eo yKpaca KOjH je YKJIOrrlheH y CTerreHaCTH

MOTHB (Korkuti 1995). ITopel1 OBor ycaMlheHor cJIyqaja "W " MOTHBa,

BalKHO je rroMeHYTH ymacTH MOTHB rrpel1CTaBlheH Ha rrocYI1H H3 KOBaqeBa

(CJIHKa 28/8) H TaKol)e HarroMeHYTH l1a 6H rrpoyqaBalhe OBHX H30JIOBaHHX

<jJeHOMeHa Momo 6HTH 011 3Haqaja 3a HHTeprrpeTal\Hjy l1eTalha H3 CHCTeMa

YKpalUaBalha. CTerreHHl\e, JIHCTOJIHKH opHaMeHT HJIH TaJIaCaCTe JIHHHje,

"W" H " S" MOTHBH, Kao H CJIHKalhe 6eJIHM TaqKaMa cy l1eo CHCTeMa

YKpalUaBalha KOjH ce jaBlha caMO y TOKY paHor HeOJIHTa. OBH MOTHBH

102

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

• •

HeCTaJY, a ca rrO'IeTKOM Cpe/1IDer HeOmlTa 3aMeIDYJY MX TpoyrnoBM M

KacHMje crrMpane. Cne/1 /10ral)aja rOBopM y KOPMCT rrpeTrrOCTaBKe /1a je

y /10MeHY COl\MjanHor )!(MBOTa Mopano /1otlM /10 HeKe rrpOMeHe Koja je

pe3ynToBana TpaHC<popMMcalDeM CMCTeMa YKpalIlaBalDa. EMno KaKO

6Mno, OBM CMCTeMM HMCY Y3ajaMHo rrOTrrYHO MCKlbY'IMBM M Moryhe je,

Kao lIlTO CMO TO Beh BM/1enM, rrpaTMTM IDMXOBY rrOCTerreHY rrpOMeHY

M pa3Boj. OBO je CBaKaKO Bpe/1HO rrOMeHa, jep ce 'IMHM /1a je y rrMTalDY

je/1Ha <PYH/1aMeHTanHa pa3nMKa M3Mel)y /1Ba CMCTeMa, a TO cy M3Y3eTHOCT

npOTMB YHH<P0PMHOCTH. TIpe06pa)!(aj CHCTeMa MO)!(e ce yO'IHTH Kp03 • • • rrOCTerreHO rrOJe/1HOCTaBlbMBalDe CMCTeMa YKpalIlaBaIDa, rrOJaBY CMMeTpMJe

M rrOHaBlbalDe opHaMeHaTa. TIpoMeHe Y cTMny He Mory ce HapaBHO • ••

nOCMaTpaTH H TyMa'IHTH O/1BOJeHO O/1/1PYrHX npOMeHa KOJe ce /1elIlaBaJY y HeonHTCKHM 3aje/1HHl\aMa. TIoMeHYTa npOMeHa y CHCTeMY YKpalIlaBalDa

Morna 6H YKa3aTH Ha rrepHO/1 nOTnYHor YCBajalDa HeonMTCKor Ha'IMHa

)!(HBOTa H 3aY3MMaIDa O/1pel)eHe TepMTopHje, anH 6H HCTO TaKO Morna • •

/1a ce npOTYMa'IH Kao nOCne/1Hl\a rrOBpaTHor yTHl\ap 3aJe/1HMl\a ca ceBepa, Kao lIlTO TO npeTnOCTaBlba M. [aplIlaHMH (1996), a BM/1M ce Y

cnojeBMMa /1eBaCTal\Mje Ha AH3a6eroBY IIII, Ha nOKanMTeTY MaI,IapM HnM

Ha rroCTeneHoj npeBnacTM rpy60r nocyl)a KOjy npaTM l\pHO nMHeapHo •

cnMKalDe Kao OCHOBHM TpeH/1 y YKpalIlaBalDY rpH'IapMJe. JOlIl je/1Ha 'IMIDeHMl\a Koja ce Mo)!(e npMMeTMTM npoy'IaBajyhM paHY

cnMKaHY KepaMMKY EanKaHa jeCTe /1a YMeTHMl\H paHor HeonMTa HMCY 6MnM

orr'IMIDeHM CMMeTpMjoM MnM 6ap y TOM TpeHyTKy HMCY yrroTpe6lbaBanM

CMMeTpMjy rro CBaKY l\eHy. Ba)!(HO je HarnaCMTM /1a ce MOTMBM OBOT rrepMO/1a

rOTOBO YBeK rrojaBlbyjy y pe/10BMMa. TIoHeKa/1 cy opraHM30BaHM y MeTorre,

a rrOHeKa/1 y BM/1Y <ppM3a, anM ce pel)e rrojaBlbyjy M M30nOBaHM MOTMBM.

C /1pyre CTpaHe, He MO)!(e 6MTM rOBopa 0 CTpaxy 0/1 rrpa3HMHe (horror

vacui) yHyTap IDMXOBor CMCTeMa YKpalIlaBalDa. CTpyKTypa Koja /1MKTMpa

TOK opHaMeHaTa je rrOHeKa/1 py6 060/1a, a rrOHeKa/1 CTorra rrocY/1e. OBaKBa

TeH/1eHl\Mja MO)!(e ce rrpMMeTMTM H y YKpalIlaBalDY 06M'IHOr rrocyl)a,

Koje je M3Bol)eHo /1pyra'IMjMM TeXHMKaMa (ype3MBaIDe, YTMcKMBalDe MnM

orpy6lbMBaIDe), lIlTO rOBopM y rrpMnor rrocTojalDY CnM'IHOr, rrpeTXO/1HO OCMMlIllbeHor, CMCTeMa.

Kao lIlTO cy Beh /1pyrM aHanMTH'IapM M TeOpeTM'IapM rrOTBp/1MnM, • •

nOTpara 3a 3Ha'IeIDeM, TO JeCT, 3a pa3YMeBaIDeM 3Ha'IelDa rrOJe/1MHMX

MOTHBa je nO/1YXBaT KOjH je, aKO He nOTrrYHO HeMoryh, a OH/1a npHnH'IHO

HecHrypaH. I1rraK, Moryhe je, Kao lIlTO TO 11. XO/1ep cyrepMlIle (Hodder

1982: 175), /10hM /10 peneBaHTHHx 3aKlbY'IaKa Ha OCHOBY noje/1HHHX

eneMeHaTa y TeXHHl\H H ca/1p)!(ajy CHCTeMa YKpalIlaBalDa. AKo ce Y3Me y

063HP CTaHOBHlIlTe /1a CHCTeM YKpalIlaBalDa O/1pa)!(aBa cTHMynHcalDe H

103

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

rrpOBOKal\l1jy I1pYlIlTBeHor )I(l1BOTa (11 06paTHo) (Braithwaite 1982: 87-88 11 l\I1Tl1paHa JII1TepaTypa), OHl1a je Moryne rrperr03HaTI1 TpeHyTKe y Kojl1Ma

• • • • ce rrpoMeHe y COl\I1)aJIHO) CTpyKTypl1 OI1BI1)a)y 11 HaCJIYTI1TI1 lhl1XOBO

rrOpeKJIO Ha OCHOBY rrpoMeHe y cI1cTeMY YKpalIlaBalha.31 Y rrepl1ol1Y KOjl1 • • • • )e HalIla rrpl1MapHa TeMa y OBOM pal1Y, )aBlbaJY ce HeKe 3Ha'la)He rrpoMeHe y

cI1cTeMY YKpalIlaBalha:

• 6eJIo CJII1Kalhe reoMeTpl1jcKl1x MOTI1Ba •

• l\pHO CJII1Kalhe reOMeTpl1)CKI1X MOTI1Ba

• l\pHo/6eJIo CJII1Kalhe KPI1BOJII1Hl1jCKI1X MOTI1Ba (crrl1paJIe) •

• rrOJII1XpOMI1)a

TeK HaKOH l1eTalbHl1je aHaJII13e cTpyKType, a He caMO TeXHI1Ke, oBaj

pa3Boj MO)!(e ce CBeCTI1 Ha CJIel1eny TpaHc<jJopMal\l1jy: KBal1paT-Tpoyrao­

crrl1paJIa.

TIpOY'laBalhe paHO HeOJII1TCKe 6eJIo CJII1KaHe KepaMI1Ke OI1BeJIO • • •

Hac )e 110 3aKlbY'lKa l1a rrOCTO)e HeKe rrraBHe TeHl1eHl\I1)e y YKpalIlaBalhY

Koje cy y0611'1ajeHe, He caMO 3a HeOJII1T jyrol1cTo'lHe EBporre, Ben 11 3a

rrpeJIa3 paHor y Cpel1lhl1 HeOJII1T 3arral1He AHa110JIl1je. OBO HaM MO)!(e

YKa3aTI1 Ha KOMrrJIeKCHI1 CI1CTeM pa3MI1lIllbalha y KOMe ce CI1M60JII1'1Ka

TpaHc<jJopMal\l1ja rrojaBlbyje Ha BeJII1KOM rrpoCTpaHcTBY HacelbeHOM •

rrpBI1M rrOlbOrrpl1Bpel1HI1l\I1Ma 11 Y3ra)I1Ba'lI1Ma cToKe, a orrrella ce,

rroHajrrpe, y eJIa60pal\l1jl1 reOMeTpl1jCKl1x rrpI1Hl\l1rra.

31 O BAe ce OrpaHI11.faBaMO Ha nocMaTpa lhe caMO OCJl l1 KaHe KepaMI1 Ke, AOK he HeK I1 6YAyhl1 paA 6HTl1 nocBeheH I1 CTOBpeMeHoM CBa KOAHeBHOM nocyljy YKpaweHoM ype3l1BalbeM, WTl1na lheM, I1MnpeCO, 6ap6oTl1H H Apyn1M TeXHMKaMa AeKOpall,l1je KapaKTepHCT l1 t IHl1M 3a oBaj TI1 n nocylja.

104

rrpMH~MIU1 HeOlIMTCKe reoMeTpMje

Y KOHTeKCTY pa3MaTpalba rrpWHIVlIIa HeOnWTCKe reOMeTpwje rrohw

heMO 01\ CWCTeMa YKpallIaBalba KOjW je W3Bel\eH Ha rrocYI\W W3 JaHWl\e (CnwKa 31/1). Balba 06paTwTw rra)!(lbY Ha BWCWHY MOTWBa. OHa je rOTOBO

Wl\eHTW'IHa rronyrrpe'IHwKy 060l\a rrocYl\e. TOKOM rrepWOl\a paHor HeOnWTa y BeheM I\eny DanKaHCKor rronYOCTpBa MO)!(e ce rrpWMeTWTW CnW'IHa

CTpaTerwja Y Ol\pe!jwBalbY BWCWHe YKpallIeHe rrOBpllIWHe rrocYl\e, TaKO I\a

ce He 6w Morno pehw I\a je Y rrWTalbY cnY'IajHocT. KaKO 6w ce Ha rrpaBW

Ha'IWH YKpacwna rrocYl\a O'IWrneI\HO je 6wno HeOrrXOI\HO rr03HaBaTW •

OCHOBe reOMeTpWJe.

L\a 6w ce rrpWKa3ana KOMnneKCHOCT OBaKBor Ha'IWHa pa3MWllIlbalba

npe3eHTwpao 6wx jel\HO 01\ MWllIlbetba 0 pellIaBalbY Tpal\WQWOHanHor

MaTeMaTW'IKOr np06neMa KBal\pWpalba Kpyra. 32 AKO ce 3aMWllIlbeHW Kpyr

rrpe'IHWKa 1 pOTwpa 3a 1800 OHl\a he nWHwja w3Me!jy Ta'IKe A W Ta'IKe B

6wTH jel\HaKa 6pojy 11:. AKO HaQPTaMo rronyKpyr rrpe'IHWKa AC=AB+1 W •

nOBY'IeMO nWHwJY 01\ QeHTpa l\eCHOr Kpyra I\OK He rrpece'Ie nonYKypyr Y Ta'IKW D, OHl\a 1\06wjaMo cnel\ehy jel\HaKOCT ABxBC= BD2, llITO pellIaBa

rrp06neM KBal\pWpalba Kpyra jep je AB=n W BC=l (CnwKa 36). DW3apHa

'IWlbeHWl\a je I\a nocYl\a W3 JaHWl\e KOjy CMO Y3enw y pa3MaTpalbe (CnwKa 31/1), WMa 0601\ Wl\eHTW'IaH Kpyry rrpe'IHWKa AC, a I\WMeH3wje MeTorre cy

•

Wl\eHTW'IHe Ha rrpeTXOI\HO orrwcaHW Ha'IWH W3Bel\eHOM KBal\paTY, I\OK Je

CTorra rrocYl\e Wl\eHTW'IHa Kpyry rronyrrpe'IHWKa l. CaCBWM je jacHo I\a HeonWTCKW KepaMW'IapW HWCY 6wnw CBeCHW

OBe I\wneMe y rope HaBel\eHoj cj>OpMW, Te HWCY Ol\nY'IWBanW 0 BWCWHW opHaMeHTa caMO 360r arrCTpaKTHor reoMeTpwjcKor rrp06neMa. Ca I\pyre

CTpaHe, jacHo je W I\a cy I\peBHw rpH'IapW WManw 036wlbaH rrp06neM

rroKYllIaBajyhw I\a Hal\pTajy KBal\paT 'Iwja je CTpaHWl\a jel\HaKa rrpe'IHwKy

32 A. Bogomolny, Squaring the Circle from Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles http: //www.cut· the·knoLorg/impossible/sq_circle.shtml

105

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

c A

CJntKa 36 - JeAaH op; Ha1.U1Ha pelliaBafua KBap;paType Kpyra y aHHIQKO Ao6a

nOCYlle, 6e3 lIa OCTaBlhajy npa3aH npoCTOp H3Mel)y KBallpaTa H MeTona.

OBaj pacnopeil BepOBaTHO He 6H 3acnY)!(HBaO na)!(lhY lIa je Kpyr (Ha OBHM

npHMepHMa 03Ha'ieH Kao 06011 nocYlle) nOllelheH jellHocTaBHo Ha 4, 8 HnH

16 cerMeHaTa. MeI)YTHM, y cny'lajy nocYlla H3 JaHHl.\e, PaKHToBa, Kypy'laja

H JOIII HeKHX Hana3HIIITa, MO)!(eMO BHlleTH lIa je npellcTaBlheHo 6 MeTona,

IIITO 3Ha'iH lIa je 6Hno nOTpe6Ho n03HaBaTH MHoro BHIIIe Oil jellHocTaBHe

lIe06e Kpyra Ha IIBa (4 HnH 8) lIenOBa. BepHTHKanHe nHHHje nOCTaBlhaHe cy

H3Mel)y KBallpaTa (noHeKall IIBe HnH TpH), nOMarane cy lIa ce KOMneH3yje

HeMorynHocT npHMeHe rope HaBelleHe jellHa'lHHe KopHcTenH ce HnH

anre6apcKHM HnH reoMeTpHjcKHM MeTOllaMa (CnHKe 29 H 30).

BHIIIe npHMepa pa3palle reoMeTpHjcKHx npopa'lyHa MO)!(e ce HanH

Ha nocYllaMa H3 TIOI\TOPH Y An6aHHjH, H ,i'\olhe opalheBHHe H Marapener

MnHHa y Cp6HjH (CnHKe 22/4, 11, 14; 23/4 H 37/1). Ha CBHM OBHM nocYllaMa • •

rpH'Iap Je Mopao Bpno npel.\H3HO npellBHlleTH IIHMeH3HJe CBaKor Tpoyrna,

y 3aBHCHOCTH Oil 06nHKa nocYlle. Y I.\Hlhy npHMeHe OBe lIeKOpal.\Hje -

rile I..\pBeHH H 6enH TpoyrnoBH y npaBHnHoM pHTMy nOKpHBajy I..\eny • •

rrOBpIIIHHY rrocYlle - rrpopa'lyH Je Mopao CTapTH y Be3H ca rrpe'lHHKOM

060lla rrocYlle, ca c<jJepH'IHHM 06nHKoM rrocYlle H rrpe'lHHKOM IIHa rrocYlle.

Oil Herrp0l.\elhHBe BpellHOCTH 3a pa3YMeBafbe reoMeTpHjcKHx rrOCTaBKH

OBor BpeMeHa je Mana I.\HnHHllpH'IHa nocYlla oTKpHBeHa y JaHHI.\H (CnHKa

37/2). OHa, 3anpaBO, MO)!(e 6HTH rrOCMaTpaHa Kao reoMeTpHjcKa Be)!(6a.

'IHHH ce lIa je lIeKOpal..\Hja Ha rrocYIIH He3aBpIIIeHa, Kao lIa je rpH'Iap

6HO npeKHHyT y TpeHyTKy nOCTaBlhalha Mpe)!(e TpoyrnoBa, KOjH ne

KacHHje 6HTH HcnYlheHH 60jOM. UHnHHIIPH'IHH 06nHK OBe nocYlle HHje

cTaHllapllaH 3a oBaj nepHolI, anH je rpH'Iapy, O'lHrneIlHO, 6HO norollaH

106

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

rrpw w3Bol)elbY KOMrrnWKOBaHOr u;pTe)Ka. ~albW rrpWMepW W/1eHTWqHWX

reoMeTpwjcKWX W/1eja Mory ce Hahw y Kypyqajy, XyjqeKy W XaI.mnapy (CnwKe 29 W 30).

Ho W /1albe oCTaje rrWTalbe 3aIIITO cy /1peBHW rpHqapW w3a6panw • • reoMeTpwJY Kao /1eKOpaTwBHw CTaH/1ap/1 y YKpaIIIaBalbY CBOJWX

perrpe3eHTaTwBHwx /1ena? ~a nw je TO CaMO perrnWKa /1eKOpau;wje W3Be/1eHe

Ha HeKWM /1pyrwM rrpe/1MeTWMa KaO IIITO cy KOIIIape wnw TKalbe, r/1e cy

reoMeTpwjcKW MOTWBW rrpe/10/1pel)eHw BPCTOM MaTepwjana W CTpyKTypOM

caMOT rrpe/1MeTa (Cootner 1990)? CTaB rrpOTWB W/1eje /1a cy eneMeHTW • • /1eKOpaTWBHor CWCTeMa rrpe/1CTaBlbeHW Ha paHOHeonWTCKOJ rpHqapWJW

rrpey3eTw 0/1 TKalba, 3acTyrra M. ManeT, Koja CMaTpa /1a ce caMO HeKonWKO

yKpacHwx eneMeHaTa ca KepaMWKe W3 cpa3e XaI,mnap V, MO)Ke Be3aTW 3a

TpaKaCTO TKaHe Tarrwcepwje W3 eTHOrpacpCKe rpal)e W3 AHa/10nwje. OHa

/1albe Wcmqe /1a cy ,,60jeHw rrpeceu;w rropel)aHw BepTwKanHo W 6pojHe

CTwcHYTe BepTwKane W /1wjaroHane yrrpaBo OHW 06nwu;w Koje WCKYCHW

TKaqW Tarrwcepwja HacToje y Haj60lbeM cnyqajy w36ehw" (Mallet 1994: 10-25).

To 6w HaBO/1wnO Ha 3aKlbyqaK /1a ce W3a OBaKBor ene60pwpalba • •• •

reoMeTpwJcKe /1eKOpau;wJe KPWJY HeKW /1pyrw MOTWBW KOJW cy MHOro CHa)KHwjw 0/1 lbWXOBe eCTeTWKe. rIo MOM MWIIIlbelbY Moryhe je pacrrpaBlbaTw

o acpwHwTeTwMa rrpeMa KOMrrnWKOBaHWM reoMeTpwjcKwM rrpOpaqyHwMa

ca KBa/1paTWMa cnWKaHWM Ha KepaMwu;w BenwKwx je3epa (Lake District) W

u;eHTpanHor EanKaHa, rrpe/1CTaBlbeHwM Ha )KpTBeHWu;wMa, Ka/1WOHwu;aMa

W MO/1enWMa Kyha. Kao HajyBeplbwBwje 06jaIIIlbelbe 3a oBaKBY CKnOHOCT Balba ce rrpwceTwTw Tpa/1Wu;wja rpa/1lbe Kyha C rrOqeTaKa HeonWTa, W3

•• •

30He rrpwMapHe HeonwTw3au;wJe wnw JOIII rrpeu;w3HwJe W3 lbeHor ceBepHor /1ena. CaBpIIIeHo rrOCTaBlbeHW KaMeHW TeMelbW Kyha y qajeHw (<;:ayiinii),

y AHa/10nwjw y rrpeKepaMWqKOM HeonwTY wnw rycTo HacelbeH rpa/1 ca CTOTWHaMa rrpaBoyraoHwx rrpocTopwja W3 AIIIwKnw XwjwKa (A~ikli

Hiiyiik) rOBope yrrpaBo 0 3Haqajy Mepelba W rrOIIITOBalba reoMeTpwjcKwx

rrpaBwna. C /1pyre cTpaHe, rrocBeheHocT /10MY W lberOBWM 6nar0/1aTWMa

Mopana je 6WTW WCTwu;aHa W cnaBlbeHa 0/1 cTpaHe TeK Ce/1eHTapW30BaHwx

3aje/1HWu;a. Anw aKO ce ceTWMO /1a je 0/1 CBWX 6nar0/1aTW rrpenacKa • Ha ce/1enaqKW HaqWH )KWBOTa W HOB HaqWH rrpO/1yKU;WJe xpaHe, paCT

rrorrynau;wje HajBa)KHwjw W HajeBW/1eHTHwjw, a TWMe W MHoro Beha IIIaHca • •

3a O/1raJalbe 3/1paBOr rrOTOMCTBa, MopaMO ce CnO)!(WTW /1a Je HeonWTCKW

New Deal WMao MHoro BWIIIe YTwu;aja Ha )KeHCKW Hero Ha MyIIIKW /1eo

rrorrynau;wje. JaCHO je /1a je y rrpou;ecy HeonWTw3au;wje )!(eHa /106wna

KlbyqHY ynory y /1oMahwHCTBY. lheHe HOBe 06aBe3e cy 6wne YCMepeHe Ha

yrrpaBlbalbe /1oMahwHCTBOM, rrpwrrpeMy W CKna/1WIIITelbe xpaHe, 6pwry

107

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

2

CmtKa 37 - TlocTynaK H npopa'-lyHH npH YKpalllaSaH>Y rpH'-IapHje ca nOl\rop", JaHI1l1e 11 Kypyqaja (l1pTelK 11 aHanl13a H.H. Tacl1n 11 C. 1jYP"qln)

108

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

• • 3a l\elW M CTapM)e Te OpraHM3aU;M)y I\pYIlITBeHOr )!(MBOTa yHyTap 1\0Ma

M Hacelba. Ol\jel\aHrrYT OHa je rrOCTana HeKO KO I\OHOCM Ol\nYKe. TOKOM •

IlIe31\eCeTMX rOI\MHa rrpOIlInor BeKa BpIlIeHO )e rrpOMaTpalDe rrpou;eca

Cel\eHTapM3aU;Mje XyTMja (Houttu), nOBa'lKo-caKyrrlba'lKe 3ajel\HMu;e M3

jY)!(He BeHeu;yene. M. MenHMK (Melnyk 1993: 2) Hac 06aBeIlITaBa I\a je

rrpMnMKOM rrpenaCKa Ha cel\ena'lKM Ha'lMH )!(MBOTa yrrpaBo )!(eHa MMana

6MTHy ynory y 1\0HOIlIeIDY l\aneKOCe)!(HMX Ol\nYKa rro rrMTalDY 6Yl\ynHoCTM.

EpojHe HeonMTCKe )!(eHCKe qmrypMHe Be3aHe 3a domus KaKBe OTKpMBaMO

Ha EanKaHY M y AHal\omljM, M3rnel\a I\a nOTBpljyjy oBaj HOBOCTe'leml

CTaTYC )!(eHe.

IlpeMa K. BMTenM (Vitteli 1999: 184 M I\albe) BepoBaTHo je I\a je

rpH'IapCTBO 6Mno jel\Ha 01\ HeKonMKO aKTMBHOCTM M MHTepeca Koje je

)!(eHa CTeKna y OBOM pa31\06lbY. J1aKo ce M OBOM CTaHOBMIlITY MO)!(e

npMnMcaTM CHa)!(HO npel\y6eljeIDe (bias), YBepeH caM I\a je, Kao H y

cny'lajy TKalDa, npHpOl\a rpH'IapCKOr 3aHaTa nOrOI\OBana oc06aMa Koje cy

ynyneHe Ha Kyny, OI\HOCHO Cel\eHTapHH Ha'lHH )!(HBOTa. AKO je OBO 3aHCTa

6HO cnY'laj, OHl\a je opHaMeHTanHM CHCTeM paHoHeonHTcKe rpH'IapHje

HajBepoBaTHHje 6MO YMeTHH'IKa eKcrrpecHja 1\0ManHu;e Kyne. OTYl\a

npoM3na3M I\a u;enH cMM60nM'IKH CHCTeM ca'lYBaH Ha cjJparMeHTHMa

KepaMMKe ca KBal\paTMMa H KpyroBHMa, U;MK-u;aK MOTHBHMa M CnO)!(eHOM • • •

reOMeTpH)OM, Ha)BepOBaTHH)e npel\CTaBlba )!(eHCKH paU;HoHanHH,

H HanocneTKY, eMoU;HoHanHH M3pa3, KOjM Bpel\Hyje Ml\ejy domusa H

cel\ena'lKOr Ha'lMHa )!(MBOTa. CHara OBe Ml\eje, BM3yenM30BaHa Kp03 • • ••

KBal\paTe, KpyroBe M reOMeTpM)Y, eBHl\eHTHa )e 'IHlDeHHu;a KOP rroKa3y)e •

I\a ce Ta Ml\e)a paIlIMpHna rrpeKO KOHTHHeHaTa H 3al\p)!(ana 1\0CTa I\yro.

IlpMKnoHMnH ce OBOM MMIlIlbelDY HnH He, 'IMlDeHMu;a je I\a je rrpel\ HaMa

CHM60nH'IKM CHCTeM 3a6ene)!(eH Ha rpH'IapMjM I\Be Yl\albeHe perMje KOjH •

HaM rrpel\O'laBa arrCTpaKTHO MMIlIlbeIDe KO)e cy Tal\aIlIIDH lbYI\M 1\0CernH.

TaKolje, rroKa3yje KonMKO je OBaKaB Ha'lMH pa3MMIlIlbaIDa yTHu;ao Ha

IDMXOB rrpocrrepHTeT.

IlpoMeHa I\HBlber y rrHToMo, rrpMpOI\HOr y KynTypHo, CBaKaKO je

Ba)!(aH CHM60n, HapO'lHTO Ha rro'leTKY HeonHTCKor Ha'lHHa )!(MBlbelDa.

CBel\O'laHCTBO I\a TM rrO'leU;H HHCY 6HnH 6e3 MYKe, Tj. I\a HMCY 6MnM

naraHM, cy 6pojHa Hacelba KpaTKor BeKa IlIMpOM perMoHa KOjH CMO

nocMaTpanH, anH HCTO TaKo, Ty cy H CTpaTHrpacjJCKH nOl\aU;H ca Hacelba

THrra Ten y TecanHjH H MaKeI\OHHjH. 3a XOl\epa (1990: 45) H BHTenH (1999: 184-198) npOH3BOl\IDa KepaMHKe npel\CTaBlba npoMeHY H3 I\HBlber y

rrHTOMO, npoMeHY rnHHe y 06jeKaT H3 1\0ManHHcTBa - domus proprie dicti - YBoljelDe penepToapa KOjH He caMO I\a npel\CTaBlba HeonHTCKH Ha'lHH

pa3MHIlIlbalDa, Ben ra H TBOpH. OBa Be3a CTaBlba HarnacaK Ha 3Ha'ieIDe

109

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

YJIore )!(eHe y TOM rrpOl\ecy. MHTeprrpeTal\Mja 06JIMKa KepaMMKe M fueHO

YKpaIIlaBafue cy TaKol)e 3HaqajHM y CBeTJIY rrOTpare 3a 3HaqefueM KOjM cy

06jeKTM M3 ,J:IOMatlMHCTBa MMaJIM, HMIIlTa Mafue O,J:I 06nerrlbeHMX JI06afua

M3 JepMXOHa MJIM O,J:I caxpafuMBafua MCrrO,J:I rrO,J:IOBa Kyha. HarrocJIeTKY,

qeTBpTaCTa rrocY,J:Ia M3 MeHTeIIle (Merrte~e) y KOHTeKCTY caxpafuMBafua

)!(eHCKe MH,J:IMBM,J:Iye HarnaIIlaBa JOIIl BMIIle OBY TBp,J:Ifuy (l\MTMpaHO rrpeMa

Thiessen 1999). YKOJIMKO je XO,J:Iep y rrpaBY, Ha YKpaIIleHMM rrocY,J:IaMa paHor

HeOJIl1Ta l\eHTpanHor oanKaHa, CaqYBaHa HaM je HeIIlTO cKpaheHa Bep3Hja

rrpMpyqHMKa 3a yrr03HaBafue ca O,J:IHOCMMa domus/agris, rrMTOMO/,J:IMBlbe,

KyJITypa/rrpMpO,J:Ia M qaK ce,J:IenaqKO/HOMa,J:ICKO. Ha,J:IaM ce ,J:Ia caM Ha OBOM

MeCTY y Taj npupY'iHUK ycrreo ,J:Ia ,J:IO,J:IaM HeKonMKO HOBHX CTpaHHl\a.

