No journal today!!!Time And health are two precious assets that we don't recognize and appreciate until they have been depleted.

Immune System

Ms. Hansen

What is the Immune System?Where is it in the body?What makes it up?Why do we need it?

Immune SystemSystem that removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens.

Composed of body organs, tissues, cells, chemicals.

Immune System

When???Cut on your handSomeone next to you sneezesYou touch a door knob after someone with the fluWhy else???

HOW???Lymphocytes-white blood cells that help fight pathogens

(disease causing bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan.) Lymphocytes multiply and fight pathogens when infectedTwo types:• B-cells –produces antibodies to fight infection

Specific (missing one: Diabetes) Killer

• Helper T Cell-signals B-cells to produce antibodiesMemoryHelper SuppressorKiller

MacrophageMacrophages-white blood cell that surrounds and

destroys pathogens that are weakened by the antibodies produced by the B-cells.

Active ImmunityActive Immunity-resistance of the disease due to

presence of antibodies• Why do most people get the chicken pox only once?• Vaccination-substance containing dead or

weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body by injection or orally

Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity-results from introducing antibodies

into a person’s bloodstream.• Mother to child

BacteriaSingle-celled, often beneficial micro-organisms, some

of which can cause diseasesCause disease by releasing toxins or poisonous

substancesStrep Throat, Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Diphtheria, Lyme

Disease, Syphilis, Gonorrhea

VirusInfectious agent that replicates only within the cells of

living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals.One of the smallest known pathogensSpread rapidlyCommon cold, mumps, hepatitis, mono, chicken pox,

influenza

FungiSingle or multi-celled parasitic organismsFeeds off of materials like plants, animals, or human

tissueLives on skin, mucous membranesCan cause diseasesAthletes foot, ring worm, nail infections

ProtozoanSingle-celled organisisms that are larger and more

complex than bacteriaCause disease by finding a host with a weak immune

systemMalaria, Amebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness,

Trichomoniasis, Giardia, Cryptosporidiosis

Rickettsia Unicellular, gram-negative, non-spore forming bacteria found

in ecto-paracites found in woodlands.

Cause disease by ecto-parasites such as ticks, fleas, lice and mites during feeding or by scratching crushed parasites or infectious feces into the skin

African Tic Bite Fever, Australian Tic Typhus, Siberian Tic Typhus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Boutonneuse Fever

ImmunizationProtection, pertaining to the production of antibodies

or lymphocytes that can react with a specific antigen

Immunization State LawMinnesota statutes 1980 , Section 123.70

requires that all children who are enrolled in a Minnesota school be immunized before starting school.

These requirements can be waived only for medical reasons or if you are conscientiously opposed to a particular immunization.

Student will not be allowed to start school if proof of immunization has not been presented.

Public Health RecordEach student has a record that follows

them throughout their educational experience.

Information that is pertinent to the student to ensure safety in school.

Most schools have IHP’s (Individual Health Plans) for students with chronic health concerns. These include health plans, modifications needed, person(s) responsible and an evaluation process

What are some things that could happen to me if this system fails?

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) Symptoms: Redness, pus-like drainage, itchy

(Bacteria) feels like sand in eyes and sometimes swelling of eyes. Also viral.

Mode of Transmission: is not specifically known, spreads rapidly through families and classrooms through direct contact with discharges from eye or upper respiratory tracts of infected persons, from contaminated fingers, clothing and other articles. Often seen in pre-schoolers.

Incubation: 24-72 hours School Attendance Policy: May attend school if

student is capable of keeping hands out of eyes and practices good hygiene. (Bacteria – 24 hr. rule)

Ring Worm Symptoms: Red scaly patches on body with

central clearing. (Fungus) Eczema may look similar – but uniform redness

Mode of Transmission: Direct skin-to-skin or indirect contact such as public seating, combs, brushes, toilet articles, clothing and hats from infected persons and/or animals.

Incubation: 10-14 days Contagious: As long as sores are present. School Attendance Policy: Exclusion from

school not necessary while under treatment. (24 hour rule.)

