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A C H I N E S E W E E K L Y O F N E W S A N D V I E W S

40th Anniveisafv of Vistory of Anti-Japanese War

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Tin Handicraft Articles in Yunnan Province

G e j i u t i n h a n d i c r a f t h a s a h i s t o r y o f m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 y e a r s . T h r o u g h d i s s o l u t i o n , m o d e l l i n g , s c r a p i n g a n d a s s e m b l e , t h e a r t i s a n s c r e a t e p a t t e r n s w i t h d i s t i n c t i v e n a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o n p i e c e s o f t i n . B e s i d e s t h e a r t f o r a p p r e c i a t i o n , G e j i u a l s o p r o d u c e s m a n y h a n d i c r a f t g o o d s f o r d a i l y u s e . T h e p r o d u c t s s e l l w e l l a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d .

C r o f t s w o m a n p o l i s h e s f i n a r t i c l e s .

V a r i o u s k i n d s o f t i n w i n e v e s s e l s . .

BEIJING REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 32 August 12, 1985

CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Fostering Lofty Communist Ideals

LEnERS 5

EVENTS & TRENDS 6-9 'Star Wars' Must Be Avoided —

Deng Army Aims to Cut Ranks by 1

Million China, Japan Sign Nuclear

Agreement Financial Picture Satisfactory Officials Sacked for Car Import

Racket INTERNATIONAL 10-12

India: Gandhi's New Diplomatic Moves

Uganda: Obote Government Overthrown

Helsinki: CSCE . Ten Years in Retrospect

Poland: Economic Reforms Look Hopeful

40 Years After: Reassessing the War in China

War Against Japan (pictorial) So Much Love for so Many SPECIAL REPORT:

China's Administrative Regions: Guizhou: A Multi-Nationoi Prov­ince Waiting to Be Topped

FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

13 17-20

23

SPORTS

CULTURE & SCIENCE BOOKS

24

30 31

32-33 34

COVER: A scene of a karst cave in the suburban Guiyang, Guizhou Prov­ince

Photo by Mi Qiu

L o o k i n g B a c k t o W o r l d W a r 11 I n C h i n a

As part of a series commemorating the 40th anniversary of the worldwide victory against fascism, a Beijing Review article epitomizes the 8-year long history of China's anti-Japanese war (1937-45), highlighting the role the Communist-Kuomintang co­operation played in the war (p. 13). A r m y A i m s t o C u t R a n k s b y 1 M i l i i o n

The Chinese People's Liberation Army celebrated its 58th birthday August 1 on the operating table — by reducing 1 million troops. This reduction is being carried out to remedy the problem Deng Xiaoping noted in 1975 when he said, "The army should have an operation to cut its swelling" (p. 6).

U p i i o i d i n g C o m m u n i s t V a i u e s a n d D i s c i p l i n e

Since last March, an education programme has been going on to remedy unhealthy tendencies, indifference to communist values and a low sense of discipline. While implementing the principle of "to each according to his work," the country's leaders encourage people to have lofty ideals and a devotion to the nation (p. 4). O f f i c i a l s S a c k e d for C a r S m u g g l i n g

« Several high-ranking officials in southern Guangdong

Province's Hainan Island were dismissed because of their involvement in* car smuggling. In the meantime, provincial Party secretary Lin Ruo said, Hainan's open policy will remain intact (p. 8).

G u i z i t o u — A P r o v i n c e T o B e T a p p e d

Remote and mountainous Guizhou Province has long been one of China's most backward areas. But moves are now being made to tap its natural resources and develop its potential as a tourist attraction. Among Guizhou's strongest attributes are its awesome scenery and colourful ethnic minority villages, ac­cording to an on-the-spot report by Beijing Review cor­respondent (p. 24).

Tiiblislied every Monday BEIJING REVIEW 2(4 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing fhe People's Republic of China

Distribution and subscriptions handled by SubscHptton prices (1 yMir)t China Intomcrtienal Book Trading Australia A.$14.00 Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), New Zeolond NZ. $18.00 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Conoda Can. $15.00

USA US$18.00 UK £8.00

NOTES FROM THE EpiTOftS

Fostering Lofty Communist (deals

by AN ZHIGUO Political Editor

I n M a r c h C h i n a s t e p p e d u p i t s e f f o r t s t o i n s t i l l c o m m u n i s t i d e a l s a n d d i s c i p l i n e i n t o P a r t y m e m b e r s , g o v e r n m e n t f u n c t i o n a r i e s a n d t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c . T h e e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e , d e s i g n e d t o r e m e d y u n h e a l t h y t e n d e n c i e s , i n d i f f e r e n c e t o c o m m u n i s t v a l u e s a n d a l o w sense o f d i s c i p l i n e , i s o f f a r - r e a c h ­i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e .

C h i n a t o d a y i s s t r i v i n g f o r s o c i a l ­i s t m o d e r n i z a t i o n . I t s o p e n p o l i c y a n d o n g o i n g e c o n o m i c r e f o r m s a r e a l l a i m e d a t r e a l i z i n g s o c i a l i s m , t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f c o m m u n i s m .

B u t t h e c o u n t r y c a n n o t b u i l d so ­c i a l i s m i n a v a c u u m . T h e i d e a s o f t h e f o r m e r e x p l o i t i n g c l a s s e s w i l l s t i l l e x e r t t h e i r i n f l u e n c e f o r a l o n g t i m e t o c o m e . A l s o , t h e l o n g - t e r m p o l i c y o f i n v i g o r a t i n g t h e d o m e s t i c e c o n o m y a n d o p e n i n g t o t h e o u t ­s i d e w o r l d h a s u n d e n i a b l y i n c r e a s ­e d t h e c h a n c e s o f b o u r g e o i s d e c a ­d e n c e m a k i n g i n r o a d s i n t o p e o p l e ' s m i n d s .

T h e u n h e a l t h y t e n d e n c i e s t h a t s u r f a c e d l a t e l a s t y e a r m a n i f e s t t h e m s e v l e s i n m a n y f i e l d s . S o m e g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s , f o r e x a m ­p l e , h a v e e n g a g e d i n c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s . S o m e t r a f f i c k e d i n c o m m o d i t i e s t h a t a r e i n s h o r t s u p p l y , t o o k o r g a v e b r i b e s , r a i s e d p r i c e s i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y , s o l d f a k e g o o d s o r i l l e g a l l y o b t a i n e d f o r e i g n c u r r e n c i e s . U n s a v o u r y t a b l o i d s a n d p o r n o g r a p h i c v i d e o t a p e s w e r e c o m ­m o n i n s o m e p l a c e s .

W h y w e r e t h e s e t h i n g s a l l o w e d

t o s p r e a d u n c h e c k e d f o r s o m e t i m e ? B e c a u s e t h e p e o p l e i n v o l v e d w e r e o b s e s s e d w i t h p e r s o n a l g a i n s o r t h e i r s m a l l - g r o u p i n t e r e s t s a n d a b a n d o n e d t h e i r l o f t y c o m m u n i s t i d e a l s , t h e s o c i a l i s t c a u s e a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e r v i n g t h e p e o p l e .

D i s c i p l i n e g u a r a n t e e s t h e r e a l i z a ­t i o n o f c o m m u n i s t i d e a l s . I f p e o ­p l e b e c o m e i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e s e i d e a l s , d i s c i p l i n e c a n b e c o m e l a x , i n v i t i n g a l l s o r t s o f t e m p t a t i o n s . T o c u r b u n h e a l t h y t e n d e n c i e s , s e r i o u s o f f e n d e r s s h o u l d b e b r o u g h t t o l e g a l a c c o u n t . B u t i t i s m o r e i m ­p o r t a n t t o s t e p u p e d u c a t i o n a m o n g t h e p o p u l a c e .

The current education programme of fostering communist ideals is designed to remedy unhealthy tendencies, indifference to co/nmunist values and a low sense of discipline.

C h i n a ' s p l a n n e d c o m m o d i t y e c o n o m y i s b a s e d o n p u b l i c o w n e r ­s h i p o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n , a n d i s t h u s e s s e n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m a c a p i t a l i s t c o m m o d i t y e c o n ­o m y . I n c a p i t a l i s m , t h e p r i n c i p l e o f c o m m o d i t y e x c h a n g e s e e p s i n t o e v e r y a s p e c t o f s o c i e t y . T h e n e w u n h e a l t h y t e n d e n c i e s s h o w t h a t t h e p r i n c i p l e o f c o m m o d i t y e x c h a n g e h a s a l s o f o u n d w a y s i n t o s o m e P a r t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s ; m o n e y w o r s h i p i s s o m u c h i n v o g u e t h a t i t h a s c a u s e d c o n ­

c e r n , f o r t h i s i s i n t o l e r a b l e u n d e r s o c i a l i s m .

C h i n a ' s a i m is t o v i g o r o u s l y b o o s t i t s p l a n n e d c o m m o d i t y e c o n ­o m y b a s e d o n p u b l i c o w n e r ­s h i p , w h i l e a l s o e n s u r i n g t h e g r o w t h o f p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s e s , C h i n e s e - f o r e i g n j o i n t v e n t u r e s a n d w h o l l y - o w n e d f o r e i g n c o m p a n i e s i n C h i n a . I n t h e m e a n t i m e , a l l c i t i z e n s a n d P a r t y m e m b e r s a r e u r g e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r i d e o l o g i c a l i n t e g r i t y a n d c o n s c i o u s l y r e s i s t t h e n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e s o f t h e c o m ­m o d i t y e c o n o m y .

W e a r e c o r r e c t i n g t h e f o r m e r e g a l i t a r i a n p r a c t i c e o f " e v e r y b o d y e a t i n g f r o m t h e s a m e b i g p o t " a n d i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e p r i n c i p l e o f " t o e a c h a c c o r d i n g t o h i s w o r k . " T h i s M a r x i s t p r i n c i p l e , w h i c h i s p o l e s a p a r t f r o m t h e c o n c e p t " m o n e y i s e v e r y t h i n g , " c a l l s f o r c o r r e c t l y b a l a n c i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e s t a t e , t h e c o l l e c t i v e a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l . I t a l s o r e q u i r e s t h a t w e d i f f e r e n ­t i a t e b e t w e e n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e p a r t i a l a n d t h e w h o l e , b e t w e e n i m ­m e d i a t e a n d l o n g - t e r m i n t e r e s t s . I n s h o r t , w e s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o i m p l e m e n t t h e p r i n c i p l e o f " t o e a c h a c c o r d i n g t o h i s w o r k " a n d o p p o s e t h e t h i n k i n g o f " d o i n g e v e r y t h i n g f o r m o n e y . "

W h i l e d o i n g s o , w e a l s o w a n t t o i m b u e o u r p e o p l e w i t h c o m m u n i s t v a l u e s a n d a n u t t e r d e v o t i o n t o t h e n a t i o n . A l l c i t i z e n s a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o c o n t r i b u t e a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e c o u n t r y ' s m o d e r n i z a t i o n d r i v e w i t h o u t h a g g l i n g o v e r t h e i r p e r s o n a l g a i n s a n d l o s s e s . C e r t a i n ­l y t h i s d o e s n o t m e a n r e t u r n i n g t o t h e o l d w ^ y s o f " e v e r y o n e e a t i n g f r o m t h e s a m e b i g p o t . "

4 B e i j i n g Review, N o . 32

M o s t P a r t y m e m b e r s a re l a d e n w i t h C o m m u n i s t i dea l s a n d a r e s t r i c t l y s e l f - d i s c i p l i n e d . B u t s o m e h a v e f o u n d t h e t e m p t a t i o n s o f m a t e r i a l w e a l t h h a r d t o res i s t . T h e P a r t y C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e ha s s a i d t h a t e d u c a t i o n i n idea l s a n d d i s c i p l i n e s h o u l d be h i g h o n t h e agenda o f i t s c u r r e n t c o n s o l i d a ­t i o n d r i v e .

T h e y o u n g a re t h e f u t u r e o f t h e s ta te , a n d e f f o r t s a r e a l so b e i n g m a d e t o fos t e r h i g h idea l s a n d a sense o f d i s c i p l i n e a m o n g t h e m . T h i s is i m p o r t a n t t o k e e p i n g t h e c o u n t r y o n t h e r i g h t t r a c k ; o n n o a c c o u n t s h o u l d t he y o u n g b e c o m e cap t ive s o f b o u r g e o i s i d e o l o g y .

T h i s e d u c a t i o n d r i v e has a l r e a d y b e g u n y i e l d i n g r e s u l t s . M o v i n g deeds h a v e been r e p o r t e d f r o m m a n y p a r t s o f t he c o u n t r y : C i t y -b r e d col lege g radua tes a n d sc ien­t i s t s a n d t e c h n i c i a n s choose t o w o r k i n b o r d e r r e g i o n s w h e r e l i v ­i n g c o n d i t i o n s a re h a r s h ; peasan ts w h o h a v e g o t r i c h t h r o u g h spec ia l ­i zed p r o d u c t i o n v o l u n t e e r t h e i r o w n m o n e y a n d e x p e r t i s e t o h e l p those s t i l l i n p o v e r t y ; y o u n g p e o p l e save o t h e r s ' l i v e s a t t h e r i s k o f t h e i r o w n . N a t i o n w i d e , h o w e v e r , educa­t i o n i n c o m m u n i s t i dea l s a n d d i s ­c i p l i n e is f a r f r o m u n i v e r s a l . A n d s u s t a i n e d e f f o r t s a re needed t o c a r r y t h e d r i v e t h r o u g h t o a suc­cessful c o n c l u s i o n .

L E T T E R S

PLA's Reduction Is Good News

1 a m v e r y g l a d t o h e a r t h a t t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t has b e g u n t o c u t t h e size o f t h e P e o p l e ' s L i b ­e r a t i o n A r m y . S u c h a c t i o n h e l p s aga ins t a p o s s i b l e w o r l d w a r .

I a m a l s o p leased w i t h t h e cove r s o f Beijing Review, w h i c h a re v i v i d a n d t r u e t o l i f e . T h e cc^our p i c t u r e s h a v e a s t r o n g ap­p e a l t o t h e reade r s . I e n j o y t h e p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t s because y o u r a r t i c l e s a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m l o c a l r e p o r t s t h a t desc r ibe t h i n g s i n a g l o o m y t o n e .

I f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e e c o n o m i c r e p o r t s , f o r t h e a r t i c l e s a re v e r y spec i f ic a n d e n ­t i r e l y n e w f o r m e . O r i g i n a l l y I w a s i n t e r e s t e d i n y o u r e f f o r t s o n the f i e l d o f e c o l o g y , b u t y o u g i v e l i t t l e c o v e r a g e o f i t . I h a v e as­s u m e d t h a t y o u d o n ' t t a k e t h i s f i e l d s e r i o u s l y .

G. Weiershaus F R G

Economic Reforms Conform With Chinese

Needs A s f a r as w e h a v e b e e n -able t o

see, w e m u s t say t h a t t h e m a i n t r e n d i n t h e w o r k t o r e f o r m t h e C h i n e s e e c o n o m y c o r r e s p o n d s n o t o n l y t o t h e needs o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e , b u t a l so t o M a r x i s t -L e n i n i s t e c o n o m i c t h e o r y .

B u t s ince m a n y o f t h e steps h a y e n e v e r been t a k e n b e f o r e , s o m e m i s t a k e s w i l l be i n e v i t a b l e . H o w e v e r , w e h o p e s i n g l e m i s t a k e s w o n ' t h o l d t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e f r o m g o i n g o n w i t h t h e i r success­f u l w o r k .