BepOBaTHO HHje My,J:IpO OqeKHBaTH ,J:Ia he ,J:IOKa3 3a KyJITypHe Be3e

H3Mel)y rrorryJIal\Hja OaJIKaHa H AHa,J:IOJIHje OCTaTM caMO Ha M,J:IeHTHqHOCTM

60je KOjOM cy rrocY,J:Ie CJIMKaHe, HJIH Ha CKJIOHOCTM rrpeMa o,J:IroBapajyheM

THrry rrpHMece y rnHHH H 06JIMKa rrocy,J:Ie. AJIH TO cy CBaKaKO eBH,J:IeHTHe H

jacHe MH,J:IMl\Mje Koje ce He Mory 3aHeMapMTM. C ,J:Ipyre CTpaHe, MCTOBeTHM • •

HaqMH pa3MMIIllbafua KOJM ce O,J:Ipa)!(aBa y aHaJIOrHOM reOMeTpMJCKOM •• •

YKpaIIlaBafuY KepaMMKe, M KOJM caM HaCTOpo OB,J:Ie ,J:Ia MJIYCTpYJeM, MO)!(e •

ce rrOTBp,J:IMTM Ha MCTOBpeMeHMM apXeOJIOIIlKMM HaJIa3MIIlTMMa KOJM cy

Mel)yc06HO y,J:IalbeHM BMIIle O,J:I XMlba,J:Iy KMJIOMeTapa. To roBOPM y KOPMCT

rroCTojafua 3aje,J:IHMqKe KyJITypHe M CMM60JIMqKe c¢epe. Oy,J:IyhM Kpajfue

arrcTpaKTHa, OBa KOMrrJIeKCHa M MCl\prrHa M,J:IeOJIOIIlKa IIleMa BepOBaTHO ce

HMje Morna rrpeHeTM Ha ,J:IpyrM HaqMH OCMM Bep6aJIHO, IIlTO MH,J:IMl\Mpa ,J:Ia

je 3HaqajaH CTerreH Bep6aJIHe M CMM60JIMqKe KOMYHMKal\Mje Mel)y OBMM • •

3aJe,J:IHMl\aMa Mopao rrOCTOJaTM.

110

Y CymTHHH CBaKe rrepHO/lH3al\Hje je rroKymaj /la ce BpeMe

KaTeropH3yje H CTaBH y OKBHpe ca rrOCe6HHM HMeHOM. OBH OKBHpH

6H Tpe6aJIo /la 6yllY y CKJIa/lY ca O/lrOBapajynHM rrOJIO)!(ajHMa OCTaJIHX

BpeMeHCKHX HCeqaKa. IIlTaBHwe, ycrroCTaBlbalbe O/lHOCa H3Mel')y • •

BpeMeHCKHX O/lCeqaKa Je H CMHCaO rrepHO/lH3al\HJa H CBHX XPOHOJIOWKHX

CHCTeMa. qHlbeHHl\a /la cy <j>a3e, rrO/l<j>a3e, KyJITYPHH XOPH30HTH H • •

XPOHOJIOWKe CeKBeHl\e KOHCTPYKT apXeOJIOra KOJH rroKymaBaJY /la y

rrpHKyrrlbeHH MaTepHjaJI yHecy pe/l H oMoryne rropel')elbe, Tpe6aJIo 6H /la HaC

06aBe3yje /la y CBaKOM TpeHYTKy 6Y/leMO crrpeMHH /la cBoja (rrpe/l)y6el')elba • •

YKJIOHHMO rrpe/l yqeCTaJIOM rrOJaBOM HOBHX /lOKa3a HJIH /lpyraqHJHX

rrpOMHWlbalba rrocTojenHX. 3a OBaKBO rrOHawalbe y rrpOWJIOCTH HHje

6HJIO rrpeBHwe CKJIOHOCTH, rra CMO 6HJIH CBe/lOl\H yrropHor HCTpajaBalba • •

Ha Je/lHOM rrOCTaBlbeHHM H rrpOMHWlbeHHM KOHCTpYKl\HJaMa, BHwe Hero

WTO CMO 6HJIH crrpeMHH /la HX O/l6al\HMO H rrOCTaBHMO HOBe. I1oHeKa/l ce,

HrraK, 3a OBO MO)!(e HanH pa3YMeBalba. I1pHMepa pa/lH, KarrHTaJIHO /leJIO B. MHJIojqHna Chronologie der jungere Steinzeit Mittel- und Sudost-Europas 06jaBlbeHo je 1949. rO/lHHe, HCToBpeMeHo K~a je B. JIH6H (W. Libby) Y

qHKary 06jaBHo pe3YJITaTe CBOjHX eKcrrepHMeHaTa /lan!palba Ha OCHOBY

paH/lHOaKTHBHor yrlbeHHKa C14 (Arnold, Libby 1949), WTO ne H3 KopeHa

rrpoMeHHTH HaqHH Ha KOjH CMO ce 6aBHJIH rrpaHcTopHjoM. HHje, CTora, HH

qY/lo KOJIHKO cy OBe /lBe KlbHre YTHl\aJIe Ha <j>opMHpalbe reHepal\Hja, He

caMO cprrCKHX, apxeOJIora H lbHXOBHX CTaBOBa. PeJIaTHBHO XPOHOJIOWKH • • •

O/IHOCH, KOJe Je Ha OCHOBY aHaJIOrHJa, HMrropTa H TeMelbHor rrpoyqaBalba

YTBp/lHO MHJIojqHn, 6HJIH cy y6e/llbHBH 3a Tpa/lHl\HOHaJIHO 06pa30BaHe

apxeOJIore, /10K je HOB MeTO/l /laTOBalba MaxOM rrOHeo MJIal')e reHepal\Hje

cprrCKHX apxeOJIora. Y CBaKOM crryqajy Ben 0/1 OBor BpeMeHa <j>opMHpajy

ce /lBe rpyrre CTpyqlbaKa Koje ne ce KacHHje /lO/laTHO paCJIojHTH H rrpeMa

rrHTalbHMa rrOpeKJIa HeOJIHTCKHX KyJITypa Ha l\eHTpaJIHOM OaJIKaHY.

III

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

MO)!(l1a 6M OBaKBO 06jailIlhelDe, Koje he 110l1aTHO 6MTM pa3MOTpeHO • •

HeWTO KaCHH)e, Morno l1a OCBeTnH M '1HlDeHHQY l1a )e, H nocne HH3a

rOI1MHa TepeHcKHx MCTpa)!(HBalDa, 06pal1e H npoY'laBalDa npoHal)eHor • •

MaTepM)ana, nocne MHorMX KlDMra M '1naHaKa KO)M y CBOM HacnOBY •

cal1p)!(e nOJaM CTap'leBa'lKa KynTypa, OHa M l1albe He 1103BOlbaBa l1a caCBMM •

npeQM3HO M nOY311aHO YTBPI1MMO CBe OHO WTO Hac MHTepecy)e y Be3M ca •

lDeHMM HaCTaHKOM, Tpa)alDeM M pacnpOCTMpalDeM, a norOTOBO ca lDeHMM • • yHyTpawlDMM YCTPO)CTBOM M nepM0I1M3aQM)OM.

,[(Ol1aTHM np06neM, KOjM ce nOKa3ao Kao rOTOBO HenpeMocTMB

110 06jaBlbMBalDa Hana3a ca AH3a6erOBa, cy jel1HOcnojHa Hana3MWTa • •

KO)a npel1CTaBlbaJY rnaBHY KapaKTepMcTMKY paHor M cpel1lDer HeonMTa

l.\eHTpanHor oanKaHa. OI1CYCTBO MCTpa)!(eHOr M 1106po ny6nMKoBaHor

BMwecnojHor Hacelba Koje je )!(MBenO Kp03 BMwe ¢a3a y l.\eHTpanHoj

06nacTM CTap'leBa'lKe KynType '1MHMna je l1a MCTpa)!(MBa'lM onepMwy MnM

ca Man06pojHMM Hana3MWTMMa Ha KojMMa ce l1enMMM'IHO npeKnanajy I1Be

¢a3e MnM l1a cBoje rrepM0I1M3al.\Mje cTBope Ha OCHOBY CTMnCKO-TMrrnOWKMX •

aHanH3a rpH'IapH)e.

I1MTalDMMa rrepM0I1M3al.\Mje CTap'leBa'lKe KynType 6aBMnM cy • • ce MHorM ayTopM M CBaKO )e Ha CBO) Ha'lMH rrpoMMwlbao M cBpcTaBao

'1HlDeHMQe 110 KOjHX ce TOKOM BpeMeHa 110na3Hno. Ha OBOM MecTY 6Hhe

nOMeHYTM caMO HeKM 0l1lDMX: B. MMnoj'lMh,,[(. ApaHl)enoBMh-fapawaHMH,

M. fapawaHMH C. ,[(MMMTpMjeBMh, ,[(. CpejoBMh, P. EpMx (R. Ehrich), X.

TOl1opoBa M ayTop OBHX pel10Ba. Y Ol1pel)eHoM TpeHyTKy, CBaKO 011 Hac

l1ao je CBOj 110rrpMHOC pa3YMeBalDY rrp06neMa HajpaHMje Kynrype HeOnMTa Ha OBMM rrpocTopMMa.

XpoHonowKM CHCTeM B. MHnoj'lMha (1949), KOjHM je oTBopeHo

rrMTalDe nepM0I1M3al.\Mje CTap'leBa'lKe KynType pal)eH je y Ka6MHeTcKMM

ycnoBMMa Ha rpH'IapMjM rrpMKyrrlbeHoj TOKOM MCTpa)!(MBalDa M. fp6Mha

1928. M B. <PjyKca (V. Fewkes) M P. EpHxa 1932. Ha errOHHMHOM Hana3MwTY

y CTap'leBY. lheroBM pe3ynTaTM yKa3yjy Ha TO l1a je rrocTojano O'leKMBalDe • •

MnH Hal1a l1a )e Ha TOM nOKanMTeTY 3acTyrrlbeH l.\eo pa3BO) OBe KynType.

TaKo je cal1P)!(aj HajHM)!(HX cnojeBa npaHcTopHjcKor xyMyca H jaMa 6e3

cnMKaHe KepaMMKe rrocnY)!(MO 3a l1e¢MHMCalDe HajpaHMje ¢a3e CTap'leBa'lKe

KynType, me cy ywnM CBM 06nMl.\M M CBM Ha'lMHM YKpawaBalDa rpy6e

KepaMHKe. ,[(e¢HHHcalDe jel1He ¢a3e, y OBOM cny'lajy nO'leTHe, Koja

Tpe6a l1a ce OI1HOCM Ha Qeny Kynrypy, Ha l.\enoj lDeHoj rroBpwMHM, HMje

M3B0l1lbMBO Ha OCHOBY cal1P)!(aja rrpaMcTopMjcKor xyMyca M jaMa 6e3

cnHKaHe KepaMHKe. YKonHKo je OBO BHl)elDe B. MHnoj'lHha Ta'lHO, HnaK

ra Tpe6a rrpMrrMcaTM rrpe CBera lDeroBoj apxeonowKoj MHTyMl.\MjM, a MalDe

enaKTHMM '1MlDeHMQaMa. Tpe6a CBaKaKO MMaTM y BMI1Y l1a je y BpeMe Kal1a

112

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

je oBaj XPOHOJIOlliKH CHCTeM CTBOpeH 6HO Ha paCrrOJIaraInY peJIaTHBHO MaJIH 6poj CTapqeBaqKHX JIOKaJIHTeTa, a ,11a je 6HJIO BpeMe ,11a ce YBe,11e pe,11

•

y apXeOJIOlliKH MaTepHjaJI.

CTAPqEBO I - Y OBY <Pa3Y cy YKlbyqeHe CBe BpCTe YKpalliaBaIna Ha rpy60j KepaMHl.\H. IIlTo ce mqe <PH He KepaMHKe He,110CTaje l.\pBeHa

MOHoxpOMHa. CTAPqEBO II - 11 ,11albe ce jaBlbajy CBe BpCTe rpy6e KepaMHKe,

a y perrepTOapy <pHHe rrojaBlbyje ce l.\pBeHa MOHoxpoMHa, a rrpH Kpajy

OBe <pa3e H l.\pHa KepaMHKa. CJIHKa ce Ha rrOqeTKY 6eJIOM, a rrpH Kpajy H TaMHHM 60jaMa. MOTHBH cy rrpaBOJIHHHjcKH.

CTAPqEBO III - fpy6a KepaMHKa H ,11albe 3a,11p)((aBa O,11JIHKe H3

rrpeTxO,11He <pa3e, a y KJIaCH <pHHe KepaMHKe ry6H ce l.\pHO MOHOXPOMHO rrocyl)e. CJIHKa ce TaMHHM 60jaMa, a 6eJIa 60ja ce jaBlba caMO y BHllIe60jHoM

CJIHKaInY. MOTHBH cy KPHBOJIHHHjCKH H CrrHpaJIHH.

CTAPqEBO IV - HOBHTeT y YKpalliaBaInY rpy6e KepaMHKe rrpe,11CTaBlba rrojaBa ,,)((HTHOr KJIaCa" Kao H rrJIaCTHqHe aHTporroMop<pHe

H 300MOP<pHe arrJIHKal.\Hje. Kpaj KyJIType KapaKTepHllIe H rrojaBa <pHHor

l.\pBeHOr rrocyl)a YKpallieHor ype3aHHM opHaMeHToM. CJIHKa ce CBe MaIne, a KBaJIHTeT orra,11a: 60ja je HeKBaJIHTeTHa, BO,11eHaCTa H 6e3 cjaja. HaJIa3H

OBe <pa3e jaBlbaJIH 6H ce rrpeTe)((HO ceBepHo 0,11 ~yHaBa H CaBe.

Ha HCTOM Tpary, aJIH H Ha HCTOM MaTepHjaJIY Ha KOMe je cBoje aHaJIH3e

crrpoBeo B. MHJIojqHn, HaCTaJIa je H cJIe,11ena rrepH0,11H3al.\Hja CTapqeBaqKe

KyJIType H3 rrepa R fapallIaHHH (1954). ITo OBOj rrepH0,11H3al.\HjH, Koja je •

3aCHOBaHa rrpBeHcTBeHo Ha 3aTBopeHHM l.\eJIHHaMa, O,11HOCHO )aMaMa Ha •

errOHHMHOM HaJIa3HllITY, CTapqeBaqKa KyJITypa rrO,11elbeHa )e Ha qeTHpH

<pa3e. CTAPqEBO I - OBa <pa3a H3,11BojeHa je Ha OCHOBY rrOKpeTHOr

MaTepHjaJIa, rrpe CBera rpHqapHje H3 jaMa 3, Haj,11y6lber cJIoja jaMe SA H jaMe

8. ~oMHHHpa rpy6a KepaMHKa, Koja ce YKpalliaBa CBHM opHaMeHTaJIHHM

TeXHHKaMa YKlbyqyjynH Ty H MOTHB ,,)((HTHH KJIac". Y KJIaCH <PH He

KepaMHKe ,110MHHHpa OHa CHBe 60je, jaBlba ce CBeTJIOMpKa H l.\pBeHa, a

pel)e ce cpene MpKa H )((YTa (y jaMH 8 rrpoHal)eHa cy ,11Ba <pparMeHTa ca cjajHoM, rrraTKOM )((YTOM rrpeBJIaKoM). CJIHKaIne rroTrrYHo H30CTaje.

CTAPqEBO IIa (jaMa SA HajHH)((H XOPH30HT HCrrO,11 ,110Iner rrO,11a;

jaMa 4; jaMa 6 H jaMa 7) - 11 ,11albe ce jaBlbajy CBe BpCTe YKpalliaBaIna Ha rpy60j KepaMHl.\H. c!>HHa KepaMHKa ce jaBlba y CBHM rr03HaTHM

60jaMa, yKlbyqyjynH H l.\pHY, aJIH rrpeTe)((e CBeTJIOMpKa. Y OBOj <pa3H ce

rrojaBlbyjy 6HKOHHqHH <pparMeHTH BenHx rrocy,11a, Kao H je,11aH <pparMeHT

ca llIHpOKHM KaHeJIypaMa, a jaBlbajy ce H rrpBH CJIHKaHH yKpacH. CJIHKa ce rrO,11je,11HaKO H 6eJIOM H TaMHOM 60jOM, HajqellIne Ha l.\pBeHoj OCHOBH, a

• • 3aCTyrrlbeHH cy rrpaBOJIHHH)CKH H KPHBOJIHHH)CKH MOTHBH.

113

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

CTAPqEBO lIb (jaMa 5A M3Mel)y roplber M 110lber rrOl1a, lIe)!(M

I1MpeKTHO Ha 110lbeM rrol1Y M MOlKI1a jaMa 10) - 11 l1alhe ce jaBlhajy CBe

BpCTe YKpawaBalba Ha rpy60j KepaMMQM, 110K je KepaMMKa qlMHe <paKType

rrpeTelKHO CBeTlIOMpKe 60je.11 y OBOM ClIOjy rrpoHal)eHa cy I1Ba 6MKOHM'lHa <pparMeHTa. ClIMKa ce MCKlhY'lMBO TaMHOM 60jOM KPMBOlIMHMjCKMM

• •

MOTMBMMa, a rrpeTrrOCTaBlheHa Je M rrOJIMXpOMMJa.

CTAPqEBO III - 3a OBY <Pa3Y aYTOpKa KalKe l1a ce He jaBlha y caMOM

CTap'leBY. fuy KapaKTepMWY rrocYl1e ca rrlIaCTM'lHMM aHTporrOMop<pHMM

M 300MOP<PHMM HalIeIII.\MMa, a y Mal)apcKoj rrocYl1e Ha BMwe Hory. Hew TO KacHMje y CBOM pal1Y, ,0:. [apawaHMH HaBOI1M l1a cy, TOKOM

MCKorraBalba Cel1aMl1eCeTMX rOI1MHa y CTap'leBY, y roplbeM ClIOjy COHl1e

III-IV M ol1TOBapajyneM rrpowMpelby "MCIIOI1 clIoja xyMyca M M3MewaHor

KymypHor clIoja KOjM je o6elIelKeH Kao Cy6XyMyC" Hal)eHM OCTaQM jel1HOr Bener CTaM6eHor 06jeKTa 'leTBpTaCTe OCHOBe, KOjM je lIelKao Ha ClIOjy

6elIM'laCTe 3eMlhe, Koja rrpel1CTaBlha OCHOBY Kyne. Y lIerry 3rpal1e M 6elIoM

ClIOjy Hal)eHa je <pMHMja MOHoxpoMHa KepaMMKa QPBeHe, KpeM M CMBe 60je,

Kao CMBOl.\pHa KepaMMKa. [py6a KepaMMKa je 110CTa 6pojHa, a YKpawaBa ce 6ap60TMH HalIerrQMMa M rrpeBlIa'lelbeM, YKlhY'lyjynM M opraHM30BaHM 6ap60TMH. Y KlIaCM ClIMKaHe KepaMMKe jaBlhajy ce crrMpallHM M

•

KpMBOllMHMJCKM MOTMBM, a BepTMKallHe TpaKe ca MpelKacTo McrrYlbeHMM

Mel)yrrpoCTopoM Halla3e ce caMO, M TO peTKO, y 6ellOM CllOjy rrOl1a Kyne.

OHM rrocTajy 'leWnH HCIIOI1 OBor clloja. Y roplbeM XOPH30HTY, Tj. H3Hal1 6ellM'laCTOr clloja OCHOBe Kyne rrpoHal)eHM cy <pparMeHTH rrOllMxpOMHO

CllMKaHe KepaMMKe ca opHaMeHTOM opraHM30BaHMM y 06llMKy crrMpalla (D. Garasanin 1989: 55-59).

ITOl1ella ,0:. [apawaHHH je TaKol)e, Kao H MHlloj'lHneBa, 3aCHOBaHa •

Ha rrpoY'laBalbY MaTepMJalla ca errOHHMHor Halla3MWTa OBe KyllType.

11 OBl1e ce BMI1M l1a ce Kllaca rpy6e KepaMMKe TYMa'lM Kao XPOHOlIOWKM HeoceTlhMBa, now TO ce y CBe TpM <pa3e Koje cy 3aCTynlheHe Ha CTap'leBY

KalKe l1a ce jaBlhajy CBe BpcTe YKpawaBalba Ha rpy60j KepaMMQH. Y <pa3H

IIa jaBlha ce yrropel1o 6ello H TaMHO CllMKalbe, WTO je rroTBpl)eHo M Ha I1pyrMM Halla3MWTMMa M TaKol)e MCTM'le jel1HOBpeMeHocT rrpaBollMHMjcKMx

•

M KpMBOllMHMJCKMX CllMKaHHX MOTMBa.

011 we311eceTMx rOI1HHa, a HapO'lHTO 011 1969. H oTKpMna rrpe­

HeOllMTCKe Kymype JIerreHcKM BMp y 1)epl1arry, pa311Bajajy ce OHM KOjM

rropeKllO HeOllMTa, Tpal1MQMOHallHO TpalKe Ha jyry M y AHal10llMjM M I1pyrM, Ha 'lellY ca ,0:. CpejoBMneM, ayTopoM MCKorraBalba Ha JIerreHcKOM BMPY,

• •

KOJH CMaTpaJY l1a y OKBHpHMa OBe KyllType Balha TpalKHTH H3BopHWTe

CTap'leBa'lKe KyllType paHor H cpel1lber HeOllMTa (1979). OKocHMQa OBaKBor CTaBa je CBaKaKO oTKpMne 6pOjHMX <pparMeHaTa rpH'lapMje Koja

je rrpHcyTHa He caMO Ha JIerreHcKOM BMpy Ben M Ha I1PyrMM llOKallMTeTMMa

114

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

Kymype JIerreHcKOr BMpa. Y Mel)YBpeMeHY je o6jaBJbeHO HeKOnMKO

cTYIIMja (RadovanoviC 1996; Boric 2002; 2008; Boric, Miracle 2004), Koje

yKa3yjy Ha MorynHocT rrpeKnarralDa HeonMTCKor M Me30nMTCKor rrepMolla

Ha OBOM TepeHY Ha OCHOBY pailMoKap6oH lIaTOBalDa M Hana3a rrocyl)a

Ha rrOIlOBMMa HeKOnMI.\MHe Tparre3HMx Kyna TMrrM'IHMX 3a Me30nMTcKY

Kymypy JIerreHcKM BMp. 33

IlepMOIIM3al.\Mja Kojyje.n. CpejoBMn rrpellnO)!(MO (1971) jeyrrOqeTHMM

<jJa3aMa 3aCHOBaHa Ha MaTepMjany npMKynJbeHOM Ha JIeneHcKoM BMpy M

TO Y lDerOBOM HeOCrrOpHO HeOnMTCKOM cnojy. To cy XOPM30HTM JIerreHcKM

BMp lIla 1I0ne M lIla rope Kao M JIerreHcKM BMp IlIb. OCTaTaK OBor CMCTeMa • •

lIorrYlDeH Je YBMIIOM y rpHqapMJY I.\enor CTapqeBaqKOr KynTypHor Kpyra.

IlPOTOCTAPqEBO I - OBa, nOqeTHa <jJa3a HeonMTa l.\eHTpanHor

oanKaHa M311BojeHa je Ha OCHOBY Hana3a Ha JIeneHcKoM BMpy IlIa/lloIDM

lIeo cnoja. fuy KapaKTepMllIe npMcycTBO rpy6e KepaMMKe, Koja je yrnaBHoM

cBeTnoMpKe MnH MpKe 6oje, 1I0K ce cnOpallMqHO jaBJba H y I.\pBeHKacTOj

HnHl.\pHoj 60jH (CpejoBHn 1969: 167). Oil o6nHKa npeoBnal)yjy nOIITaCTe H

nonynOIITaCTe 311ene Ha npcTeHaCToj H03M. CnOJbHe nOBplliMHe OBe Knace

KepaMMKe cy rpy6e, YCTanacaHe, npeBnaqeHe CHonOM rpaHqHl.\a MnM

xpanaBe. J1 rpy6a M <jJMHa KepaMMKa cyyrnaBHoM HeYKpallieHe. Oil peTKHX

yKpaca KapaKTepMCTHqHO je rroBMjeHo rrnaCTMqHO pe6po, 3aCTyrrJbeHO Ha

KepaMMI.\M <jJMHHje <jJaKType. IlnacTMqHa pe6pa Ha 3MllY CYlla <jJopMMpajy

rMpnaHlle, a rroHeKall M crrMpane. PeTKo ce jaBJba Heypel)eHo YTMCKMBalDe

rrpCTa M HOKTa. KpeMeHa MMKponMTCKa M MaKponMTCKa MHllycTpMja

(TpoyrnaCTa, Tparre3aCTa CeqMBa) qMHe lIeo rroKpeTHor MaTepMjana TOKOM

OBe <jJa3e, lliTO rro CpejoBMny yKa3yje Ha opraHCKY Be3Y ca Me30nMTCKMM

rrepMolloM.

IlPOTOCTAPqEBO II (JIerreHcKM BMp IIIa/roplDM XOPM30HT

3eMYHHl.\a) - Y OBOj <jJa3M ce y3 rpy6y, 3aCTyrrJbeHY y HelliTO BeneM

rrp0l.\eHTY, M <jJMHMjy MOHOXPOMHY KepaMMKY jaBJba M cnMKaHa KepaMMKa,

MCTHHa y lIocTa ManOM rrp0l.\eHTY (0,1%). YKpalliaBalDe ce y OBOj KnaCM

KepaMHKe BplliMno 6enoM 60jOM 6e3 cjaja, McnMKaBaIDeM Mpe)!(aCTMX H

TpoyraoHMx MOTMBa MnM pa3pel)eHoM MPKOM 60jOM rrpaBonHHMjcKMM

MOTMBMMa. fpy6a KepaMMKa M lIaJbe Tpaje, a rro rrpBM rryT ce jaBJba

6ap6oTMH TeXHHKa. TpH HOBe rpyrre MOHoxpoMHe KepaMHKe jaBJbajy ce

no npBM nyT y OBOM XOpM30HTy: pa3pel)eHa MpKo'-\pHa npeBnaKa, TaHKM • •

CBeTno'-\pBeHM, yrnaqaHH npeMa3 H KepaMMKa y qMJe Je 3HIIOBe YTpJbaHa

TaMHOl.\pBeHa 60ja Koja ce oTHpe. Y OBOM lIeny cnoja IlIa BeOMa je qeCT

33 Ha)f(anOcT,,U. CpejoBHna HeMa, a OHI1 KOj l1 nOAp)Kasajy InerOBe (Ta BOBe no DBOM IlHTa l-bY HHCY cnpeMHH Ha Mor yoHocT XPOHOllOWKor AOAl1pa 11 3Mel)y Me30/1 HTCKI1 X Kyl1 Typa 'I3epAana H HOCHJla~a HeOJH1 TC Kor Ha4HHa )KHBOTa. Cnop H3Mel)y OBe ABe r pyn e apxe0J10ra Y BellH Koj Mep'" je yenopaBao pa3Boj cpnCKe apXe0J1 0fwj e HeOJl I1 Ta, 113HOBa je Bpanajytut Ha AOKa3 l1 Satne nopeKna 11 Ty je 3aAP)Kasajytut.

llS

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

I1Mrrpeco yKpac (OTI1CI1I1 Bpxa rrpCTa, ype311 HOKTOM, py60M llIKOlbKe I1JII1

HeKI1M I\pyrl1M I1HCTpYMeHTOM). OBl\e cpeheMo <jJparMeHTe ca HacyMI1'IHo

Ha6al1aHI1M opHaMeHTOM, aJII1 11 OHe ca opHaMeHTOM OpraHI130BaHI1M y MOTI1B )I(I1THor KJIaCa I1JII1 I1cKOllieHe TpaKe. rpy6a KepaMI1Ka je 'leCTO

YKpallieHa rrJIaCTl1'lHI1M arrJII1Kal1l1jaMa, a jel\Ha c<jJepl1'lHa 31\eJIa ca KpaTKI1M I1I1JII1Hl\pl1'lHI1M BpaTOM I1Ma Ha Tp6yxy HacrrpaMHO rrOCTaBlbeHe

I\Be arrJII1Kal1l1je y 06JII1Ky llIaKa ca rro 'leTl1pl1 rrpCTa. CTAPqEBO I - (JIerreHCKI1 Bl1p Illb - XOPl130HT Hal\3eMHI1X

3rpal\a). OBY <jJa3y KapaKTepl111Ie HeCTaHaK KepaMI1Ke ca I1crrYl1aJII1M XparraBI1M CrrOlbHI1M rrOBpllIl1HaMa, llIapeHo rre'leHe KepaMI1Ke,34 rrocyl)a

rrpeBY'leHOr MpKOl1pBeHOM 60jOM, CJII1Kalhe 6eJIOM MaT 60jOM, Kao 11 CJII1Kalhe rrpaBOJII1Hl1jcKl1x opHaMeHaTa MPKOM 60jOM, a rrocyl)e ca TaHKI1M

• •

CBeTJIOl1pBeHI1M yrJIa'laHI1M rrpeMa30M 11 OHO Y 'll1Je Je rrOBpllIl1He YTplbaHa TaMHOl1pBeHa 60ja Koja ce OTl1pe jaBlba ce jOlli 113Y3eTHO peTKO. BeoMa

'leCT yKpac je 6ap6oTI1H, a paCTe 11 3aCTyrrlbeHocT CJII1KaHOT opHaMeHTa.

ITo rrpBI1 rryT ce rrojaBlbyjy rrocYl\e YKpallieHe TaMHI1M rrpaBOJII1Hl1jcKI1M

opHaMeHToM Ha yma'laHoj I1pBeHoj OCHOBI1. 06JII1l111 rrocyl)a rrocTajy • • •

pa3HOBpCHI1JH: KapaKTepl1CTl1'lHI1 cy rrexapl1 Ha KpaTKOJ, llIyrrlbOJ rrpCTeHacToj I1JII1 KOHl1'lHOj H0311, rrexapl1 ca KPCTaCTOM HoroM, l\y6oKe

rrpo<jJI1JII1CaHe 3l\eJIe, KpYlliKacTI1 JIOH'll1hl1 ca pa3rpHyTI1M 0601\OM,

JIOrrTaCTe rrocYl\e ca KpaTKI1M I1I1JII1Hl\pl1'lHI1M BpaTOM 11 6pal\aBI1'laCTI1M I\pllIKaMa, Kao 11 BeJII1KI1 rrI1TOCI1. YKpaCI1 cy I1AeHTl1'lHI1 Kao y rrpeTXOI\Hoj

<jJa311. ,1J;oMI1Hl1pa yKpac 113Bel\eH OTI1Cl1l1Ma rrpcTl1jy I1JII1 HOKTa. Pa3JII1Ka •

Je y TOMe llITO cy y rrpeTXOI\HOM HI1BOY YTI1CI1I1 rrOKpl1BaJII1 CBe crrOlbHe •

rrOBpllIl1He, a cal\a ce OCHOBa YBeK BI1I\I1, a opHaMeHT Je OpraHI130BaH y TpoymoBe I1JII1 Tparre30111\He MeTorre.

CTAPqEBO II - KapaKTepl111Ie rrpl1cycTBO CBI1X BpCTa YKpalliaBalha

rpy6e KepaMI1Ke. Y KJIaCI1 <jJI1He KepaMI1Ke HeMa rrocyl)a I1pHe 6oje. CJII1Ka

ce ymaBHoM TaMHI1M TOHOBI1Ma, I\OK ce 6eJIa 60ja KOPI1CTI1 caMO 3a

l\o611jalhe rrOJII1XpOMHI1X e<jJeKaTa. MOTI1BI1 CJII1KaHOr rrocyl)a cy yrJIaBHOM

KPI1BOJII1Hl1jCKI1 11 CIIl1paJIHI1. OBa <jJa3a OI\TOBapa MI1JIoj'll1heBoj <jJa3H III, <jJa311 lIb ,1J;. rapallIaHI1H 11 ,1J;I1MI1Tpl1jeBl1heBoM CTyrrlhy CIIl1paJI0111\ A.

CTAPqEBO III - OBY <jJa3y KapaKTepl111Ie orrllITe orraAalhe CJII1Kalha,

TaKO I\a je 60ja KOjOM ce CJII1Ka BOl\eHaCTa 11 6e3 cjaja. HOBI1TeT je rrojaBa )I(I1THor KJIaCa Ha rpy60j KepaMI1I1I1, Kao 11 rrJIaCTl1'lHI1 aHTporroMop<jJHI1

11 300MOp<jJHI1 HaJIerrl1l1. Ha I1pBeHOM MOHOXPOMHOM rrocyl)y 113BOl\e ce ype3aHI1 YKpacl1. Ol\rOBapa <jJa311 IV KOI\ B. MI1JIoj'll1ha, III KOI\ ,1J;.

rapallIaHI1H 11 CIIl1paJI0111\ B CTyrrlhy KOI\ C. ,1J;I1MI1Tpl1jeBl1ha.

OBaj CI1CTeM yHyTpallilhe rrepl1ol\113al111je je rrpBI1 KOjl1 6ap6oTl1H • • yKpacy l\aJe XPOHOJIOllIKI1 oceTlbl1BY yJIory Te pa3BoJ CTap'leBa'lKe

34 TaKo3BaHa <rainbow ware'

116

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

KynType l1enl1 Ha BpeMe rrpe 11 rrocne rrojaBe OBor OpHaMeHTa. Mel)yTI1M,

KaO IlITO je CTaB]baHa rrpl1Mel16a B. Ml1noj'Il1hy 11 ):(. [apaIlIaHI1H l1a cy

rrol1eny Ha'II1Hl1nl1 Ha OCHOBY MaTepl1jana ca CTap'IeBa, TaKO ce I1CTa • • 3aMepKa MO)!(e CTaBI1TI1 OBOJ rrep11011113a1111JI1, C TOM pa3nl1KOM IlITO ce

OBl1e rrpOTOCTap'IeBa'IKa <jJa3a I 11 II 11311Bajajy caMO Ha OCHOBY Hana3a 113 JIerreHcKOr Bl1pa - cnojeBI1 IlIa 110ne, IlIa rope 11 IIlb.

Ilol1ena paHor HeOnl1Ta l1eHTpanHor BanKaHa Ha I1Be maBHe eTarre •

rrpoTOCTap'IeBa'IKY 11 CTap'IeBa'IKY, cy y CKnal1Y ca HacToJalhl1Ma l1a ce y

pa3Boj HeOnl1Ta l1ene jyrol1CTO'IHe EBporre YBel1e <jJa3a cpel1lher HeOnl1Ta,

rra ce TaKO rrpoTOCTap'IeBa'IKe <jJa3e cMeIlITajy y paHI1 HeOnl1T Kal1a ce • ••

rrpeTrrocTaBlbaJY rrO'Iel1l1 HeOnl1TCKor pa3BoJa, 110MeCTI1Kal111Je )!(I1BOTl1lha

11 6l1lbaKa, (rrpeMa ):(. CpejoBl1hy ycnoBlbeH je I1l1eanHI1M KnI1MaTCKO­

reorpa<jJcKI1M ycnoBI1Ma 1)epl1arrCKe Knl1cype) 11 cpel1lhl1 HeOnl1T ca

pa3BI1jeHoM CTap'IeBa'IKOM KynTypoM Koja je 6aIlITI1HI1na rrpeTXOI1HO • •

TeKOBI1He paHor HeOnl1Ta 11 HaCTaBl1na oBaJ pa3BoJ Kao Kl laCU'/HO

HeOnl1TCKa KynTypa.

C 06311pOM l1a je Hel10CTaTaK 6ap60TI1HI1paHe KepaMI1Ke 11 Cnl1Kalha

C jel1He 11 110MI1Hal111ja MOHoxpoMHe, Haj'Iellihe I1pBeHe 60je KepaMI1Ke, ca •

I1pyre cTpaHe cyBI1IlIe xpoHOnOIlIKI1 HeOCeTlbl1Ba KaTerOpl1Ja rrp0l13na311

l1a ce <jJa3a IlpoTocTap'IeBo I Mo)!(e rrOTBpl1l1TI1 caMO aKO je Hana311IlITe

I1CTpa)!(eHO y HajBehoj Moryhoj Mepl1 11 aKO je CrrpOBel1eHa cBe06YXBaTHa

KBaHTI1TaTI1BHO-CTaTI1CTI1'IKa aHanl13a. C 06311POM l1a ce rrojel1l1HI1

Ha'II1HI1 YKpalliaBalha, 6eno Cnl1Kalhe 11 MOHoxpOMHa KepaMI1Ka jaBlbajy • 11 KaCHI1Je, 110l1YIlIe y HelliTO rrpOMelheHOM rrpOl1eHTY, MO)!(eMO pa3YMeTI1

KOH<jJY3I1jy 11 rrOTelliKohe ca Kojl1Ma cy ce cycpeTanl1 KOPI1CHI1I1I1 OBe •

rrepl1 011113al111 J e. Y apxeonorwjl1 HeOnl1Ta jyrol1CTO'IHe EBporre C. ):(I1MI1Tpl1jeBl1h

he OCTaTI1 yrraMheH Kao Ol1nl1'IaH rr03HaBanal1 apxeonoiliKor MaTepl1jana • 11 ayTop HeKOnl1KO 3Ha'IaJHI1X I1CTpa)!(I1Balha Be3aHI1X 3a HeOnl1TCKI1

rrepl1ol1. lberOBa rrepl1011113al111ja CTap'IeBa'IKe KynType HaCTana KpajeM • •

IlIe311eCeTI1X r0l111Ha rrpollinor BeKa 3aCHOBaHa Je Ha TeMelbHoJ aHanl1311

CTl1nCKI1X oc0611Ha CTap'IeBa'IKe rpH'Iapl1je IlIl1pOM lheHor paCrrpOCTl1palha (Dimitrijevic 1969). HelliTo KacHl1je 110rrYlheHa (DimitrijeviC 1974),

• • •

OBa rrepl1011113al111ja 113mel1ana Je CaCBI1M I1pyra'II1Je 011 rrpeTXOI1HI1X.

):(I1MI1Tpl1jeBl1h je CBeCTaH 'Il1lheHl1l1e l1a 611 nojaBa BI1IlIecnojHl1x

Hana311IlITa OBe KynType pa3peIlII1na lherOBe I1l1neMe 0 cmymve8albY OBe KyITType 11 Ol1pel1l1na xpOHOnOIlIKI1 rrono)!(aj 6pOjHI1X jel1HOcnojHl1x

Hacelba paHor 11 cpel1lher HeOnl1TCKOr nepl1ol1a perl10Ha KOjl1M ce 6aB110.

OH He rrpaBI1 rpelliKy KOjy cy rrpaBl1nl1 lherOBe Konere 11 He l1aje npel1HOCT

MaTepl1jany ca caMO jel1HOr Hana3l1IlITa. HarrpOTI1B, OH je CTYl11103HI1M

117

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

YBMIIOM Y MaTepMjalI M TepeHCKY 1I0KYMeHTaD;Mjy, Koja je 6MlIa 1I0CTyrrHa,

ycrreo lIa HarrpaBM rrOllelIY 3aCHOBaHY Ha rrpeKlIarralbY pa31IMqMTMX <j>a3a CTapqeBaqKe KylIType Ha pa31IMqMTMM HalIa3MIllTMMa. KOM6MHOBalbeM

OCKYIIHMX rrollaTaKa Be3aHMX 3a MalI06pojHe rrpMMepKe BepTMKalIHe

CTpaTMrpa<j>Mje M CTMlICKO-TMrrOlIOIllKor MeTolla, OH je rrOHYIlMo clIelleny •

rrepMoIIM3aD;MJY· MOHOXPOM - cDa3a y KOjOj ce jaBlba rpy6a KepaMMKa rrOBpIllMHe

orpy6lbeHe CHorrOM rpaHqMD;a, rroHeKall YKpaIlleHa rrlIaCTMqHMM

pe6pMMa. KlIaca <j>MHe KepaMMKe ce rrpOTelKe M Ha rrocyrye 3a cBaKolIHeBHY

yrrOTpe6y. OHa je HajqeIllne D;pBeHe 60je MMa D;pHM rrpelIOM, a rrOBpIllMHa je

6PMlKlbMBO rrraqaHa. 061IMD;M cy yrrraBHoM c<j>epMqHM, 3aTMM "S" 061IMD;M

Kao M rrOCYlle Ha HMCKOj H03M. CaM ayTop OBY <j>a3y CMaTpa XMrrOTeTMqHOM (Dimitrijevic 1979: 241-243).

JIJ1HEAP A - XOPM30HT 6elIor ClIMKalba, ca KapaKTepMCTMqHHM

KarrlbMqaCTHM MOTHBOM. OCHM OBe rrraBHe M Haj3Ha'lajHMje pa31IHKe

THrrH'lHH cy: lKpTBeHHD;H Ha qeTBpTaCToj rrep<j>opHpaHoj H03H, lKpTBeHHD;M

Ha 300MOp<j>HHM HoraMa M 06MqHM lKpTBeHMD;H. Ha rpy60j KepaMMD;M,

Koja ce perye YKpaIllaBa, HajTMrrMqHMjH opHaMeHT je rrceYlloMMrrpeco, qeCTO lKlbe6lbeH.

JIJ1HEAP B - ,[(oMMHMpa TaMHO ClIMKalbe, a MOTMBM cy

rrpaBolIMHMjcKM (Illpa<j>MpaHe KlIHHaCTe TpaKe M TpoyrrroBM). I10Herlle

ce jOIll 3allplKaBa ClIHKalbe 6elIoM 60jOM. [py6a KepaMHKa ce HajqeIllne

YKpaIllaBa 6ap60TMHOM (cBe TexHMKe), orralla 3aCTyrrlbeHocT MMrrpeco

M ype3aHor opHaMeHTa, 1I0K je <j>MHa MOHoxpoMHa KepaMMKa yrrraBHoM

D;pBeHe M rrOHeKall lKynKacTe rroBpIllMHe.

[J1PJIAH,[(OJ1,[( - Y OBOj <j>a3M ce 3allPlKaBajy6MTHeKapaKTepMcTMKe

rrpeTxollHe <j>a3e, alIM ce ClIMKa 6elIoM M TaM HOM 60jOM y 3aBMCHOCTM Oil

perMoHa, a MOTMBM cy rMplIaHlle. AyTOp OBor XPOHolIoIllKor CMCTeMa 6elIY

60jy pe3epBHIlle 3a ceBepHe 061IacTM pacrrpocTMpalba a 3a jyroMCTOqHe

TaMHY 60jy ClIMKaHor opHaMeHTa.

CI1J1PAJIOJ1,[( A - OBO je <j>a3a Kalla ce jaBlba crrMpalIOMIlHO ClIMKalbe TaMHMM 60jaMa. I10pell paHMje 3aCTyrrlbeHMx MOTHBa clIMKajy

ce opraHM30BaHe crrMpalIe pacrroperyeHe y TeKynMM HH30BMMa. JaBlbajy

ce CBe BpCTe rpy6e KepaMMKe M rrpelIa3Ha KepaMMKa (rro C,[(. OI\fOBapa

<j>HHMjOj KepaMMD;M KepeIll KYlIType).

CI1J1PAJIOJ1,[( B - YKpaIllaBalbe rpy6e KepaMHKe ce yrlIaBHoM

BpIllH KaHelIOBaHHM 6ap60THH opHaMeHTOM, alIH ce KopHCTe H CBH OCTalIH

Ha'lHHH lIeKopaD;Hje. cDMHa KepaMMKa je yrlIaBHoM MpKe, CMBOMpKe H CHBe

60je. YKpaIllaBa ce ClIMKalbeM TaM HOM 60jOM, 1I0K ce 6elIa KOPHCTH caMO

pallH 1I06Hjalba rrolIHxpoMHor e<j>eKTa. Oil MOTHBa jaBlbajy ce clI060llHO

118

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

• •

rrOCTaBlbeHe CrrMpane, 'IeCTO BemlKe KOJe rroHeKall 3aY3MMaJY l1eny BMCMHY

rrOcYlle. Boja ce lbycrra, M HaHen je y rraCTY03HMM HaHOCMMa. Y CBMM

KnaCaMa KepaMMKe 'IeCTO ce jaBlbajy 6MKOHM'IHM 06nMI1M.

<pMHAJI (?) - C. ):(MMMTpMjeBMh OBY <j>a3y CTaBlba rroll 3HaK rrMTalba •

M rrpeTrrOCTaBlba lIa ce pallM 0 XOPM30HTY lIereHepal1MJe CTap'leBa'lKe

KynType, a lIa ce y HeKMM perMjaMa CTBapa rrpena3HM XOPM30HT M3Mel')y •

paHor M cpeillber HeonMTa, rile ce Ollp)!(aBaJY HeKe ollnMKe CTap'leBa'lKe

KynType y perrepToapy rpy6e M lIenMMM'IHo MOHoxpoMHe KepaMMKe. Y

OBOj <j>a3M M30cTaje cnMKalbe.

AyTOp OBe rrepMOIIM3al1Mje TaKol')e rrpellBMl')a lIa he ce y OKBMPY

<j>a3e MOHOXPOM HaKHallHO M311BojMTM cTapMjM MOHOXPOM A M Mnal')M

MOHOXPOM B XOPM30HT, Koje Beh M311Bajajy HeKM ayTopM (Minichreiter

1992).

ITp06neM ce jaBlba KOII npaKTH'IHe ynOTpe6e OBe nepMOIIH3al1Mje,

nOlllTO cy Kao THnonOlllKH oceTlbHBe Y3eTe CTHnCKe MaHM<j>eCTal1Hje

Koje ce jaBlbajy cpa3MepHO peTKo: KanlbM'laCTO cnHKalbe 6enOM 60jOM

(yrnaBHoM 0,1% Oil yKynHor 6poja <j>parMeHan), npeBna'lelbe CHonOM

rpaH'IMl1a M CnM'IHO ):(MMMTpMjeBMh M311Baja pa3nM'IMTe BpCTe cnMKaHMX

MOTMBa y 3ace6He <j>a3e, lIlTO ce y BpeMe Kalla je xpOHonOlllKM CMCTeM

Hacno 'IMHMnO jellMHO Moryhe M rrOTnYHO onpaBllaHO. Y HOBMje BpeMe,

HapO'lMTO Oil 06jaBlbMBalba Hana3a ca AH3a6erOBa, lIaBllapa, KOBa'leBa

MnM ):(Olbe BpalbeBMHe YBMl')a ce lIa ce y MCTO BpeMe jaBlbajy pa3JIM'IMTM

MOTMBM YKpalllaBalba y HeMCl1prrHMM KOM6MHaI1MjaMa. Calla M3rnella

lIa MMa BMllle orrpaBllalba cBpcTaBaTM OBY pa3HoBpcHOCT y perMoHanHe

oKBMpe M 1I03BonMTM Behy IIMHaMMKY y OBOM rrornellY.

llITo ce TM'Ie MOHoxpoMHe <j>a3e, 3a KOjy caM Ka)!(e lIa je

XMrrOTeTM'IHa, M3rnella lIa jy je C. ):(MMMTpMjeBMh YBeo y CBOj CMCTeM

CTyrrlbeBalba npe nOli npMTMCKOM orrlllTe rrpMXBaheHor npelly6el')elba

lIa CMrypHO Mopa rroCTojaTM <j>a3a npBe "npaKepaMMKe" jellHocTaBHe,

HeYKpallleHe, YTMnMTapHe KepaMMKe rpy6lbe <j>aKType, Hero lIoKa3M

Koje je rrperr03Hao y MaTepMjany MnM nMTepaTypM. M y OBOM cny'lajy ce

jacHo nOKa3yjy Hepa3pellleHa rrMTalba rropeKna HeonMTa Ha BanKaHY.

YOCTanoM, M nocneillba <j>a3a OBe rrepMOIIM3al1Mje 03Ha'leHa Kao <PM Han

CTaBlbeHa je nOli 3HaK nMTalba Oil CTpaHe ayTopa. OH rrpeTnOCTaBlba lIa

6H Taj XOPH30HT Tpe6ano O'leKHBaTH, C 063MPOM lIa y TO BpeMe lIona3H

110 rOTOBO HenpHMeTHe CMeHe CTap'leBa'lKe H BHH'IaHCKe KynType. OH

npeTnocTaBlba lIa y OBOj <j>a3M HellocTaje cnMKaHM yKpac, OBor nyn, 'IMHH

ce, nOli YTHl1ajeM HaCTynajyhe BHH'IaHCKe KynType Koja je cnHKaHH yKpac • •

pa3BHna TeK npell KpaJ CBor pa3BOJa.

119

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

BemiKW rr03HaBaJIal1 rrpawCTopwje EaJIKaHa, ayTop MHor06pojHWX

WCTpa)l(WBalha Ha HaJIa3WlIITWMa HeOJIWTCKWX KyJITypa EaJIKaHa,

MWJIYTWH fapalliaHWH TaKol')e je ):lao CBOj ):IOrrpWHOC OBOM rrp06JIeMy W TO

KOpeKl1wjoM rrepWO):lW3al1wje )l fapalliaHWH. CTAPqEBO I (JaMe 3A W SA ):IHO) - Y OBOj ¢a3w y YKpalliaBalhY

rpy6e KepaMwKe w30cTaje opraHw30BaHw 6ap60TwH opHaMeHT. <!JwHa • MOHoxpoMHa KepaMwKa ce JaBlha y CWBWM W MpKWM TOHOBWMa, a CJIWKalhe

•

rroTrrYHo He):lOCTaJe. CTAPqEBO IIa (JaMe SA WcnO):l ):IOlher nO):la H 4, 6, 7) - VI ):Ialhe ce

jaBlhajy CBe BpCTe KepaMwKe Kao y npeTXO):lHoj ¢a3w, aJIW ce rrojaBlhyje opraHw30BaHw 6ap60TwH. no npBw nyT ce cpene CJIWKaHa KepaMwKa W

TO 6eJIo Ha I1pBeHoj OCHOBW W TaMHO Ha CBeTJIoj. 0):1 nO'leTKa OBe ¢a3e •• • •

JaBlhaJY ce KPHBOJIHHHJCKH MOTHBH, 3aJe):lHO ca CnHpaJIHHM MOTHBOM,

KOjH ce, HCTWHa, peTKO cpene. CTAPqEBO lIb (JaMa SA H3Mel')y ):IBa nO):la, a MO)l():Ia H jaMa 10) -

HacTaBlhajy ce Ha'lHHH YKpalliaBalha H3 npeTXO):lHe ¢a3e, aJIW HeCTaje

6eJIo CJIWKalhe.

CTAPqEBO III - OBY ¢a3y KapaKTepwlIIe rpy6a KepaMwKa Ha

KOjOj ):IOMWHWpa opraHw30BaHw 60p60TWH yKpac. CJIWKaHa KepaMwKa

je y 3HaTHOM orra):lalhy. 0):1 rrpeOCTaJIOr penepToapa CJIWKaHe KepaMwKe

jaBlhajy ce cnwpaJIe W3Be):leHe TaMHOM 60jOM Ha )I(yTOj OCHOBW. 3a OBY ¢a3y • • •

KapaKTepWCTW'IHa Je W nopBa eJIeMeHaTa BWH'IaHCKe KyJIType, Kao lIITO Je

6wKOHW3al1wja 06JIWKa. TaKol')e ce rrojaBlhyjy rrJIaCTW'IHW 300MOp¢HW WJIW

aHTporroMoP¢HW HaJIerrl1W.

"KaKo je CWCTeM JJ;. fapalliaHwH 3aCHOBaH Ha cwrypHwjwM nO):lal1WMa (y O):lHOCy Ha MWJIoj'lWneBY, rrpwM. H.H.T.), a KaKO W JIOrW'IHO ¢a3e IIa W

lIb lheHe nO):leJIe '1WHe je):lHy Y)l(e rrOBe3aHY, '1WCTY CTap'leBa'lKY l1eJIWHY, y HallieM pa):ly rroCJIY)l(wneMo ce lheHOM XPOHOJIOlliKOM nO):leJIOM" (M.

Garasanin 1971: 73-85; 1972: 37 W 132-136). Pe'lWMa " ... '1WCTY cTap'leBa'lKY

l1eJIWHY" M. fapalliaHwH OB):Ie nOTBpl')yje rroCTojalhe ¢a3a Koje HWCY 'iucmo CTap'leBa'lKe. To ce W YKJIana y lherOB Ha'lWH npoMwlIIlhalha nWTalha

. " paHor W cpe):llher HeOJIWTa W lherOBor W3):1Bapiha perWOHaJIHWX "rpyna

AH3a6erOBO - fypa EanyJIyj, Koje cToje Ha nO'leTKY HeOJIWTCKOT pa3Boja

jyrowcTo'lHe EBporre. lherOBO YBepelhe ):Ia ce Ty pa):lw 0 KyJITypHWM

06paCl1WMa KOjH ce 3HaTHO pa3JIHKyjy 0):1 CTap'leBa'lKe KyJIType y OCHOBH • •

Je Ta'lHO, nOlliTO cy H MaTpHl1a HacelhaBalha H apxHTeKTypa H rpH'IapJ.l)a

):IOCTa pa3JIH'IWTH 0):1 OHora lIITO HaJIa3WMO y "paHHM ¢a3aMa" y 06JIaCTW

l1eHTpaJIHOr EaJIKaHa. AHaJIH3HpajytlH Be3e H CWHXpoHw3Me ca rpynoM

AH3a6eroBo-BplIIHWK, M. fapalliaHwH CTaBlha CTap'leBO III y HCTY

BpeMeHcKY paBaH ca ¢a30M III AH3a6eroBo-BplIIHWK KyJIType, W rrOTOM,

120

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

aHaJIM3MpajyhM HaJIa3e ca JIOKaJIMTeTa 1)YJIBe3 (Giulvez), EaIIlTMHe,

BMHKOBU;M-Tp)!(HMu;a p;aje jep;aH HOB Cap;p)!(aj rrpeTXOp;HO MHTyMTMBHO

op;peljeHoj ¢a3M. <Da3a CTap'IeBO III cap;p)!(aJIa 6M, p;aKJIe - rpy6y KepaMMKY Ha KOjOj rrpep;oMMHMpa opraHM30BaHM 60p60TMH, P;OK ce y KJIaCM ¢MHe

KepaMMKe jaBlba rrOJIMXpOMHO CJIMKafue, TeKyhe CrrMpaJIe M 3aBplIleU;M y

06JIMKy KaHI,Ie MJIM lIlarre. M. fapalIlaHMH O'IeKyje y OBOj ¢a3M M rrojaBY eJIeMeHaTa BMH'IaHCKe KyJIType, Kao IIlTO je 6MKoHM3aU;Mja 06JIMKa.

Ilp06JIeM ca rrepMop;M3aU;MjoM U. fapalIlaHMH aJIM M McrrpaBlbeHoM

rrepMOp;l13aU;l1joM M. fapalIlaHl1Ha je y TOMe IIlTO je ¢a3a lIb nOCTaBlbeHa rrpeorrlIlMpHO, TaKO p;a ce BeJIMKa BehMHa CBMX OTKpMBeHMX HaJIa3MlIlTa

MO)!(e CBpCTaTM yrrpaBo y fuY. qMfueHMu;a je p;a je CJIMKaHa KepaMMKa,

HapO'Il1TO OHa ca 6eJIl1M yKpacoM, peJIaTl1BHO peTKa nojaBa, na

ce CBl1 OCTaJIl1 JIOKaJIl1TeTl1 6e3 CJIMKaHOr yKpaca rro p;e¢MHl1U;l1jl1

Haj'IelIlhe cMelIlTajy y ¢a3y CTap'IeBO lIb l1aKO je Moryhe l1 HeKO p;pyro

XPOHOJIOIIlKO onpep;elbefue. Y XPOHOJIOIIlKl1M Cl1CTeMMMa U. fapalIlaHl1H

l1 M. fapalIlaHl1Ha Ha OCHOBY rpy6e l1 HeOCJIl1KaHe KepaMMKe Hl1je Moryhe

¢MHMje p;aTOBafue.

IlepMop;M3aU;Mja KOjy je Ha'IMHMJIa X. Top;opoBa rrpep;CTaBlba pep;aK

rroKYlIlaj p;a ce KyJIType paHor M cpep;fuer HeOJIMTa EaJIKaHCKOr rrOJIyoCTpBa • ••

rrOBe)!(y 3aJep;HM'IKOM rrepMop;M3aU;MJoM M Ha TaJ Ha'IMH MCTaKHe fuMXOBa •

CPOP;HOCT M 3aJep;HM'IKM KopeHM.

MOHOXPOM - HeoJIMT MOHoxpOMHe KepaMMKe (Tpeha 'IeTBpT VII MMJIeHMjYMa) Y OBO BpeMe cy HacelbeHM caMO perMOHM ca OrrTMMaJIHOM

KJIMMOM: TeCaJIMja M u;eHTpaJIHM EaJIKaH, Kao M HeKM p;eJIOBM jyroMCTO'IHe

EyrapCKe. EBN A - IloKpMBa Kpaj VII M rrO'IeTKe VI MMJIeHMjYMa. OBO je

BpeMe Kap;a ce IIlMpM 6eJIo CJIMKaHa KepaMMKa. U:eo jY)!(HM p;eo EaJIKaHCKOr

rrOJIyoCTpBa je HeOJIMTM30BaH TOKOM OBe ¢a3e: TpaKMja, Pop;orrM M jY)!(Ha

AJI6aHMja. IlpeMa X. TOP;OPOBOj, OBO je BpeMe Kap;a cy ce pa3BMJIe rrpBe

KyJITypHe 30He M fuMXOBe KyJIType, a CMHxpOHe cy ca KapaHOBO I. EBN B - HOBM MMrryJIC HeOJIMTM3aU;Mje KOjM p;OJIa3M op; p;pYIIlTaBa

EBN. Y OBOM TpeHyTKy ceBepOMCTO'IHM perMOHM jyroMCTO'IHe EBporre

(CBe P;O YKpaMHe) 6MBajy HeOJIMTM30BaHM. Y u;eHTpaJIHoj EBporrM

rrojaBlbyje ce JIMHeapHa KepaMMKa. Uoralja ce jacHa p;M¢epeHU;MjaU;Mja

KyJITypa: KOMrrJIeKC CJIl1KaHe paHOHeOJIl1TCKe KepaMl1Ke (TecaJIl1ja, JY)!(Ha

AJI6aHl1ja, u;eHTpaJIHl1 EaJIKaH), KepaMl1Ka paHor HeOJIl1Ta 6e3 CJIl1KaHOr

yKpaca (jyrOl1CTO'IHa EyrapcKa, MYHTeHl1ja, YKpajl1Ha, TpaHCMJIBaHl1ja,

MOJIp;aBl1ja), KOMrrJIeKC l1MrrpeCO KepaMl1Ke (Jap;paHCKO rrpl1Mopje l1

p;eJIOBM EOCHe l1 AJI6aHl1je). OBa rrop;eJIa op;peljyje l1 pa3Boj KaCHl1jl1X

KyJITypa OBor rrpOCTopa.