I a m i n t e r e s t e d i n k n o w i n g w h a t expe r i ence s C h i n e s e sc ien­t i s t s h a v e m a d e i n t h e i r w o r k i n a p p l y i n g d i a l e c t i c a l m a t e r i a l i s m t o bas ic resea rch i n p h y s i c s . I

' w o u l d l i k e t o k n o w w h a t o p i n i o n s j C h i n e s e sc ien t i s t s h a v e o n t he

q u e s t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e o f m a t e r i a l , n o t o n l y i n m i c r o c o s m i c , b u t

I a l s o i n m a c r o c o s m i c respect . Kjell Pedensson

S w e d e n

1 Comments and Suggestions I h a v e been r e a d i n g Beijing

\ f o r s e v e n y e a r s . T h e a r t i c l e s i n " N o t e s F r o m t h e E d i t o r s " c o l u m n a r e i n t e r e s t i n g

I because t h e y a r e n o t o n l y s i m p l e : a n d s h o r t b u t a l so f a c t u a l . T h e j " E v e n t s & T r e n d s " c o l u m n a l so

is e d i t e d v e r y w e l l . A r t i c l e s o n y o u r g o v e r n m e n t a n d p o l i t i c a l

: l i f e a n d s o c i a l p h e n o m e n a a re f a s c i n a t i n g . I t is necessary t o i m -

I p r o v e t h e " I n t e r n a t i o n a l " c o l u m n . ] W e s t e r n e r s , w h o rece ive r e p o r t s i f r o m c a p i t a l i s t n e w s m e d i a , f i n d ; C h i n e s e v i e w s a n d s tands o n I p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s i n t e r e s t i n g . G e n ­

e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , s h o r t e r s t o r i e s a r e c o n v e n i e n t f o r r e a d i n g . S o m e

I q u e s t i o n s m a y need t o be g i v e n m o r e d e p t h . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d " W a s h i n g t o n -M o s c o w : H a s t h e S t r a t e g i c F o c u s S h i f t e d ? " ( N o . 5 1 , 1 9 8 4 )

; s h o u l d a l s o say s o m e t h i n g a b o u t I t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d , eco-1 n o m i c i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e cr ises i n \t c o u n t r i e s . I n a d d i t i o n , I t h e a r t i c l e s a n d d o c u m e n t s a r e

t o o h a p h a z a r d . luantxo Arteaga Yeregui

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IVIore Photos on Events Y o u r m a g a z i n e is v e r y b e a u t i -

! f u l a n d t h e l a y o u t i s a l so g o o d , i B u t t h e r e w e r e f e w c o l o u r p h o t o -• g r a p h s a b o u t t h e w o r l d , a n d C h i -\s c u r r e n t a f f a i r s . I f y o u I p u b l i s h c o l o u r p h o t o s o n w o r l d I e v e n t s , y o u r m a g a z i n e w o u l d be i m o r e a t t r a c t i v e t o r eade r s .

Rasoarisoa Marie Jeanne M a d a g a s c a r

August 12, 1985 5

EVENTS AND TRENDS

'Star Wars' Must Be Avoided The Strategic Defense Initiative,

otherwise known as the "Star Wars" plan, must not be imple­mented, said Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. The plan, which em­phasizes the use of weapons in space, Deng said, would cause a critical change in the arms race.

In a meeting with Robert Max­well of the Pergamon Press and Mirror Group Newspapers on Aug. 2 in Beidaihe, Deng pointed out that Star Wars involved more than adding 9 few nuclear war­heads or changing a few types of missiles and would adversely af­fect the arms race.

On Aug. 1 in a meeting with Yoshikatsu Takeiri, chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Japanese Komei Party, Deng said China welcomed the meeting of the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States in November.

"But it is not realistic for China to place too much hope on the meeting," he said. "As for the ques­tion of nuclear disarmament, we have taken notice of the intention of both the Soviet Union and the United States to reduce the number of their nuclear weapons. It is always good to decrease the num­ber but this has no practical signif­icance." he said.

Deng noted that the Soviet Union and the United States had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world several times over. Even if they reduce their nuclear arms by 25 to 50 percent, the two na­tions still have the nuclear power to destroy the world.

Deng said China has two prin­ciples on nuclear arms. First, the Soviet Union and the United States

should both undertake not to be the first to use nuclear weapons. Second, nuclear arms should be gradually destroyed. If such agree­ments could be reached between the Soviet Union and the United States, the people of the world would be at ease, Deng said.

Speaking of the recent visit by Chinese Vice-Premier Yao Yilin to the Soviet Union, Deng told the visitors that progress- has been made in bilateral economic and trade relations and exchange of personnel between China and the USSR. But, owing to the existence of the three major obstacles — Soviet aid to Viet Nam in its inva­sion of Kampuchea, the stationing of large numbers of Soviet ttoops along the Sino-Sovfet border and the Soviet aggression against Afghanistan — there are limits to the development of Sino-Soviet political relations.

Commenting on the situation on the Korean Peninsula, Deng ex­pressed the hope that the dialogue between the two parts of Korea would make progress and that the tripartite talks, which also involve the United States, would be suc­cessful.

He said what China is doing is facilitating the dialogue between the Koreans and will promote the peaceful reunification of Korea in the form of a federal system.

Deng described Sino-British re­lations as "good." He told Max­well that China was willing to develop economic ties with Europe. If Britain and other Euro­pean countries would be more generous in technology transfers, he said, their chances of economic ties to China would improve.

Deng Deng said if China could not

get technology from the West, in­cluding Europe, and consequently could not turn out goods suitable to these countries, it was impossi­ble to expand two-way trade. He said he hopes Europe will invest more funds in China.

Army Aims to Cut Ranks by I Million

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) celebrated its 58th birth­day on August 1 on the operating table.

The operation to reduce the PLA's troops by 1 million began about two months ago. But it's been under consideration for a decade. Chief of General Staff Yang Dezhi quoted Deng Xiao­ping as saying back in 1975, "The army should have an operation to cut its swelling." The opera­tion, postponed because of the interference of the "gang of four," has now begun, said Yang.

The army reduction, he said, means a drastic cut in the number of administrative staff members, especially in the headquarters of the General Staff, the General Political Department, the General Logistics Department, the re­gional military units, and the Commission of Science, Tech­nology and Industry for National Defence.

The streamlining will cut the number of people in the three general departments by 23.8 per­cent and the regional military areas staffing by 50 percent.

6 Beijing Review, No. 32

These army officers and soldiers, who may never again be in their uniforms, help build a wharf at the

Shengli Oilfield.

As older leaders step aside, a much younger generation is tak­ing their place, he added. The youngest deputy director of the General Political Department is 44 years old and the youngest dep­uty chief of the general staff is 42. Most of them are college graduates or have completed ad-

vanced studies. The reduction in- troops is tak­

ing place in all three service branches. And the Air Force, in particular, sees the reduction as an opportunity. As the number of troops are cut, the Air Force will focus on developing high­tech defence systems, said newly appointed Air Force Commander Wang Hai, 59, who replaced Zhang Tingfa, 67, in July.

"The number of Air Force servicemen will be drastically cut and a large number of units above the regimental level dis­banded or merged," Wang said. The aim, he said, is to make the Air Force a more compact and ef­ficient military division and to promote young and competent people to command posts.

Political work will not be neglected during and after the streamlinjng, the Air Force com­mander stressed. The aim is not only to equip officers and men with modern weapons and exper­tise, but also to pass on the lofty ideals of communism, the dis­cipline and other fine traditions of the PLA.

The army, after the readjust­ment, will become better-organiz­ed and better-equipped and will be able to respond faster to a surprise attack, Wang added.

PLACES IN THIS ISSUE

1. Beidaihe (p. 6) 2. Hainon Island (p. 8)

August 12, 1985

News In JBrieff ' Xiamen Special Economic Zone Extended

The State Council has decided to enlarge the Xia­men Special Economic Zone to include all Xiamen and Gulangyu Islands. The ex­panded 131-square-kilometre zone will be able to operate in some ways as a free pojrt. It will focus primarily on industrial production, but tourism, commerce and real estate wall also be encourag­ed.

Xinjiang Allowed More Children

Like all minority areas in China. Xinjiang Uygur Au­tonomous Region allows its citizens to have two children instead of following the gen-L'rally prescribed one-child policy. If both children are girls, or if one is handicap­ped, the couple may have another. In rural areas, a couple may have three chil­dren, while families in re-nuiic ureas may have four.

.\injiang now has a pop­ulation of 13.44 million and is hoping to hold the number at 17 million by the year 3000.

Shengli Oilfield Turn out More Oil

The Shengli Oilfield in Shandong Province produc­ed 91.296 million barrels of crude oil in the first half of this year, an increase of nearly 29 percent over last year. The oilfield also com­pleted a seismic survey line 10,482 kilometres long, 34 percent more than the pre­vious year. Profits, taxes «nd industrial output each went up at least 21 percent.

China, Japan Sign Nuclear Agreement

China and Japan signed a nuclear co-operation agreement at the Fourth Sino-Japanese Govern­ment Members Conference in Tokyo.

At the two-day meeting, which was held July 30-31, Chinese Foreign Minister Wu Xueqian and Japanese Foreign Minister Shintaro Abe also signed an agree­ment of intent for a Japanese loan to China.

During the meeting, which in­cluded talks on economic co­operation, the head of the Chinese delegation complained about the yawning trade gap between China and Japan. Gu Mu, who is also state councillor for China, said the imbalance between what China buys from Japan and the amount of Japanese purchases from. China could adversely affect the business relationship between the two countries if the two do not begin to show signs of evening out.

As in previous years, Gu said, China's trade deficit with Japan has been increasing and was up to US$2 billion in 1984. The amount has been rising steadily in 1985 and had reached US$2.3 billion during the first half of the year, Gu said.

Shintaro Abe acknowledged the balance of trade dilemma. "The important thing," he said, "is that Japan and China should face this problem and settle it as quickly as we can."

Financial Picture Satisfactory

China's financial situation for the first sixth months of the year looks fine, said Finance Minister Wang Bingqian. Wang attributed the healthy economics to higher-

than-anticipated revenues and lower expenditures.

At a July 23-Aug. 7 tax meeting in Beijing, Wang told the partic­ipants the state revenues totalled 81.36 billion yuan, 54.2 percent of the figure budgeted for 1985, and 25.9 percent more than in the same period last year, while the expendi­tures were 69.76 billion yuan, 45.6 percent of the budgeted 1985 figure.

Describing the financial situa­tion as fine, the minister accounted for the good news with the devel­opment of production, the expan­sion of commodity circulation and the reforms in taxation.

While affirming the achieve­ments in tax work in the past few years, Wang stressed that the cur­rent central task for the tax offic­ials is to combat tax evasion.

It also was announced at the meeting that a national campaign against tax evasion will be launch­ed in the state- and collectively-owned enterprises and in individ­ual businesses this year, follow­ing a State Council decision.

With the development of market-oriented production and the opening of more channels for circulation of goods, China's tax­able units rose to 7.2 million from 1.62 million in 1978, according to Jin Xin, director of the General Taxation Bureau of the Ministry of Finance. More than 50 percent of the units have evaded taxation to varying degrees, Jin told the meeting. He called for further improvement of the taxation sys­tem and the enactment of needed tax laws. He also urged local tax­ation bureaus to supervise the completion of financial audits of taxable units, especially those in­dividual businesses.

China's financial officials also have called for strict control over expenditures and for a balance be­tween revenue and expenditure. A

special meeting was held last May on reducing administrative expen­ditures. The statistics in the first half of the year, however, showed that except for Shaanxi Provincer in which the expenditures dropped by 1.23 percent, all other prov­inces, municipalities and autono­mous regions have registered in­creases. Among those with increases, Qinghai, Liaoning prov­inces and the Tibetan Autonomous Region registered increases of more than 40 percent. These in­creases in administrative expendi­tures were attributed largely to the uncontrolled increases of staff in some Party and governmental or­ganizations and to the huge collec­tive purchases.

Recently top officials from the State Council also have urged provincial governments to cut their administrative expenditures, stressing that the spending quotas should not be exceeded this year as it was the case last year.

Officials Sacked for Car Import Racket

Several high-ranking officials in southern Guangdong Province's Hainan Island, including the Hai­nan Administrative Region Party vice-secretary and head of the Hainan People's Government Lei Yu and his colleague Chen Yuyi, were dismissed recently because of their involvement in car smug­gling.

From January 1, 1984 to March 5, 1985, the report of the Party Central Committee released on July 30 said the Hainan author­ities approved the import of 89,000 motor vehicles (90 per­cent are, cars and minibuses), the import of 2186 m. colour' TV sets, 252,000 video recorders and 122,000 motorcycles. More than 10,000 cars and minibuses and most of the other consumer goods, which were imported tax-free to be used only on the island, were

8 Beijing Review, No. 52

resold all over the country at double or triple the prices.

The report said 872 companies and 88 departments under the re­gional government participated in the scandal. Even schools and, kindergartens participated in the smuggled auto trade. Many cadres have been out rustling up loans and foreign exchange for the con­traband, said the report.

A number of bank branches took a share in the smuggling for what is called "gratitude fees" or "formality fees." The Industrial and Commercial Bank branch and the Agricultural Bank branch in Tunchang County granted loans of 8 million yuan to the Foreign Economic Commission and got a profit of 100,000 yuan, the Sanya Agricultural Bank branch received 35 percent of the earnings in ad­dition to loan interests. On an­other occasion, the branch receiv­ed cars worth 115,000 yuan and 150 20-inch colour TV sets at a price 650 yuan lower than the wholesale price, in return for a loan of 30 million yuan granted to the car smugglers.

Much of the loan money was used to buy foreign exchange at high prices. Foreign exchange worth US$570 million was bought for the contraband, the report said. For example, Fu Shengfu, deputy manager of the Wenchang Colour TV Set Factory, bought US$1 million in foreign exchange at an exchange rate he set him­self and pocketed 200,000 yuan. The county's Puqian district Party committee got 30,000 yuan in commissions for offering Fu its ac­count number in the dealing.

Most of the profits went to individual pockets, however. An official in Qiongshan County re­ceived bonuses of more than 8,500 yuan on two occasions. The Hainan Daily made a profit of 4.3 million yuan in the dealing. Every member of the daily received more

than 800 yuan in bonuses last year and 787 yuan in this year's first two months. The editors got 1,500 yuan this year and Chief Editor Guan Xin was .given 1,000 yuan on one occasion.

Car smuggling also bred other economic crimes, the report said. Altogether 143 cases are under further investigation, and four people were found guilty of pocketing more than 1 million yuan. Lian Bingzong, a farm worker in Qionghai County, made 2.09 million yuan.

The corruption network must be broken, government depart­ments involved in the scandal further investigated, those respon­sible punished-and illegal income confiscated, the report said.

Guangdong Provincial Party Sec­retary Lin Ruo said the develop­ment policy for Hainan Island would not change despite the re­cent dismissal of Party and govern­ment officials. As a place open to foreign investment, Hainan Island has been given special powers to import foreign goods and retain foreign exchange to develop fast­er, he ^aid, but using criminal activity to improve the backward­ness of the area was not permis­sible.

Lin encouraged Party and gov­ernment officials to engage in criticism and self-criticism, to heighten the sense of discipline and crack down on embezzlement, bribery and other economic crimes.

C h i n a & t h e Worir SiQO-Indonesian Direct jTrade

Vice-Premier Yao Yilin said recently the Chinese government would encour­age Chinese industrial and commercial organizations to conduct direct trade with In­donesia.

rtelerring to the exehange of notes ol memorandum of utidcr.'^taiiding on direct trade, Indonesian delegation head. President Sukamdani, said he was satisfied with direct trading between the two countries. Although there are no diplomatic ties between the two countries, he said, Indonesia is regard­ed by China as a friendly country and given preferen­tial treatment in custorns duties. Five Principles Guide Relations

"The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are the most reliable guidelines to handling relations among countries, and these princi­ples can stand any test," said Premier Zhao Ziyang at a meeting with a visiting Thai delegation. Entry and Exit Procedures Simplified

The Chinese government recently has decided to sim­plify entry and exit proce­dures for overseas Chinese, according to a spokesman for the Ministry of Public Security.

Beginning August 1, over­seas Chinese who come back to China to visit relatives and friends, or for tourism or business, no longer need visas or exist permits.

August 12, 1985 9

INTERNATIONAL

India

Gandhi's New Diplomatic Moves While proving his political acumen in his own country by winning a long-sought agreement with Sikh leaders who have been battling with New Delhi for greater autonomy in the Punjab, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi has made a series of diplomatic attempts to ease the South Asian situation and increase India's role in international affairs.

by WANG KUN

W' H I L E I n d i a n P r i m e M i n i s t e r R a j i v G a n d h i h a s p r o v e d h i s

d i p l o m a t i c d e x t e r i t y b y w i n n i n g a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h S i k h l e a d ­e r s o v e r t h e i r b a t t l e f o r g r e a t e r a u t o n o m y i n t h e P u n j a b — a b a t ­t l e t h a t h a s c o s t I n d i a t h o u s a n d s o f l i v e s a n d t h r e a t e n e d t h e c o u n t r y ' s p o l i t i c a l u n i t y — G a n d h i a l s o h a s p l a y e d a m o r e a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e i n t e m a i t i o n a l a r e n a . H i s f a c i l e s h u t t l e s b e t w e e n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S o u t h A s i a n c o u n t r i e s h a v e g a r n e r e d t h e w o r l d ' s a t t e n t i o n .

O p e r a t i n g u n d e r t h e t h e o r y t h a t a s t a b l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r d e r w i l l f a c i l i t a t e I n d i a ' s i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , t h e p r i m e m i n i s ­t e r h a s u n d e r s c o r e d h i s d e d i c a t i o n t o n o n - a l i g n m e n t b y s o l i c i t i n g a i d a n d f r i e n d s h i p f r o m b o t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . '

I n l a t e M a y o f t h i s y e a r G a n d h i p a i d a v i s i t t o t h e K r e m l i n f o r h i s f i r s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l v i s i t s i n c e b e ­c o m i n g p r i m e m i n i s t e r . D u r i n g t a l k s w i t h S o v i e t l e a d e r M i k h a i l G o r b a c h e v , G a n d h i r e i t e r a t e d h i s p r o m i s e t o s t r e n g t h e n t i e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s a s o u t l i n e d i n t h e I n d i a n - S o v i e t t r e a t y . T h e t w o l e a d e r s t h e n s i g n e d b a s i c g u i d e ­l i n e s f o r p r o g r a m m e s i n v o l v i n g e c o n o m i c , t r a d e , s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o - o p e r a t i o n . T h e

a g r e e m e n t s w i l l h o l d u n t i l t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . A l t h o u g h t h e t w o s i d e s s h a r e v i e w s o n s o m e i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s s u e s , d u r i n g t h e i r m e e t i n g s t h e y a g r e e d t o d i s a g r e e o n s e v e r a l k e y a r e a s . A m o n g t h e a r e a s o f d i s ­a g r e e m e n t w a s I n d i a ' s r e f u s a l t o r e s p o n d t o t h e S o v i e t p r o p o s a l f o r a n a l l - A s i a f o r u m o n p e a c e a n d s e c u r i t y . G a n d h i a l s o s t r e s s e d h i s p o s i t i o n o n t h e A f g h a n i s t a n i s s u e b y s a y i n g h e o p p o s e d a n y i n t e r f e r ­e n c e i n A f g h a n a f f a i r s b y a n y f o r ­e i g n c o u n t r y .

N o t l o n g a f t e r t h e v i s i t t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , G a n d h i f l e w t o W a s h i n g t o n t o m e e t w i t h P r e s i ­d e n t R e a g a n a n d m e m b e r s o f t h e U S C o n g r e s s . D u r i n g t h e J u n e v i s i t , t h e I n d i a n l e a d e r s e c u r e d a g r e e m e n t s f r o m t h e A m e r i c a n s f o r s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y a i d . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a l s o a g r e e d t o e x t e n d f o r a n o t h e r t h r e e y e a r s a s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o g r a m m e w i t h I n d i a t h a t w o u l d h a v e e x p i r e d i n O c t o b e r , a n d t o c o - o p e r a t e i n c l e a n i n g t h e p o l l u t e d G a n g e s R i v e r . T h o u g h U S - I n d i a n r e l a t i o n s r e m a i n s t a l e m a t e d o n m a n y i s s u e s , G a n d ­h i ' s v i s i t h e l p e d c r e a t e c o n d i t i o n s f o r N e w D e l h i t o w i n e c o n o m i c , t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y a i d f r o m W a s h i n g t o n .

T h e p r i m e m i n i s t e r a l s o h a s m a d e s t o p s i n E u r o p e a n d J a p a n , w h e r e h e d i s c u s s e d d e f e n c e a n d h i g h - t e c h c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h F r a n c e

w h i l e g e t t i n g s i g n a t u r e s f o r l o a n | ^ f r o m F e d e r a l G e r m a n y , I t a l y a n d J a p a n .

G a n d h i h a s p a r a l l e l e d h i s d i p l o ­m a t i c o v e r t u r e s i n t h e W e s t w i t h m o v e s a m o n g h i s S o u t h A s i a n n e i g h b o u r s b y s e n d i n g a s p e c i a l e n ­v o y t o N e p a l , P a k i s t a n a n d B a n g ­l a d e s h t o s t r e n g t h e n t i e s i n t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t . D u r i n g t a l k s w i t h t h e I n d i a n e n v o y o n t h e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f I n d i a n -P a k i s t a n r e l a t i o n s , P a k i s t a n P r e ­s i d e n t Z i a u l - H a q e x p r e s s e d h i s s u p p o r t f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s w i t h I n d i a .

G a n d h i a l s o t r a v e l l e d t o B a n g ­l a d e s h w i t h S r i L a n k a P r e s i d e n t J u n i u s R i c h a r d J a y a w a r d e n e t o e x ­p r e s s s y m p a t h y t o t h e b e l e a g u r e d n a t i o n t h a t i s t r y i n g t o r e b u i l d i t ­s e l f f r o m t h e d e v a s t a t i o n w r o u g h t r e c e n t l y b y a h u r r i c a n e ! G a n d h i h a s p r o m i s e d t o i n c r e a s e e c o n o m i c a i d t o N e p a l a n d B h u t a n a n d s a i d h e w o u l d c o n s i d e r N e p a l ' s S o u t h A s i a P e a c e Z o n e p r o p o s a l .

I n a d d i t i o n , G a n d h i h a s m a d e a s e r i e s o f m o v e s a i m e d a t e m p h a ­s i z i n g I n d i a ' s c o m m i t m e n t t o n o n -a l i g n m e n t . L a s t J a n u a r y t h e p r i m e m i n i s t e r i n i t i a t e d a n d c h a i r e d a N e w D e l h i s u m m i t a t t e n d e d b y A r ­g e n t i n a , M e x i c o , T a n z a n i a , G r e e c e a n d S w e d e n , i n w h i c h t h e d e l e ­g a t e s s i g n e d a s t a t e m e n t p r o h i b i t ­i n g t h e r e s e a r c h a n d s t o r a g e o f n u c l e a r w e a p o n s . I n A p r i l t h e I n ­d i a n - s p o n s o r e d F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r s ' C o n s u l t a t i v e C o n f e r e n c e , w h i c h w a s a t t e n d e d b y m o r e t h a n 8 0 n a ­t i o n s , c o n d e m n e d S o u t h A f r i c a n r a c i s m , a n n o u n c e d s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n r e g i m e a n d a g r e e d t o p r o v i d e m i l i t a r y a i d t o t h e S o u t h W e s t A f r i c a P e o p l e O r g a n i z a t i o n ( S W A P O ) . G a n d h i h a s a l s o a t t e m p t e d t o m e d i a t e t h e I r a q - I r a n w a r , a n d t o p l a y a p o s i ­t i v e r o l e i n t h e M i d e a s t p e a c e p r o c e s s a n d i n t e r n a l u n i t y o f n o n -a l i g n m e n t m o v e m e n t .

W B e i j i n g R e v i e w , N o . 32

U g a n d a

Obote Government Overthrown Tribal hatred and an afflicted economy sparked the over­throw of Obote's Ugandan government on July 27, making Uganda the third African nation after Mauritania and the Sudan to suffer a coup d'etat in 1985.

by LIU XIUFENG and ZHANG GUOBIN

TRIBAL friction, escalating in­flation and industrial losses

sparked the Ugandan coup d'etat tfiat wrested power from Presi­dent Milton Obote on July 27 and made Uganda the third African government after. Mauritania and the Sudan to fall to rival powers in 1985.

On the day following the sei­zure, rebel leader and Northern" Brigade Commander Bazilio Olara Okello declared the "total end of Obote's tribalistic rule ," and pro­ceeded to consolidate his power by closing the Entebbe airport and ordering a 12-hour curfew.

Violence between two of Uganda's 40 tribes is seen by many as the impetus behind the coup. Okello, a member of the Acholi tribe, which has long struggled with Obote's Langi tribe, and Tito Okello led 2,000 Acholi troops in the overthrow. The Langi tribe has in the past been the target of discrimination by the Acholi and Bangada clans. During his presi­dency, Obote attempted to ex­clude other tribes from power and appointed officers on the basis of their political and tribal affilia­tions. As this month's sheduled elections drew closer, the power struggle between Obote and Army Chief of Staff Smith Opon Acak on one side and Vice-President Paulo Muwanga and Okello on the other became more public. Obote, in a speech at the officers' meeting on July 18 showed fa­

vouritism for Opon Acak, arousing the dissatisfaction from the Acholi officers, who support Muwanga.

Furthermore, the inflation rate recently reached 200 percent while the deficit also pushed up­ward. Although the gross domestic product and per-capita income increased in 1984, the Obote government's failure to provide solutions to economic distress only exacerbated the country's social unrest.

On July 28 the military au­thorities claimed control of the country and announced the sus­pension of the constitution, the dissolution of parliament, the dis­missal of all the ministers, the

shut down of all borders, and a halt to exchange transactions. On luly 29 the Military Council of the Ugandan National Liberation Army was set up with Tito Okello as its chairman and head of state. General elections are scheduled to be held within 12 months. A spokesman for the military said the military would conduct free and fair elections and allow the people to choose a new government. Brigadier Okello called Obote the worst dictator of Ugandan history, and ap­pealed to all people of Uganda to work together to build one unit­ed, peaceful country.

Anti-Obote guerrilla leader and former Defence Minister Yoweri Moseveni announced his support for the military authorities. Former President Amin also ap­plauded the coup. With the deep-rooted strife among the tribes and the serious economic difficulties facing Uganda, the new govern­ment will, like its predecessors, be tested as to whether it can endure.

H e l s i n k i

C S C E , Ten Years in Retrospect

The Helsinki Conference and its extended sessions have gone on for ten years with no substantial results ever hav­ing been achieved. To many member states, however, the Helsinki meetings are worth maintaining as a forum for dialogue.

and looked forward to the future of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).

Discussion at the meeting focus­ed on how much "security" the conference has brought to Europe. The ten-year-old CSCE is filled with "disappointment and dis-sidence," said Hans-Dietrich Gen-scher. Foreign Minister of Federal Republic of Germany.

by LIU XUMIN

F O R E I G N ministers from 35 countries met in Helsinki

from July 30 to August 1 to mark the 10th anniversary of the ac­cords on security and co-opera­tion. During the meeting, the ministers reviewed the imple­mentation of the Helsinki Final Acts signed on August 1, 1975,

August 12, 1985 11

Poland Economic Reforms Look Hopeful Poland has been plagued by social upheaval and eco­nomic doldrums since 1980. In order to turn the tide, the Polish government has adopted sweeping economic reforms.

Observers in Helsinki noted that the extended CSCE sessions have been held year after year, but no substantial results have pro­duced. Over the decade, the sole achievements have been the East-West agreement on informing and dispatching observers when hold­ing large-scale military manoeu­vres, some relaxation of restric­tions on journalists' activities and the reunion of divided families. But the decade appears more inde­libly marked by tension and the nuclear arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Member states gave their views of CSCE's modest contributions. The United States criticized the Soviet Union for failures to ob­serve the accords, stamping on hu­man rights and not tolerating dis-sidence. The Soviet Union, in turn, reproached the United States for interfering in the affairs of other countries in name of human rights, and criticized the West for high unemployment among youth.

Some medium and small-sized European countries accused the superpowers of violating the spirit of the accords. European repre­sentatives said their countries sought dialogue and peace, not conflict or war. The appeal for disarmament was overwhelming. They called for Washington and Moscow to reach agreement on re­ducing nuclear arms and to halt production plans for space wea­pons. The European nations gene­rally hoped the dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union would lead to detente. Some European countries said their des­tinies should not be controlled by any superpower, but by them­selves.

All the participating countries conducted bilateral and multila­teral contacts during the three-day meeting. Many said they wished the meetings could be maintained as a means for dialogue.

by LIU ZHONGCHUN

ECONOMIC adjustments be­gun in January 1982 are

showing signs of success in Poland. Industrial and agricul­tural output have grown, and peo­ple are more confident of the future.

Following the rebirth of Poland after World War II the govern­ment adopted a centralized eco­nomic system. But in October 1956 the government discarded the strictly centralized system and be­gan to make adjustments. These changes, however, failed to pro­duce the expected results and many fundamental problems re­mained. As a result, Poland has been haunted by social upheaval and economic decline since 1980.

Drawing a lesson from the earlier reforms, the government decided that it would plan only strategic goals for the national economy rather than setting specific production quotas for every low-level enterprises. Some firms — such as those directly supported by the central govern­ment, those engaged in defence production and those producing goods called for in international agreements — would continue to have strict instructions.

Based on market conditions — prices, demand, profit and com­petition — enterprises can now independently make decisions on production and management.

After researching the demand and profitability of a product, the enterprises decide how they can best meet the demand with ef­ficient production processes.

Under the reform, socialist enterprises can freely decide what to do with their fixed assets, including selling, lending or transferring them. They are also free to merge with other en­terprises or divide into smaller units.

Another change is that enter­prises producing exports can communicate directly with foreign buyers or partners after receiving state approval.

Enterprises have also adopted self-government, which means that workers can take part in management in accordance with the national enterprise autonomy law. Worker committees are the principal organization for self-government.

The economic readjustment was adopted in the face of a dif­ficult situation — political dis­sidents were active, the economy was suffering and the foreign debt had grown to some U S | 3 0 billion. Reforming the price system, a key part of the readjustment, has proved to be a major headache for the government. The rate of inflation continues to run as high as 15 percent. The new measures have not yet yielded a true economic recovery. Despite these problems, however, Poland's economic machine is slowly ac­celerating.

72 Beijing Review, No. 52

40 Years After:

Reassessing the War in China

by WU JINGSHENG Our Correspondent

ON t h e e v e o f t h e 4 0 t h a n n i v e r ­s a r y o f t h e e n d o f W o r l d W a r

I I , t h e e n t i r e w o r l d i s l o o k i n g b a c k t o t h e d e v a s t a t i n g y e a r s o f w a r t o s e e w h a t l e s s o n s m i g h t b e l e a r n t .

C h i n a ' s r o l e i n t h e w a r a g a i n s t f a s c i s m w a s i t s W a r o f R e s i s t a n c e A g a i n s t J a p a n , a w a r i n w h i c h o v e r 2 0 m i l l i o n C h i n e s e p e o p l e w e r e k i l l e d o r w o u n d e d . T h e s a c r i f i c e s w e r e m a n y b u t t h e a l t e r n a t i v e w a s u n t h i n k a b l e .

T h e w a r i n C h i n a w a s n q o r d i n a r y w a r . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e h o r r o r s o f c o u n t l e s s m a s s a c r e s , t h e a n t i - J a p a n e s e w a r s a w a d i v i d e d n a t i o n p u l l t o g e t h e r t o c o m b a t a c o m m o n e n e m y . I n t h e d a y s p r i o r t o J a p a n ' s a t t a c k o n C h i n a , t h e K u o m i n t a n g ( K M T ) w a s f i g h t i n g d e s p e r a t e l y t o e l i m i n a t e t h e C o m ­m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a ( C P C ) . B y p u l l i n g t o g e t h e r f o l l o w i n g t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a s i o n , t h e a l l i e d C h i ­n e s e a r m y w a s a b l e t o f i n a l l y e x ­p e l t h e e n e m y f r o m C h i n e s e t e r r i t o r y .

R e c e n t l y , 1 v i s i t e d t h e M i l i t a r y M u s e u m o f t h e C h i n e s e P e o p l e ' s R e v o l u t i o n i n B e i j i n g . T h o u g h t h e m u s e u m h a s i n t h e p a s t l a r g e ­l y i g n o r e d t h e K M T ' s r o l e i n t h e a n t i - J a p a n e s e s t r u g g l e , t h e c u r a ­t o r s r e c e n t l y r e - e v a l u a t e d t h e n a ­t u r e o f t h e K M T - C P C c o - o p e r a ­t i o n t h a t l e d t o v i c t o r y f o r t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e .

R e p l e n i s h e d b y h i s t o r i c a l r e l i c s c o l l e c t e d o v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s , t h e m u s e u m h a s p u t a n e w f a c e o n i t s H a l l o f A n t i - J a p a n e s e W a r , w h i c h p r o v i d e s a c o m p r e ­

h e n s i v e p i c t u r e o f t h e s t r u g g l e w h i c h s w e p t t h e c o u n t r y f o u r d e c a d e s a g o .