121

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

EBN C - BpeMe Koje ce rrOHeKal\ Ha3WBa "Cpel\lbW HeOJIWT". TOKoM

OBe ¢a3e ce l\elIlaBajy CYlIlTWHCKe rrpOMeHe, Koje I\pYlIlTBa paHor HeOJIWTa

CrrpOBOl\e y rr03HOHeOJIWTCKW rrepWOI\. OBa ¢a3a je ¢a3a TpaH3Wl1wje W

jOlIl YBeK je Hel\OBOlbHO 1\06po rrpoy'IeHa.

XPOHOJIOlIlKW CWCTeM X. TOl\opoBe rrOKYlIlaBa I\a rrpy)!(w aJITepHaTWBY rroCTojenwM xpOHonOlIlKWM CWCTeMWMa, KOjWX, KaKO

TOl\opoBa W BajcoB 3aKlby'Iyjy WMa KOJIWKO W WCTpa)!(WBa'Ia. HaMepa WM

je 6wJIa I\a CTBope jel\aH CWCTeM KOjW ne rrpemel\HO rrOCTaBWTW 3ajel\HW'IKe

TeHl\eHl1wje pa3Boja HeOJIWTa Ha l1enOM oanKaHCKOM rrOJIyoCTpBy. TaKo 6w

ce w36emo KopWlIlnelbe 6pOjHWX WMeHa 3a WCTe KyJITypHe rrojaBe. AyTOpw

cy 3a ¢opMwpalbe OBor CWCTeMa Y3eJIW HajKapaKTepWCTW'IHwje rrojaBe Kao

lIlTO cy: MOHoxpOMHa KepaMWKa, 6eJIo CJIWKalbe ... 'IWHW ce, MeI)YTWM, I\a

je oBaj CWCTeM y )!(elbW I\a ce CTBOPW jel\Ha YHw¢opMHa W cBe06YXBaTHa •

rrOl\eJIa WlIlao Ha TO I\a ce )!(pTBYJe WCTaH'IaHa rrOl\eJIa y OKBwpWMa •

rrOJel\WHWX KyJITypa. Y KlbW3W, KOjy je ypel\WO ayTop WCKonaBalba y CTap'IeBY P. Epwx,

Chronologies in the Old World Archaeology, jel\aH 01\ aYTOpa A. oaHKo¢

(Bankoff 1992) ce TaKol)e HalIlao npel\ I\WJIeMOM KOjy nepwol\w3al1wjy

rrpwxBaTwTw W rrpoMoBwcaTw y OBOj KlbW3W. BepoBaTHo W caM CBeCTaH

6pOjHWX Hel\OCTaTaKa W HeI\Ope'IeHOCTW rrocTojenwx cwcTeMa, OH ce

OI\JIY'IWO Ha w3Bol)elbe BpeMeHcKwx jel\Ha'IWHa (temporal equation)ol\HocHO peJIaTWBHO XPOHOJIOlIlKWX jel\HaKOCTw Mel)y HaJIa3WlIlTWMa 'IWTaBOr

perWOHa (Bankoff 1992). OH je HarrpaBwo TPW BpeMeHcKe jeI\Ha'IWHe:

Temporal Equation I - fypa oanyJIyj - AH3a6eroBo I - KapaHoBo I -Thessalian Early Neolithic II wnw Proto Sesklo Horizon;

Temporal Equation II - CTap'IeBO - KepelIl - KpWlIl - KapaHoBo II/Ill -Thessalian Early Neolithic III;

Temporal Equation III - BWH'Ia - KapaHoBo IV - JIwHeapHa KepaMwKa

(Linear Incised Ware OI\HOCHO Bandkeramik). l1aKo caCBWM cYMapHa, OBa rrepwol\W3al1wja 3arrpaBo rroKa3yje

rryT KOjWM Balba wnw. BpeMeHCKe jel\Ha'IWHe 3aCHOBaHe cy He caMO

Ha Ben rry6JIWKOBaHWM CTWJICKO-TWrrOJIOlIlKWM aHaJIW3aMa Ben W Ha

arrCOJIYTHWM l\aTYMWMa 1\06wjeHwM W3 pal\WoyrlbeHWKa. 'IwlbeHWl1a I\a ce eKcrrepT, yrryneH Ha rrWTalba XpOHOJIOrwje HeOJIWTa jyrowCTO'IHe EBporre

W WCTpa)!(WBa'I errOHWMHor HaJIa3WlIlTa, orrpel\eJIWO 3a OBaKaB rrpwCTyrr

1\0BOlbHO je pe'IWT caM rro ce6w. Yrral\lbWBO je I\a je oaHKo¢ 3a l1eJIO

Tpajalbe paHor (w Cpel\lber) HeonWTa pa3JIy'IWO caMO I\Be ¢a3e I\OK Tpena

rrpwrral\a BpeMeHY rr03HOT/¢WHanHor HeOJIWTa (Late Neolithic).

122

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

)eI\HOCTaBHO nopel)elhe nojel\l1HI1X <j>a3a, Koje cy ycnoCTaBI1JII1

pa3JII1ql1TI1 ayTOpl1, 11 nOKYIlIajl11\a ce OHe CI1HXPOHI13yjy 1\0BOl\e HajqeIlIhe

1\0 3a6YHe, nOiliTO Cal\p)!(aj <j>a3a Hl1je KOI\ CBI1X ayTopa I1CTI1, a nojel\l1He MaHI1<j>eCTaU;l1je YKpalliaBalha KepaMI1Ke KOI\ jel\HI1X 03HaqaBajy nOqeTaK

a KOI\ I\pyrl1x Kpaj KyJIType. TIpl1Mepa pal\l1 Tpe6a pehl1 I\a je y CI1CTeMY B. MI1JIojql1ha nojaBa )!(I1THor KJIaCa KapaKTepl1CTl1qHa 3a Kpaj CTapqeBaqKe

KyJIType (<j>a3a CTapqeBO IV) a y cI1cTeMY )l CpejoBl1ha OBa I1cra nojaBa 03HaqaBa <j>a3y TIpoToCTapqeBO II. OBO 3Haql1 I\a ce ayTop HeMI1HOBHO

• •

Mopa onpel\eJII1TI1 3a Jel\HY 01\ lhl1X I1l\a Je CaCBI1M Henpl1MepeHO l\aTOBaTI1 MaTepl1jaJI no BI1IlIe pa3JII1ql1TI1X CI1CTeMa: Hnp. CTapqeBO IIa no U. fapaIlIaHI1H I1JII1 TIpoTOCrapqeBO II no )l CpejoBl1hy. qaK 11 I\Ba Haj6JII1)!(a

CI1CTeMa B. MI1JIojql1ha 11 U. fapaIlIaHI1H y nojel\l1HI1M <j>a3aMa I1Majy

pa3JII1ql1T cal\p)!(aj Hnp. CTapqeBO IV no B. MI1JIojql1hy 11 CrapqeBO III no

U. fapaIlIaHI1H.

TIol\eJIa U. fapaIlIaHI1H je TaKol)e, Kao 11 MI1JIojql1heBa 3aCHOBaHa •

Ha npoyqaBalhY MaTepl1JaJIa ca enOHI1MHOr HaJIa311IlITa OBe KyJIType.

11 OBl\e ce BI1I\I1 I\a ce KJIaCa rpy6e KepaMI1Ke TYMaql1 Kao XPOHOJIOIlIKI1

HeOCeTlbI1Ba, rrOlliTO ce y CBe Tpl1 <j>a3e Koje cy 3acTyrrlbeHe Ha CTapqeBY

Ka)!(e I\a ce jaBlbajy CBe BpCTe YKpalliaBalha Ha rpy60j KepaMI1U;I1. Y <j>a311

IIa jaBlba ce ynopel\o 6eJIo 11 raMHO CJII1Kalhe, IlITO je rroTBpl)eHo 11 Ha

I\pyrl1M HaJIa311IlITI1Ma 11 raKol)e I1CTl1qe jel\HOBpeMeHocT rrpaBOJII1Hl1jcKl1x

11 KPI1BOJII1Hl1jCKI1X CJII1KaHI1X MOTI1Ba. ql1HI1 ce I\a je y OBOM cI1cTeMY

nepl101\113aU;l1je 01\ Behe Ba)!(HOCTI1 3a XPOHOJIOiliKO Onpel\elbl1Balhe KepaMI1Ke TpeTMaH cnOlbHe nOBpIlII1He <j>I1He KepaMI1Ke, a Malhe Haql1H

CJII1Kalha 1111360p MOTI1Ba 11 60ja.l1cTI1Ha, <j>a3a lIb je 1131\BojeHa Ha OCHOBY

npel\OMI1HaU;l1je TaMHe 60je, 6e3 l\eTalbHl1jer pa3BpCTaBalha MOTI1Ba.

Moje je MI1IlIlbelhe, naK, I\a cy 11360p MOTI1Ba 11 60je YKpaca 3a

YMeTHI1Ka MOPaJIl1 611TI1 01\ Beher 3Haqaja 01\ caMe 60je neqelha nocYl\e. OBO TI1M npe IlITO je Hl1jaHCY 60je cnOlbHe nOBpIlII1He CBaKaKO 611JIO Te)!(e

KOHTpOJII1CaTI1 TOKOM OKCl1l\aU;110HOr npou;eca neqelha, KOjl1 cy CTapqeBU;11

npaKTI1KOBaJII1, Te MI1 ce CTora He ql1HI1 BepOBaTHI1M I\a he CBe nocYl\e

Koje cy, TOKOM neqelha, 1\0611JIe 60jy Koja Hl1je TpeHyrHo "y TpeHI\Y" 611TI1 01\6aqeHe, 11 TO TaKO I\a ce yoniliTe He nojaBe Mel)y apXeOJIOIlIKI1M

HaJIa311Ma. C I\pyre CTpaHe, BaH CBaKe cyMlhe je I\a he ce BOI\I1TI1 paqYHa

o TpeHyrHoM yKyCy Kal\a je y rrl1TalhY CJII1KaHI1 yKpac, 113Mel)y OCTaJIOr 11

CTora IlITO ra je JIaKille 113a6paTI1 11 KOHTpOJII1CaTI1.

CI1CTeM rrepl101\113aU;l1je CTapqeBaqKe KyJIType KOjl1 npel\JIa)!(e U. CpejoBl1h rro rrpBI1 nyr rrpaBI1 BpeMeHcKY pa3JII1Ky Ha OCHOBY nojaBe

6ap60TI1Ha, 11 l\eJII1 pa3Boj CTapqeBaqKe KyJIType Ha BpeMe npe 11 rrOCJIe

rrojaBe OBor opHaMeHTa. MeI)YTI1M, Kao IlITO je CTaBlbaHa rrpl1Mel\6a B.

123

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

MHJIojqHny H ,[(. rapalIIaHHH l1a cy rrOl1eJIY HaqHHHJIH caMO Ha OCHOBY

MaTepHjaJIa ca CTapqeBa, TaKO ce HCTa 3aMepKa MO)!(e CTaBHTH OBOj

rrepH0I1H3al.\HjH, C TOM pa3JIHKOM lIITO ce OBl1e rrpOTOCTapqeBaqKa cj>a3a

I H II H311Bajajy caMO Ha OCHOBY HaJIa3a H3 JIerreHcKor BHpa, Te ce cj>a3a I1poToCTapqeBO I 3aCHHBa Ha MaTepHjaJIY H3 JIerreHcKH BHp IIla/110JIe,

a cj>a3a I1poToCTapqeBO II Ha MaTepHjaJIY H3 cJIoja JIerreHcKH BHp IlIa/

rope (XOpH30HT 3eMYHHl.\a). I1ol1eJIa paHor HeOJIHTa l.\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa

Ha I1Be rnaBHe eTarre, rrpoTOCTapqeBaqKY H CTapqeBaqKY, y CKJIal1Y cy ca

HacTOjalbHMa l1a ce y pa3Boj HeOJIHTa l.\eJIe jyroHcTOqHe EBporre YBel1e

cj>a3a cpel1lber HeOJIHTa, rra ce TaKO rrpOTOCTapqeBaqKe cj>a3e l1aTyjy y paHH HeOJIHT (rrOqeTKe HeOJIHTCKor pa3Boja, 110MeCTHKal.\Hje )!(HBOTHlba H

6HlbaKa, KOjH ce Tpa)!(H y Hl1eaJIHHM KJIHMaTCKo-reorpacj>cKHM YCJIOBHMa

1)epl1arrCKe KJIHcype) H Cpel1lbH HeOJIHT ca pa3BHjeHoM CTapqeBaqKOM

KyJITypOM Koja je 6alIITHHHJIa rrpeTXOI1HO HaBel1eHe TeKOBHHe H HaCTaBlba • •

oBaJ pa3BoJ Kao KllaCU'JHO HeOJIHTCKa KyJITypa.

I1p06JIeM ce jaBlba KOI1 npaKTHqHe ynoTpe6e OBe nepH0I1H3al.\Hje,

rrOlIITO cy Kao THnOJIOlIIKH HajBa)!(HHje Y3eTe CTHJICKe MaHHcj>eCTal.\Hje

Koje ce jaBlbajy cpa3MepHO peTKo: KanlbHqaCTO CJIHKalbe 6eJIOM 60jOM

(yrnaBHoM 0,1% 011 yKynHor 6poja cj>parMeHaTa), rrpeBJIaqelbe CHonOM

rpaHqHl.\a H CJI, Te ce Mory Y3eTH H Kao JIOKaJIHO Cnel.\Hcj>HqHH 3a rrojel1HHe •

JIOKaJIHTeTe HJIH perHJe.

CBaKaKo HHje H3Y3eTaK rrocTojalbe rpy6e H cj>HHe KepaMHKe y

perrepToapy rpHqapHje y OKBHPY HeKe KylIType. Y CTapqeBaqKoj KylITypH • ••

OBa rroJaBa HMa 110l1aTHH 3HaqaJ, rrOlIITO Je pa3JIHKa y TpeTMaHY OBe

I1Be BpCTe H3Y3eTHO BeJIHKa. rpy60 rrocyl)e, BepOBaTHO YTHJIHTapHOr

KapaKTepa, KpyrrH03pHe cj>aKType ca 06HlbeM rrJIeBe l1e6eJIHx H cJIa60

rreqeHHX 3HI10Ba H CBOjHM H3rnel10M ol1aje apXaHqaH YTHcaK. C I1pyre

CTpaHe JIYKCY3Ha rpHqapHja (display pottery) CHTH03pHe cj>aKType, H3yeTHO TaHKHX 3H110Ba, qeCTO ca cj>HHHM rrpeMa30M (CJIHn) KOjH je paBHoMepHo

HaHeT Ha nocYI1Y. YKpalIIaBalbe OBaKBHX nocYl1a npel1CTaBlba BpxyHcKe 110MeTe OBe enoxe. J1aKo HeMa l1ecj>HHHTHBHHX 3aKlbyqaKa 0 TpajHocTH • • • Jel1HHx H I1pyrHx, rrpeTnocTaBKa Je l1a ce JIYKcY3Ha rpHqapHJa KOPHCTH

• • • ca BHlIIe rra)!(lbe, He CTaBlba ce Ha BaTpy, qHMe JOJ Je CBaKaKO rrpOl1y)!(eH

POK ynoTpe6e. Ha oBaj HaqHH H311Bajajy ce I1Be OCHOBHe KJIaCe KepaMHKe •

pa3JIHqHTOr KapaKTepa, HaMeHe H I1Y)!(HHe TpaJalba lIITO MO)!(e YTHl.\aTH •

H Ha lbHXOBY 3acTynlbeHocT y YKynHoM KepaMHqKOM MaTepHJaJIY.

YTHJIHTapHa, CBaKOI1HeBHa rpHqapHja no HeKHM HCTpa)!(HBalbHMa Tpaje

CBera I1Be 110 TpH rOI1HHe 110K TaK03BaHa cj>HHa KepaMHKa MO)!(e TpajaTH

3HaTHO l1y)!(e H npeHocH ce Kp03 nap reHepal.\Hja (Hnp. Arnold 1985).

124

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

CmlKa 38 - .uolha EpalheBHHa, rrpHMepl1 ypeljeHor yKpaca Ha rpy60j KepaMl1IJ;J1

(npeMa: Karmanski 2005)

HajBetU! 6poj HaJla311111Ta Ha Tepl1TOpl1jl1 ,-\eHTpanHOr oanKaHa

06l1nyje yrrpaBo rpy60M KepaMI1KOM, C<j>epl1'IHI1X 06n11Ka, ca 1I0CTa

rrpl1MeCa lIJIeBe Koja ce YKpaIIlaBa pa3MepHO peTKO. ,[(a 6l1CMO MOrJIl1

lIa l1X cBpcTaMo y HeKY Oil <j>a3a CTap'leBa'lKe KynType HeorrxollHo je

rrepl1011113a,-\l1jy rrpl1J1arOlll1TI1 11 rpy60j KepaMI1,-\I1. OBO Hl1je jellHocTaBaH

3allaTaK. J1rraK, rrocTojl1 MoryhHocT lIa ce Ha OCHOBY ype~eHOCTl1 OIlHOCHO

Heype~eHOCTl1 opHaMeHTa Ha rpy60j KepaMl1,-\l1 YTBPIll1 rrpl10pl1TeT, • •

anl1 l1 TO caMO 110 BpeMeHa Kalla ce rrOJaBJhYJY CBl1 Ha'll1Hl1 YKpaIIlaBalha

Ha rpy60j KepaMl1Ijl1, a TO je rrpeMa C. ,[(l1Ml1Tpl1jeBl1hy rrO'leTaK <j>a3e

Crrl1pan0l111 A. Y rrepl1011l13aIjl1jaMa KOjy cy He3aBl1CHO rrpellnO)!(l1nl1 B. Ml1noj'll1h l1 HeIIlTO KaCHl1je ,[(. fapaIIlaHl1H, CBe BpCTe rpy6e KepaMl1Ke • • • • JaBJhaJY ce Oil IIO'leTKa 110 KpaJa CTap'leBa'lKe KynType l1 TpeTl1paJY ce Kao

aTl1IIl1'1He. Ml1IIlJhelha caM lIa je OpraHl13aIjl1ja yKpaca rpy6e KepaMl1Ke

TaKo~e xpOHOnOIIlKl1 l1HIIl1KaTl1BHa: Ha'll1H OpraHl130Balha 6ap60Tl1Ha ), . .

l1nl1, IIaK, MOTl1B ,,)!(l1THOr Knaca l13rnella lIa Je y lIl1peKTHoJ Be311 ca

OpraHl13aIjl1joM Cnl1KaHor MOTl1Ba. TaKo, Kalla ce Cnl1Kajy yKpaCl1 ca

Kpl1BOnl1Hl1jcKl1M MOTl1BOM 3a O'leKl1BaTl1 je lIa ce l1 ype3aHl1, peJhe<j>Hl1

l1 YTl1CHYTl1 MOTl1B OpraHl13yje y Cnl1'1HOM MaHl1py. BeOMa cy y OBOM

CMl1Cny l1nyCTpaTl1BHl1 <j>parMeHTl1 l13 ,[(olhe OpalheBl1He (Cnl1Ka 38/1-2) Ha Kojl1Ma ce MO)!(e Bl1l1eTl1 Bl1cehl1 Tpoyrao l13BelleH y l1MIIpeCO TeXHl1Ijl1

•

I1nl1 BepTI1KanHe nl1HI1Je l13BelleHe lIITl1rralheM.

ITOlliTO IIocTojehe rrepl1011113a,-\l1je CTap'leBa'lKe Kynrype

rrpellCTaBJhajy rrojellHoCTaBJheHo BI1~elhe jellHor III1HaMl1'1Hor rrpoIjeca,

apXeOn0311 cy rrpl1l1aToBalhY HOBI1X Hana3a OBe KynType I1l1aJhe rrpl1Hy~eHI1 • •

lIa ce ocnalhaJY Ha I1HTYI1,-\I1JY l1 YBpe)!(eHe CTl1nCKO-TI1IIOnOlliKe

rrpellpacYlle. TpeTl1pajyhl1 caMO jellHy BpCTy apxeonolliKor MaTepl1jana

(rpH'Iapl1jy) l1 6Yllyhl1 CTora HeMl1HOBHO IIlType, OHe rrpeTIIOCTaBJhajy •

CTaTl1'1HOCT cTBapana'lKOr l13pa3a y BpeMeHY l1 rrpocTopy, Te IIPl1l1aJY

125

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

•

npeTepaHH 3Ha'la) HHjaHcaMa 60je cnOlbHe •

nOBplIlHHe rpH'IapH)e H • cnHKaHor yKpaca, a npeManH 3Ha'la) CaIlP)!(HHH opHaMeHTanHor cHcTeMa.

Ha Taj Ha'lHH HCTOBpeMeHa pa3HonHKOCT Koja je Mopana nocTojaTH Ha TaKO

BenHKOM npOCTpaHCTBy KaKBO je jyroHcTo'lHa EBpona 6HBa nOTHCHYTa H

3aHeMapeHa.

126

IIpe,ll;JIor rrepI10,ll;113aU;l1je

C 06311POM l1a 3aCTyrraM CTaHOBI1IllTe l1a je OpHaMeHTanHI1 CI1CTeM

KOjl1 je 6a311paH Ha ena60pl1paHI1M reoMeTpl1jcKI1M <j:>OpMaMa MOpaO •

I1MaTI1 Benl1KI1 3Ha'la) y CI1CTeMY MI1IllJbelha, 0 'IeMY rOBOpl1 CaMO lherOBO

rrpl1CYCTBO Ha nYKCY3HOj rpH'Iapl1jl1 Illl1pOM Benl1Kor rrpOCTOpa BanKaHa 11 AHal10nl1je (N.N. Task 2007), Hana311M l1a je 113Y3eTHo KOMrrnl1KOBaHO

• rrpaTI1TI1 rryT 0I1I1CX0I1I1IllTa Tor CI1CTeMa 110 lherOBe rrOTrrYHe l1ereHepal.\l1)e

Kp03 BpeMe 11 rrpoCTOp. YrrpaBO 113 Tor pa3nora orrpel1eJbI1Balhe 3a 611no

KOjy rrepl1011113al.\I1jy Kymypa MeHI1 je rroce6HO TeIllKO, C 06311pOM l1a • 110rrYIllTaM rrOCTO)alhe 3HaTHe I1I1HaMI1Ke y OCMI1IllJbaBaIhY, CTBapaIhY,

rrpeHOIllelhY 11 rrpl1XBaTalhY cI1M60nl1'1KOr CI1CTeMa KOjl1 BI1I1I1MO Ha

rrocYl1aMa. Ilepl1011113al.\I1ja Koja cnel1l1 pe3ynTaT je TeMeJbHor YBl1l1a KOjl1 caM

I1Mao y KepaMl1'1KI1 MaTepl1jan ca rrpOCTopa jyrol1cTo'lHe EBporre 011 Kny)!(a

110 ConyHa 11 011 TY3ne 110 BYKypeIllTa. 35 OCnOHal.\ OBe rrepl1011113al.\I1je je 113Meljy OCTanor KynTypHI1 cnoj AH3a6erOBa 11 pal1110Kap60H l1aTYMI1 ca

1106pl1M KOHTeKCTOM. 36 Hl1je cny'lajHa Moja rrpI1Bp)!(eHOCT C14I1aTYMI1Ma.

OHI1 rrpel1CTaBJbajy 06jeKTI1BaH Ha'll1H YTBpljl1Balha arrconYTHe (a TI1Me

11 penaTI1BHe) CTaPOCTI1 y30pKa. OKOnHOCTI1 Koje yTl1'1y Ha Ta'lHOCT, a TO

cy 0l1a611P Y30pKa, rrpel.\113HOCT rrpl1MelheHe MeT0l10nOrl1je, BpCTa Y30pKa 11 KBanl1TeT na60paTopl1je, cy rrpel1Bl1l1l1Be 11 Mory ce 113pa311TI1 Kp03

CTaHl1apl1HY rpeIllKy y30pKa. OBI1 pe3ynTaTI1 611, l1aKne, Mornl1 l1a HaM OTKpl1jy Koja ce HaCeJba pa3BI1jajy y I1CTO BpeMe, IllTO he, KaKO cnyTI1M,

OTKpl1TI1 60raTcTBo pa3nl1Ka Koje cy Mopane rrocTojaTI1 y BpeMe paHor

11 cpel1lher HeOnl1Ta. Y cyrrpoTHoM, cl1CTeMaTl13yjyhl1, CBpCTaBajyhl1 11

<j:>a3l1pajyhl1 OCTaTKe MaTepl1janHe KynType Morno 611 HaM ce l1eCI1TI1 l1a, • ».

'IaK 11 aKO ycrreMo l1a pa3HI1nl1KOCT 113pa3a TI1X JbYI1I1 "crraKy)eMO y jaCHe 11

35 TOKOi\I TpajaH,a Alexander von Humboldt CTt1neHAl1je 1999-2001 , 11 60paBKa y 6pojmtM •

MY3eJl1Ma Wl1POM pel'110Ha.

36 KOj l1 nOTBpl)yjy npeTnocTaBKY M. rapaWaHI1Ha 0 CMeHl1 ¢a3a Ha AH3a6eroBY.

127

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

OIlITpO ollelbeHe <j>a3e, OCTaHeMO CMpoMallIHMjM 3a MHore lIeTalbe M BaJIepe

jellHor BeJIM'IaHCTBeHor TKalha. CpetlHa je OKOJIHOCT lIa je AH3a6erOBO, Koje

rrpellcTaBlba Haj60lbe MCTpa)!(eHM BMWeCJIojHM JIOKaJIMTeT CTapqeBaqKe

KyJIType, rrpMJIMqHO 1I06po lIaToBaHo pallMoyrlbeHMK MeToiloM Te lIa je

pa3peweHa IIMJIeMa OKO rrpel\M3HOr CTpaTMrpa<j>CKor rrOJIo)!(aja rrojellMHMx

lherOBMX CJIojeBa (M. Garasanin 1998). Y rrOCJIeilihe BpeMe Kao lIa ce Bpana

MHTepec 3a rrMTalha HeOJIMTa l\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa rra TaKO CTM)!(Y M HOBM

pailMoKap60H lIaTYMM M3 OBe 06JIaCTM (Boric, Miracle 2004; Biaggi et al.

2005), Ha Koje ce OCJIalha H nepHOIIH3al.\Hja Koja CJIeIlH.

l..[MHM MM ce lIa je HajBenM HarrpellaK y pa3YMeBalhY XPOHOJIOWKor

rropeTKa CTapqeBaqKe KyJIType M HeOJIMTa l.\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa, Kao M y

ollpeljHBalhY CallP)!(aja rrojellHHMx <j>a3a 6HJIO CHCTeMaTCKO MCKonaBalhe

Ha AH3a6eroBY. OHO je H 110 lIaHac OCTaJIO Haj3aqajHHje BHWeCJIojHo

HeOJIMTCKO Hacelbe ceBepHo Oil COJIYHa H 3anailHo Oil 1I0JIHHe CTpYMe.

I1cKorraBaJIa cy ynopello IIBa TMMa, jellaH nOli ynpaBoM M. [apawaHMHa

H IIpyrH, aMepHqKH, nOli ynpaBoM M. [HM6YTac. Ha)!(aJIOCT, TOKOM

HCKorraBalha (pers. comm. M. [apawaHMH) 1I0WJIO je 110 nporryCTa y

npanelhy CTpaTHrpa<j>Hje Ha lIeJIY KOjM je MCKOnaBaJIa M. [MM6YTac

M CallP)!(ajM IIBe <j>a3e (II H III) cy 6MJIH rrOMewaHM. l..[HlheHMl.\a lIa je

MaTepMjaJI ca MCKorraBalha M. [apawaHMHa lIyro OCTaO He06jaBlbeH,

CBe 110 lheroBor Ca)!(eTOr qJIaHKa y Prehistorische Zeitschrift (1998), • •• • •

YTHl\aJIa Je Ha M30CTaHaK eBaJIyal\MJe nOllaTaKa KOJe Je OBO BMWeCJIOJHO

HaJIa3MWTe rrpY)!(MJIO. 0YllynM lIa ce jellMHO Ha AH3a6erOBY Mory

CarJIellaTM rroqeTHe <j>a3e KyJIType paHor HeOJIMTa l\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa

(<t>a3e Ia-dII), MMwlbelha caM lIa ra HMKaKO He CMeMO 3a06MJIa3MTM Kalla

rrpaBMMO XPOHOJIOWKe Ta6eJIe M rrepMOIIM3al.\Mje. HarrpoTMB, lherOB

MonaH KyJITypHM CJIoj M BMWellel\eHMjcKo TepeHcKo MCKYCTBO aKalleMMKa

[apawaHMHa CToje Kao jeMal\ 3a TaqHOCT CJIeila 1I0raljaja ca Kpaja VII

M rroqeTaKa VI MMJIeHMjYMa. C Tora ce y <j>opMMpalhY CBor rrpMCTyrra

rrepMOIIM3al.\MjM CTapqeBaqKe KyJIType, MJIM 60lbe penH, rrepMOIIM3al.\MjM

paHor M cpeiliher HeOJIMTa l\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa OCJIalhaM y 3HaTHoj MepM

Ha CJIojeBe AH3a6eroBa M rrepl.\errTMBHocT M. [apawaHMHa.

128

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

PaHW HeOJIWT I\eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa (Early Neolithic of the Central Balkans, I\albe y TeKcTY ENCB)

ENCB rrpe 5900. rOI\WHe CTape epe"

OTBopeHa je MorynHocT I\albe rrOl\eJIe Ha rrOI\<j>a3e YKOJIWKO ce HOBWM

WCTpa)!(WBalhWMa 3a TO YKa)!(e rrOTpe6a. Ol\rOBapa <j>a3W fypa BanyJIyj M. fapawaHWHa W <j>a3W i1poToCTapqeBO I W II U. CpejoBwna.

Y OBOj <j>a3W HajqeWne ce jaBlbajy jel\HOCTaBHW 06JIWI\W rpy60r rrocylja, crrOlbHe rrOBpWWHe ce orpy6lbyjy rrpeBJIaqelheM CHorra rpaHqWI\a,

a YKpawaBalhe ce BPWW YTWCKWBalheM Bpxa rrpCTa WJIW HOKTa; He

WCKlbyqyje ce W rrojaBa HeypeljeHor rrceYl\o-6ap6oTwH yKpaca. <DwHa

KepaMwKa WMa 3HaTHO pa3HoBpcHwje 06JIWKe, TaKO I\a ce rrOHeKal\ jaBlbajy

W 6WKOHWqHW o6JIwl1w. i1ocYl\e Ha qeTBOpOJIWCHoj CTorrw, Kao OHe W3 UOlhe

BpalheBwHe (Karmanski 2005: PI. LXX) Morrre 6w I\a 6Yl\Y WHI\WKaTWBHe

3a l\aTOBalhe y OBY <j>a3Y. IIlTo ce TWqe YKpawaBalha <j>wHe rpHqapwje -

OHa qeCTO WMa rrpeMa3, KOjw je rrOHeKal\ rJIaqaH. Y TOj KJIaCW KepaMwKe

jaBlba ce W 6eJIo CJIWKaHa KepaMwKa qwjw je yKpac HajqeWne opraHw30BaH

y KBal\paTHWM MeTorraMa (CJIWKa 31). JaBlbajy ce W yKpacw ca MOTWBWMa •

KarrlbWI\a, TpeMOJIO JIWHwJa, I\WK-I\aK MOTWBWMa W peTKwM MOTWBWMa

• .. -" Iio •• 47f1~ .. 1v • ... • • •

Cm1Ka 39 - Eeno CnHKaHJ.1 MOTHBH Ha rpwlapl1jl1 HajpaHHje cpa3e

HeOllHTJ13a IJ;Jllje u;e HTpallHor oallKaHa (ENCB)

TpoyrrroBa (CJIWKa 39). HapOqWTO je 3HaqajHa rrojaBa pa3HoBpcHWX

reoMeTpwjcKwx MOTWBa KOjW ce KOM6wHyjy <j>opMwpajynw W <j>JIOpaJIHe

MOTWBe. feoMeTpwjcKe <j>opMe cy pa3HoBpcHe W OqWrrrel\HO wMajy

3HaqajHY yJIory y CWM6oJIWqKOM cwcTeMY OBor I\pywTBa. J1CTpa)!(WBaqW

WCTWqy I\a je CJIWKaHW yKpac KOjW rrpwrral\a OBOj <j>a3w nocTojaH, HaHeT

npe neqelha W HajqeWne WMa nocTOjaHw cjaj. Ol\rOBapa AH3a6eroBo la­

Ic. Ha TepwTopwjw l1eHTpaJIHOr BaJIKaHa OBa <j>a3a 6w ce MOrJIa Ha3BaTW

W MOHOXPOMHOM 360r qWlheHWI\e I\a je 6poj oTKpwBeHwx 6eJIo CJIWKaHWX

<j>parMeHaTa w3Y3eTHo MaJIW. Ho WCTa MOHoxpoMHa KepaMwKa jaBlba ce

37 J.13pa)KeHO y KaJIw6pwpamtM (I1CTOPHjCKHM) rOAHHaMa.

129

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

11 Y Hapel1HI1M <jJa3aMa 11 I1crrOCTaBI1JIO ce l1a Hl1je 110BOlbHO XPOHOJIOIlIKI1 OCeTlbl1Ba Kao IlITO je TO CJIyqaj ca (peTKI1M) 6eJIo CJII1KaHI1M rrocYl1aMa.

OBaKO MaJIa 3acTyrrlbeHocT 6eJIor CJII1Kafua Morna 611 ce 110HeKJIe

06jacHI1TI1 11 rrpl1JIl1qHO rpy611M TeXHI1KaMa rrpafua, Koje ce rrpaKTI1Kyjy

CBe 110 HaIlII1X l1aHa.38

HaJIa311IlITa Koja rrpl1rral1ajy OBOj <jJa311 cy peTKa Ha Tepl1Topl1jl1 l\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa aJII1 CJII1KaHI1 yKpac Ha ful1Ma ql1HI1 jel1l1HCTBeH

KyJITypHI1 <jJeHoMeH (BI1I1I1: N.N. Tasic 2007): Marapenl1 Mmm- Arranm,

Llofua OpafueBI1Ha, PYI1HI1K I, LlI1BOCTI1H I, CTy611l\a-'13epl1arr, BeJIeCHI1l\a­

'l3epl1arr, BJIacal\-'13epl1arr (HeOJII1TCKI1 HaJIa311), I1aI1I1Ha-'13epl1arr.

I10cJIe OBe <jJa3e Kao l1a 110JIa311 110 l1ereHepal\l1je opHaMeHTaJIHOr • • •

CI1CTeMa KOJI1 Je y rrpBI1 rrJIaH I1CTI1l\aO reOMeTpl1JCKe MOTI1Be 11 HapOQI1TO

OI1HOC Kpyra 11 KBal1paTa.

Cpel1ful1 HeOJII1T l\eHTpaJIHOr OaJIKaHa,

(Middle Neolithic of the Central Balkans, l1albe y TeKcTY MNCB)

MNCB I - 110 5800. r0l111He CTape epe

LlOMI1Hl1pa rpy6a KepaMI1Ka, ypeljeHI1 6ap60TI1H yKpac, ,,)[(I1THI1

KJIaC" MOTI1B 113Bel1eH YTl1cKI1BafueM y CBe)[(y rroBpllll1HY rrocYl1e ... Y OBOj

<jJa311 je 11 l1albe Moryna rrojaBa peTKI1X 6eJIo CJII1KaHI1X MOTI1Ba 11 rrpBor,

peTKor TaMHOr CJII1Kafua. YKpalliaBafue rpy6e KepaMI1Ke ype311BafueM

Hajqelllne ce jaBlba y HeypeljeHI1M I1JII1 rrpaBOJII1Hl1jcKI1M MOTI1BI1Ma.

Ol1rOBapa AH3a6eroBY IIa. HaJIa3I1IlITa: JIyr-3BeQKa, BeJIeCHI1l\a, PYI1HI1K II, LlpeHOBal\ I,

CTy611l\a, BJIacal\ (HeOJII1TCKI1 XOPI130HT), KaparaQ-)KI1TKOBal\ (110ful1

XOPI130HT), CTapQeBO (JaMe 3A 11 SA I1HO) ...

I 2 r "

I ~ -II (

Cm1Ka 40 - HajqernnJ1 Haql1H YKparnaBaJ-ba TOKOM cpa3e MNCB 1

38 Ml1ClIl1 ce Ha nOTanali>e y KI1CeJlItIHY 11 tleTKal-be rpy6l1M anaTOM.

130

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

MNCB II - 110 5700. rol1WHe CTape epe

Eellw MOTWBW nOTnYHo HeCTajy, a IhWXOBO MeCTO 3aY3wMajy TaMHO • • • •

CllWKaHW npaBOIIWHW)CKW MOTWBW W MOTWBW rWpllaHI1W, KO)e cnap)y

KapaKTepwcTwlHe BepTwKallHo nOCTaBlbeHe l1e6lbe W Talhe IIwHwje.

[py6a KepaMwKa 3al1plKaBa KapaKTepwcTwKe npeTxOI1He ¢a3e. Ol1rOBapa

AH3a6eroBY II6.

1 1 1 4

Cnl1Ka 41 - TaMHo CmtKafue cpa3e M N CB II

Halla3WWTa: AT-Bpwal\, [lIaI1HWl\e-[pa'laHWl\a, KY'lajHa-Eop, ):(peHOBal\ IIa, IlIawwHl\w 521, Te'lWn-PeKOBal\, CTap'leBO (JaMe 5A wcnOI1

110lher nOl1a W 4, 6, 7), BWH'la-Eello 6pl10 (CTap'leBa'lKW Halla3w).

MNCB IIIa - 110 5400. rOI1WHe CTape epe

CnwpallHO TaMHO CJIWKalhe W nOHOBHa nojaBa 6eJIo CllWKaHor

yKpaca, OBora nyTa W3Bel1eHOr nOCHOM 60jOM Koja ce 'leCTO lbycna.

MOTWBW 6eJIor CllWKalha cy KapaKTepWCTW'lHW CTap'leBa'lKW TpoyrJIOBW,

allw W KPWBOllwHWjCKW MOTWBW. HajKapaKTepWCTW'lHwjw MOTWB OBe n03He

¢a3e je TaMHOCIIWKaHa cnwpalla Koja ce 3aBpwaBa y 0611WKY "wane". [py6a

I 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 11

Cnl1Ka 42 - TaMHo CJU1KaHJ.1 MOTJ1BJ1 KapaKTepJ1CTJ1'-IHJ1 3a 4>a3Y MNCB lIla

131

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

KepaMMKa ce YKpaIllaBa CBMM TeXHMKaMa, HapOqMTO KOM6MHOBafueM

TeXHMKa, Kao M orrOHaIllafueM MOTMBa ClIMKaHor yKpaca. TaK03BaHM

apKa,J:IHM 6ap6oTMH je qeCTO rrpMCYTaH Ha <j>parMeHTMMa rpy6e KepaMMKe.

O,J:IroBapa XOPM30HTY AH3a6erOBO III. HalIa3MIllTa: I.:(MmaHa-)J;o6aHOBI1M, qyKap-fyMHMIllTe (I1aBlIOBal1),

qypra- JIy,J:IOIll, I.:(pHoKalIaqKa 6apa, )J;y6oqaj - fpoI1Ka, )J;y6paBa

I - Kfua)!(eBal1, flIa,J:IHMl1e Ib-fpaqaHMl1a, KpYIlleBal1- l1eHTap, PM6fuaK­

Eeqej, PY,J:IHMK IV, CajaH- )J;oM6oIll, )J;peHOBal1 lIb, CyrrcKa- 1iyrrpMja,

llialIMTpeHa rrenMHa-BalbeBo, BalIyre-Kfua)!(eBal1, BelIMKa qeCMa­

BpTMIllTe (HMIll), 3MajeBal1- CMe,J:IepeBCKa I1alIaHKa.

MNCB IIIb - rrOClIe 5400. rO,J:IMHe CTape epe

• • •

rrexapM Ha H03M, rroJaBa TaMHOmaqaHe KepaMMKe, crrMpalIe KOJe 3aY3MMaJY •

l1elIY rroBpIllMHY cy,J:Ia - BpeMe Ka,J:Ia y HeKMM perMJaMa CTapqeBaqKa

KylITypa Tpaje rrapalIelIHo ca B11HqaHCKOM. O,J:lrOBapa <j>a3M AH3a6eroBo IV.

-'.-1 -=:--,

Cm1Ka 43 - HajKaCHJ.1jH cnHKamI yKpaCJ.1 CTapqeBaqKe KynType MNCB IIIb

HalIa3MIllTa: 1)YPMna BMHOrpa,J:IM-fpa6oBal1, fOlIOKYT-BM3Mn

(<t>pyIllKa ropa), Kaparaq-)KMTKOBal1, KpCTMneBa xyMKa-3pefuaHMH,

JIyKa y CaCTaBI1MMa, )J;peHOBal1 III, TorrOlIe-Eaq, TpafuMHa 6apa-I.:(pHqe

(JarO,J:IMHa), BMHorpa,J:IM-Eeqej, fopfua TY31Ia, AH3a6eroBo IV, PY,J:IHMK IV.

*

Moje Orrpe,J:Ielbefue 3a cKpaneHMI1Y ENCB MlIM MNCB, rrpoM3aIlllIY •

M3 eHrlIeCKor Ha3MBa 3a rlIaBHe eTarre HeOlIMTCKor pa3BoJa Ha l1eHTpalIHoM

EalIKaHY, 6MlIO je YClIOBlbeHO He caMO ClIMqHO YCBojeHoM HOPMOM y

fpqKoj M EyrapcKoj apxeolIorMjM, Ben M 360r lIaKIlle KOMYHMKal1Mje

ca CTpaHMM CTpyqfual1MMa, KOjM cy, KaKO M3me,J:Ia,39 rrpMXBaTMlIM

39 ... 6MJlM OHM 113 aHrJlO<pOHCKor, repi\IaHo<poHCKor MJlM pOMaHCKor rOBopHor nOApytlja

132

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

OBaKBe Ha3HBe y rrepHOI\H3al\HjaMa. 1131\BajaIDe Cpel\IDer H paHOr

HeOnHTa y rrepHOI\H3al\HjH HeOnHTa l\eHTpanHOr BanKaHa YCBojeHo

je Ben y IIpaucmopuju jYZOCl108eHCKux 3eMalba (1979) ca OCnOHl\eM Ha

rrepHOI\H3al\Hjy ,lJ;. TeoxapHca (Teocharis 1973).

OBa rrOl\ena Ha rrpBH rrornel\ H3rnel\a Kao H rrOl\ene B. MHnojqHna,

,lJ;. fapawaHHH, )J;. CpejoBHna H M. fapawaHHHa. MeI)YTHM, Tpe6a

HarroMeHYTH I\a je cal\p)!(aj rrojel\HHHX <j>a3a 1\0HeKne rrpoMeIDeH, Kao H

TO I\a oBaj CHCTeM pa3nHKyje I\Be rrojaBe 6enor cnHKaIDa. Jel\Ha ce I\oral)a

01\ nOqeTKa Heom-lTa TOKOM <j>a3e ENCB y KOjOj ce jaBJba 6eno cnHKaIDe

y caCBHM oc06eHHM MOTHBHMa 0 KojHMa je l\eTaJbHO 6Hno peqH (CTp.

73-107), a I\pyra rrojaBa OnHqeHa je y 6enoM cnHKaIDY <j>a3e MNCB III • ••

MOTHBHMa KOJH CTHnCKH OI\fOBapaJY OHHMa KOJH cy H3Bel\eHH TaM HOM

60jOM. 1131\BojeHe <j>a3e paHor H cpel\IDer HeOnHTa 1\06po KopeCnOHI\Hpajy

ca xpoHonowKoM CeKBeHl\OM AH3a6eroBa, a npeKo IDe H ca HCTOqHHM

BanKaHoM H ErejoM.

ENCB = AH3a6eroBo la-Ie

MNCB I-II = AH3a6eroBo IIa-b

MNCB IIIa-IIIb = AH3a6eroBo III-IV

Ha OBOM MeCTY HCTHqeM YBepeIDe, 3aCHOBaHO Ha npoyqaBaIDY

06nHKa nocYl\a, HaqHHa IDHXOBe H3pal\e H 0pHaMeHTanHHx TeXHHKa, anH •

H YBHI\OM Y I\pyre BpCTe nOKpeTHor MaTepHpna H MaTpHl\e HaCeJbaBaIDa,

I\a ce, Kao WTO TO C rrpaBOM rrpHMenyjy H ,lJ;. CpejoBHn H M. fapawaHHH,

Kal\a rOBopHMO 0 paHOM H Cpel\IDeM HeonHTY l\eHTpanHor BanKaHa

MO)!(e rOBopHTH 0 I\Be MaHH<j>eCTal\Hje HCTor KynTypHor Kpyra. TepMHH

IIpoTocTapqeBO, KOjH KOPHCTH ,lJ;. CpejoBHn, 03HaqaBa opraHCKY

rrOBe3aHOCT paHe <j>a3e HeonHTa ca CTapqeBaqKOM KynTypoM, WTO je H

OCBel\OqeHO rrojaBoM 6ap6oTHH TeXHHKe y IIpoTocTapqeBO II <j>a3H. KOI\

M. fapawaHHHa, C I\pyre CTpaHe, TepMHHoM fypa Banynyj H H31\BajaIDeM

rroce6He AH3a6erOBO-BpWHHK rpyrre rroTBpl)yje ce pa3nHKa y KepaMHqKOM • • •

MaTepHJany H HaqHHY CTaHOBaIDa KOJH Je eBHl\eHTaH Ha rrOqeTKY HeonHTa

l\eHTpanHor BanKaHa. OBe KynTypHe MaHH<j>eCTal\Hje cy CBaKaKO

opraHCKH 6nHCKe, a l\enH HX MO)!(l\a caMO HeKH HOBH yTHl\aj HnH 3aqeTaK

perHOHanHor aYToxTOHor pa3Boja. YBol)eIDeM HeYTpanHor TepMHHa Early H Middle (paHa H cpel\IDa) nOKywao caM I\a He npejYI\Hl\HpaM IDHXOB

Mel)yco6HH OI\HOC y cMHcny KynTypHor Hl\eHTHTeTa.

Y xpOHonOWKOM CHCTeMY KOjH caM npel\nO)!(HO nocTojH MorynHocT • •

napanenHor )!(HBOTa HaCeJba KOJa KopHCTe rpHqapHJY ca cnHKaHHM

yKpacoM H 6e3 IDera. YnpaBO OBa '1HIDeHHl\a H HMa BenHKO 3HaqeIDe Kal\a

aHanH3HpaMO KapaKTep jel\HOcnojHHx HaCeJba. Kao WTO CMO BHl\enH

H3 ena60pal\Hje Be3aHe 3a Ol\rOHeTaIDe CHM60nHKe HeKHX MOTHBa

133

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

• •

ClHlKaHMX Ha CTapqeBaqKO) KepaMMU;M, rrpBeHCTBeHO OHMX ca pa3BM)eHOM

reoMeTpMjoM (N.N. Task 2007; OBl\e: 73-lO7), OHM ce Mory I\MpeKTHo

Be3aTM 3a )!(eHY, CTapaTelbMU;y I\OMa, M HajBepoBaTHMje rrpoM3Boryaqa

KepaMMKe. MaJIa, jel\HOCJIojHa, ce30HCKa, HajBepoBaTHMje CTOqapCKa

(aKO He M eKCKJIY3MBHO MyIllKa) Hacelba Ha KojMMa I\OMMHMpa rpy6a

KepaMMKa, McrrOCTaBMJIO ce, HMCY MeCTa Ha KojMMa 6M Tpe6aJIo OqeKMBaTM

BpxyHcKe I\OMeTe y KepaMMqKoj rrpOI\YKU;MjM. lbMX neMo Hajrrpe HanM Ha l\yroBeqHMM, BMIlleCJIojHMM HacelbMMa Koja MMajy KapaKTep

u;eHTpH~yraJIHe CHJIe y OI\HOCY Ha roperroMeHYTa. YrrpaBo H3 OBor

pa3JIOra ce rra)!(lba y rrepMOI\M3aU;MjM rrocBenyje M rpy60j KepaMMU;H Te ce

pa3JIMKyje BpeMe HeopraHM30BaHor M opraHM30BaHor yKpaca, ~a3e rrpe

6ap6oTMHa M ~a3e Kal\a OH I\OMHHHpa, opraHH3aU;Mja MOTHBa H, Hajrrpe,

TpaHcrroHoBalbe CJIHKaHOr yKpaca y yKpac H3Bel\eH I\pyrHM TeXHHKaMa y

rpy60j KepaMMU;M.

l(Hlb rrepHOI\H3aU;Hje KOjy caM rrpeI\JIO)!(HO je CBpCTaBalbe

KyJITypHHX rrojaBa y XPOHOJIOIllKH OI\CeqaK Ol\peryeH ~H3WIKo-xeMHjcKMM

MeTOl\aMa. OBaj rrpMCTyrr 6M Tpe6aJIo I\a oMorynM HeYTpaJIHO Carnel\aBalbe

I\MHaMMKe I\oraryaiba Ha rrpoCTopy u;eHTpaJIHOr EaJIKaHa y BpeMe paHOT M

cpel\lber HeOJIMTa TaKO IllTO ne MCKlbyqMTM rrpMCTpaCTHOCT MCTpa)!(MBaqa.

OqeKMBaHM pe3YJITaT rrpMMeHe OBe rrepMOI\M3aU;Mje 6MO 6M Carnel\aBalbe •

I\MHaMMKe pa3BOp HeOJIMTCKMX KyJITypa.

134

IlPMIII1TOMlbaBalbe 'IOBeKa 11 rrpl1poAe, OKI1Balbe Kpyra KBaApaTOM, • • •

3Ha'IaJ 11 rrYTeBI1 COJII1 11 I1CXpaHY oAoJ'IaAI1 CMeCTI10 caM y JeAHY Klbl1ry ca

)I(elbOM Aa cBoje AyroroAl1l11lbe 6aBlbelbe paHI1M HeOJII1TOM rrpeACTaBI1M

jeAHI1M CI1HTeHTCKI1M rrpl1Ka30M, rrOKYlliaBajynl1 Aa carrreAaBalbeM 113

'IeCTO, cyrrpOTHI1X yrrroBa OCBeTJII1M, KOJII1KO je Moryne, oBaj Y36YAlbI1BI1

rrepl10A 'IOBeKOBe rrpOlllJIOCTI1. Kao lIITO KBaApaTypa Kpyra 113MI1'Ie

JIelbl1py, lIIecTapy 11 rrpl1pOAHI1M 6pojeBI1Ma, TaKO apXeOJI03l1Ma 113MI1'Iy

MHor06pojHe I1HqJOpMal.\l1je, Koje 360r cBoje TpOlliHe rrpl1pOAe HecTajy 11

He CTl1rHY Aa Hal)y cBoje MeCTO y apXeOJIOlliKOM 3arrl1cy.

IlorrraBlbe rrOCBeneHO HeOJII1TI13al.\l1jl1 611JIO je rrOKYlllaj Aa ce

Hajrrpe AOManoj CTpy'IHOj 11 KyJITypHOj jaBHOCTI1 CKpeHe rra)l(lba Ha

06l1lbe HOBl1jl1X paAOBa KOjl1 Tparajy 3a rrOpeKJIOM rrO'IeTaKa HeOJII1Ta 11

ceAeHTapHor )I(I1BOTa. J1360p caM HarrpaBl10 cy6jeKTI1BHO rrOKYlliaBajynl1

Aa rrpeACTaBI1M I1rraK Haj3Ha'IajHl1je MOAeJIe 11 Teopl1je. HeKa MI1 He 6YAe

3aMepeHO lIITO cy HeKI1 MOAeJII1 A06l1JII1 rrpeMaJIO, a HeKI1 rrpeBl1l11e MeCTa

y OBOj Klb11311, rrOlliTO ce HI1CaM BOAI10 I1AeHTI1'IHI1M Kpl1Tepl1jyMI1Ma Ben

caM I1X 611pao rro YTI1CKY KOjl1 cy Ha MeHe OCTaBI1JII1. TaKo cy ce, MO)l(Aa " . 11 He3aCJIY)l(eHO, OBAe HalllJII1 HeKI1 "enOTI1'IHI1 MOAeJII1 KOJI1 Y3POK

HeOJII1TI13al.\l1jl1 Tpa)l(e y rrCI1XOreHI1M cyrrCTaHl.\aMa I1JII1 y rrl1By!

'-II1HI1 MI1 ce Aa je I1rraK Klby'IHO rrl1Talbe rrpeJIaCKa Ha HeOJII1TCKI1

Ha'II1H rrpl1Bpel)l1Balba Hajyrre'IaTlbl1Bl1jl1 y Be311BalbY 3ajeAHI11.\a 3a jeAHo

MeCTO (ceAeHTapI13al.\l1ja) 11, C TI1Me y Be311, Apyra'Il1jl1M Ha'II1HI1Ma

cy63l1CTeHl.\l1je, rAe ce 11 rrpoMeHe HajBl1l11e ocenajy. 0 TpaH3111.\l1jl1 Ka

HeOJII1TCKOM Ha'II1HY I1cxpaHe Bol)eHe cy 6pojHe pacrrpaBe, a 3aKlbY'IaK, • •

KOJI1 ce HarrOCJIeTKY HaMeTHYo, Je Aa HeOJII1TCKI1 Ha'II1H I1cxpaHe, lIITO

ce pa3HoBpCHOCTI1 11 HyTpl1TI1BHI1X BpeAHOCTI1 TI1'Ie He rrpeACTaBlba

HarrpeAaK y 0AHOCY Ha rrpeTXOAHI1 Bl1l11eMI1JIeHl1jcKI1 MOAeJI. Kao lIITO

CMOBI1AeJII1, TpaAl11.\110HaJIHI1 I1JII1, CJI060AHO ce MO)l(e penl1, rrpl1pOAHI1

135

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

Haq~1H McxpaHe KaKaB je rroCTojao 1\0 HeonMTcKor 1\06a 6MO je 6ap Ha •

HMBOY l\aHaIllIDMX rrperropYKa CBeTCKMX 31\paBCTBeHMX opraHM3aU;MJa.

):loCTa y6el\lbMBO 0 OBOj rrpOMeHM roBOPM J. ):lMaMOHI\ y CBOM roTOBO KaTaCTpoqmqHOM TeKcTY (Diamond 1987: 64-66). OH TBpl\M I\a je KopaK

KOjM Hac je rrOBeo CTa3aMa 3eMlbOpal\IDe M Cel\eHTapM3aU;Mje 6MO y KpajIDoj

KOHceKBeHU;M nOIll! ):lalbe, OH HaBOI\M 6pojHe rrpMMepe KOjM rOBope 0 rral\Y

McxpaHe, HeyxpalDeHocTM M rnal\M. MrraK, HMje 1\0IllnO 1\0 KOHceH3yca 0

MOTMBY rrpenacKa Ha nOIllMjy M HeM3BecHMjy CTpaTerMjy cy63McTeHU;Mje

Koja je Mopana 6MTM eBMl\eHTHa M OHMMa KOjM cy Taj rrpena3aK BpIllMnM.

HMje TeIllKO rrpeTrrocTaBMTM I\a je ca rroBenalDeM rrpMpOI\HOr rrpMpaIllTaja

Mopano 1\0nM M 1\0 rroBenalDa 6poja pal\HMX caTM Ha 06e36el)MBaIDY xpaHe

3a CBe 6pojHHja YCTa. MeI)YTHM, '1MHM MH ce I\a je jel\Ha 3Ha'lajHa '1HIDeHHu;a

YBeK y nHTepaTypM CXBaTaHa Kao nOCneI\Hu;a, a He Kao MOTHB H Y3POK

Cel\eHTapM3aU;Hje, paHe 3eMlbOpal\IDe na H OTKpHna rpH'IapHje H rna'laHOr

KaMeHor opyl)a ('1MTaj: 1\06po yrraKoBaHor HeonMTCKor naKeTa). Pal\H ce 0

1\0l\aTHoj HcxpaHH 3a Ol\oj'lal\! Kao IllTO CMO BMl\enH, eKcnepHMeHTH ca •

lKMTapMu;aMa, KOJe ce M l\aHaC npBe YBOl\e npM npenacKy I\eu;e Ha qBPCTY xpaHY, nOqenM cy ca 3aBpIlleTKOM nOCnel\IDe rnaU;MjaU;Mje. MCKYCTBO ce

npMKynlbano TOKOM Cnel\enMX MMneHMjYMa TaKO I\a cy cel\enaqKM lKMBOT

M 3eMlbOpal\IDa 6MnM caMO nOCnel\Mu;a OBor I\Yro npMnpeMaHor npou;eca.

MOl\en pacejaBalDa "HeonMTCKor naKeTa" KOjM je HaCTao Ha oBaj •

HaqMH MMa MHxepeHTaH pa3nor, npen03HaTlbMB M pa3YMlbHB CBMMa KOJM

cy C IDMM I\Ona3MnM y KOHTaKT. YKonMKO pe3ynTMpa BenMM rrpou;eHTOM •

rrpelKMBlbaBalDa rrOTOMCTBa, TO Je Ha rrpBM rrornel\ BMl\lbMBO M CBaKaKO

Bpno rrpMMaMlbMBO. C I\pyre CTpaHe, pacejaBalDe OBMX 3HaIDa He

rrpel\CTaBlba rrpeTlDy 3a 3ajel\HMU;y Koja MX rrOcel\yje IllTO YTMqe Ha 6p3MHy IllMpelDa HeonMTCKor rraKeTa.