T h e n u m e r o u s p i c t u r e s , p h o t o s a n d o b j e c t s o n d i s p l a y p o i n t e d t o t h r e e t h e m e s : T h e W a r o f R e ­s i s t a n c e A g a i n s t J a p a n w a s f o u g h t b y t h e w h o l e n a t i o n u n d e r t h e b a n n e r o f t h e u n i t e d f r o n t i n i t i a t ­e d b y t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ( C P C ) a n d o n t h e b a s i s o f c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C ; t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e m a d e a t r e m e n d o u s s a c r i f i c e i n t h e w a r ; a n d t h e v i c t o r y i n t h e a n t i - J a p a n e s e w a r w a s a n i m p o r ­t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e d e f e a t o f f a s c i s m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d .

A Nation Takes Up Arms J a p a n l a u n c h e d i t s f u l l - s c a l e

w a r o f a g g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t C h i n a b y i n s t i g a t i n g t h e L u g o u q i a o ( M a r c o P o l o ) B r i d g e I n c i d e n t n e a r B e i j i n g o n J u l y 7 , 1 9 3 7 . B u t s i x y e a r s p r i o r t o t h i s , t h e J a p a n e s e h a d e n g i n e e r e d t h e S e p t e m b e r 1 8 I n c i d e n t a n d o c c u p i e d n o r t h e a s t

C h i n a . I n 1 9 3 2 t h e p u p p e t r e g i m e o f M a n c h u k u o w a s s e t u p , a n d b y 1 9 3 5 J a p a n e x t e n d e d i t s c o n ­t r o l t o l a r g e p a r t s o f H e b e i ,

S h a n x i a n d I n n e r M o n g o l i a .

T h e w o r s e n i n g n a t i o n a l c r i s i s p r o m p t e d t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e t o c l o s e t h e i r r a n k s t o s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a d e r s a n d s a v e t h e n a t i o n f r o m d o o m . O n D e c e m b e r 9 , 1 9 3 5 , s t u d e n t s i n B e i j i n g t o o k t o t h e s t r e e t , r a i s i n g t h e c l a r i o n c a l l o f " s t o p p i n g t h e c i v i l w a r a n d u n i t i n g a s o n e a g a i n s t f o r e i g n i n v a d e r s . "

S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e S e p t e m b e r 1 8 I n c i d e n t i n 1 9 3 1 — i n w h i c h t h e J a p a n e s e s e i z e d t h e c i t y o f S h e n ­y a n g ( M u k d e n ) a n d l a t e r t h e e n ­

t i r e n o r t h e a s t C h i n a — t h e C P C p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y u n i t e t o c o m b a t J a p a n e s e a g g r e s ­s i o n . A g a i n i n i t s " A u g u s t 1 s t D e c l a r a t i o n " o f 1 9 3 5 , t h e C P C p u t f o r w a r d a p r o p o s a l f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a u n i t e d f r o n t t o f i g h t t h e J a p a n e s e . T o s p e e d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s u c h a u n i t e d f r o n t , t h e C P C , i n a n A u g u s t 1 9 3 6 m e s s a g e t o t h e K M T , s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e c i v i l w a r b e s t o p p e d a n d a b i - p a r t y u n i t e d f r o n t b e s e t u p t o b a t t l e t h e J a p a n e s e . B u t i t w a s o n l y t h e X i a n I n c i d e n t o n D e ­c e m b e r 1 2 o f t h e s a m e y e a r t h a t f o r c e d t h e K M T t o t u r n i t s a t t e n ­t i o n f r o m f i g h t i n g C o m m u n i s t s t o f i g h t i n g t h e J a p a n e s e . T h e i n c i d e n t i n v o l v e d t h e c a p t u r e o f K M T l e a d ­e r C h i a n g K a i - s h e k b y t w o o f h i s g e n e r a l s . T h e y f o r c e d h i m t o a g r e e t o a u n i t e d f r o n t w a r e f f o r t b e f o r e r e l e a s i n g h i m .

C o n s p i c u o u s i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n i s t h e t e x t o f a j o i n t p r o p o s a l f o r ­w a r d e d b y S o o n g C h i n g L i n g , H e X i a n g n i n g , F e n g Y u x i a n g a n d 1 1 o t h e r s a t t h e T h i r d P l e n a r y S e s ­s i o n o f t h e K M T i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 3 7 . T h e p r o p o s a l c a l l e d f o r t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f S u n Y a t - s e n ' s T h r e e G r e a t P o l i c i e s ( a l l i a n c e w i t h R u s s i a , c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e w o r k e r s a n d p e a s a n t s ) a n d t h e r e - e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f K M T - C P C c o - o p e r a t i o n i n o p ­p o s i n g t h e i n v a d i n g J a p a n e s e . A t a b o u t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C P C s e t f o r t h i t s f i v e d e m a n d s a n d f o u r g u a r a n t e e s . T h e f i v e d e m a n d s w e r e : S t o p c i v i l w a r , p r o m o t e d e m o c r a c y a n d f r e e d o m , c o n ­v e n e a n a t i o n a l a s s e m b l y , g e t r e a d y q u i c k l y t o f i g h t J a p a n e s e i n v a s i o n a n d i m p r o v e t h e p e o p l e ' s

A u g u s t 1 2 , 1985 13

The Eighth Route Army soldiers strike

l i v e l i h o o d . A n d t h e f o u r g u a r a n ­tees i n c l u d e d : E r a d i c a t e t h e h o s ­t i l i t y o f t h e t w o p o l i t i c a l p o w e r s , c h a n g e t h e n a m e o f t h e R e d A r m y , i n t r o d u c e a n e w d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y b a s e a r e a s a n d s t o p c o n f i s c a t i n g l a n d f r o m l a n d l o r d s . A l l t h e s e , t h r o u g h r e p e a t e d n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n b o t h p a r t i e s , l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e a n t i -J a p a n e s e u n i t e d f r o n t .

S o o n a f t e r t h e L u g o u q i a o B r i d g e I n c i d e n t — i n w h i c h C h i ­n e s e f o u g h t b a c k a g a i n s t J a p a n e s e p r o v o c a t i o n s j u s t o u t s i d e o f B e i ­j i n g , b o t h B e i j i n g a n d T i a n j i n f e l l . O n A u g u s t 13 t h e J a p a n e s e a t ­t a c k e d S h a n g h a i . E n c o u r a g e d a n d s u p p o r t e d b y t h e s t r o n g r e s i s t a n c e s e n t i m e n t s o f t h e p e o p l e , t h e K M T f o r c e s s t a t i o n e d i n B e i j i n g a n d S h a n g h a i b a t t l e d h e r o i c a l l y a g a i n s t t h e i n v a d e r s . T o n g L i n g e , d e p u t y c o m m a n ­d e r o f t h e 2 9 t h A r m y , a n d Z h a o D e n g y u , c o m m a n d e r o f t h e 1 3 2 n d D i v i s i o n , d i e d b r a v e l y i n t h e f i g h t i n g i n N a n y u a n , i n t h e

back at Japanese troops outside the Xil

s o u t h e r n o u t s k i r t s o f B e i j i n g . T h e i r p i c t u r e s a n d h e r o i c d e e d s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n . A l s o d e s c r i b e d a r e t h e d e e d s o f X i e J i n y u a n , d e p u t y c o m m a n d e r o f t h e 5 2 4 t h R e g i m e n t o f t h e K M T ' s 5 t h A r m y , a n d h i s 8 0 0 s o l d i e r s w h o d e f e n d e d t h & w a r e ­h o u s e o f f o u r b a n k s i n S h a n g h a i .

T h e d a y a f t e r t h e L u g o u ­q i a o B r i d g e I n c i d e n t , t h e C P C C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e p u b l i s h e d a c i r c u l a r c a l l i n g o n s o l d i e r s a n d c o m p a t r i o t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n ­t r y t o u n i t e t o f o r m a f i r m " G r e a t W a l l " t o r e s i s t t h e J a p a n e s e . O n J u l y 1 5 , t h e C P C g a v e K M T l e a d e r s t h e i r m a n i f e s t o t o m a k e p u b l i c t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C . A t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e C P C s e n t a d e l e g a ­t i o n c o m p o s e d o f Z h o u E n l a i a n d o t h e r s t o L u s h a n M o u n t a i n t o n e g o t i a t e w i t h K M T r e p r e s e n t a ­t i v e s . T w o d a y s l a t e r C h i a n g K a i -s h e k , C h a i r m a n o f t h e N a t i o n a l M i l i t a r y C o u n c i l , p u b l i s h e d a s p e e c h a t L u s h a n t h a t e x p r e s s e d h i s d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o d e f e a t t h e

ng watchtower of the Great Wall.

J a p a n e s e . O n S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , f o l l o w i n g t h e J a p a n e s e a t t a c k o n S h a n g h a i , t h e K M T ' s C e n t r a l N e w s A g e n c y m a d e p u b l i c t h e C P C ' s m a n i f e s t o o n K M T - C P C c o - o p e r a t i o n . T h e f o l ­l o w i n g d a y C h i a n g K a i - s h e k p u b ­l i s h e d a n o t h e r s p e e c h i n w h i c h h e a n n o u n c e d t h e d e f a c t o r e c o g n i ­t i o n o f t h e C P C . T h u s , t h e s e c o n d r o u n d o f c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C w a s f o r g e d 1 0 y e a r s a f t e r t h e f i r s t r o u n d i n 1 9 2 4 - 2 7 , a n d t h e u n i t e d f r o n t

a g a i n s t J a p a n w a s o f f i c i a l l y f o r m e d .

E x h i b i t s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e H a l l o f t h e W a r o f R e s i s t a n c e A g a i n s t J a p a n d e m o n s t r a t e t h e s e h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s a n d t h e i m p o r t a n t r o l e p l a y e d b y t h e K M T a c c e p t a n c e o f a u n i t e d f r o n t i n h e l p i n g m o b i l i z e a n a t i o n w i d e c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t J a p a n , a n a c c o m p l i s h m e n t a c h i e v ­e d t h a n k s t o r e p e a t e d u r g i n g s f r o m t h e C P C .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a g r e e m e n t r e a c h e d b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d

14 B e i j i n g Review, N o . 32

t h e C P C , t h e R e d A r m y w a s r e ­n a m e d t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y o f t h e N a t i o n a l R e v o l u t i o n a r y A r m y ( w h i c h w a s l a t e r r e n a m e d t h e 1 8 t h G r o u p Arii\¥).'Zhu D e a n d P e n g D e h u a i , a p p o i n t e d c o m m a n -d e r - i n - c h i r f a n d d e p u t y c o m ­m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f o f t h e a r m y , s o o n l e d t h e i r t r o o p s e a s t w a r d f r o m S h a a n x i P r o v i n c e t o S h a n x i P r o v i n c e a n d a c r o s s t h e H u a n g h e ( Y e l l o w ) R i v e r t o t a k e o n t h e J a p a n e s e .

A m o n t h a f t e r t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y l e f t i t s b a s e a r e a , i t s 1 1 5 t h D i v i s i o n m a d e a s u r p r i s e a t t a c k o n J a p a n e s e t r o o p s a t P i n g x i n g -g u a n P a s s , S h a n x i P r o v i n c e . T h e J a p a n e s e f o r c e w a s t h e n e n g a g e d i n a n a t t a c k a g a i n s t t h e K M T ' s G r e a t W a l l d e f e n c e l i n e . I n t h e b a t t l e , t h e 1 1 5 t h D i v i s i o n w a s a b l e t o d e c i m a t e m o r e t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 t r o o p s o f t h e J a p a n e s e a r m y ' s 2 1 s t B r i g a d e a n d s e i z e a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s . T h e v i c t o r y s m a s h e d t h e m y t h o f J a p a n e s e i n v i n c i b i l i t y a n d b o o s t e d t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e w h o l e n a ­t i o n .

B e f o r e l o n g , t h e J a p a n e s e a r m y m a r c h e d o n T a i y u a n i n c e n t r a l S h a n x i P r o v i n c e . D u r i n g t h e X i n k o u c a m p a i g n i n d e f e n c e o f T a i y u a n , H a o M e n g l i n g , c o m m a n ­d e r o f t h e K M T ' s 9 t h A r m y , a n d L i u J i a q i , c o m m a n d e r o f t h e K M T ' s 5 4 t h D i v i s i o n , d i e d i n b a t t l e . F i g h t i n g i n c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e a l l i e d t r o o p s , t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y m a d e s u r p r i s e a t t a c k s o n e n e m y p o s i t i o n s i n n o r t h e a s t S h a n x i a n d i n a r e a s a l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n s e c t i o n o f t h e D a t o n g -F e n g l i n g d u a n d t h e Z h e n g t i n g -T a i y u a n R a i l w a y s . T h e b a t t l e o f Y a n m e n g u a n a n d a n i g h t s u r p r i s e a t t a c k m a d e b y t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y o n Y a n g m i n g b a o A i r p o r t d e s t r o y e d 2 4 J a p a n e s e p l a n e s a n d a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y c u t o f f s u p p l i e s t o t h e J a p a n e s e a r m y a t t a c k i n g X i n k o u .

T h e e x h i b i t i o n d i s p l a y s a t e l e ­g r a m s e n t b y t h e N a t i o n a l M i l i t a r y C o u n c i l i n O c t o b e r 1 9 3 7 t o 8 t h

R o u t e A r m y C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f Z h u D e p r a i s i n g h i s a r m y f o r i t s m e r i t o r i o u s s e r v i c e i n t h e d e f e n c e o f T a i y u a n .

A f t e r t h e f a l l o f T a i y u a n i n N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 7 , t h e J a p a n e s e i n ­v a d e r s o c c u p i e d a l m o s t a l l o f n o r t h e r n C h i n a . G i v e n t h i s , t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y m a n o e u v r e d t o t h e a r e a s b e h i n d t h e e n e m y l i n e s a n d e s t a b l i s h e d a n t i - J a p a n e s e b a s e a r e a s i n n o r t h a n d c e n t r a l C h i n a . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c o - o p e r a ­t i o n a g r e e m e n t , t h e R e d A r m y g u e r r i l l a s s c a t t e r e d i n e i g h t p r o v ­i n c e s i n t h e s o u t h w e r e r e g r o u p e d a n d r e d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e N e w 4 t h A r m y o f t h e N a t i o n a l R e v o l u t i o n ­a r y A r m y . T o g e t h e r w i t h t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y a n d t h e N o r t h e a s t A n t i - J a p a n e s e A l l i e d A r m y , t h e y w a g e d w i d e - s p r e a d g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e b e h i n d e n e m y l i n e s . W i t h t h e f o r m e r R e d A r m y t r o o p s h i t ­t i n g t h e J a p a n e s e f r o m t h e r e a r a n d t h e K M T t r o o p s a t t e m p t i n g t o s l o w t h e J a p a n e s e a s s a u l t o n t h e f r o n t , t h e f o r m e r f o e s i n t h e c i v i l w a r w o r k e d i n t a n d e m t o t a c k l e a c o m m o n e n e m y .

D u r i n g t h i s t i m e , S h a n g h a i a n d N a n j i n g f e l l t o t h e e n e m y i n s u c ­c e s s i o n i n N o v e m b e r a n d D e c e m ­b e r 1 9 3 7 . I n N a n j i n g , t h e J a p a ­n e s e t r o o p s m a s s a c r e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e . I t w a s n o t u n t i l M a r c h 1 9 3 8 , w h e n C i n C L i Z o n g r e n ' s K M T 5 t h W a r Z o n e t r o o p s w o n a g r e a t v i c t o r y a t T a i e r z h u a n g , S h a n d o n g P r o v i n c e , t h a t t h e u n e n d i n g s t r e a m o f b a d n e w s w a s b r o k e n ! T h e T a i e r ­z h u a n g c a m p a i g n i s a l s o d e s c r i b ­e d i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n . P r i o r t o t h e c a m p a i g n , W a n g M i n z h a n g , c o m ­m a n d e r o f t h e K M T 1 2 2 n d D i v i ­s i o n , l e d h i s m e n t o m a k e a l a s t -d i t c h d e f e n c e a n d d i e d i n t h e f i g h t i n g . A s e a l l e f t b e h i n d b y h i m i s a m o n g t h e e x h i b i t s . T h e v i c t o r y o f t h e T a i e r z h u a n g c a m ­p a i g n a n d t h e b a t t l e s t h a t f o l l o w e d o n t h e p e r i p h e r y o f W u h a n r e ­f l e c t e d t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f p a t r i ­o t i c K M T o f f i c e r s a n d s o l d i e r s .