MaKO crral\a y rpyrry OHMX HeBMl\lbMBMX M HeyxBaTlbMBMx

MH<j>opMaU;Mja, Koje 360r cBoje rrpMpOl\e He CTMlKY 1\0 apxeonora, • CO MrraK rrpel\CTaBlba 3HaqaJaH eneMeHT y pacrrpaBaMa He caMO 0

CBaKOI\HeBHOM lKMBOTY H HaqMHMMa rrpMrrpeMe H KOH3epBMpaIDa xpaHe,

Ben M 0 HacelbaBalDY u;eHTpanHor EanKaHa M ycrrOCTaBlbeHoj MaTpMU;M HacelbaBalDa. Ha OCHOBY qMIDeHMu;e I\a CO HHje Moryne M30CTaBHTM M3

• •

I\HeBHOr JenOBHMKa Cel\eHTapHMX lbYI\M M lKMBOTMIDa, 3aKlbyqeHO Je I\a

je KYXHIDCKa CO Mopana 6HTH pel\OBaH apTHKan M TOKOM HeonHTCKor •

nepMOl\a, Te I\a cy MopanH rrOCTO)aTH OCMHIlllbeHH Ha'lHHH IDeHor

rrpOHanalKeIDa, npOM3BOl\IDe M I\MCTPH6YU;Hje. M30CTaHaK pacnpaBe 0

conH y KOHTeKCTY HeonHTCKor nepMOl\a MO)!(e ce rrpaBl\aTH M30CTaHKOM

OTKpHna rroCTpojeIDa 3a 6pHKeTalKY Koja cy H 6Hna I\OKa3 3a npOH3BOl\IDY

y HeKHM KacHHjHM enoxaMa npaHcTopHje. Peq je 0 BenHM rpynaMa,

136

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

Haj'lelIlhe, HlleHTH'IHHX rrocYlla Koje ce OTKpHBajy y3 BaTpHlIlTe HnH rreh.

CBe 110 CKOPO, 110 OTKpHha Hana3HlIlTa COnHHl.\aTa y EyrapcKoj, TaKBHX

OTKpHha HHje 6Hno, HaKO cy OCTal.\H CTap'leBa'lKe H IIpyrHx HeonHTCKHX

KynTypa rrpOHana)KeHH y KOHTeKCTY cnaHHX H3Bopa HnH ne)KHlIlTa

KaMeHe conH.

YKonHKO ce CO pa3YMe Kao HaCYlIlHa rroTpe6a, jacHHja he 6HTH H

rrpoCTopHa IIHCTPH6Yl.\Hja CTap'leBa'lKe Kymype, 'IHje ce CpellHlIlTe

Hana3H y COlbY cHpoMalIlHoj 06nacTH. J1Ha'ie rrpHnH'IHO paBHoMepHo

pacrropeljeHa y eKoc<jJepH, OBa HaMHpHHl.\a Ha l.\eHTpanHoM EanKaHY

rOTOBO caCBHM H30cTaje, lIlTO je Mopano rrpellcTaBlbaTH 3Ha'lajaH rrp06neM

3a lIeceTHHe Hacelba Koja cy Oil 6000. rOIlHHe CTape epe HaCTana H )KHBena

Ha OBOM Tny. ManHpajyhH Hana3HlIlTa OBor rrepHolla H nopellehH IhHXOBO • ••

pacnpoCTHpalhe ca HaJ3Ha'laJHHJHM H3BOpHwTHMa conH y OBOM lIeny CBeTa,

YTBpljeHo je lIa je npocTOp KOjH je nOKpHBana CTap'leBa'lKa KynTypa 6HO

oMeljeH C TpH COlbY 60raTe 06nacTH: TpaHcHnBaHHjoM, ceBepOHCTO'lHOM

EOCHOM H OB'IHM noneM y Peny6nHl.\H MaKelloHHjH. Ha nyTy HHHl.\HjanHe

HeonHTH3al.\Hje CTajano je AH3a6eroBo Koje H npellcTaBlba HajpaHHjH

HeonHT l.\eHTpanHor EanKaHa. HellaneKo Oil Hacelba, TOKOM neTIhHX •

MeCel.\H 1I0na3H 110 npHpollHe eBanOpal.\HJe, Te pacTHlhe Ha nOBplIlHHH

6HBa npeKpHBeHo COlby. ,[(oHeKne CnH'IaH cny'laj je H ca JaHHl.\OM Koja je

6Hna Ha 06anH nnHTKor 3anHBa ErejcKor Mopa. Hana3HlIlTa Kao lIlTO cy

fypa Eahynyj, OKHa CH6Hynyj H IIIeylIla Hana3e ce lIaneKO Ha ceBep, y

06nacTH TpaHcHnBaHHje H TaKolje crrallajy y cTapHja HeonHTCKa Hacelba

CTap'leBa'lKOr KynTypHor Kpyra. foplha TY3na je Hacelbe Koje MapKHpa

ceBep03arrallHY rpaHHl.\Y CTap'leBa'lKe KynType H cTapHje je Oil BehHHe

Hacelba y IIoMopaBlbY Koje crralla y COlbY HajcHpoMalIlHHje 06nacTH.

YrrpaBo Taj pacrropell H xpoHonolIlKH rrpHopHTeT Hana3HlIlTa H3 py6HHX

06nacTH HHIIHl.\Hpa Ha'lHH H rrpaBl.\e rrpHMapHor HacelbaBalha, TaKO lIa ce

'IHHH lIa cy H3BoljeHH y 6apeM IIBe <jJa3e, rrpH TOM rrpecKa'lyhH y rrpBOM

TpeHyTKy COlbY CHpOMalIlHe 06naCTH, Koje cy HrraK HacelbeHe, anH TeK

rrOlIlTO cy 06e36eljeHH cHrypHH H3BOPH conH H rrOlIlTO je YCTaHOBlbeH

pHTaM H HcrrnaTHB Ha'lHH lheHor rrpeHOlIlelha y YHYTpalIllhOCT EanKaHa.

3Ha'laj conH H lheHa Be3a ca MaTpHl.\OM HacelbaBalha je TaKolje

YTBljeHa H y 06naCTH rrpHMapHe HeonHTH3al.\Hje rile cyroToBo 6e3 H3Y3eTKa

Hacelba OBe <jJa3e aCOl.\HpaHa y3 cnaHe H3Bope, 6Hno lIa cy y rrHTalhY OHa y

1I0nHHH peKe JOPllaHa, Koja cBaKolIHeBHo y MpTBO Mope 1I0npeMH orpoMHe

KOnH'IHHe conH; OHa nOl.\HpaHa Ha 060llY cnaHe rrycTHlhe Anerro HnH OHa

y 6nH3HHH HajBeher cnaHor je3epa y AHallonHjH - Ty3 fene.

CHrypaH caM lIa cy H HlleonolIlKH pa3n03H 6HnH npHnH'IHO Ba)KHH

3a npHxBaTalhe H/HnH 01l6al.\HBalhe " HeonHTCKor naKeTa", H CKnOH caM

137

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

I\a rrpWXBaTWM KOBeHOBY CWHTarMY "peBonYl\wja Y cWM6onWMa". Y OBOj

KlDW3W ce Ta peBonYl\wja BWI\W W3 HaqWHa YKpaIlIaBalDa rrocy~a Y OKBWpy

oanKaHCKO-aHal\OncKor KynTypHor Kpyra. Kp03 aHanW3Y 6eno cnwKaHor

yKpaca y CTapqeBaqKoj KynTypw W 6pOjHWM aHanorwjaMa ca AHal\OnwjoM

W rpqKOM rrOKYIlIao caM I\a yrrpaBo rrpWKa)KeM Ty HeYXBaTlbWBY CTpaHy

TpaH3Wl\wje. OBl\e Tpe6a wCTatm I\a ce CBeCT 0 3Haqajy reoMeTpwje BWI\W

yrrpaBo y rrpeHOIlIelDY OBor, MHorw 6w peKnw, xepMeTWQHOr W enWTHor

3HalDa, W Kp03 BeKOBe W Kp03 l\y6oKe BOl\e ErejcKor Mopa. Kp03 I\yra

TpajalDe OBHX CHM60na Hacnynyje ce rrOHOC pe3ynTaTHMa y 6op6H ca

rrpWpOI\OM. Kpyr Kao cWM60n rrpwpOl\e OKOBaH je KBal\paTOM IlITO ce BWI\W

Hal\eCeTWHaMa W l\eCeTWHaMa eneraHTHO YKpaIlIeHWX rrocYl\a. ,,)KpTBeHWK"

Hnw KynHH onTap Ha ce6w HOCH HCTe 03HaKe Koje y ocnHKaBalDY KepaMWKe

3HaQe domus, KynHo orlDHIlITe H y KpajlDoj HHCTaHl\W )KeHY IlITO je Be3a

1 2

Cn l1Ka 44 - MOAen l1 Kyne ca npeAcTaBoM )KeHe ca BpWHl1Ka 11 M al)apa

HajOQWrnel\Hwje rrpWKa3aHa Ha <PwrypWHaMa Koje OTKpWBaMO IlIWpOM OBor

KynTypHor KOMrrneKca (CnwKa 46, 47). OBl\e MwcnWM Ha CTerreHWl\e, Koje • • ce, I\W)arOHanHo rrOCTaBlbeHe, rrpwKa3y)y Ha HO)KWl\aMa )KpTBeHWKa, anw

W Ha )KeHCKHM 6el\pWMa. ,i:(albe, Ty cy nHCTonHKW Hnw cprracTH OTBOPH

wnH CTerreHHl\e, KOjH Ha MOl\enWMa Kyna rrpel\CTaBlbajy rrp03ope. Kao

l\o6ap I\OKa3 3a OBe aCOI..\wjal\wje Mory rrocnY)KWTW KepaMHQKH o6jeKTw

OTKpWBeHH Ha HeonWTCKWM Hana3HIlITWMa y MaKel\OHwjH (BpIlIHHK,

Mal,lapH, TIOpOI\HH, Bp6jaHcKa qYKa) KOjW rrpwKa3yjy Kyny KBal\paTHe •

OCHOBe, ca rrp030pWMa CTerreHaCTO H3pe3aHWM W3 3WI\a W )KeHOM KO)a

138

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

113paCTa 113 CaMe Kyhe (CJII1Ke 44, 45)! )KpTBeHI1l\11 cy MaXOM KBallpaTHor

06JII1Ka C pel\I1III1jeHToM KOjl1 je HajqelIIhe KpY)!(HOr 06JII1Ka 11 YIII1caH y

OCHOBY. Kao rro rrpaBI1JIy cI1M60JII1qHe CTerreHI1l\e Kpace Hore, 11 HeKalla

cy rrJIaCTl1qHO 113BelleHe, HeKalla cy ype3aHe, HeKalla YTI1CHYTe, aJII1 cy

rOTOBO YBeK rrpl1cyTHe.

PacrrpaBa rrocBeheHa KBallpaTypl1 Kpyra HI1 y KOM CJIyqajy HeMa

3a l\l1lb lIa 1I0Ka)!(e lIa cy HeOJII1TCKI1 rpHQapl1/rpHQapKe rrOKYlIIaBaJII1 lIa

pelIIe KBallpaTYPY Kpyra, rrp06JIeM KOjl1 je Kp03 I1CTOPl1jy I1HCIIl1pl1CaO 11

orrTepehl1BaO MaTeMaTI1Qape lIII1pOM CBeTa, Beh lIa I1CTaKHe IhI1XOBY CBeCT

o 3HaQajy cI1M60JIa KOjl1 03HaQaBa 1I0MYC 11 QOBeKOB ycrrex y 60p611 ca rrpl1pOlloM. Y6el')eH caM, a TO rroTBpl')yjy 11 HeKa I1CTpa)!(I1Balha (BI1TeJII1,

XOllep, XaJlaHII, opel1l1BajT) lIa je OBa I1KoHorpaqll1ja lIeJIO )KeHCKe pYKe,

yrrpaBo OHe Koja je 11 611JIa CPOKYCl1paHa Ha 110M. XaJIaHIl Ha jellHOM

CJlHKa 45 - MOAeJl Kyhe ca ITopoAHHa

MeCTY y CBOM BI13110HapCKOM QJIaHKY (Haaland 1995) Ka)!(e

1I0CJIOBHO cJIellehe: "HecyMIhI1BO je • •

lIa Je y rrpol\ecy CelleHTapl13al\I1Je

MOpaJIO 1I0hl1 110 cYK06a I1HTepeca 113Mel')y MYlIIKapal\a 11 )!(eHa".

YrrpaBo OBa peQeHI1l\a rrOCTaBlba

jellHO HOBO rrl1Talhe. L\a JII1 cy

)!(eHe40 611JIe 1I0BOlbHO yTI1l\ajHe lIa opHaMeHTaJIHI1 CI1CTeM, 3aCHOBaH Ha

OIlHOCY KBallpaTa 11 Kpyra (ollHoca III1Blber 11 rrI1TOMOr, rrpl1pOIlHOr 11

KYJITypHor, Kyhe 11 oKyhHI1l\e ... ), •

YTKaJY y CP)!( I1l1eOJIOlIIKor CI1CTeMa

Tor BpeMeHa? TparOBI1 rrocejaHI1 Oil

06JIaCTI1 BeJII1KI1X je3epa (KypyQaj,

Xyj'leK, Xal,II1JIap) Ha jyry AHallOJIl1je

rrpeKo TecaJIl1je, COJIYHCKor 3aJII1Ba 11 1I0JII1He Bapllapa 11 CTpYMe, rra CBe

110 ceBepa BojBolll1He 11 TpaHCI1JIBaHl1je lIaJII1 611 rr0311TI1BaH OllrOBOp Ha

OBO rrl1Talhe! Ha )!(aJIOCT, 3aYBeK he OCTaTI1 TajHa CallP)!(aj opHaMeHTaJIHOr • • •

CI1CTeMa Ha MaTepl1)aJII1Ma KOJI1 rrporrallaJY, aJII1 ce I1rraK lIa HaCJIYTI1Tl1l1a

je yKpac 113Bol')eH y TKalhY I1JII1 KoprrapCTBY Mopao 611TI1 HajMalhe I1CTO

OBOJII1KO aTpaKTI1BaH 11 pe'lI1T.

Pa3MepaBalhe je MOpaJIO lIa ce YQI1 11 rrollY'laBa KaKO 611 rrpe)!(I1BeJIO

TOJII1KO reHepal\l1ja. I1oce6Ho je MOpaJIO 611TI1 YBa)!(eHO Oil CTpaHe l\eJIe

3ajellHI1l\e Kalla je Momo lIa 6Ylle ,,113Be3eHO" Ha IIPyre Tepl1Topl1je.

40 ... 3a Koje, 11 3 pa3nora HaBeAeHI1X y nornaBlhY • o HeOJl l1 TI1 3a ~l1Jl1 , cMaTpaM Aa cy

• npe,lV-bal.J. l1J1e Y cnpeM HOCTI1 Ha ceAeHTap11 3a~HJY .. .

139

HeHa)]; H. Tacl1n

Pa3MI1IlIlbalba K. BI1TeJII1 0 Marl1jl1 TJII1He 11 rrp0l13B0l1lbl1 rpH'Iapl1je

CMaTpaM KaO jel1HO 011 MOTynI1X, 110l1ajynl1 I1CKYCTBO ca TparrOBI1Ma, KOjl1

ce 011 BpeMeHa EI1HaHa (Eynan-Ain Mallaha), OI1HOCHO rrOCJIe 10000 . •

r0l111He CTape epe, KOpl1CTe y CKJIOrry CTaHI1IlITa 11 KOJI1 cy I1MaJII1 CBe

rrpel1YCJIOBe l1a rrOCJIe jel1HOr rro)!(apa 6Yl1Y rrpeTBOpeHI1 y ¢parMeHTe

CJ1t1Ka 46 - CTeneHaCTl1 MOTHS 113seJ{eH y pa3JU1"1I1TI1M TeXHI1KaMa Ha 6e,ll;pl1Ma )f(eH CKI1X cpt1ryplma

o,n: paHor AO n03Hor HeOJllfTa (1. BPWHUK; 2-3 . .IJ.OIba npatbeSI1Ha; 4. Ma'ieso)

KepaMI1Ke. KaKO TBPI1I1 BI1TeJII1 (1999: 191-192), KepaMl1'1Ka rrpOl1yKl.\l1ja

611JIa je, 6ap rrpeMa rrpl1Mepy 113 rrenl1He <!>paHKTI1, eKCKJIY311BHO 3Halbe

MaJIor 6poja )!(eHa. OHa 11M npl1l1aje Ba)!(HOCT (3Ha'laj) IlIaMaHa, IlITO Mo)!(e

11 He Mopa l1a 6Yl1e Ta'lHO, aJII1 rrOBeCT KOjy rrpaTI1MO 011 AHal10JII1je 110

OaJIKaHa 11 MI1HYl.\1103HO CJII1Kalbe Ha rrocyl)y l1e¢I1HI1TI1BHO rroTBpl)yjy

BeJII1KY CI1M60JII1'1HY Bpel1HOCT rpH'Iapl1je 3a 3ajeI1HI1l.\Y. ]l[CTo06pa3HOCT

y CTpaTerl1jl1 l1eKOpal.\l1je, Koja ce He OTJIel1a y I1l1eHTl1'1HI1M YKpaCI1Ma Ben

y orrIlITerrpl1XBaneHoj I1l1ejl1 11 CTpaTerl1jl1 pa3MepaBalba (reOMeTpl1jCKOM

rrpI1Hl.\l1rry) I1CTl1'1e HOBe KBaJII1TeTe, a TI1Me BepOBaTHO 11 HOB rrOJIo)!(aj

KOjl1 je )!(eHa ca rrO'lel.\I1Ma HeOJII1Ta OCBojI1JIa! Mo)!(e ce ca 110CTa • • •

113BeCHOCTI1 TBPI1I1TI1 l1a Je arrCTpaKl.\I1Ja pa3MepaBalba, KOJY BI1I1I1MO 11 • •

y OpraHl13al.\I1JI1 yKpaca Ha rpH'IapI1JI1, aJII1 11 y 113rpal1lbl1 KBal1paTHI1X

Kyna HOBI1TeT y I1l1eOJIOrl1jl1 OBor BpeMeHa. OBa I1l1eOJIOlliKa rrOCTaBKa, •

OI1HOCHO 11311BaJalbe KBal1paTa 11 lberOBor OI1HOCa C KpyroM a HapO'll1TO

lbeHO I1CTI1l.\albe y rrpBI1 rrJIaH l1eKOpaTI1BHor CI1CTeMa, rro MOM CXBaTalbY

l1e¢I1HI1IlIe 11 rroTBpl)yje rroCTojalbe CBeCTI1 0 Bpel1HOCTI1Ma KyJITypHOT

HacrrpaM rrpl1pOI1HOr, ypel)eHocTI1 HacrrpaM xaoca, rrJIaHl1palba rrpeMa

CTI1Xl1jl1. ]I[ yrrpaBo y BpeMe Kal1a HeOJII1TCKI1 Ha'll1H )!(I1BOTa, rrOCJIe 6pOjHI1X • •

I1CKYllielba, rrOCTaJe 110MI1HaHTaH Ha'll1H I1pYlliTBeHe OpraHI13al.\I1Je,

I1CTI1l.\albe rrOMeHYTI1X Bpel1HOCTI1 110611ja cBoje rryHo OrrpaBl1albe. ql1HI1

ce l1a je CaCBI1M jacHo l1a cy HeOJII1TCKI1 )!(I1Telbl1 (a HapO'll1TO lbl1XOBe

)!(eHe), 611JII1 CBeCHI1 BeJIl1'1l1He rrpOMeHe KOjy cy 113BeJII1. Kal1a ce y oBaj

I1I1CKYpC YBel1e 11 rrl1Talbe rrpe)!(I1BlbaBalba rrOTOMCTBa, Ha IlITa cy )!(eHe

140

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

CBaKaKO MHOrO OCeTlbMBMje Oil MYlliKapal1a, oHlla rrocTaje jacHo 360r 'lera

cy ca TOnMKOM MCTpajHollihy HeOnMTCKe YMeTHMl1e MCTMl1ane 3Ha'laj 1I0Ma

M lberOBMX 6narollaTM. 3a pa3nMKY Oil )i{. KOBeHa, KOjM "peBonYI1Mjy y

cMM60nMMa" BMIIM y rrpellcTaBaMa 60rMlba, BenMKMX MajKM, M qmrypa Koje

06ene)!(aBajy 6pyTanHy cMny Koja ce KPOTM, (Cauvin 2000), OHO IlITO ce rro

,

- -

•

~, " . •

Cm1Ka 47 - )KeHcKa ¢l1rypa 113 KOBaqeBa

MOM MHIlIlbelbY HCTH'le y rrpBM nnaH cy ynpaBo cynTHnHH HCKa3H Be3aHH

3a rrpMrrMTOMlbaBalbe rrpMpOlle M3pa)!(eHM rrpel1M3HO ena60pMpaHOM

reoMeTpMjoM!

MaKO je eBMlleHTHO MMnnMI1MpaHa, MnaK MM ce He 'lMHM lIa je

ynora )!(eHe Kao pOIIMTelbHl1e 6Hna y l1eHTPY OBor pa3pal)eHor CHCTeMa.

'-[MlbeHMl1a je lIa je rrpell HaMa cnMKaHM yKpac KOjM reHepanHo HYIIM

cno6ollY lIa ce 60jOM M KMCTOM Ha MHoro IIMpeKTHMjM Ha'lMH rrpellcTaBM

)!(eHCKa qmrypa, POll M nnollHocT Hero IlITO ce TO 'lMHM reoMeTpMjcKMM

06nHl1HMa aCOI1HpaHHM ca KpyroM OTBopa rrOCYlle. TIa HnaK OHe/OHH

ce ollny'lyjy 3a M360p MOT MBa ca "rrpeHeceHMM" 3Ha'lelbeM. Y OBOM

M360py ce MO)!(lIa Haj60lbe MO)!(e HacnyTMTM CBeCT 0 3Ha'lajy KyllmypHoz M lberOBOM "TPMjyM<j>y" Hall npupOOHUM. Beh nOMMlbaHM cyKo6 MHTepeca

H3Mel)y MYlliKapl1a H )!(eHe npHnHKoM celleHTapM3al1Hje, OIlHOCHO lberOBO

pa3pellielbe MO)!(lIa je lIo6Mno CBOj M3pa3 y cKpMBeHoj M cMM6onM'lKM

rrpMKa3aHoj Be3aHOCTM pOIIMTeIbMl1e, KyhaHMl1e M rpH'lapKe 3a KpeMpalbe

CBeCTM 0 1I0MY, rile je apTM<j>MI1MjenHocT reoMeTpMjcKe <j>opMe KBailpaTa

cy6nHMHpana OBY COI1HjanHy TeH3Hjy. CMaTpaM lIa cy IIY)!(HOCTH

)!(eHe, Koje ce He ollHoce caMO Ha rrOllM3albe rrOTOMCTBa (M caCBMM HOBO

MCKYCTBO ca peanHOM MoryhHollihy lIa rrpe)!(MBM caB rrollMnallaK M yl)e y

3penoCT), Beh 3arrpaBo OHe Koje ce ollHoce Ha rrnaHHpalbe, KOHI1MnMpalbe

M Ollp)!(aBalbe rrpoCTopa lIoMa H OKyhHMl1e 6MBane Bpno pa<j>MHMpaHO

rrpellCTaBlbeHe "reoMeTpMjcKMM Be)!(6aMa" ocnMKaHMM Ha TaHKMM M •

3BOHKMM 3MIIOBMMa HeonMTCKe rpH'lapMJe.

141

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1 n

Ha caMOM Kpajy OBe KIhMre l1ao CaM rrpel1nor rrepM0I1M3aU;Mje BpeMeHa paHor M cpel1lher HeonMTa u;eHTpanHor EanKaHa, Koja je M oMoryhMna

pa3MaTpalha Be3aHa 3a CTMn, cMM60nMKY M Be3e Me~y 3ajel1HMu;aMa ca OBor

rrpocTopa. I1epM0I1M3aU;MOHM CMCTeM M rrpernel1 rrpeTXOI1HMX CMCTeMa l1ao

1

Cnl1Ka 48 - 1, 3. PaKJ1TOBO (npeMa Hl1KOnOB 2002), 2. JaHl1Lta (Crisostomoll 1993a)

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Key to Fig. 49 - Starcevo culture sites in the central Balkan region

1. Adzine Njive- Klenak 2. Ajmana-Mala Vrbica 3. AniSte- Bresnica 4. Aradac-Leje 5. At- Vrsac 6. Bakovaca- Cacak 7. Banja- Arandelovac 8. Bastine- Obrez 9. Batka- Perlez 10. Bela bara- Durdevo 11. Beletinci- Vrsac 12. Biserna Obala- Nosa 13. Blagotin 14. Brdo- Kusovac 15. Bubanj-NiS 16. Budzak- Ludos 17. Bukovacka cesma - Bukovce 18. Bunar- Jagodina 19. Ciglana, Selo- Dobanovci 20. Crnokalacka bara- RujiSte 21. Cesta- Dobrovodica

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146

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Summary

At different times Serbian prehistoric archaeology has focused on different periods of the past. From time to time the problems of the Neolithic period have come to the forefront. In the course of the last twenty years the popularity of Neolithic research in Serbia has decreased significantly. We have been witnessing fewer and fewer systematic archaeological excavations, and only a small number of new Neolithic sites have been discovered. This represents a sharp contrast to the period of the 1960s and 1970s, when dozens of sites were discovered, investigated and some of them published. One of the reasons for this is, of course, the unfortunate period or the 1990s when Serbia was devastated by war, but the decline can be also attributed to the generation shift which occurred simultaneously. As interest declined interpretations became fewer and fewer. The one in front of you comes as an invitation and a teaser for the revival of interest in the complex enigmas of the Neolithic period of the Central Balkan region. For that reason, this book tackles diverse subjects from different perspectives and involves some of the most important and yet unsolved questions. These are the initial settling down of Neolithic communities, their taming of nature, the importance of salt, infant nutrition and its role at the beginning of the Neolithic period, and the periodization of the Early and Middle Neolithic of the Central Balkans. The choice to include these topics in a book is also stems from this author's wish to summarize his long term involvement with problems of the Early Neolithic period. At the end of this book a new periodization of the Starcevo culture is proposed.

The opening chapter, dedicated to the processes of Neolithization, represents an attempt to draw attention of the local archaeological community to numerous new books and articles that investigate the origins of the Neolithic and of the sedentary way of life. This selection

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is, of course, personal, but includes the most important models and theories. Both indigenous- and immigrant-oriented theories are presented. Neolithic subsistence has been widely debated and the author agrees with those whose opinion is that it must have represented a decline compared with Mesolithic subsistence. There is no consensus, however, among archaeologists regarding the motives for the transition towards poorer nutrition. The drop in nutrition was probably predictable to those who were making it and yet they accepted it. It is assumed that the increase of population must have demanded longer working hours in order to provide sustenance. In the discussion of the reasons for the new subsistence practices, it seems that one important detail has always been taken as a consequence rather than the cause for sedentization - early agriculture and consequently the invention of pottery and polished stone tools (or rather: a well-wrapped Neolithic package). The author proposes that the introduction of nutrition supplements in infant diet, and earlier weaning might have been the key reasons for experimenting with wild cereals, which took place in different locations in the wider Mediterranean region since the end of the last glaciation. This experience was accumulated throughout the following millennia and resulted eventually in the sedentary way of life and agriculture as the dominant subsistence basis. Due to its benefits to the young the "Neolithic package" has innate appeal that would have been recognizable and understandable to all. At the same time, carrying out this cultural transfer represents no harm to the communities that disseminate the knowledge.

Two main groups of scholars debated the questions of the first Neolithic in the Balkan area for decades. There were those who sought the origins in the Near Eastern cultures and those who sought it in local Mesolithic communities. New data acquired from the realm of applied sciences, together with alternative viewpoints taken in the study of archive archaeological material have recently ended this debate. Genetic research on anthropological material of Mesolithic and Neolithic populations from Central Europe has confirmed that the two groups have different ancestors (Bramanti et al. 2009), and therefore classical archaeological methods of comparative sequencing between the European and Anatolian Neolithic have gained a new value.

Unfortunately this new insight does not provide the reasons for the migrations which have occurred 8000 years ago. For this reason the author includes a chapter dedicated to climatic changes that occurred at the onset of the Neolithic. It is suggested that the models in which migrations are

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seen as a consequence a swift and sharp climatic change can be regarded as plausible. The optimal climatic cycle that characterized the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 6th millennium in the Balkans was probably a comfortable retreat for the populations gradually emigrating from the arid fringes of the Levant and the colder and drier Anatolian plateau.