D u r i n g t h e d e f e n c e o f W u h a n ,

t h e S o v i e t V o l u n t e e r A i r B r i g a d e f o u g h t s h o u l d e r - t o - s h o u l d e r w i t h C h i n e s e a i r m e n .

I n O c t o b e r 1 9 3 8 , G u a n g z h o u a n d W u h a n f e l l i n s u c c e s s i o n . T h e a n t i - J a p a n e s e w a r h a d e n t e r e d a p e r i o d o f s t a l e m a t e . B e c a u s e o f t h e h e r o i c r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e C h i ­n e s e a r m y a n d c i v i l i a n s , p a r t i c u ­l a r l y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e b e h i n d t h e e n e m y l i n e s , a n d b e c a u s e J a p a n h a d e x t e n d e d i t s a s s a u l t s o f a r t h a t i t r a n s h o r t o f b o t h m e n a n d s u p p l i e s , t h e J a p a n e s e a r m y h a d t o e n d i t s o f ­f e n s i v e m o v e s a n d s w i t c h e d t o

s t r a t e g i c d e f e n s i v e . I n t h e m o n t h s t h a t f o l l o w e d , t h e J a p a n e s e l a u n c h e d o n l y a f e w c a m p a i g n s i n a n a t t e m p t t o l u r e t h e K M T i n t o p e a c e t a l k s . M e a n w h i l e , the/ t u r n e d t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o b a t t l i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e r e a r .

A s t h e J a p a n e s e d u g i n t h r o u g h 1 9 3 8 , W a n g J i n g w e i , a K M T l e a d e r a n d p r e s i d e n t o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Y u a n , d e f e c t e d t o t h e e n e m y . A n d o t h e r K M T p o w e r h o l d e r s b e g a n t o w a v e r a n d t u r n

i p a s s i v e a b o u t r e s i s t i n g t h e J a p a -' n e s e . C o n f l i c t s w i t h t h e C P C b e ­

c a m e m o r e f r e q u e n t .

T h e n , i n t h e w i n t e r o f 1 9 3 9 , a K M T w a r l o r d a t t a c k e d C P C - l e d f o r c e s i n w e s t S h a n x i .

T h e e x h i b i t i o n i n c l u d e d a p e r ­s o n a l l e t t e r f r o m Z h o u E n l a i t o K M T 2 n d W a r Z o n e C i n C Y a n X i s h a n . I n t h e l e t t e r Z h o u a d ­m o n i s h e d Y a n t o u p h o l d n a t i o n a l u n i t y a n d w o r k t o g e t h e r a g a i n s t J a p a n . T h e C P C e s t a b l i s h e d t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f s e l f - d e f e n c e , v i c t o r y a n d t r u c e , i n o t h e r w o r d s , t o f i g h t " o n j u s t g r o u n d s , " " t o i t s a d ­v a n t a g e " a n d " w i t h r e s t r a i n t , " t o s e e k u n i t y t h r o u g h s t r u g g l e , a n d t o s a f e g u a r d t h e u n i t e d f r o n t s o as t o g u a r a n t e e t h e v i c t o r y o f t h e A n t i -J a p a n e s e W a r .

F o l l o w i n g t h e o u t b r e a k o f w a r , w o r k e r s , p e a s a n t s , b u s i n e s s m e n , i n t e l l e c t u a l s , a n d s o l d i e r s f r o m a l l e t h n i c g r o u p s a n d p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s — p e o p l e o f e v e r y c l a s s , i n c l u d i n g

August 12, 1985 15

compatriots from Hongkong and Macao and overseas Chinese — stood together against their com­mon enemy. Many joined either the guerrillas in Japanese-occupied areas, performed propaganda work in Kuomintang areas or collected supplies to keep the re­sistance going. Many foreigners, among them doctors and journal­ists, also journeyed to China to help with the war effort, and some lost their lives. They made ever­lasting contributions to China's War of Resistance Against Japan, and the hall reflects their great deeds.

Mainstay of the Resistance In order to consolidate their

occupation of Wuhan and drive south, after February 1939, Japan launched limited offensives in regions around Nanchang, Chang-sha, and southern Guangxi Prov­ince, while carrying on heavy air raids against the cities of Chongqing, Chengdu, Kunming and Guiyang. Chinese troops fought back and won victory in the Kunlunguan Pass battle in Guangxi. In May 1940, Zhang Zizhong, commander-in-chief of the KMT 53rd Army Group, was killed in battle defending the Zao-yang-Yicheng area. On display at the exhibition is a letter he wrote to Deputy Commander-in-Chief Feng. Zhian just before his death. In the letter, he expressed his de­termination to fight through to the end. At the exhibition there was a picture album about him which his family donated.

Because the anti-Japanese base areas behind the enemy lines pos­ed a serious threat to strategic points and communications lines vital to the invading Japanese army, the Japanese turned their attention to mop-up operations against the 8th Route Army. The 8th Route Array was busy carrying out large-scale guerrilla warfare, and on many occasions it was successful in smashing the

enemy's offensives. For instance, more than 3,600 Japanese troops were killed or wounded in the Huangtuling battle in November 1939. Lieutenant General Abe Norihide, nicknamed the "gam of generals" in Japan, was killed in the battle.

Beginning on August 20, 1940, the 8th Route Army began the famous "hundred-regiment cam­paign" under the command of Deputy Commander-in-Chief Peng Dehuai. More than 100 regiments of the 8th Route Army launch­ed co-ordinated attacks on enemy communications lines and Japa­nese forces in north China. In just three and a half months, more than 20,000 enemy troops were wiped out. The campaign en­hanced the prestige of the 8th Route Army and strengthened the confidence of the people that they would eventually win.

Meanwhile, in south China, the Dongjiang Anti-Japanese Detach­ment and the Qiongya Detachment were formed around Guangzhou and on Hainan Island under the leadership of the Communist Party after Guangzhou fell to the enemy. In central China, the New 4th Army established the Jiang-bei (north of the Changjiang River) and Jiangnan (south of the Changjiang River) command posts in May and November 1939 respectively and fought behind enemy lines in co-ordination with the 8th Route Army units that pushed south to the Huaihai area. The New 4th Army carried out extensive guerrilla attacks in a large area from Hubei and Henan provinces in the west to the coast along the Yellow Sea and estab­lished many anti-Japanese base areas, thus linking the battlefields of north and central China.

During this period, however, the Southern Anhui Incident oc­curred. In January 1941, more than 9,000 members of the New 4th Army began marching north

with the consent of KMT leaders. In the Maolin area of Anhui, they were surrounded by KMT troops. With the exception of a few small groups that escaped the trap, the force was slaughter­ed. The CPC exposed the KMT's shocking atrocity and its scheme to undermine the resistance. At the same time, the headquarters of the New 4th Army were re­established to lead the anti-Japanese struggle in the vast areas both north and south of the Changjiang River.

In 1940 Japan proclaimed that it wanted to form a "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere." The slogan meant nothing less than Japanese ownership of Southeast Asia and all the islands of the Southern Pacific. By joining Ger­many and Italy to form the fas­cist Axis, Japan was embarking on a course of world conquest. In June 1941, while the Nazis were invading the Soviet Union, Japan's military leaders plotted a Pacific invasion with China as its rear base. Anxious to subjugate China once and for all, Japan redoubled its efforts to cripple the military resistance and lure the KMT into a political settlement. To cut off China's supply link in the south­west, Japan forced Britain to close the Yunnan-Burma Road in July 1940. Japanese troops then invad­ed the northern areas of Viet Nam in September. The following year, Japan manoeuvred to blockade China's southeast coast while launching frenzied attacks in north and central China. But the base areas of the 8th Route Army and the New 4th Army remained thorns in Japan's side. To beef up its rear, Japan- launched one cold-blooded attack after another in the base areas.

Between 1941 and 1942, accord­ing to displays in the exhibition hall, the Japanese mobilized some 830,000 troops, or 66.6 percent more than in the 1939-40 period, to mop up the base areas. They

16 Beijing Review, No. 32

W a r A g a i n s t J a p a n (1937-1945)

S h a n g h a i b u r n e d i n t h e w a l c e o f J a p a n e s e b o m b i n g o n A u g u s t 1 3 , 1 9 3 7 .

O n J u l y 7 , 1 9 3 7 , C h i n e s e t r o o p s r e s i s t i n g J a p a n e s e a t t a c k s i n w h o t b e c a m e k n o w n a s t h e L u g o u q i a o ( M a r c o P o l o ) B r i d g e I n c i d e n t . T h e i n c i d e n t

m a r k e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a n a l l - o u t w a r i n C h i n a .

C h i n e s e t r o o p s m a k i n g a l a s t - d i t c h d e f e n c e i n

S h a n g h a i .

2 h u D e a n d M a o Z e d o n g d i s c u s s i n g t a c t i c s i n Y a n o n . O n J u l y 8 , 1 9 3 7 C o m m u n i s t P a r t y l e a d e r s c a l l e d f o r a u n i t e d f r o n t t o d e f e a t t h e J a p a n e s e

i n v a s i o n .

I n r e s i s t a n c e b a s e s , t h e p e o p l e g a v e t h e i r s u p p o r t t o t h e a r m y .

M i l i t i a d e s t r o y e d r a i l v K o y l i n e s i n a r e a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e J a p a n e s e .

D u r i r h n S h c i

m

Chi,' joini

R e s i s t a n c e f i g h t e r s u s e d t u n n e l s t o m a k e s n e a k a t t a c k s .

T h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y l e f t Y a n a n t o h e a d f o r t h e [ f r o n t l i n e s . C i v i l i a n s p i n n e d " f l o w e r s " t o h o n o u r r e t u r n i n g h e r o e s f r o m t h e f r o n t .

T h e C h i n e s e a r m y o v e r r a n t h i s m i l i t a r y b a s e i n s t a l l e d b y t h e J a p a n e s e i n X u s h u i C o u n t y , H e b e i P r o v i n c e .

J a p a n e s e t r o o p s a n d t h e i r v e h i c l e s w e r e c a p t u r e d b y t h e r e s i s t a n c e .

S o l d i e r s f r o m t h e 8 t h R o u t e A r m y c h e e r e d t h e i r v i c t o r y f r o m t h e G r e a t W a l l a f t e r r e c o v e r i n g l o s t t e r r i t o r y .

, T h e J a p a n e s e t r o o p s s u r r e n -d e r e d t o t h e C h i n e s e a r m y .

W i t h J a p a n e s e s u r r e n d e r o n S e p t e m b e r 2 , 1 9 4 5 , S h a n g h a i s t r e e t s w e r e f i l l e d w i t h c e l e b r a n t s .

M e i j i O k a m u r a , c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f o f t h e J a p a n e i a r m y , w a s t r i e d b y t h e S h a n g h a i m i l i t a r y c o u r t

i n 1 9 4 8 .

carried out 174 operations, each involving upwards of 1,000 Jap­anese troops. There were 30 other major operations that involved 10,000-70,000 troops.

During the attacks on the rear bases, the Japanese followed a policy of "burning all, killing all and looting all." Massacres of un­armed civilians were common. These massacres further reduced a population that was already de­pleted due to food shortages caused by the war. Undaunted, the sol­diers and civilians fought back tenaciously and killed more than 2,000 enemy troops in each of several counterattacks. The resis­tance scored triumphs in August 1941 in the Shanxi-Qahar-Hebei area, in July in northern and cen­tral Jiangsu, and in November and December in the Yimeng Moun­tain in Shandong.

The CPC Central Committee lost no time in making adjustments, streamlining its administration, reducing land rents and loan inter­est rates, organizing production campaigns and carrying out Party rectification. Meanwhile, the Cen­tral Committee ordered the main forces to join the local guerrillas in waging a people's war. Nu­merous ingenious warfares were in­vented to cripple the Japanese operations. Gradually, the tide turned for the resistance forces.

During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the CPC, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, adopt­ed a clear-cut political stand and wise military tactics. The 8th Route Army, the New 4th Army, the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Army, the guerrillas in south China and the resistance fighters throughout enemy-occupied areas, endured great hardships. They made great sacrifices to emerge as the mainstay of the country in the struggle against the invaders.

Sacrifice and Contribution The Japanese naval and air

forces attacked the United States

naval base at Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941, and the Pacif­ic War finally broke out. In quick succession the Japanese invaded Southeast Asia and islands through­out the South Pacific. By June 1942, the Philippines, Java, Malaya, Burma, Thailand and many Pacific islands had fallen. The invasion of China had ex­panded into a full-fledged Pacific War, with China serving as a major theatre.

As Japan occupied Burma, the Yunnan-Burma Road was closed, and one of China's main supply channels was thus shut off. In December 1941 China and Britain decided to jointly defend the high­way and a Chinese expeditionary army was subsequently dis­patched into Burma in February 1942. Major General Tai Anrun, head of the 200th division of the 5th Army, died a heroic death on May 26, 1942, while fighting the Japanese in north Burma. His mil­itary exploits earned him a post­humous medal from US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 20. Unfortunately, the medal was later lost, but a duplicate medal was reissued by the US Army in November 1983 upon the request of Tai's relatives. The medal is displayed at the exhibition.

The international situation be­gan to look more encouraging in early 1943. The Red Army coun­terattacked in Europe and the Unit­ed States mounted vehement offen­sives in the Pacific theatre, too. With Pacific shipping routes ex­posed to increasing fire, the Jap­anese turned to the land route ex­tending from northeast China to Viet Nam as its supply line for forces in Southeast Asia. Early in 1944, the Japanese went on the offensive along the Beijing-Hankow, Hankow-Guangzhou and Hunan-Guangxi Railways. The Chinese army was defeated in operations ranging from Henan and Hunan to Guangxi and large parts of Henan, Hubei, Hunan,

Guangxi, Guangdong and Guizhou fell into the hands of Japanese oc­cupation troops. To co-ordinate the frontline wars, the 8th Route Army and the New 4th Army made great efforts to contain the Japanese forces. Beginning Feb­ruary 1944, they mounted spring, summer and autumn offensives in the enemy's rear areas, recaptur­ing much of the lost area and deal­ing massive casualties in the process.

In 1944, the American 20th air force helped counter Japanese air attacks and used China as a base for bombing raids on Japanese-held areas. Some planes were shot down by the Japanese, and Chi­nese military personnel and civil­ians in the resistance areas saved many US airmen and helped them return to their bases. The exhibi­tion includes a group of photo­graphs recording the experiences of these pilots.

To prepare for the final coun­terattacks, the 8th Route Army and the New 4th Army trained hard and consolidated their strength between battles during the latter part of 1944. They launched spring and summer of­fensives in 1945, and greatly re­duced Japanese-held occupation areas. When the CPC held its 7th Congress in April 1945, resistance bases numbered 19, with Yanan as the centre. They spread over 19 provinces, with a total population of 95.5 million. Troops numbered 910,000, with an additional 2.2 million militia members. The cities held by the Japanese were literally islands surrounded by a sea of resistance forces.

By then, the day of defeat for Japan was drawing near.

On May 2, 1945, the Soviet Red Army captured Berlin. And on May 8, fascist Germany uncon­ditionally surrendered. On July 26, China, Britain and the United States jointly issued the Potsdam Declaration, demanding the Jap­anese surrender. The Soviet Union

August 12, 1985 21

A m b u l a n c e s , c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e E i g h t h R o u t e A r m y b y o v e r s e a s C h i n e s e f r o m N e w Y o r k , a r r i v i n g i n C h i n a .

p l e d g e d a t t h e P o t s d a m m e e t i n g t h a t i t w o u l d j o i n t h e b a t t l e a g a i n s t J a p a n w i t h i n t h r e a m o n t h s o f t h e E u r o p e a n v i c t o r y .

T h e t i m e t a b l e f o r f i n a l v i c t o r y f r o m t h a t p o i n t w a s s h o r t :

O n A u g u s t 6 a U S b o m b e r d r o p ­p e d t h e f i r s t a t o m b o m b o n H i ­r o s h i m a .

O n A u g u s t 8 t h e S o v i e t U n i o n d e c l a r e d w a r a g a i n s t J a p a n .

O n A u g u s t 9 C P C C h a i r m a n M a o Z e d o n g c a l l e d o n a l l r e s i s ­t a n c e f o r c e s t o g o o n a n a t i o n w i d e o f f e n s i v e a g a i n s t J a p a n .

O n t h e s a m e d a y t h e S o v i e t a r m y c r o s s e d i n t o n o r t h e a s t C h i n a b y t h r e e r o u t e s .

A n d , a l s o o n t h e s a m e d a y , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d r o p p e d i t s s e c o n d a t o m b o m b o n N a g a s a k i .

O n A u g u s t 1 0 8 t h R o u t e A r m y C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f Z h u D e i s s u e d a n u l t i m a t u m t o t h e s u r ­r o u n d e d e n e m y t o s u r r e n d e r .

O n A u g u s t 15 t h e J a p a n e s e g o v -e r n m e f i t f o r m a l l y d e c l a r e d i t s s u r ­r e n d e r .

A n d , f i n a l l y , o n S e p t e m b e r 2 J a p a n f o r m a l l y s i g n e d t h e s u r r e n ­d e r p a p e r s .

T h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e ' s W a r o f R e s i s t a n c e A g a i n s t J a p a n a n d

2 2

W o r l d W a r I I h a d c o m e t o a n e n d .

D u r i n g t h e 8 - y e a r s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t J a p a n e s e a g g r e s s i o n , t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e m a d e g r e a t s a c r i ­f i c e s . A t a b l e d i s p l a y e d i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n h a l l i n d i c a t e s t h a t 2 1 . 8 m i l l i o n C h i n e s e s o l d i e r s a n d c i v i l i a n s w e r e k i l l e d o r w o u n d e d . A n d t h a t n u m b e r d o e s n ' t e v e n i n c l u d e s t a t i s t i c s f o r L i a o n i n g , J i l i n , H e i l o n g j i a n g , R e h e a n d T a i w a n .

T h e t a b l e a l s o p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a d e r s s u f f e r e d h e a v i l y i n t h e C h i n a t h e a t r e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e J a p a n e s e s t a t i s ­t i c s , d u r i n g t h e e i g h t y e a r s ( 1 9 3 7 -4 5 ) , m o r e t h a n 1 .33 m i l l i o n t r o o p s w e r e k i l l e d , w o u n d e d o r c a p t u r e d , h i g h e r t h a n t h e t o l l i n t h e P a c i f i c t h e a t r e . S o m e 1 , 2 8 0 , 0 0 0 J a p a n e s e t r o o p s s u r r e n d e r e d i n C h i n a w h e n t h e w a r e n d e d .

B e c a u s e t h e y w e r e b o g g e d d o w n i n C h i n a f o r y e a r s , J a p a n c o u l d n e v e r r e a l i z e i t s f a s c i s t s t r a t e g y o f a t t a c k i n g t h e S o v i e t U n i o n f r o m b o t h s i d e s . T h u s t h e S o v i e t t r o o p s w e r e a b l e t o d e v o t e t h e i r e f f o r t s t o b a t t l i n g G e r m a n y o n t h e E u ­r o p e a n t h e a t r e . J a p a n a l s o h a d t o g i v e u p i t s d e s i g n o f m e e t i n g t h e G e r m a n t r o o p s i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . T h i s a l ­

l o w e d U S , a n d B r i t i s h t r o o p s t o a c h i e v e s u c c e s s i n t h e P a c i f i c t h e a t r e .

O f c o u r s e , t h e A l l i e s w o r l d w i d e e f f o r t t o d e f e a t f a s c i s m w a s c r u ­c i a l i n b r i n g i n g a b o u t t h e s u r r e n ­d e r o f J a p a n .

C h i n a ' s W a r o f R e s i s t a n c e A g a i n s t J a p a n w a s b a c k e d b y p e o ­p l e t h e w o r l d o v e r . C h i n a ' s p e r ­s i s t e n c e i n i t s w a r a g a i n s t J a p a n , a n d i t s s u c c e s s , i n t u r n , h a d f a r -r e a c h i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r b r i n g i n g t o a n e n d i m p e r i a l i s t e n s l a v e m e n t a n d o p p r e s s i o n a n d p r o m o t i n g the-*—-s t r u g g l e o f a l l c o u n t r i e s f o r i n ­d e p e n d e n c e and n a t i o n a l l i b e r a ­t i o n .

J a p a n e s e m i l i t a r i s m b r o u g h t u n ­t o l d s u f f e r i n g t o t h e p e o p l e o f C h i n a a n d o f o t h e r A s i a n c o u n ­t r i e s . T h e J a p a n e s e p e o p l e , t o o , f e l t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e w a r s o f a g g r e s s i o n . J a p a n ' s r u t h l e s s i n v a s i o n o f C h i n a . i s n o w p a r t o f h i s t o r y , b u t i t s h o u l d n o t b e f o r ­g o t t e n , w r i t t e n o f f o r d i s t o r t e d . P a s t e x p e r i e n c e , i f n o t f o r g o t t e n , c a n s e r v e a s a g u i d e f o r t h e f u t u r e . C h i n a d o e s n ' t f i x i t s e y e s t o t h e p a s t , b u t c h o o s e s t o l o o k f o r w a r d t o t h e f u t u r e . P e a c e a n d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f p r e v e n t i n g w a r a r e d e e p l y t r e a s u r e d i n C h i n a .

F o r 4 0 y e a r s a f t e r W o r l d W a r I I p e o p l e f r o m a l l w a l k s o f l i f e i n J a p a n h a v e m a d e e f f o r t s t o p r o ­m o t e f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d J a p a n . A f t e r t h e n o r m a l i z a ­t i o n o f r e l a t i o n s i n 1 9 7 2 , C h i n a a n d J a p a n s i g n e d t h e P e a c e a n d F r i e n d s h i p T r e a t y i n 1 9 7 8 . T h i s m a r k e d a n e w b e g i n n i n g f o r r e l a ­t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s . T h e l e a d e r s o f t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s h a v e p l e d g e d f r i e n d s h i p f o r f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . I n d e e d , n o t o n l y m u s t t h e C h i n e s e a n d J a p a n e s e p e o p l e s n o t f i g h t w i t h e a c h o t h e r a g a i n , b u t a s n e i g h b o u r s t h e y s h o u l d j o i n h a n d s t o p r o m o t e f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n p e o p l e a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d , f i g h t a g a i n s t h e g e -m o n i s m a n d s a f e g u a r d w o r l d p e a c e . •

Beijing Review, No. 3 2

So Much Love for So Many Comrade Rose S m i t h , veteran j o u r n a l i s t and a n old f r i e n d of the

Chinese people, died i n B e i j i n g on fuly 23 at the age of 9 4 . She came to C h i n a i n 1 9 6 2 and worked as a n E n g l i s h language copy editor first at the F o r e i g n Languages Press and then at X i n h u a News Agency. W e have asked E l e a n o r B i d i e n , a long-time colleague of Smith's at X i n h u a , to contribute the f o l l o w i n g a r t i c l e . — Ed.

E l i z a b e t h B a r r e t t B r o w n i n g , i n a s o n n e t t o h e r h u s b a n d , w r o t e :

H o w do I love thee? Let me count the ways.

T h o s e o f u s w h o k n o w R o s e S m i t h p e r h a p s a r e t e m p t e d t o r e ­c a l l i n h o w m a n y w a y s R o s e s h o w ­e d s o m u c h l o v e t o s o m a n y .

S h e w a s a r e s t l e s s w o m a n , t r a v e l l i n g a l l o v e r E n g l a n d , t o S p a i n , t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t o C h i n a , a l ­w a y s i n t h e t h i c k o f l i f e ;

S h e w a s a q u e s t i n g w o m a n , m o v ­i n g f r o m t h e h a n d - p o t t e r y e n v i r o n ­m e n t o f h e r f a t h e r t o t h e e x h a u s t e d w o m e n s p i n n e r s a n d w e a v e r s o f t h e t e x t i l e m i l l s , t o m e n r i s i n g f r o m t h e m i n e s i n t h e b o w e l s o f t h e e a r t h , t o t h e d e f e n d e r s o f t h e S p a n i s h R e p u b l i c , t o t h e c l a n d e s ­t i n e a n t i - f a s c i s t G e r m a n s , t o t h e m i l i t a n t S o v i e t p e o p l e a n d f i n a l l y , t o h e r l a s t r e s t i n g p l a c e h e r e i n t h e g r e a t f a m i l y o f C h i n a .

S o m e o f u s , l i k e m e , o n l y k n e w h e r i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e s o f h e r l i f e .

I t w a s a p r i v i l e g e t o b e a n e x t -d o o r n e i g h b o u r o f R o s e ' s , o n a n d o f f , f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s . A s I p a s s e d h e r s i t t i n g o n h e r p o r c h g o i n g t o w o r k i n t h e m o r n i n g , s h e w o u l d a l w a y s c a l l o u t a c h e e r f u l g r e e t i n g , o f t e n a c h a l l e n g e : S h e h a d b e e n p o n d e r i n g a p a s s a g e i n a M a r x i s t w o r k , o r o f f e r e d a n a n a l y ­s i s o f s o m e c u r r e n t e v e n t , o r s h e h a d j u s t f i n i s h e d a b o o k t h a t s h o u l d b e r e a d ;

R o s e h a d t a u g h t s c h o o l i n h e r y o u t h a n d l i k e t r u e e d u c a t o r s , s h e l e a r n t f r o m e v e r y o n e a r o u n d , d r i v e r s , h e r h o u s e k e e p e r , p e o ­p l e i n t h e o f f i c e , y o u n g a n d o l d , l e a d e r s ; s h e s h a r e d h e r f a m i l y w i t h a l l ; h e r s o n s , h e r g r a n d c h i l d r e n , w h o c a m e t o v i s i t h e r f r o m E n g l a n d a n d A u s t r a l i a , b e c a m e f r i e n d s o f h e r f r i e n d s ; t h e r e w a s n ' t a l a z y b o n e i n R o s e ' s b o d y : n o o n e h e s i t a t e d t o c o m e t o h e r f o r h e l p w i t h E n g l i s h , a s t o r y t o c o v e r , a t e x t t o p o l i s h , a p r o ­b l e m t o d i s c u s s ; R o s e w a s a l w a y s o n c a l l , a t t e n t i v e , u s e f u l ;

M o r e t h a n o n c e I w o u l d w a l k i n t o h e r r o o m a n d f i n d h e r w o r k -t a b l e l i t t e r e d w i t h b o o k s a n d p a p e r s , t h e w a s t e p a p e r b a s k e t f u l l , t o h e a r R o s e s a y s h e w a s w o r k i n g o n s o m e t h i n g b u t h a d n ' t y e t g o t t o t h e h e a r t o f i t , n e e d e d , t o d o a n ­o t h e r d r a f t . S h e w a s n e v e i ; s a t i s ­f i e d w i t h a n y c o p y u n l e s s t h e m e a n i n g w a s c l e a r a n d t h e l a n ­g u a g e p l a i n ; i n h e r l a t e y e a r s s h e s t i l l r e a d b o o k s o n j o u r n a l i s m , a c r a f t s h e h a d p r a c t i c e d m o r e t h a n 6 0 y e a r s .

P e r h a p s t h e m a i n r e a s o n f o r h e r l i v i n g 9 4 y e a r s w a s n o t h e r g o o d h e a l t h b u t h e r f o r w a r d - l o o k i n g o p t i m i s t i c v i e w o f l i f e , h e r c o n ­v i c t i o n t h a t l i f e w a s a s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e b e s t y e t t o c o m e ;

R o s e w e l c o m e d e v e r y o n e t o h e r h o m e f r o m a n y c o u n t r y a n d a n y w a l k o f l i f e ; s h e w a s a p u s h - o v e r f o r c h i l d r e n : " G r a n d m a " a l w a y s h a d g o o d t h i n g s t o e a t a n d p e r h a p s a t o y o r t w o ; y o u n g a n d n o t s o y o u n g , w e a l w a y s l o o k e d f o r w a r d t o t a l k i n g t o R o s e ;

H o w c o u l d o n e n o t w i s h t o e m u ­l a t e R o s e ' s s e n s e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o w o r k ; e v e n w h e n h e r e y e s w e r e d i m m e d b y c a t a r a c t s , s h e w e n t t o t h e o f f i c e e v e r y m o r n i n g , r a i n o r s h i n e , u n t i l h e r 9 0 t h y e a r ; R o s e S m i t h h a d h e a r t ; s h e w a s f e a r l e s s i n f i g h t i n g f o r t r u t h a n d s o c i a l j u s t i c e ; s h e s h o w e d g r e a t s e n s i t i v ­i t y t o t h e p r o b l e m s o f w o m e n , p a r t i c u l a r l y w o r k i n g w o m e n ; s h e f o l l o w e d t h e s t r i k e o f t h e B r i t i s h m i n e r s t h i s y e a r w i t h t h e s a m e e n t h u s i a s m ; s h e h a d s h o w n f o r w o r k e r s ' s t r u g g l e s i n h e r y o u t h ; a n d h e r l o v e f o r t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e w a s u n q u a l i ­f i e d . S h e o f t e n s a i d t h a t t h e C h i ­n e s e p e o p l e , b y t h e i r c o u r t e s y , t h o u g h t f u l n e s s a n d k i n d n e s s t o h e r , h a d a d d e d m a n y y e a r s t o h e r l i f e ; s h e f o l l o w e d t h e i r e f f o r t s t o b u i l d s o c i a l i s m w i t h u n f l a g g i n g d e v o t i o n a n d c o n f i d e n c e .

R o s e S m i t h w a s a f i n e c o m r a d e . W e S h a l l m i s s h e r . •

Rose Smith at work.

August 1 2 , 1 9 8 5 23

SPECIAL REPORT

China's Administrative Regions

Guizhou: A Multi-National Province Waiting to Be Tapped by JiNG WEI Our Correspondent

H IDDEN on the eastern edge of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

in southwest China, landlocked Guizhou Province is known to few people outside China.

The home of 47 ethnic groups.

it covers 176,000 square km and has a population of 29.3 million, with minorities accounting for 26 percent of the total. And although its economy is still underdeveloped, Guizhou's abundant natural re­sources, particularly its water re­sources and mineral reserves, give it a strong foundation for further progress.

Natural Park Replete With Wonder Guizhou is unique in the rugged

beauty of its heavily forested moun­tains. Its scenery is also distinguished by stone forests of petrified trees, cloud-capped ter­raced fields, isolated karst pinna­cles that seem to suddenly pop up from the ground, deep river gorges and numerous caves. The province is dotted with picturesque minority villages which present an ever-changing scene to those who visit its remote valleys.

Huangguoshu Falls Huangguoshu is the most famous

of Guizhou s many waterfalls. One of the largest in the world, its 90-metre drop now makes it an im­portant source of energy as well

as a natural tourist attraction. Located in the Zhenning Bouyei and Miao Autonomous County,

three hours' drive from the pro­vincial capital city of Guiyang, Huangguoshu is 84 metres wide on the top and drains into Rhinoceros Pool at its foot.

Its most spectacular feature is Waterfall Cave, a lOO-metre-long cavern dug deep into the cliff face. From its six "windows," tourists can enjoy a grand view of the falls. As the torrent roars into the pool, its waters sparkle in the sunlight, forming rainbows in the mist.

In the last two years, 13 more waterfalls have been discovered around Huangguoshu. Some are

The Huangguoshu Falls.

even larger, with drops of up to 130 metres. In addition, 22 fan­tastic karst caves, a natural bridge and a petrified forest have also been found. All will soon be open to tourists.

Anshun Dragon King Palade

Guizhou's limestone base has contributed to the formation of numerous karst caves, with fas­cinating underground views.

In the mountains 27 km to the south of Anshun, the third largest city in the province, is an exten­sive cavern network connected by underground rivers. Named for its resemblance to the wonderland described in Chinese mythology, the Dragon King Palace is divided into five parts. The most acces­sible section includes the Dragon Gate Fall, a waterfall hidden in a 50-metre-high, 25-metre-wide cave.

Its above-ground source, the Dragon Pool, covers 10,000 square metres and is surrounded by pre­cipitous cliffs covered by ancient trees and lush bamboo groves. From here, tourists can ride dragon boats into the 1-km-long front cave, which is lined with numerous jagged stalactites. Another 10-minute sail along a zigzag channel takes tourists to a second chamber filled with huge natural sculptures. The most amazing is a stone waterfall — a cHff with streaks and lines looking exactly like a real falls. Another low-roofed underground waterway leads to a spacious hall where stalactites are said to resemble five flying dragons guarding two diamonds.

But the fourth gallery, which is called the Crystal Palace of the Dragon King, is the most splendid of all. Guarded by stalagmite "warriors," its limestone rocks take on fantastic shapes suggest­ing their colourful names: the Flying Sea Birds, the Shepherd Fairy, the Old Dragon Returning to the,Palace, the Monkey Splash­ing Water and Clusters of Grapes.