* The author advances the hypothesis that Early Neolithic settlements

are almost always associated with some sort of salt source - surface salt, a rock salt mine, or brine or saline. The argument is put forward that the settlement pattern in the zone of primary Neolithisation and its diffusion into the Southeast Europe is closely associated with salt-rich soils and salines. Numerous sites in salt-rich regions may support the hypothesis that salt was used in food preparation and conservation and also in animal husbandry. The use of salt in animal husbandry is even more important than its use in human nutrition, because wild species could only obtain sufficient salt intake from large areas of pastures. Once they were taken captive and habituated to the sedentary way of life, which happened during the Early Neolithic, extra portions of salt must have been introduced into their diet. This could be achieved either by grazing them on salt­rich pastures, which was probably the case in the Near East, or in cases of salt-starved soils, which are frequent in the central Balkans, by adding imported blocks of salt.

Direct indications for salt use in the region of Central Balkans are the sites of Lunca - Poiana Slatini in the Siret valley, where a Middle-Neolithic settlement has been discovered in context with a saline that was in use until very recently (Dumitroaia 1987: 253-258); Gornja Tuzla, situated near the largest rock salt mine east of Transylvania, with its cone-shaped vessels that have been linked with briquetage (Covic 1961); Solnicata, a recently discovered site in the vicinity of rich salt brine (Nikolov 2008). The other evidence that speaks in favour of the use of salt comes from the locations of the earliest Neolithic sites in the Fertile crescent area. They are concentrated in the Zagros Mountains, the Levant and Anatolia - regions extremely rich in easily obtainable salt. The example of <;atal Hiiyiik, the first Neolithic urban centre, goes towards this point. It is situated in the Konya Plain, not far from Tuz Giilii, a salt lake which evaporates during the summer droughts leaving crusts of salt on the ground. Another very important site is Ha<;ilar, situated not far from Hadji Bektas (near Kayseri), the third largest inland salt source in the Ottoman Empire. Yet another

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example is the famous site ofJericho, which lies close to the Dead Sea on the salt-rich Jordan river.

A necesse est commodity (yet one so perishable from archaeological records), salt has been taken for granted and overlooked in discussions about the problems of the genesis of the Neolithic. The importance of trade and exchange in the Neolithic period has been discussed amply in archaeological literature, often dealing with obsidian, flint, quartz, sulphur, bitumen, spondylus, cinnabar etc. However, proper attention has been paid neither to the use of salt nor to the trade and exchange of this indispensable commodity. The most probable explanation for this is its abovementioned perishable nature and the relative abundance of salt in the regions of primary Neolithisation.

Salines and places of salt trade and exchange are usually marked by salt-related toponyms such as Saltzburg, Salona, Salies-de-Bearn, Salisbury, Halle, Hallein, Hallstatt, Tuzla or Tuz Gala. For example, there are more than twenty places throughout Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Macedonia named "Slatina", and most of them are associated with Neolithic sites.

The importance of salt as a vital commodity has already been recognised by Gordon Childe, who explained the golden finds from Merseburg by the exchange and "commercial importance" of salt (Childe 1929: 244). These findings, however, belong to a much later period of prehistory. Paradoxically, the significance of salt has been neglected in studying the cultures of the Neolithic - the time of the sedentization of human populations and the domestication of animals and plants. Except for the brief notes concerning salt trade (e.g. Sherrat 1976; Anati 1962; Gimbutas 1991) there have been no attempts to explain the connection between salines and the Early Neolithic settlement pattern.

If salt were recognized as a vital for Neolithic communities, then the spatial distribution of the Starcevo culture would look rather different but also be easier to understand. Generally evenly distributed in the ecosphere, salt is scarce in the Central Balkan area. This fact is to be taken into consideration regarding the settlement pattern of the Starcevo culture. Its core region is located in a salt-starved region, but the bordering regions contain salt-rich areas. The mixture of cultural phenomena is evident in salt-rich regions of the Starcevo-Karas-Cri~ complex which speaks in favor of their involvement in lively trade and exchange.

The vast region of the Balkans is speckled with sites of the Early Neolithic that have similarly ornamented painted pottery. From Podgorie, Albania in the southwest to Kovacevo, Bulgaria in the east and from

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Giannitsa, Greece in the south up to Donja Branjevina, Serbia, in the north, a tendency to represent geometrical motifs can be ascertained. The square, which occurs on a number of pots in the Balkans and southern Anatolia, is perhaps the most striking of all. But there are not just squares depicted on pottery. Along with them, "steps-shaped" motifs, straight lines, nets, triangles, wavy lines and leaf-shaped motifs are also common.

Only few pots with apparent painted square shapes have been discovered in the Balkans so far. That is probably one of the reasons they have not previously been recognized as vital for understanding Early Neolithic ornamental system. The Giannitsa findings, discovered in 1991 have been mentioned above (Fig. 31/1-3). Along with those there are fragments discovered in Nea Nikomedeia (Pyke, Yiouni 1996, Plate I19,12,15) wherein we can see an identical disposition of vertical and diagonal lines that resemble those from Giannitsa. From the site of Kovacevo there is one fragment (Fig. 28/8) decorated in the similar manner. However, there are many more pottery fragments with diagonal lines (straight, wavy or zigzag), which can be reconstructed to form squares. It is my belief that simple diagonal lines stand in for the square in later phases of the Early and Middle Neolithic. But, squares can be found on different types of objects as well, such as house models, altars and censers, and they are always associated with a circle and/or diagonals. The square as a concept can be traced all the way to the sites of the Lake District in Western Anatolia, like Kuru~ay Hiiyiik or Ha~ilar (Duru 1994; 1999; Mellaart 1970). At these sites we can see the identical treatment of metopes, which is related to the circumference of the rim of the pot. Sometimes the calculations become even more complicated and the metope is divided into 4 smaller ones. There are also vertical lines between metopes, which provide for the even distribution of squares around the pot (examples from: Ha~ilar - Melaart 1965; Duru 1999).

Along with quadratic and rectangular metopes a strict geometrical disposition can be also observed in the proportions of an ascoid vessel from Hiiyiicek, but also in the disposition of a reclining female figurine (Fig. 34/6). The square appears also on a miniature table from the same site. As we can see from the chronological table for the Lake District the sites of this region are somewhat earlier than the EN sites in the Balkans so it appears that this tradition must have originated in their primary inhabitation zone. The background for geometry probably developed from the accumulated building traditions of the early settled communities of Anatolia. The masterpieces of architecture discovered at A~ykli Hiiyiik, Cafer Hiiyiik and Nevali <;:ori with perfect rectilinear floor-plans, or

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<;:ayonu with intriguing grill-plan buildings, could explain the importance of geometry and its high standards (Ozdogan, Ba~legen 1999).

The fact that the square is almost totally absent from the natural world then makes Neolithic geometry puzzling. The quadratic form is completely artificial and represents an opposition to the circle. Being a two-dimensional shadow of the sphere, the circle in different cultures, as reported by anthropologists (e.g. Lawlor 1989), represents the natural world, and is regarded throughout cultural history as a symbol of the "indescribable oneness". In contrast, the square represents the manifest and comprehensible world. It would appear then that the clash between circle and square represents society's battle with nature and the attempt to break free from its ruthless temper.

As we can see from numerous examples a square is almost always associated with steps or wavy lines. A steps-shaped motif is apparently a very important one and can be encountered over a very long period of time. It can be found throughout the course of the entire Early and Middle Neolithic of the Balkans. Painted steps are almost always combined with some other ornament and are placed diagonally in relation to the rim e.g. Anzabegovo, or Gradinile in Romania (Nica 1992).

Steps are occasionally represented in negative as on a white painted pot from Kovacevo, Bulgaria (Perniceva 1995). Occasionally the steps are hidden within some other ornament. When incised they have the form of a zigzag ornament. The zigzag motif is almost exclusively placed diagonally relative to the rim. There are also plastic zigzag ornaments (possibly handles) on EN pottery (Donja Branjevina) and altars (Kovacevo, cube). The importance of steps or zigzag motifs, regardless of the material or technique used for their execution, can be also ascertained on the basis of a representation of a zigzag shaped pendant on a female figurine discovered at the site of Donja Branjevina. One of those pendants was eventually discovered at the site of Blagotin, Serbia (Nikolic, Zecevic 2001). As we can see from the examples from Kovacevo (Fig. 28, 29) and Donja Branjevina, zigzag lines are closely associated with houses and women. The decoration incised on the buttocks on these female figurines corresponds well with the ornamental system regularly represented on altars or censers.

If we take a closer look at altars and house models from Kovacevo (Perniceva 1995), Vrsnik (Garasanin 1979), Lepenski Vir, Donja Branjevina (Karmanski 2005) and other sites of the early Neolithic of the Central Balkans we can conclude that these representations are most probably associated with the idea of domus. Female attributes often placed on the legs of altars associate them with women as well. There are a variety of

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motifs that can be found on these objects. The most frequent are zigzag lines, diagonally placed steps, molded breasts and sometimes female busts. Regardless of the technique of decoration, steps find their place on almost every altar and house model of the Early and Middle Neolithic of SE Europe. Another striking feature exclusively found on altars is the association of squares and circles in 3D. Numerous examples show that the basis of an altar always bears a circular recipient. Sometimes, as we can see from altars from Donja Branjevina, diagonal lines are carved into or moulded on the lower side of a base. The example from Obrez, Serbia (Brukner 1960) demonstrates the longevity of this phenomenon. This piece is dated to the end of the Starcevo culture, and there are opinions that it coincides with the beginning of the Vinca culture.

Spectacular findings from Lepenski Vir - not the famous stone sculptures, but altars discovered in Neolithic layers of the site - show how deep into 3D thinking about abstract forms such as square, cube, sphere and other 3D dimensional forms the pot makers of the Early Neolithic plunged (Srejovic 1971). Mounted on a pedestal, represented by a cube-shaped home (domus), similar to those from other Early Neolithic sites in Macedonia, there is a recipient in the form of a square wrapped over a sphere! The question of the relationship between these finds and the Mesolithic strata of Lepenski Vir, also an important issue, is not discussed.

In that case of the pot from Giannitsa the height of the motif is almost identical to the radius of the pot. Since there are more examples of the same strategy from the same period (Fig. 37/2) we could agree that this is definitely not a mere coincidence. In order to achieve such a decoration on a pot one would have to be well aware of the basics of geometry.

In order to demonstrate the complexity of this way of thinking the author presents one of the approaches to solving the legendary mathematical problem of squaring the circle. If a circle with radius Ix is rotated along a surface for 1800 the line between points A and B will equal 1t (Fig. 36). If we draw a semicircle with the radius AC=AB+l and extend the radius of the right circle until it bisects the semicircle at a point D then we will obtain the equation AB x BC=BD2 which would solve the problem of the squaring of a circle since AB = 1t and BC = 1. The bizarre fact is that the pot from Giannitsa shown at Fig. 31/1 has a diameter of the lip identical to the circle 2r=AC; the dimensions of the metopes are identical to the square produced above, and the base of the pot identical to the circle with the radius Ix.

It is clear that Neolithic potters were not aware of this dilemma in the form quoted above, and that they did not decide on the height of the

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decoration because of some abstract formula. But, on the other hand, it is evident that the ancient potters must have had a serious problem when attempting to paint the square with the side which equals the radius of the pot without having an empty space between the squares or metopes. This would probably not deserve such attention if the circle (in these examples determined by the dimension of the rim of a vessel) was to be divided in 4, 8 or 16. In the cases of Giannitsa, Rakitovo, Kuruo;:ay some other cases, we can see that there were 6 metopes, so more than a simple division of the circle was needed. Vertical lines were placed between squares (sometimes two and sometimes three of them), which helped to compensate for the impossibility of applying the above mentioned equation using either algebraic or geometrical methods.

More examples of elaborate geometrical calculations can be observed on the pots from Podgorie, Albania and Donja Branjevina, Serbia. On both pots the potter had to calculate the size of each triangle (or a square made of two triangles) relative to the perimeter of the pot very precisely. In order to apply this attractive decoration - where red and white triangles encircle the pot in friezes and cover entire surface of the pot - the calculation had to be relative to the diameter of the pot but also to the sphere and the diameter of the base of the pot (Fig. 37/1). It is amazing that a small cylindrical pot from Giannitsa (Fig. 37/2) that appears to have been used as a geometrical exercise has been discovered. It seems that the decoration has been left unfinished, as if the potter was caught half way through in laying out the grid for friezes of triangles. The shape of the pot is also not standard for this period but makes it easier for the potter to practice this complicated calculation. Further examples of identical geometrical ideas can be found at Hao;:ilar, and other sites mentioned above.

But why did ancient potters decide to promote geometry as a standard for the decoration of their display pottery? Was it simple replication of the decoration applied in some other media such as basketry or weaving (Cootner 1990), where geometrical motifs are determined by the material and structure of the product itself? A voice against the idea that the elements of decorative system found on EN pottery was derived from weaving is that of M. Mallet (1994), who argues that very few of the elements from Hao;:ilar V pottery could be successfully duplicated in the slit-weave tapestry of Anatolia. She informs us further that "color intersections aligned vertically and numerous narrow parallel verticals or diagonals are features that experienced tapestry weavers try their best to avoid." Subsequently, it must have been something other than the aesthetics of other media that stood behind this elaborate geometrical decoration.

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The author suggests that it is plausible to argue that the affinity towards complicated geometrical calculations with squares painted on the pottery of the Lake District and Central Balkans, represented on altars, censers and house models, originates from the tradition of house building from the beginnings of the Neolithic in the primary Neolithization zone, or more precisely its northern part.

The devotion to a permanent home and its benefits could have been celebrated in this way by newly settled humans. But, if we remember that among other benefits of the transition to a sedentary way of life and food production the most important and visible one was a population boom and much better chances of raising healthy offspring, then we must agree that the Neolithic 'new deal' must have had much more impact on women than on men. It is likely that in the course of Neolithization women acquired key roles in the domestic realm. Their new duties were probably focused on the household: food preparation, storage planning, the upkeep of children and the elderly, the organization of social life in the village. All of a sudden the woman became a decision maker. The process of sedentization has been observed in the 1960ies in the Huottuja, a hunter-gatherer society of Southern Venezuela. M. Melnyk (1993) informs us that women had the decisive role in determining the transition to a sedentary way of life. Numerous Neolithic female figurines associated with domus seem to confirm the newly acquired self-respect.

Pottery making was, according to some authors (eg. Vitelli 1999), probably another one of women's new activities and interests. If so, the ornamental system on Early Neolithic pottery must have been an expression of the lady of the house. The entire symbolic system preserved on pottery fragments with squares and circles, zigzag motifs and complex geometry, most probably represents women's rational and yet also emotional statement praising the idea of domus and the settled way of life. The power of this idea, visualized through squares, circles and geometry, could be felt on the fact that it had been dispersed across continents and sustained for a long time. Recorded on pottery of the early Neolithic Near East and Europe we have an ideological system which shows that the abstract thinking of the inhabitants of these regions was well developed. It also shows an awareness that this way of thinking made them prosperous.

It is probably unwise to expect that the proof for cultural links among the populations of the Balkans and Anatolia would emanate merely from identical color used to paint pots, or a preference towards a particular type of inclusion on the clay or the shape of pots. On the other hand the way of thinking that could have lain behind the geometry on the pottery,

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as the author tried to demonstrate, can be identified in contemporaneous archaeological sites more than a thousand kilometers apart. This speaks in favor of the existence of a common cultural and ideological sphere. Being utterly abstract, this complex and elaborate ideological scheme probably wouldn't be possible to transfer by any means but narrative, which indicates that proficient verbal and symbolic communication, must have existed among these communities.

Following chapter of this book is dedicated to the chronology of the Early and Middle Neolithic of the Central Balkan region. The essence of every periodization is, of course, an attempt to categorize time and divide it into distinctly named blocks. We are well aware that phases, sub-phases, cultural horizons and relative-chronological sequences are constructs of archaeologists who struggle to introduce order into their data so as to make interpretation possible. This fact should oblige us to be ready at any moment to abandon or at least alter our (pre-)conceptions in the face of new evidence. Unfortunately, there has not been much enthusiasm for such an attitude in the past, so we more often witnessed persistent perseverance on once-established constructions than readiness to reject them and to create new ones. Sometimes we can even have sympathy for such an attitude. For example, the capital work of V. Milojcic Chronologie der jungere Steinzeit Mittel- und SudostEuropas was published in the year 1949, at the same time when W. Libby in Chicago published the results of his radioactive carbon 14C dating experiments (Arnold, Libby 1949), which thoroughly and irreversibly altered approaches to studying and understanding prehistory. The relative chronological relations so meticulously determined by MilojCic on the basis of excellent knowledge of archaeological material, establishing of analogies, determination of imported goods, and thorough investigation were convincing enough for traditionally-educated archaeologists while the new method of dating mostly influenced the younger generations of the Serbian archaeologists. In any case, two groups of archaeologists were constituted already at that time and they later diverged further when the questions of origin of the Neolithic cultures in the Central Balkans was raised. Maybe this division and disagreement could also explain the fact that after many years of fieldwork, study, and classification, and after many books and articles that have the Starcevo culture in their titles, the origin, duration, distribution, and internal chronology of this culture have not been definitively pinned down. An additional problem in resolving these problems is the abundance of single-layered sites in the Early and Middle Neolithic of the Central Balkans. The absence of thoroughly investigated

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and well published multilayered settlements that lived through many phases in the central area of the Starcevo culture resulted in investigators working either with just few sites where two phases were partially overlapping or making their periodizations on the basis of stylistic and typological analyses of the pottery.

Various authors were engaged in rethinking the Starcevo culture periodization. The author mentions just few of them: V. MilojCic, D. Arandelovic-Garasanin, M. Garasanin, S. DimitrijeviC, D. SrejoviC, H. Todorova and 1. Vajsov, L. Thiessen, and the author. Each one of us has contributed to the understanding of the earliest Neolithic culture of the Central Balkans.

The chronological system proposed by V. MilojCic (1949) that opened up the question of the periodization of the Starcevo culture was conceived taking into account the pottery collected in the investigations conducted by M. Grbic in 1928 and V. Fewkes and R. Ehrich in 1932 at the type-site of Starcevo. His results indicate that there was an expectation that the complete evolution of this culture had been present at this site. Thus the contents of the lowest layers of prehistoric humus and the pits without painted pottery were used to define the earliest phases of the Starcevo culture including all shapes and all types of decoration of the coarse pottery. If this opinion of V. Milojcic is proven correct then it can only be due to his archaeological intuition, because the facts were not yet in.

The periodization of D. Arandelovic-Garasanin, like the periodization of V. MilojCic, is based on the study of material from the type-site of the Starcevo culture. It is also obvious here that the class of coarse pottery is regarded as chronologically insignificant as it is stated that all types of ornaments on coarse pottery are present in all three phases identified at Starcevo. In the phase II white and dark paintings appear simultaneously which is confirmed on other sites as well and it is suggested that rectilinear and curvilinear painted motifs are synchronous. It seems that for the chronological determination of pottery in this system of periodization the external surface treatment of fine pottery is more important and the way of painting and selection of motifs and colors is of lesser importance. In this manner the phase IIb is distinguished on the basis of predomination of dark color without more detailed classification of the motifs.

Since 1960s and particularly since the discovery of the pre-Neolithic Lepenski Vir culture in 1969 there was a split between those seeking the origin of the Neolithic way of life in the south of the Balkans and in Anatolia and those, led by D. Srejovic, the excavator of Lepenski Vir, who are of the opinion that the origins of the Starcevo culture of Early and

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Middle Neolithic should be looked for within the Lepenski Vir culture (Srejovic 1979). The keystone of the latter opinion is certainly the discovery of numerous pottery fragments encountered not only at Lepenski Vir but also at other sites of the Lepenski Vir culture. In the meantime a number of studies have been published (Radovanovic 1996; Boric 2002; Boric and Miracle 2004), suggesting the possibility of the overlapping of the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations in this area. These suggestions have been made on the basis of the radiocarbon dates from Mesolithic and Neolithic strata and also the discovery of the pottery on the floors of a few trapezoidal houses typical of the Mesolithic culture of Lepenski Vir. Unfortunately, D. Srejovic is no longer with us and those who persist in his views on the origin and chronology of the Early Neolithic are unwilling to accept the possibility of spatial and temporal contact between the Mesolithic cultures in the Iron Gates and the Neolithic farmers. The dispute between these two groups of archaeologists has slowed down to a great extent the development of Serbian Neolithic archaeology, turning it back to the origins of the Neolithic and keeping it there. The periodization suggested by D. Srejovic (197l) is based in its initial phases on the material discovered at Lepenski Vir in what he labels as an (indisputably) Neolithic layer. These are the horizons Lepenski Vir IlIa lower segment and IlIa upper segment as well as Lepenski Vir III. The rest of this system is completed on the basis of the pottery from other Starcevo culture sites. The division of the Early Neolithic in the central Balkans in two main stages - Proto-Starcevo and Starcevo - is in harmony with attempts to introduce the Middle Neolithic phase in the evolution of the Neolithic of all southeast Europe. Thus the Proto­Starcevo phases are attributed to the Early Neolithic i.e. the beginning of the evolution of the Neolithic. According to D. SrejoviC this was caused by the ideal micro climate of the Iron Gates.

This system of internal periodization is the first one to give a chronologically relevant role to barbotine ornamentation by dividing the evolution of the Starcevo culture into periods before and after its occurrence. However, just as V. MilojCic and D. Arandelovic-Garasanin were criticized for only working with the material from Starcevo, so this periodization could be criticized as the Proto-Starcevo phases I and II are distinguished only on the basis of the finds from Lepenski Vir, layers IlIa lower, IlIa upper and IIlb. Since the lack of barbotine pottery and painted ornaments on one hand and domination of red monochrome pottery on the other is chronologically rather insensitive for the Starcevo culture the phase "Proto-Starcevo I" cannot be confirmed. Only if the site had been investigated to the greatest possible extent and if comprehensive

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quantitative statistical analysis had been performed would this be possible. In the archaeology of the Neolithic of the southeast Europe S.

DimitrijeviC will be remembered as an expert in the archaeological material and the author of several important investigations associated with the Neolithic period. His periodization of the Starcevo culture dating from the 1960s is based on the thorough analysis of the stylistic traits of the Starcevo pottery throughout the area of its distribution (Dimitrijevic 1969 and 1974). Dimitrijevic is aware of the fact that the discovery of the multilayered sites of this culture would solve his dilemmas about the phasing and determine the chronological position of many single-layered settlements of the Early and Middle Neolithic period in the region he was interested in. He does not repeat the mistake made by his colleagues and does not insist on the material from just one site. On the contrary, he managed to create the division based on the overlapping of individual phases of the Starcevo culture at different sites across the board. His smart labeling of phases (Monochrome, Linear, Girlandoid, Spiraloid) denotes his main focus: to systematize decorative elements on the Starcevo pottery.

The setback for this periodization occurs in its practical application since stylistic manifestations, such as drop-like white painting (generally 0.1 % of the total number of fragments) , trailing the sheath of branches etc. , appear extremely rarely but are still identified as decisive for chronological determination. Dimitrijevic distinguishes different types of painted motifs in distinct phases as it seems the only possible way to find a difference and was entirely justified in the time when his chronological system was created. It has been realized more recently, especially since the finds from Anzabegovo, Cavdar, Kovacevo or Donja Branjevina have been published, that various motifs of decoration appear in numerous combinations at the same time. Now it seems that it is more justified to classify this heterogeneity into regional frames and to allow for greater variability in this matter.

Dimitrijevic rightfully expresses hesitation regarding the mo­nochrome phase of the Starcevo culture and allows for further demarcation of sub-phases within its duration. Some authors are already distinguishing them (e.g. Minichreiter 1992). On the other hand Dimitrijevic regards it as hypothetical (1974). It seems that he keeps this phase in his system more under the pressure/expectation of generally accepted preconception that the phase of early, simple in forms, undecorated, coarse, utilitarian pottery must have existed, than due to hard evidence in archaeological material. The unanswered questions of the origin of the Neolithic in the Balkans are clearly perceptible here. The last phase of DimitrijeviC's periodization

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labeled as Final is questioned by the author himself. He assumes that this horizon should have existed due to the unobtrusive transformation from the Starcevo to the Vinca culture. He presumes that painted ornaments are missing in that phase due to the influence of the forthcoming Vinca culture, which developed painted decoration mainly at the end of its evolution.

M. Garasanin, a great expert in Balkan prehistory and the author of many investigations at the Neolithic culture sites in the Balkans, has also given his contribution to the clarification of this problem by suggesting some corrections of the periodization of D. Arandelovic-Garasanin (Garasanin, M. 1971). 'As the system of D. Garasanin is based on more reliable data (compared to MilojCiC's periodization, remark N.N.T.) and as phases IIa and lIB of her periodization logically make one closely related genuine Starcevo entirety, we shall use in our work her chronological division' (Garasanin, M., 1971: 73-85; 1972: 37 and 132-136). In this way, using the term genuine Starcevo entirety M. Garasanin confirms the existence of the phases, which are not genuinely of Starcevo character. This fits into his way of reflecting on the question of Early and Middle Neolithic and his distinguishing of the regional 'groups' Anzabegovo and Gura Bacului that stand at the beginning of the Neolithic evolution of the southeast Europe. His conviction that these cultural patterns differ considerably from the Starcevo culture is basically correct since the settlement pattern, architecture and pottery differ significantly from the elements that we encounter in the 'early phases' of the central Balkans. Analyzing the connections and synchronisms with the Anzabegovo-Vrsnik group, M. Garasanin dates Starcevo III to the same time as Phase III of Anzabegovo-Vrsnik. After analyzing the finds from the sites Giulvez, Bastine, and Vinkovci-Tdnica he eventually attributes the content to the previously intuitively distinguished phase. The features of Starcevo III are polychromatic painting and running spirals that end as claws or paws. According to M. Garasanin the emergence of Vinca culture features is to be expected in Starcevo III.

The dilemma with the periodization of D. Arandelovk-Garasanin and also with the adjusted periodization of M. Garasanin is the question how to date a Single-layered site in phases other than IIb. The pottery with white painted ornamentation is quite rare and monochromatic pottery is not sensitive enough.

The periodization proposed by H. Todorova and I. Vajsov (1993) is an exceptional attempt to link the cultures of the Early and Middle Neolithic in the Balkans by a mutual periodization and in this way to emphasize their relationship and shared roots.

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Since the number of existing periodizations of the Neolithic of the Balkans almost matches the number of its investigators, as Todorova and Vajsov remark, the system they proposed aimed to provide an alternative. Their intention was to create single periodization which will present common tendencies in the Neolithic evolution within the entire Balkan Peninsula. In this way the use of different names for the same cultural phenomena could be avoided. For the construction of this system the authors used monochrome pottery and white painting as the most distinguishing phenomena on one hand and true historical age, based upon 14C analysis, on the other.

It seems, however, that this system in its attempt to establish uniform and all-inclusive divisions resulted in sacrificing the sophisticated phasing within each of these cultures.

Perhaps the most interesting and intriguing attempt to clarify the early stages of the neolithisation of the Balkans has been made by L. Thiessen (2000). He has challenged chronological relations which were previously regarded as "unquestionable". His meticulous work and fresh approach has cast the shadow of doubt on what has been regarded as the early Neolithic sequence of Macedonia (both Greek and FRY). The occurrence of white painted ornamentation, which was the decisive element for dating pottery assemblages in the early Neolithic, Thiessen confronts with a series of 14C dates. He concludes that it should be attributed to the middle Neolithic phase. However some of the decisive 14C dates from Serbia, such as those from MagareCi Mlin, Donja Branjevina, Padina, and Divostin still corroborate the early position of these sites within the Neolithic sequence of the Central Balkans.

As we have seen above, the existing periodizations of the Starcevo culture correspond to a narrow and simplified image of dynamic process that took place during the Early and Middle Neolithic. Lacking a better solution, Balkan archaeologists are still forced to rely on conventional comparative means and intuition. Treating just one category of archaeological material (basically pottery), they observe the artistic expression depicted on the pottery as a motionless event, paying too much attention to the means and too little to the content of the ornamental system. Attempts to compare and synchronize different phases established by different authors frequently result in confusion because the contents of the phases are not identical for all the authors. For some of them certain manifestations of pottery decoration indicate the beginning and for the others the end of the culture. For example, it should be said that the

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appearance of 'wheat of grain' in the system of V. MilojCic is characteristic ofthe end of the Starcevo culture (phase Starcevo IV) and in the system of D. Srejovic this same phenomenon defines the phase Proto-Starcevo II. This means that authors must decide on just one of them and that it is unsuitable to date archaeological material after different systems, as still happens throughout the literature (e.g. Starcevo IIa after D. Arandelovic-Garasanin or Proto-Starcevo II after D. Srejovic). Even the two closest systems, those of V. MilojCic and D. ArandeloviC-Garasanin, include different contents in some phases, for example Starcevo IV after MilojCic and Starcevo III after D. Arandelovic-Garasanin.

It is the author's conviction that the choice of motifs and colors to be painted on the pottery is probably of greater importance than the color of firing of the pot. In the oxidation process of firing, which was exclusively applied in pottery making during the entire Starcevo culture, the exact shade of a color of the surface of the pot must have been very difficult to achieve. It is highly unlikely that pottery of "inappropriate" color would have been discarded beyond the archaeological record. Hence, the color of the pottery should be looked upon with fewer expectations regarding its chronological significance. On the other hand it is certain that special attention would have been paid to painted decoration because, among other things, it was easier to control.

The Starcevo culture in its core region is abundant in coarse pottery. The treatment, deposition pattern and fragmentation of this class of pottery indicate that it was probably for everyday use. Simple shapes and thick and poorly fired walls made of less refined clay with a lot of chaff give a rustic impression. In the periodizations proposed by V. MilojCic and D. Garasanin all types of coarse pottery appear from the beginning to the end of the Starcevo culture. However, there might be a possibility of establishing a chronological relationship on the basis of the patterns of the ornamentation on coarse pottery, but only until the moment when all types of decoration appear simultaneously. According to S. Dimitrijevic this is the beginning of the Spiraloid A phase. It seems that decorative patterns on coarse pottery are also chronologically indicative: the way barbotine is organized or the motif of 'wheat of grain' appears to be directly related to the organization of painted motifs. Thus, when decoration with painted curvilinear motifs dominates engraved, patterned barbotine, relief or impressed motifs are organized in a similar manner (e.g. N.N. Tasic 2001: 43-47).

On the other hand the displaypotterywhich is far morechronologically sensitive represents only a small fraction of pottery assemblages within the Starcevo culture. It was made of much better refined clay with exceptionally

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thin walls, often with fine slip. The decoration of such vessels represents one of the highest achievement of this epoch. Although there is no conclusive evidence for the durability of either class of pottery it is generally assumed that 'luxury ware' was not used for cooking, which would have prolonged its life span. According to some researchers, coarse pottery (cooking ware) lasts up to three years, while the other class could have been handed down for few generations (Arnold 1985) causing what we might label as a 'luxury ware effect'. Unfortunately, without systematic radiometric direct dating of pottery we cannot explore this possibility.

The author believes that the elaborate geometric ornamental system must have had substantial importance in the Neolithic system of thinking on the basis of the very presence of this kind of display ware throughout the large areas of the Balkans and Anatolia (N.N. Tasic 2007).

The following periodization is the result of a thorough study the author has made of the pottery material of the southeast Europe from Cluj to Thessalonica and from Tuzla to Bucharest. In the absence of more radiocarbon dates, this is yet another attempt to systematize the pottery, only this time with more attention to neighboring regions and also the available 14C dates. One of the most important steps forward in understanding the chronological sequence of the Starcevo culture and the Neolithic of the central Balkans was the systematic excavation at Anzabegovo. This site has remained the most Significant multilayered Neolithic settlement to the north of Thessalonica and to the west of the Struma valley. Two independent teams carried out the excavations Simultaneously: one was directed by M. Garasanin (1979) and the other by M. Gimbutas (1976). However, their interpretations of the chronological sequence were in disagreement. It was M. Garasanin's conviction that there must have been a mix-up in the recording system of the American team so there leading to an inversion of phases II and III. Not only because M. Garasanin had a reputation as an excellent field director who worked for decades in the region, but also on the grounds of pottery assemblages from other Neolithic sites with stratigraphic sequences it is our opinion that his chronological sequence should be accepted as the more plausible one. This opinion is also substantiated by radiocarbon dates (N.N. Tasic 2006). The importance of the site of Anzabegovo is also due to the fact that at least the initial phases of the Early Neolithic in the central Balkans could be perceived here in an unbroken order (phases Ia-c /II).

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ENCB - before 5900 cal. BC

Simple pottery shapes and the domination of fine pottery are the distinguishing elements of this phase. Fine pottery often has slip, which is sometimes polished. A particularly significant phenomenon is the occurrence of diverse geometric motifs, which obviously have a central role in the symbolic system of this society (Tasic 2007). White painted pottery with ornaments organized in square metopes also appears in the fine pottery class. There are also ornaments with motifs of drops (forming geometrical shapes such as squares and lozenges), tremolo lines, zigzag motifs and triangles. The quality and durability of painted ornament in this phase is often emphasized by different authors. The coarse pottery is sometimes decorated with lines, nets or impressions. It corresponds to Anzabegovo Ia -Ie. M. Garasanin refers to this period as the Gura Bacului phase (1979). It is probably possible to discern further sub-phases.

The following sites can be attributed to this phase: MagareCi Mlin­Apatin, Donja Branjevina-Odzaci, Divostin I, Rudnik 1, Stubica-Derdap, Velesnica-Derdap, VIa sac (Neolithic stratum), Padina-Derdap,

Middle Neolithic of Central Balkans (MNCB) after 5900 cal Be.

This is the time of classical Starcevo culture. The quality of pottery generally deteriorates. Coarse ware is dominant. As one can see from the assemblage of this time at Anzabegovo (Thiessen 2000: 214) and Vrsnik (M. Garasanin 1985-1986: 25-35) an influence from the central zone of the Starcevo culture can be ascertained.

MNCB I - until 5800 cal. BC

Coarse pottery dominates. Patterned barbotine ornamentation and a 'wheat of grain' motif executed by impressions prevail. Rare white painted motifs still occur together with the first examples of dark painting during this phase. The coarse pottery is also decorated by incisions without a clear strategy. It corresponds to Anzabegovo II.

Sites: Divostin I, Grivac, Lug- Zvecka(Obrenovac), Velesnica, Rudnik II, Drenovac I, Stubica, Vlasac (Neolithic horizon), Karagac-Zitkovac (lower horizon), Starcevo (pits 3A and 5A bottom layer).

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MNCB II - until 5700 cal. BC

White motifs completely disappear and they are replaced by dark painted motifs. They can be rectilinear and sometimes are combined with garlands. The coarse pottery maintains the same character as during the preceding phase. It corresponds to Anzabegovo lIb.

Sites: At- Vrsac, Gladnice- Gracanica, Kucajna- Bor, Drenovac IIa, Sasinci 521, TeCic-Rekovac, Vinca- Belo brdo (Starcevo finds), Starcevo (Pit 5A below the lower floor and Pits 4, 6, 7).

MNCB IlIa - until 5400 cal. BC

Spirals painted in dark color are the most striking motif of this phase. They are often executed with great care and geometrical precision. The skill applied in positioning running spirals around the spherical or conical pot demonstrates the importance of this motif. It also reveals that geometry has retained its Significance and vitality since the initial phases of the development of this culture. Another important feature is the reappearance of white painted decoration. This time the color applied is without luster and rubs off. The motifs are identical to those painted in dark colors. The spiral terminating in the form of a 'paw' is a Significant indicator of this phase. The coarse pottery is decorated with all techniques and combination of techniques as well as by emulating the motifs of painted ornamentation. It corresponds to Anzabegovo III.

Sites: Ciglana-Dobanovci, Cukar- Gumniste (Pavlovac), Curga­Ludos, Damnjanov Kladenac-Jagodina, Dubocaj-Grocka, Crnokalacka Bara, Dubrava I- Knjazevac, Gladnice Ib-Gracanica, Krusevac-Centar, Ribnjak-Becej, Rudnik IV, Sajan-Dombos, Drenovac lIb, Supska-Cuprija, Salitrena PeCina-Valjevo, Valuge- Knjazevac, Velika Cesma-VrtiSte (NiS), Zmajevac-Smederevska Palanka.

MCNB IIIb - after 5400 cal. BC

Frequent biconical shapes, goblets on a foot, and the appearance of dark burnished pottery indicate close connections with the Vinca culture. On the other hand spirals that cover the entire surface of the vessel are a traditional trait of the Starcevo culture. The regional diversity of the Starcevo culture is even more pronounced. It is the period of cohabitation of two major Neolithic cultures of the Central Balkans.

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Sites: Burica Vinogradi-Grabovac (Obrenovac), Golokut-Vizic (Fruska gora) , Karagac-Zitkovac, Krsticeva Humka-Zrenjanin, Luka u Sastavcima, Drenovac III, Topole-Bac, Tranjina Bara-Crnce (Jagodina), Vinogradi-Becej, Gornja Tuzla, Anzabegovo IV, Rudinik IV,

The author's suggestion of the abbreviation ENCB or MNCB, resulting from an English term for the main stages of the Neolithic in the central Balkans, was made not only due to similar adopted norms in Greek and Bulgarian archaeology but also in order to facilitate communication with foreign scholars who, as it seems, accept such terms in periodizations. Distinguishing the Middle and Early Neolithic in the Yugoslavperiodization has been accepted already in Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemaija (1979) based on the periodization ofD. Teocharis (1973).

The division proposed here at first glance resembles the divisions of V. MilojCic, D. Arandelovic-Garasanin, D. Srejovic and M. Garasanin. However, it should be mentioned that the contents of certain phases are changed. Perhaps the most important difference with the other chronological systems is in the early Neolithic phase where special accent is given to geometrical motifs. Another distinction is the reappearance of white painted decoration by the end of the Starcevo culture. Although it has been mentioned in the context of polychromatic painting in later phases, this phenomenon has long been a puzzle for the excavators who discovered this manner of decoration together with dark painted spirals in their assemblages. The phases of Early and Middle Neolithic distinguished by the author correspond well with the chronological sequence of Anzabegovo and also with the east Balkans and the Aegean (ENCB = Anzabegovo la-Ie; MNCB I-II = Anzabegovo IIa-b; MNCB IIIa-IIIb = Anzabegovo III-IV).

The term Proto-Starcevo as used by D. Srejovic denotes the association of this phase with the Starcevo culture as is confirmed by the appearance of the barbotine technique in the Proto-Starcevo II phase. The new term for the phase ENCB is formulated as such in order to avoid confusion in the quoting and possible use of this periodization. Besides, it fits much better into the general tripartite periodization of the Neolithic of southeast Europe. Based on the study of the vessel shapes, the manner of their production and ornamental techniques, the author is convinced that these are actually two cultures from the same cultural circle that are organically connected, being divided perhaps only by some new influences or the inception of the autochthonous regional development. By introducing the terms Early and Middle we try not to prejudice their cultural relationship.

In the chronological system suggested here, there is the possibility of the parallel existence of settlements with and without painted decoration.

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This fact is also of significance when we analyze the character and chronological position of single-layered settlements. Nevertheless, more radiometric dating results are critical for answering the question of the relation of single layered and permanent sites within the Starcevo culture

• regIOn.

Acknowledgements

First of all, lowe my gratitude to Milutin Garasanin, who had managed to encourage my confidence when it came to relative chronological position of the sites of the Starcevo culture in the central Balkan region. To my family, wife Danijela, mother Vera and father Nikola, lowe deep gratefulness and sincere appreciation for being so supportive and tolerant. Without the colleagues from entire Balkans - D. Garasanin, K. Kotsakis, P. Chrisostomou, G. Toufexis, K. Stavros, V. Nikolov, T. Stefanova, 1. Kulov, G. Lazarovici, D. Ciobotaru, M.M. Ciuta, D. Nikolic, M. Bogdanovic, S. Vetnic, V. Sanev and M. Bilbija, who have made possible for me to see the material and acquire further information regarding the archaeological context of the finds - this book could have been considered a mere cabinet product. To my dear colleague A. Palavestra lowe sincere gratitude for the words of support when (and where) they were needed the most. Extra gratefulness goes to my friends 1. Bogdanovic, B. Govedarica, D. Urem­Kotsou, M. Popovic, D. i D. Markovic et al. who have been exposed to the context of this book for far too long but have endured gracefully. To B. Dordevic a big thank for a job well done and lucid comments, which represend a contribution vastly exceeding the title above her name in the impressum. And last, but not the least, there is D. Steel, to whom lowe many thanks for doing far more than proofreading of my English in the Summary.

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CIIJ1CaK cKpanemllI;a - List of abbreviations -

Acta Bot. Need - Acta Botanica Neerlandica

AIATSIS - The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

BASPR - Bulletin of the American School of. Prehistoric Research

DOl - Digital Object Identifier

GZMS - Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu

J. biosoc. SCI - Journal of Biosociological Sciences

PAST - The Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society

PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

PBM - Pall BojBoljaHCKI1X My3eja

RPRP - Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects

SADJ - Savez arheoloskih drustava Jugoslavije

UISPP - Union internationale des sciences prehistoriques et prohistoriques

World Rev Nutr Diet - World Review Of Nutrition And Dietetics

169

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H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

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191

li1H,n;eKC rrojMoBa

A

A3l1ja, a311jcKI1 22, 35

AI1H Manaxa 37

AjMaHa - Mana Bp611L\a 75, 77

ana6aCTep 67

Anerro (rrycTI1'".) 63, 137

anKoxonHa rrl1na 19, 30

AMepl1Ka , aMepl1'!KI1 23, 26, 28

AHaAonl1ja 12, 13, 19,21,40- 46, 55,

63,68, 7~93,94 , 98 , 100, 102, 104,

107, 109,110,114, 127, 137- 140

AH3a6erOBO 24, 43, 66, 68, 74, 76,

81, 87-91 , 93 , 94 , 96,9~ 103, 112,

119,120,122, 127- 133, 137

aHTporrOnOWKI1 25, 47

Aprl1ca Maryna 45

apxeOreHeTI1 Ka 20

apxe030onorl1ja 20, 31 , 32, 64

AT - BpwaL\ 131

192

aYTOXTOHHCTl1 , aYToxTOHItlCTJ1l·IKe

10,15,21, 23,45, 102

aq,pl1'-!KO roBe'!e 23, 35, 44, 61

AWI1Knl1 Xl1jl1K 41, 63,107

B

oanKaH 10-13, 16, 17, 20,23,24,32,39-

46, 51,53, 56,58-61,63 -68,71,72, 74-76,

83, 84, 87-89, 91 , 93, 95-97, 102, 103, 105,

107,109, 110-112,115, 117, 119-122,124,

125, 127-130, 132-134, 136,137,140,142

oanKaHCKo-AHaAOnCKI1 16, 24, 41 , 138

6eno Cnl1Kalbe 12, 75, 76, 80 -91,

93,96, 102, 118, 130, 131, 133

OI1CepHa o6ana - Hoca 75, 76, 80

Bnt1CKI1 I1CTOK, 6nt1CK0I1CTOYHt1

16, 17,20,21 , 24,33,51,55

OPAO - KycoBaL\ 75, 80

6pl1KeTalKa 58-60, 64, 139

Broad Spectrum Revolution 17

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

Bylbopo, KpalbesMHa 61, 64

BYl)aK - J1YAOUJ 75, 80

B

Ballyre - Klba)l(esaL\ 132

BeneCHML\a - 1)epAan 130

BenMKa 'IeCMa - BpTMUJTe (HMUJ) 90, 132

BMH'Ia - Beno 6PAO 80

SMH'IaHCKa Kymypa 16, 23, 68,

89, 99, 119-121, 122, 131, 132

BnacaL\ - 1)epAan 130

BOCTOK, npojeKaT 51

Bp6jaHcKa 'IyKa 95, 99, 138

[

rana6HMK 86

Garden of Eden 16

re6eKnM (Giibekli) 41

reHeTMKa 20, 25,27, 47

reoMeTpMja, reoMeTpMjcKM 10,37,

94,96, 98, 102, 104, 105-107, 109,

110,127,129,130, 134,138, 140, 141

rMpnaHAa 82, 85, 88, 90, 91 , 11 5, 118,131

[OIIOKYT - BM3MI1 68 , 132

[oplba TY31la 59, 64 -66, 127, 137

ropCKM KpMcTall 67

[pMSaL\ 76, 79, 83, 90

rpHQapMja 10, 23, 26, 32, 60, 65,

71,72,77,78,91-95,97,101, 103,

107-109,112-115,117,120,124-

127,129,133,136,140,141

[ypa Bal1ynyj (Gura Baciului) 64,

65,68,88, 120, 122, 129, 133, 137

,l..\aMlbaHoB KnaAeHaL\ - jaroAM Ha 132

AeKOpaL\Mja 65, 75, 80, 82, 83, 85,

87-90,94, 96, 104, 106, 107, 118, 140

,l..\MBOCTMH 75, 76, 81, 82, 90, 95

AM<PY3MOHMCTM 45 na

slrani 10 dif. skola??

domus 109, 110, 138

,l..\HK 21, 44, 47

Aojelbe 28, 31, 32

AOMeCTMKaL\Mja 19-22,26,28,

31 , 3~46, 55,56, 11~ 124

,l..\OI"a BpatheSMHa - ,l..\epolbe

72,76,78 , 82 , 90,93, 95, 99, 101,

106, 119, 125, 129, 130, 140

,l..\peHOBaL\ 130-132

,l..\y60Qaj- rpOL\Ka 132

193

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

AYHaB 16,68, 77, 113

1)epAan 23, 24, 77, 114, 115, 117, 124, 130

1)ypl1na Bl1trorpaAl1 - fpa6oBaL\

(06peHOBaL\) 132

E

eBanOpaL\l1ja COIIl1 55, 57, 58 -61, 65, 137

eBOIIYL\l1ja 19,89

EBpona, eBpOnCKl1 12, 13, 16, 17, 20-24,

32,33,35, 38, 39,41,43,45 -4~ 53,55,

58-60, 66,68, 69,71 , 72,88,89,96,

102, 104,117,120-122, 124,126,127

ef30pnl1H (exorpin) 18, 19

eKOCHCTeM II , 16, 25,28, 52

eKoc<j>epa 18, 137

eKCI1IIOaTaL\l1ja 18, 19, 32, 55, 64

ElIeWHl1L\a 43, 44, 90

ENCB 75, 88 , 93, 94, 96,

102, 129,132, 133

enl1nalIeOIIl1T 17, 19, 27

ETl10nCKe rope 23

lK"Tap"L\e 17-19, 23, 25, 28 -

32, 35 -3~46, 56, 136

lKHTHl1 KlIac, yKpac 113, 116, 125, 130

194

lKfue6 87, 118

lKpBalb 17,30,31,36

lKpTBeHl1 95, 99, 100, 107, 118, 138, 139

3

3arpoc 19, 36, 63

3eMlbOpa)l,tna, 3eMlbopaJ],HltPIKH 15,

17,18, 19,28, 29, 32 , 33,56, 136

3MajeBaL\- CMeAepeBCKa

nalIaHKa 76, 87, 132

YlHAl1jcKa KOHOTIlba 19

l1CXpaHa 15, 17, 18, 25-33,

35,54-56,58,63, 135, 136

l1CXpaH 3a oAojqaA 27, 30, 32, 135, 136

J

jaHl1L\a (Gianni!sa) 39, 43, 44,

89,90 , 92,93,96,9~ 142

jacar (jaszag) 24

jepl1XOH (Jericho) 37, 63, 110

K

Kaparaq- )f(l1TKOBaL\ 130, 132

KapaHoBo 43, 45, 60, 121, 122

KapnanI, KapnaTCKI1 24, 68 , 72

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

KBaApaT 12, 88, 94, 97-100, 102, 104-

107, 109,130, 135, 138-141. 77,96, 129

Ke6apaH 36, 37

Kepew 13,63-66, 80, 118, 122 .82,8411

KMHa 23

K1U1Ma, KlIHM3TCKl1 11, 13,28,

37, 44,49 -53, 117, 124

KOBa~eBO 44, 88, 89, 92-

97,99, 102, 119, 141

Kon w 65, 91

KOMnapaTJ1BHO- I1CTOPl1jCKH 15, 46

KOHTeKCT 9,11,12,20,21,52,54,59,67,

71,81, 83, 85, 86,88,89,127,136,137

KOHTMHYMTeT 21 , 46,53,63

Kow XMjMK (Kosh Hiiyiik) 63

KpeMeH 9, 36, 54, 67, 115

KpMW 13, 63, 64-66, 75, 96, 122

KpCTMhesa xYMKa- 3pefbaHMH 132

Kpyr 77, 79, 83, 85, 93, 98, 99, 105,

106,109,130,135, 138, 139-141

KpyweSaI1- I1eHTap 132

Kp~a (Carcea) 90

KynTMBaI1Mja 17, 18,22,30,35

(KynTypa) nM HeapHe KepaMMKe 22, 121

Kypy~aj Xl1jl1K (Kuru\:ay Hoyiik)

42 , 90, 92-94,98 , 100, 106-108, 139

Ky~ajHa-Eop 131

KXMaMl1aH 37

IT

ITEK22

ITesaHT 12, 16, 21,23,25,

35, 3~ 38,40, 56, 63

nel\eHO 1\06a 13, 16, 17, 35,44

ITeneHcKM BMp 23, 99, 100,

102, 114-117, 124

• lIOBal.{KO- caKynJbaQKe 3a) ep;HJ.1lJ,e ,

nOBI1M- caKyrrlba~M 10, 15, 21 , 27-

29, 33 , 35, 41,46 , 4~56, 109

ITyr-3Be~Ka 130

ITyKa Y CaCTaBI1MMa 132

ITYHKa, IToMaHa CnaTMHM

(Lunca, Poiana slatini) 59

M

MarapehM MnMH - ArraTMH

76,79,83, 106, 130

Marginal Zone Hypothesis 17

Maritime Pioneer Colonization Model 24

MaTpMI1a HacelbaBali>a (sett lement

pattern) 10, 13,21 , 39, 46,55,

58, 72, 120, 133, 136, 137

Mal,lapM 98, 102, 103, 138,

195

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

Me30JU1T, Me30JU1TCKI1 17, 18,

20-25,2~29,32, 33, 39,40,

45,46,63,71,80, 101, lI5

MepMep 67

Ml1rpaQl1ja, MHrpaToplH1 15,

21,23,28,39,45,53,66

MI1Hepan, MI1HepanHI1 25, 66

MneKO 29, 31, 32

MNCB 65, 75, 84, 88, 94, 130-133

MOAen Kyne 98,101,102,107,138,139

MOAenl1 11, 15, 17, 18,21,135

MOAenOBafbe (YKpaUlaBafbe) 77, 99

MOHOXPOM 71, 74, 75, 80,

87,113,114-122,129

MOpTanl1TeT 29

Mpe)f(a (MOTI1B Mpe)f(e) 66, 74, 77, 80,

82,83,85,87-91,96,97,106,114,115

H

Hea HI1KoMeAI1ja (Nea Nikomedeia)

44,71,88,89,92,93,97

HeBanl1 'lopl1 (Nevali <;;ori) 41

HeOnl1Tl13aL1l1ja 10-13, 15-25, 27, 28,

30,35,40,41,44,54,55,66,68,71,

88, 107, 121, 129, 135, 137, 139

HeOnl1TCKI1 naKeT 21, 32,

38,45,46,53,136,137

Nuclear Zone Hypothesis 17

196

HYTPITIBHI,HYTP"QI0HHCTIQKI

25, 27, 55, 135

o

06pe 91

06pe)f( - SaUlTI1He 99

orpy6Jbl1Bafbe 81, 85, 87, 103

OKep 30, 31

OKHa CI1611ynyj (Oena Sibiului) 137

onCl1Al1jaH 37, 54, 64, 66, 68

Oxano II 25, 35

n

lJaAI1Ha 100-102

Ilaneo-I1cxpaHa 25, 27

rrarreOKlIHMa, narreOKlIl1MaTCKH 49, 52

naneonaTonow K 18

nepl10Al13aL1l1ja II , 12,23,53,7 1,

74,75,111-128, 133, 134, 142

nnaHl1pafbe 13, 26, 28, 33, 140, 141

nnaCTl1'1H11 (YKpac) 77, 82-85, 87,

91,95,113,114-116,118,120,139

IlnOAHl1 nonYMeCeL1 13,22,

2~35,3~ 38,44,63

IlOArop" (Podgorie) 72,89,

92, 93, 102, 106, 108

HeOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

n03MTMB-HeranIS (yKpac)

43,82,90,91, 93

noneH 49,51

nonMxpoMMja (YKparnaSatbe)

88, 104, 114, 116, 118, 121

nony-Cei\eHTapHM 23

nonynaL\Mja, 12, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27-

29,35,37,44-47,55,56,71,107,110

nonynaL\MOH 6YM 17, 18, 29, 46, 53

I1peKepaMMYKM HeonMT A 36, 37, 107

npOnOpL\Mja, npOnOpL\MjcKM 12

npOTeMH 25,31, 33

I1poToCTapyeSO 75, 115,

117, 123,124,129,133

proxy 49

I1ynMnMHa nenMHa 32

p

paAMOYflbeHMK (CI4) 12,24,31,35,42,

52,66,76,81,86,88, Ill , 122, 12~ 128

PaKI1TOSO 43, 44, 77, 90,

93,96, 97, 106, 142

paHM HeonMT 10, 11 -13,16,2 1,32,39,

41-49,53,55,56,61,63,64,71,72,74-76,

83,84,87,89,93,95-97,100,102-105,

110, 112,114, 117, 119,120-122, 124,

127- 129, 133,134,135 , 13~140 , 142

pacejaB3l-be (HeOlIYlTa, 3Hatba)

19,23, 31, 45, 136

peKa, peKe 22, 41 , 59, 63, 64, 68, 80, 137

penan1BHO-XPOHOlIOlllKH 12,

43,75,91,111,122, 142

pemlrMjcKM 19

pecypc 17, 18,25,27, 32, 33, 64

PM6tbaK-Oeyej 132

pOM6 82, 95

PYi\HMKy Y MeTOxMjM 66, 130, 132

C

CajaH - L\oM6orn 76, 84, 90, 132

Capsarn (Sarvasz) 64, 65, 72

ceAenaYKI1 19,20,25,27,28,33,34,

37,45, 54,67, 107, 109, 110, 136

ceAeHTapM3aL\I1ja 15, 17,25,27,33,

37,55,109,135,136,139,141

CeneKL\Mja 23

Cepsl1a (Servia) 44

CeCKno (Sesklo) 39, 45

Secondary Products Revolution 31

CMM6on, cMM60nMYKM 11, 12,

19,20,72,98, 104, 109, 110,

127, 129, 133, 138, 139, 141

ClianlHa 54, 55, 59, 86, 90, 96

CO, COlI 10, 13,35,53 -69,135-137

COIIHML\aTa 57, 59, 137

cnMpana,Cnl1panHI1,Cnl1panOMA

84,88-91,96,102,104,113-

116, 118,120,121 , 131, 132

197

HeHa)]; H. TacJ1n

cnoHAYlnyc 545, 64, 67, 68

CTap'leBa'lKI1 23, 32 , 53, 59, 62 , 64 -66, 68,

71,74-76,80 -84, 86-89,91,95,99,111 -

120,123-125,128,131,132, 133,137,138

CTap'leBO 76, 85, 86, 90, 95, 112,

114, 117, 112, 124, 130, 131

Crap'leBO-HMnpeco 65

CTap'leBO - Kepew - KpYlw

13, 63,66, 122

CTeneHaCTYI (MOTYl B) 92, 94,

95, 97-99, 102, 138, 140

CTeneHYll1e 43, 93, 95, 102, 138, 139

CTO'lapCTBO 33, 56

cy63Y1CTeHl1a 17, 18,28,33,

34, 3~56, 135, 136

CynTaHHaH 37

CyncKa- nynpwja 132

T

Ten (tell) 16,42,60,88, 109

Ten A6y XypeYlpa (Tell Abu Hureyra) 37

Teomepa 24, 46

Tecanwja , TeCanCKI1 41, 44,

45, 46,95,109,121,139

Tonone - Ea'l 132

198

TpaAYll1Y1ja 21, 22, 24, 40,

41,46, 71 , 80,107

TpaH3Y111Y1ja 10, II, 16, 25, 28,

29, 35, 39, 46, 122, 135, 138

TpaHCYlnBaHYlja 53, 62-65,

8~88, 90, 121, 13~ 139

TpaHcq,ep Heon wra 11

Tpan 33, 37, 140

Tpane30YlA 23, 116

TproBYlHa 13, 19,44, 54-56, 67-69

TpOyTaO, TpoyrnoBH 66, 74, 77,

79,82, 83,85,87, 88, 90,91,94-97,

102, 106, 115, 116, 118, 129, 131

TypCKa, TypCKH 39-41

q,apMepH 21

<DpaHKTH (Franchti) 24, 39, 45, 46,140

x

XanaH '-IeMH (Hallan <;:emi) 41

Xap"q,leH 27, 37

XaI,mnap (Ha<;ilar) 41, 44, 90,

93, 94, 98, 100, 107, 139

xpOHOnOrl1ja 11, 12,35, 53, 74, 82, 122

XyjyeK (Hoy<;ek) 42, 43, 98, 100, 107, 139

H eOJlHTCKa KBa.n:paTypa Kpyra

1\

u,eHTpallH 6allKaH 11, 12, 16, 23,

42 , 44, 45,53, 56, 59, 63, 64-68,71,

74 -76,83,84, 87-89,91 , 93,95, 107,

110-112, 115,117, 120, 121,124, 125,

128-130, 132-134,136,137,142

l\YlrnaHa- L\o6aHOBl\YI 132

L\YlK-L\aK 66, 85, 87-89, 91,

93,94,96, 109, 129

l\YlHa6apMT 54

l\pHoKanaQKa 6apa 80

q

'-IajeHYI (yayiinii) 107

'-IaTan XMjYlK (yalal Hiiyiik)

40,41,43, 44,63

'-IyKap - [YMHYlWTe (ITaBnOBal\) 132

'-Iypra - J1Yllow 132

I,I

I,IapMo 16

III

IIIawYlHl\YI 521 131

IIIeywa 137

BallYl Ky6alba (Wadi Kubbaniya) 30

Wave of advance 21

WBPP (3anallHo6yrapcKa

CnYlKaHa KepaMYlKa) 74, 96

199

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HEOIIHTCKA KBA/1PATYPA KPYfA

ITpBO lf3Aafbe, 2009. rOAI1H a

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