(1) Zunyi Prefecture — . (2) Tongren Prefecture " — . (3) Bijie Prefecture ~~ " ~ (4) Anshun Prefecture (5) Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (6) Qianxinan Bouyet and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (7) Qiannan Booyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture

The fifth and final cave is a mas­sive, cathedral-like hall. More than 80 metres high, its walls are

lined with stalactites resembling hanging lotus flowers and other wondrous forms.

A big karst cave named "Dragon King Palace."

August 12, 1985 25

Ideal Summer Resort With its beautiful scenery and

delightful weather, Guizhou is an ideal summer resort. Although situated in a subtropical zone in­fluenced by the southeast monsoon, its altitude of 1,000-2,900 metres helps keep it free of freezing win­ters and sultry summer heat. The average annual temperature in most parts of the province is a cool 15° C. and above.

Still underdeveloped as a tourist destination, the province last yCar received a little more than 3,000 foreign visitors — an influx that

More than 300 kilometres from the caves of Anshun lies the Qiandongnan (Southeast Gui­zhou) Miao and Dong Autono­mous Prefecture. The Miaos and Dongs, two of the province's ethnic groups, still retain many of their traditional ways — and these are reflected in the marriage cus­toms of the Miao people.

A Song for a Spouse While travelling in the autono­

mous prefecture, visitors often come on groups of young people dressed in beautifully embroidered costumes decorated with silver ornaments or silk flowers and carrying lusheng (a kind of reed flute). The reason for their con­tagious gaiety is usually an anti-phonal singing festival, one of the most important events in the local Miao community, for it is at these gatherings that young Miao men and women meet their future mates. Unlike the Han people, they need no help from their parents or matchmakers, but find their own spouses by singing lyrical dialogues to each other.

The song festival can draw up to several thousand participants, and is held regularly in some larger villages. It gives young couples a chance to meet each other and

put a noticeable strain on its trans­port and hotel facilities.

The local tourism authorities have enlisted the help of foreign companies to build or renovate several hotels and build recrea­tional centres. The province has also made investment in the South­west China Aviation Company which has purchased five air­planes from abroad and opened new international air lines. To at­tract more tourists, the Tourist Resources Development Service Company is now developing a 13-km-long karst cave which is ex­pected to open next year.

make arrangements for subsequent dates. Through many such occa­sions, they get a better understand­ing of each other and build a firm foundation on which they found families.

A "Stolen Bride" Before settling down to a life of

domestic tranquillity, however, the young Miao couples must fulfil another ritual — the mock elope­ment called the "night wedding" or "stolen wedding."

When a young man and woman

decide to marry, they busy them­selves with preparations. The wedding chamber is readied by the groom, while the bride-to-be em­broiders special clothing and shoes. The girl's activities are kept strictly "secret" from her parents, who also pretend that nothing out of the ordinary is happening in their home.

When the wedding night arrives, the young man asks four or six of his best friends to go with him to the girl's house. Bringing some cooked glutinous rice and fish, they slip into her village late at night. Then the groom calls his bride out with prearranged signals and she, along with several of her friends, accompanies the bride­groom to their new home. On the way, they stop to eat the rice and fish brought by the groom's party. The next day, he invites several respected local people to go to the bride's home to tell her parents of their elopement. By long-stand­ing custom, parents cannot block the marriage once this has taken place.

Hosts and Guests The Miao and Dong peoples

also have unique ways of welcom­ing guests. Visitors entering Miao villages must first "pass three bar­riers." The first barrier is set up

A Miao girl doing needlework.

Strong Local Customs

Dong girls pose by a "wind and rain" bridge.

at the village gate. There, the new arrival is stopped by a group of young girls wearing bright festival costumes, who sing songs of wel­come and persuade the guest to drink several cups of the local rice brew. Only the wine is finished is the barrier lowered. The second and third hurdles come on the main village street and at the host's door. More songs are sung and more wine is drunk. And although the Miao liquor is not strong, guests are often more than half inebriated by the time they clear all three barriers.

The Dongs, for their part, are somewhat more direct. They sim­ply pile stools, baskets and other obstacles in the host's doorway to prevent the guest from getting in­side until he can be properly re­ceived. The barrier is only removed after the guest has finished off a buffalo-horn goblet of potent local wine.

Festivals There are more than 200 festi­

vals or fairs each year in south­

eastern Guizhou, and at least 1,000 annually in the province as a whole. Some are strictly local oc­casions. But most include singing, dancing, lusheng competitions, drumming contests, bull fights, horse races, bird fighting, wrestl­ing, boat racing and numerous other events. Nearly all feature antiphonal singing, and some are dedicated completely to this tradi­tional art.

Drum Towers and Decorated Bridges

Some 200 kilometres southeast of the prefectural seat of Kail i are Liping, Congjiang and Rongjiang Counties. Al l are mainly inhabited by the Dongs and feature numer­ous drum towers and decorated bridges.

The main public buildings of the Dong villages, the towers house long drums which are sounded when important events take place. The towers, with their many-pat­terned eaves, are built of whole China fir, logs and planks, all join-

• ed-wkhotit-a'singk'nail.'On-their sides are • painfed* flbyi»iSra^ •)>irds,' animals and insects, and many are decorated with carvings depicting ancient folk stories.

The towers also serve as festival sites and meeting halls, and help the villagers welcome or see off their visitors.

No less striking, many local bridges are built as covered corri­dors and pavilions, and decorated with paintings and colourful sculptures. The bridges are also called "wind and rain bridges" be­cause people can take shelter there during storms.

Usually built over streams at the gates of Dong villages, they serve both as passageways and embelish-ments. According to one Gui­zhou legend, the "wind and rain bridges" keep the wealth of their villages from being washed away by floods.

Drum tower of a Dong village.

August 1 2 , 1 9 8 5 2 7

P r o m i s i n g E c o n o m y Because of its remote location,

Guizhou was slow to begin its eco­nomic takeoff. In 1949, the prov­ince was still dominated by sub­sistence farming and domestic handicrafts. It generated only 7 million kwh of electricity a year, while 70 percent of its counties had no roads and only 148 km railway had been built. There was no modern industry. With an annual per-capita peasant in­come under 50 yuan — far below the national poverty line, Gui­zhou was traditionally known as a place where "no one has three fen of silver" (one fen equals a half gram).

In the past 35 years, however, great changes have been wrought. By 1984, the province generated 7.6 billion kwh of electricity, and had established an industrial net­work, including coal, metallurgy, electronics, chemicals, building ma­terials, textiles, cigarettes and foodstuffs. Its annual industrial output value has increased more than 70 times, and farm machinery, chemical fertilizer and electric

power have been widely used in the rural areas. Transport has taken even bigger steps. Four ma­jor railways now link Guizhou with the national rail system. Their 1,380 km of track lead to all its neighbouring provinces. There are now over 27,000 km of high-\^ays, up from 1,900 km 35 years ago, and all Guizhou's counties and most of its rural townships are reachable by roads. Airlines now link Guiyang with Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Xian, Chengdu, Kunming, Guangzhou, Guilin, Changsha and other cities.

Comparing with the rest of China, however, the province is still backward. Its overall per-capita income is only 60.9 percent of the national average, while its average peasant income is 263 yuan — one-fourth lower than that in other areas.

Resourceful Advantages For all its developmental prob­

lems, Guizhou has vast untapped potential. Located in subtropical highlands, it has become one of

China's four largest tobacco pro­ducers. It is also the country's sec­ond largest source of rapeseed and its high-quality teas attract both domestic and overseas consumer^, Guizhou tung oil and traditional Chinese medicines are notable, as are local fruits including cili pears and kiwi fruit. Its pure waters and good climate further enable the province to produce some popular liquors — the best-known of them maotai, the internationally famous fiery national liquor.

Guizhou has reserves of more than 60 kinds of minerals. Recent discoveries suggest that it may be ' the richest coal bearer in i&itffi" China. It has the country's largest reserves of mercury, and ranks second in phosphorus and manga­nese, and third in aluminium and antimony. Substantial deposits of lead, zinc, iron, copper, molyb­denum, gold, silver, tin, barite, limestone and some other non-metals have also been found.

With its high mountains and valleys, and abundant rainfall, Guizhou can potentially generate more than 13 million kw of elec­tricity. A power station with a ca­pacity of more than 6 million kw can be built on the Wujiang River in north Guizhou, experts estimate.

More Stress on Exploitation Putting more effort into exploit­

ing these natural resources and building up industrial capacity will help eliminate poverty in Guizhou.

The province has so far ex­ploited only 4 percent of its coal, 10 percent of its phosphorus, 6.5 percent of its aluminium and 6.6 percent of its hydropower.

Its industry is also weak. The province can produce aluminium ingots, but not other aluminium products. Its leading facility, the aluminium plant in Guiyang, turns out only 220,000 tons of aluminium oxide and 110,000 tons of finished ingots a year. Even with its base of 200 million tons in verified ore

Beijing Review, No. 32

Wujiongdu Hydroelectiic Power Station.

28

reserves, the factory has yet to earn a profit. Guizhou's inability to process coal and the resulting low price of its coke has also brought

losses in another key long-term sector.

The province will hold an in­ternational economic and techno­logical co-operation meeting in Guiyang ia September this year. Businessmen in more than 20 countries and regions have been invited to attend the meeting. This will be a major step taken by the province to expand its ties with the outside world.

Accelerating Development With China's policy of opening

to the outside world and enliven­ing its domestic economy, Gui­zhou's appeals for quicker develop­ment have become more Orgent.

Liu Yuling, 52, vice-governor in charge of the province's economy, says eliminating poverty is the common aspiration of Guizhou's inhabitants. Although slow to de­velop, it enjoys many advantages in rich resources and some indus­trial areas, especially the aviation, space and electipnics industries which were set up in Guizhou in the 19605. The province should be

Picturesque terroced fields.

able to grow faster than other parts of China, he notes.

He Renzhong, head of the provincial economic and social development research centre, shows even more confidence. He and his colleagues have worked

In a workshop of the Guizhou Aluminium Plant.

out a draft plan emphasizing de­veloping Guizhou's central areas where communications are better and resources are richer. Other areas will then follow siiit, aided by policies on gradually expanding the scale of development by setting up joint ventures with domestic and overseas companies.

The key central arga covers about 42 percent of the province and has half its population. It is also the hub of the provirtce's re­sources, . transportation, industry and technology. All these are cru­cial to establishing joint ventures with domestic and foreign bT3?ir>c-s-men. Guizhou doesn't want to get fat at one mouthful, however, and ought to do its best to improve its conditions, He Renzhong adds.

"Guizhou is a latercomer who is expected to surpass old-timers," China's late Premier Zhou Enlai once said during a visit to the province. Now the people of Gui­zhou are devoting themselves to bringing his wish to fruition. •

August 1 2 , 1 9 8 5 2 9

FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

Newspaper Readership Booms

from "JINGJl CANKAO" (Economic Reference)

TO D A Y t h e r e a r e 1 , 7 0 0 n e w s p a p e r s i n C h i n a , e i g h t

t i m e s t h e n u m b e r t h a t ' e x i s t e d i n t h e e a r l y p e r i o d a f t e r l i b e r a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s t o f f i c e , t h e t o t a l c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e f i r s t q u a r ­t e r o f 1 9 8 5 i s m o r e t h a n 1 4 6 m i l ­l i o n , 2 4 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n a y e a r a g o .

F o l l o w i n g t h e r i s e o f t h e e c o ­n o m i c n e w s p a p e r , t h e f a c e o f j o u r n a l i s m i n C h i n a h a s b e e n c h a n g e d . A c c o r d i n g t o 1 9 8 2 s t a t i s t i c s , t h e r e w e r e o n l y a d o z e n n e w s p a p e r s d e v o t e d t o e c o n o m i c r e p o r t i n g i n t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y , b u t t h e n u m b e r h a s s i n c e i n c r e a s ­e d t o 7 0 .

J o u r n a l s p u b l i s h i n g n e w s o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y h a v e a l s o b e c o m e m o r e p o p u l a r . T h e r e a r e n o w 1 0 5 m o r e s u c h n e w s p a p e r s t h a n i n 1 9 8 2 . A n d n e w s p a p e r s o f t h i s k i n d p u b l i s h e d a t t h e c e n t r a l l e v e l h a v e p r o s p e r e d — c i r c u l a t i o n w a s u p 2 2 8 . 5 p e r c e n t i n t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r o f 1 9 8 5 o v e r 1 9 8 4 ' s f o u r t h q u a r t e r f i g u r e .

P e a s a n t n e w s p a p e r s , t o o , a r e t h r i v i n g . A c c o r d i n g t o i n c o m p l e t e s t a t i s t i c s , t h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n 4 2 0 p a p e r s g e a r e d t o m e e t i n g t h e n e e d s o f t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , and t h e a g g r e g a t e c i r c u l a t i o n h a s r e a c h e d 1 8 . 4 8 m i l l i o n , 1 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s t o t a l . P e a s a n t n e w s ­p a p e r s p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n o n s t a t e p o l i c i e s , t h e l a t e s t n e w s a b o u t s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y .

S i n c e 1 9 8 2 , 5 1 m o r e n e w s p a p e r s f o r t e e n a g e r s h a v e s p r u n g u p . S u c h p u b l i c a t i o n s a t t r a c t h u g e r e a d e r s h i p s , w i t h s o m e p r i n t e d o n e m i l l i o n c o p i e s .

N e w s p a p e r s o n C h i n a ' s c u l t u r a l l i f e . a r e f u l f i l l i n g a g r o w i n g n e e d .

W i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e e c o n ­o m y , p e o p l e n e e d m o r e m e n t a l n o u r i s h m e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o i n c o m ­p l e t e f i g u r e s , t h e r e a r e 3 3 m o r e n e w s p a p e r s d e v o t e d t o s u c h t o p i c s t h a n t h e n u m b e r i n 1 9 8 2 . B u t s o m e o f t h e s e n e w s p a p e r s a r e i n p o o r t a s t e a n d s h o u l d b e i m p r o v e d .

Artificial Heart Valve Lives On

from "GUANGMING RIBAO" (Guangming Daily)

TH E f i r s t p e r s o n t o r e c e i v e a C h i n e s e - m a d e a r t i f i c i a l h e a r t

v a l v e w e l c o m e d h e r 2 1 s t a d d i ­t i o n a l s p r i n g a n d a u t u m n t h i s y e a r . X u S h u b a o h a s s u r v i v e d l o n g e r t h a n a n y o n e e l s e i n t h e w o r l d w i t h a m a n - m a d e h e a r t v a l v e . P r o f e s s o r C a i Y o n g z h i , t h e a r m y s u r g e o n w h o p e r f o r m e d t h e o p e r a t i o n 2 0 y e a r s a g o , n o t e d t h a t t h e d e v i c e h a s h e l p e d h e r h e a r t p u l s e 8 0 0 m i l l i o n t i m e s , a n d i s s t i l l f u n c t i o n i n g p e r f e c t l y .

C a i , h e a r t s p e c i a l i s t a t C h a n g -h a i H o s p i t a l , w h i c h i s a f f i l i a t e d t o t h e S e c o n d A r m y U n i v e r s i t y o f M e d i c i n e , p e r f o r m e d t h e h i s t o r i c , 1 0 - h o u r o p e r a t i o n o n J u n e 1 2 , 1 9 6 5 . T h e p r o c e d u r e c u r e d X u — t h e n a n 3 5 - y e a r - o l d t e x t i l e w o r k e r — o f a s t h m a , h a e m o p t y s i s a n d h e a r t p a l p i t a t i o n s a n d r e s t o r ­e d h e r n o r m a l c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n s . X u , w h o h a s t u r n e d 5 0 n o w , s t i l l d o e s a l l h e r o w n h o u s e h o l d c h o r e s a n d e v e n c l i m b e d m o u n t a i n o n a s i g h t s e e i n g t r i p .

I n t h e 2 0 y e a r s s i n c e C a i ' s p i o n e e r i n g s u r g e r y , t h e C h a n g h a i H o s p i t a l h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y g i v e n h e a r t v a l v e s t o 4 2 0 p a t i e n t s .

S i n c e 1 9 8 0 i t h a s a l s o h e l p e d

1 0 o t h e r h o s p i t a l s c o n d u c t 5 g s i m i l a r o p e r a t i o n s w i t h a 1 0 0 -p e r c e n t s u c c e s s r a t e .

Years in School Can Be Shortened

from "SHiJIE JINGJI" (World Economy)

Q I A N X U E S E N , a n o t e d C h i ­n e s e s c i e n t i s t , p o i n t e d oiiiftii

F r o m t h e l o n g - t e r m p o i n t o f v i e w , w e s h o u l d s t u d y t h e b a s i c t h e o r y o f e d u c a t i o n a l s c i e n c e , s u m u p t h e p a s t a n d p r e s e n t e x p e r i e n c e b o t h a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , r a i s e t h e b e n e f i t s o f t r a i n i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n b y i n t e g r a t i n g t h e m w i t h b e h a v i o u r a l s c i e n c e , a n d s h o r t e n t h e t i m e s t u d e n t s s p e n d i n t h e c l a s s r o o m . F o r e x a m p l e , s c h o o l s i n f p r e i g n c o u n t r i e s a r e c o n s i d e r i n g s t a r t i n g c h i l d r e n i n s c h o o l a t t h e a g e o f f o u r r a t h e r t h a n s i x .

F r o m m y p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s a n d t h o s e o f m y s c h o o l m a t e s , I b e l i e v e a t w o - y e a r c o u r s e i n a u n i v e r s i t y w o u l d e q u a l t h e l e v e l o f t h e p r e s e n t f o u r - y e a r t e r m a n d a f o u r - y e a r s t u d y c o u l d y i e l d a m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e i f t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m s w e r e w e l l - m a n a g e d .

T h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g w a s r e a c h ­e d b y r e s e a r c h i n g t h e m o d e r n s c i ­e n c e s o f t h e h u m a n b o d y a n d t h i n k i n g . P e o p l e t o d a y a r e m u c h w i s e r t h a n t h e i r a n c e s t o r s w h o l i v e d o n e m i l l i o n y e a r s a g o , a n d t h i s p r o g r e s s i s a s p o n t a n e o u s a n d u n c o n s c i o u s p r o c e s s . H o w c a n t h e p e o p l e ' s w i s d o m n o t b e i m ­p r o v e d g r e a t l y i f t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e h u m a n b r a i n i s t a p p e d c o n ­s c i o u s l y a n d a c t i v e l y w i t h t h e s c i e n c e s o f h u m a n b o d y a n d t h i n k i n g i n t h e f u t u r e ? H o w c a n t h e p r o c e s s o f e d u c a t i o n n o t t h u s b e g r e a t l y s h o r t e n e d ?

3 0 B e i j i n g R e v i e w , N o . 32

S P O R T S

Softball Squad Shows Striking Advances J u l y w a s a r e m a r k a b l e m o n t h

f o r C h i n e s e w o m e n ' s s o f t b a l l . E a r l y i n t h e m o n t h , t h e n a t i o n a l j u n i o r t e a m w o n f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e W o r l d Y o u t h S o f t b a l l C h a m ­p i o n s h i p , h e l d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A n d t h e n a t i o n a l t e a m t u c k e d a w a y t h e t i t l e a t t h e s e c o n d C h i n a - J a p a n -U n i t e d S t a t e s S o f t b a l l C h a m p i o n ­s h i p h e l d i n B e i j i n g J u l y 2 0 - 2 2 .

T h o u g h b o t h t h e U S a n d C h i ­n e s e t e a m s c h a l k e d u p m a t c h i n g 4 - 2 r e c o r d s i n t h e B e i j i n g t h r e e -r o u n d t o u r n e y , t h e C h i n e s e s c o r e d 2 2 r u n s t o t h e A m e r i c a n s ' 7 . A c ­c o r d i n g t o t h e r u l e s o f t h e t h r e e -d a y c h a m p i o n s h i p s , t h a t m a d e t h e C h i n e s e w o i p e n t h e c h a m p s . T h e U S t e a m f i n i s h e d s e c o n d a n d t h e J a p a n e s e t h i r d , w i t h a 1-5 r e c o r d .

C h i n a a l s o s w e p t t h r e e t o p a w a r d s a t t h e t h r e e - n a t i o n t o u r n a ­m e n t — S u n Y u e f e n o f T i a n j i n w a s c h o s e n b e s t p i t c h e r , W a n g L a i d i o f S h a n g h a i w a s n a m e d b e s t b a t t e r a n d S h i M i n y u e o f S h a n g h a i w a s t a b b e d b e s t h o m e r u n h i t t e r .

T h e n a t i o n a l t e a m t h a t t o o k p a r t i n t h e t h r e e - n a t i o n c h a m p i o n s h i p w a s m a d e u p o f b o t h v e t e r a n s a n d r o c k i e s . B e f o r e . t h e c o m p e t i t i o n , t h e y t r a i n e d t o g e t h e r o n l y a m o n t h . O f t h e 17 t e a m m e m b e r s , a c e p i t ­c h e r L i N i a n m i n w a s t h e o l d e s t . H e r f a s t a n d s o m e t i m e s f r e a k i s h p i t c h e s h a v e m a d e h e r o n e o f t h e w o r l d ' s b e s t o n t h e m o u n d . T h e y o u n g e s t t e a m m a t e w a s 16-year-Dld W a n g Y i n g f r o m t h e C h i n e s e j u n i o r n i n e . B l e s s e d w i t h q u i c k r e f l e x e s a n d s t r e n g t h , s h e i s a f i n e c a t c h e r .

T h e s q u a d h a s m a d e r e m a r k a b l e p r o g r e s s i n j u s t o n e y e a r . T h e t e a m p l a y i n g i n t h e t h r e e - n a t i o n t o u r n a m e n t t h i s y e a r d i f f e r e d f r o m l a s t . y e a r ' s s q u a d i n f o u r w a y s :

• T h e C h i n e s e w o m e n h a v e be -

August 1 2 , 1 9 8 5

c o m e a c c u s t o m e d t o a h i g h l e v e l o f c o m p e t i t i o n . O v e r t h e p a s t y e a r t h e y h a v e c o m p e t e d i n f o u r i n t e r ­n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i o n s a n d f a c e d f o r m i d a b l e A m e r i c a n o p p o s i t i o n s e v e n t i m e s , r u n n i n g u p a 1-6 r e c o r d a g a i n s t t h e U S t e a m : B u t d u r i n g t h e J u l y c h a m p i o n s h i p , t h e y s h o w e d n o f e a r o f t h e b i g g e r , s t r o n g e r A m e r i c a n t e a m . T h e y c h a r g e d t h e b a l l a n d s t o o d f i r m i n t h e b a t t e r ' s b o x d u r i n g t h e i r t h r e e g a m e s w i t h t h e L o s A n g e l e s D i a ­m o n d s , o n e o f t h e s t r o n g e s t t e a m s i n t h e w o r l d .

• T h e s t a n d a r d o f p i t c h i n g h a s i m p r o v e d . S u n Y u e f e n i s n o w t h e f a s t e s t p i t c h e r i n C h i n a , f l i n g i n g s o f t b a l l s a t 1 0 3 k m p e r h o u r . H e r s o m e w h a t u n o r t h o d o x d e l i v e r y a n d s i z z l i n g s p e e d p u t m o s t b a t t e r s i n q u a n d r y . I n t h e s e c o n d m a t c h b e ­t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t h e t h r e e - n a t i o n t o u r n a m e n t , S u n a l l o w e d o n l y t w o h i t s w h i l e s t r i k i n g o u t s i x a n d w a l k i n g t h r e e .

• T h e t e a m ' s f i e l d i n g h a s i m ­p r o v e d . D u r i n g t h e B e i j i n g c o m ­p e t i t i o n , C h i n e s e f i e l d e r s s h o w e d

g o o d r a n g e a n d a l e v e l - h e a d e d s t y l e o f p l a y . I n f i e l d g r o u n d e r s t u r n e d i n t o o u t s a n d o u t f i e l d f l i e s w e r e c h a s e d d o w n . T h e o n l y w a y t h e U S t e a m s c o r e d i n t h e s e c o n d m a t c h w a s o n a n o v e r - t h e - f e n c e h o m e r u n .

• T h e C h i n e s e t e a m d i s p l a y e d a n i n d o m i t a b l e s p i r i t . T h e a t h ­l e t e s f o u g h t b r a v e l y , e v e n t h o u g h s o m e s u f f e r e d i n j u r i e s . O n t h e l a s t d a y o f t h e c h a m p i o n s h i p i t w a s r a i n i n g a n d t h e f i e l d w a s m u d d y . T h e C h i n e s e w o m e n k e p t t h e i r m o r a l e h i g h a n d w o n t h e i r f i n a l -d a y g a m e s a g a i n s t b o t h t h e Jap ­a n e s e a n d t h e A m e r i c a n s , t h e r e ­b y p a v i n g t h e w a y f o r t h e t i t l e .

A l t h o u g h t h e C h i n e s e t e a m f i n i s h e d a t o p t h e t h r e e - n a t i o n c h a m p i o n s h i p , t h e y s t i l l h a v e s o m e s h o r t c o m i n g s . T h e y d i d n ' t a d a p t w e l l t o t h e U S t e a m ' s fast p i t c h i n g , a n d t h e i r h i t t i n g w a s w e a k . I n a d ­d i t i o n , C h i n a s h o u l d s t r e n g t h e n i t s p i t c h i n g staff. I f t h e y c a n m a n a g e t o m a k e t h e s e i m p r o v e m e n t s , t h e Softball w o r l d w i l l h a v e t o g e t u s e d t o t o u g h g a m e s from t h e C h i n e s e .

A Japanese hitter attempts to bee! out an infield single.

CULTURE AND SCIENCE

•

Yellow Crane Tower Rebuilt Again The Hu^nghe (Yellow Crane)

Tower has reappeared atop She-shan (Snake) Hill in Wuhan after a century's absence.

A symbol of peace and prosper­ity, the five-tiered tower has golden roofs and crimson pillars; each roof has 12 upturned corners, each graced with dangling bells. Surrounded by pines and cypresses, the 51-metre-tall Yangtze River landmark is a magnificent sight against the blue sky. The ground floor, 30 metres square, has carved beams and intricately painted ceilings. Large murals depict the legendary origins of the tower. The ground floor is encircled by a spa­cious corridor, from which visitors have a view of the Yangtze and the entire city of Wuhan.

Legend has it that a wine shop sat on the hill in ancient times. An old man always stopped by for a drink, but never paid. The pro­prietor, seeing that the man was lonely and poor, never made a fuss over the bill. Later, to express his thanks, the old man used orange peels to paint a yellow crane on the wall of the shop. And, as the story goes, the crane would step off the wall from time to time and magically dance for the customers. The wine shop, of course, attracted many customers and the owner made a lot of money. Decades later the owner became wealthy and the old man returned. Without a word, he straddled the yellow crane and rode it into the sky. The owner built a tower in memory of the wondrous man and named the place Yellow Crane Tower.

Ever since the tower has in­

trigued many men of letters. Cui Hao (704-754), a Tang Dynasty poet wrote:

The celestial had gone on a yellow crane,

Only an empty Yellow Crane Tower is left behind.

The crane had gone and never to return.

But white clouds will drift a thousand years . . . .

Cui's contemporary, the poet laureate Li Bai, wrote many poems about the tower, one of the best-known is his poem bid­ding farewell to his friend:

At Yellow Crane Tower in the west

My old friend says farewell; In the mist and flowers of

spring He goes down to Yangzhou; Lonely sail, distant shadow, Vanish in blue emptiness; All I see is the great river Flowing into the far horizon.

The tower was first built in 223 AD. Over the centuries it was destroyed by nature or wars sev­eral times, but it was always re-buih. Its last misfortune was in 1884, when it burned to the ground.

Historical records show the shape of the reconstructed towers differed vastly from each other. Although records of the towers prior to the Tang Dynasty (618-907) are no longer available, the design of the Song Dynasty tower

(960-1279) was bold. The main building had only one storey en­circled by zigzag corridors and multi-eaved square pavilions. The Yuan Dyiiasty (1271-1368) tower was spectacular. The two-storeyed main building was connected to a view platform by a walkway. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) tower was elegant and graceful. The main hall, two-storeyed high, was adjacent to a walled garden. The Yellow Crane Tower built during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was fantastic and strange. The three-storeyed main hall was surrounded by long windows and zigzag rails.'

Construction on the present tow­er began in 1981. Some 20 metres higher than the Qing version, the new tower is the tallest of all. The present design combines many of the best qualities of the earlier towers. With several attached buildings the complex is a good example of inheriting and develop­ing ancient architecture.

Wuhan plans to rebuild about 20 historical sites in the area near the Yellow Crane Tower. Corri­dors inscribed with the work of, famous calligraphers, ancient and modern, will also be constructed. A 200-metre street to be built halfway up Sheshan Hill will be lined with old-style shops selling souvenirs and local products. The sales assistants will all dress in an­cient attire. Another pavilion atop the steep hill will be installed with lifts and spiral stair-cases, which will take visitors directly from the foot of the hill to the top. Parking lots and restaurants will be added and more tr6es will be planted.

32 Beijing Review, No. 32

August 12, 1985

B O O K S

Marxist Pioneer's Works Published The book faithfully records the

transformation and development of Li's ideas; his understanding of Marxist philosophy, politics, eco­nomics, history and literature; and his contribution to China's revolu­tion. The book helps readers un­derstand how Marxism spread and developed in China.

Lu Xun said, "His [Li's] writ­ings will be immortal. For they are the heritage of the pioneers, a monument to the history of revo­lution."

Li Dazhao (1889-1927), one of the first proponents of Marxism in China, was among the founders of the Chinese Communist Party. In the 1920s, he helped Sun Yat-sen formulate the "Three Great Policies" of alliance with Russia, co-operation with the Communist Party and assistance to the workers and peasants. He also played an important role in reorganizing the Kuomiritang during the first period of Kuomintang-Communist co­operation. Arrested by warlord Zhang Zuolin in April 1927, Li was murdered in Beijing for his revolutionary activities.

The People's Publishing House recently released a two-volume Selected Works of Li Dazhao (in Chinese), a collection of 437 arti­cles, the most extensive compila­tion of his work ever published.

Li's writings almost never made it into print. During his lifetime, Li compiled his work and en­trusted his brother to get them published. After his death at the hands of the white terror, his brother edited the works into four volumes at great risk. In 1933, when his brother was also arrested, his brother's mother-in-law hid the manuscripts in a jar and buried them. Later, the manuscripts were given to Li's daughter. With the help of the famous writer Lu Xun's brother, Zhou Zuoren, the manu-

'scripts were sent to Shanghai for publication. Lu Xun, who was then in Shanghai, wrote a fore­word for the book.

It was not until 1939 that the first volume was released by Bei-xin Bookshop under the title The Complete Works of Shouchang (Shouchang was another name used by Li). The volume was im­

mediately confiscated by Kuomin-tang officials. It was only after liberation that The Selected Works of Shoucharig reached the public.

In 1959 the People's Publishing House re-edited the book and col­lected 133 articles to produce The Selected Works of Li Dazhao. Though the 1959 collection was far from comprehensive, the pub­lication sparked interest in Li and his ideas.

In 1961, at the suggestion of Deng Tuo, the former secretary of the Beijing Municipal CPC Com­mittee, the Beijing Municipal Party School started to collect Li's works and produced The Biography of Li Dazhao. But the effort was labelled a "conspiracy" during the "cul­tural revolution," and many of the editors who worked on the project were persecuted.

The publication of The Com­plete Works of Li Dazhao was pos­sible only after the downfall of the "gang of four." The present edition was brought out with the support of many organizations and scholars.

Li, as the first scholar to ad- , vocate Marxist thought in China, I attacked the old feudal ideological J system. Afy Marxist View and | Transformation of Matter and Mor- * al, both written in 1919, are among his most representative -i works. He discussed in detail the t economic basis and the superstruc- * ture of historical materialism, the 2 principles of productive forces and A relations of productions, and of class and class struggle. His jf views on the position and role of the people in history and the rela- ^ tions between individuals and the -masses greatly enlightened China's ^ early communists. ^

The volumes also contain Li's *f poems, essays, letters, diaries and * novels. -f

T A .

i t t

m

•f'] i Z in.

— Zhang Jingru and Yao Weifeng ^

While his work is indispensable in studying the early stages of Marxism in China, the book also reflects Li's erroneous views, mistakes inevitable in the search for the truth of Marxism. Even after Li had become a Marxist, he had his immaturity. As Lu Xun had said, all of his writing was "not necessarily sound or appro­priate."

3 4 Beijing Review, No. 32

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