Scabies Symptoms: female mite burrows under the skin and

deposits her eggs causing severe itching. Burrows appear as fine wavy lines. (Mite)

Mode of Transmission: Skin-to-skin direct contact. Transfer from undergarments and bedclothes occur if these have been contaminated by infested persons immediately beforehand.

Incubation: 2-6 weeks before onset of itching. Re-exposure or previously infected, 1-4 days.

Period of Communicability: Until mites and eggs are destroyed by treatment, ordinarily after 1 or 2 courses of treatment, a week apart. [Elimite all over body overnight and then washed off.]

School Attendance Policy: Exclude until 24 hrs after treatment has been started.

Impetigo Symptoms: Skin disease with pimple like blisters,

which become crusted with pus. Crusted areas appear golden in color. Scaly sores appear in patches on hands and face (Strep. & Staph. Bacteria)

Mode of Transmission: Direct contact with person who has a purulent lesion. Seen at mouth, nostrils – cracks in skin; insect bites = any opening in the skin.

Incubation: Commonly 4-10 days. Contagious: Until sores are healed or child has

received 24 hrs. of treatment. 1-2 small patches treated with antibiotic ointment; otherwise oral.

School Attendance Policy: 24 hr. rule: Exclude until treatment with antibiotics, topical, at least 24 hrs.

Chicken Pox Symptoms: Fever and skin rash that comes in

crops. Rash begins on the chest, back, under arms, neck and face; changes to blisters and then scabs.

Mode of Transmission: Varicella zoster virus spread by droplets from nose, throat and mouth by sneezing, coughing, and speaking.

Period of Communicability: Contagious for 1-2 days before and shortly after the onset of the rash. Can be as long as 5 days after onset of blisters.

School Attendance Policy: Exclude until the blisters have dried into scabs usually about 6 days after the rash appears. (Note: vaccination imminent in MN – no chicken pox = no shingles later.

Head Lice Symptoms: Infestation of the head, hairy parts of the body

and clothing (especially along the seams of inner surfaces), with adult lice, larvae and nits (eggs), which result in severe itching (a louse)

Mode of Transmission: Direct contact - shared clothing, head gear. Look for 1)Crawling lice in hair; 2) eggs (nits) glued to hair near scalp; and 3) scratch marks on scalp or back of neck near hairline.

Incubation: Normally egg hatches in a week, sexually maturity is reached in 8-10 days after hatching.

Period of Communicability: As long as lice or eggs remain alive on the infested person or clothing.

School Attendance Policy: Due to nits becoming resistant to lice shampoo schools may have a Nit Free Policy. All nits or eggs must be removed from the student’s hair before returning to school. (Crawling forms of the louse are communicable; the nits are not.) Can use olive oil, mayo as possible remedies.

Scarlet Fever & Strep Throat Symptoms: Appears 2-5 days after exposure.

Sudden onset of fever, sore throat, swollen glands, headache, abdominal pain; nausea/vomiting in severe cases. (Strep. bacteria) Rash with scarlet fever.

Modes of Transmission: Airborne/respiratory, direct/indirect contact with infected person. Casual contact rarely leads to infection.

Period of Communicability: most contagious during acute infection and until 24 hrs. after effective treatment begins

School Attendance Policy: Restricted until student has been on antibiotics and temperature free for 24 hours.

Mononucleosis Symptoms: characterized by fever, sore throat

(often with pus filed tonsils) and extreme tiredness. Jaundice occurs in 4% of young adults. Often children have no symptoms. (Epstein-Barr virus)

Mode of Transmission: Person to person spread orally by saliva.

Incubation: From 4-6 weeks Period of Communicability: Unsure how long it is

contagious. Carriers with no symptoms are common.

School Attendance Policy: May attend school 24 hours after temperature is gone. Seek further advice from Health Office.

Viral MeningitisSymptoms: Characterized by sudden onset of

febrile illness with signs and symptoms of inflammation of the meninges of the brain .

Mode of Transmission: Varies with specific infectious agent that student has encountered that is leading to viral meningitis. (Hib.)

Period of Communicability: Depends on infectious agent that student has encountered that is leading to viral meningitis.

School Attendance Policy: May return to school when symptoms have been absent for 24 hours. Child needs to feel well enough to attend school.

Bacterial Meningitis(Can be fatal if not treated immediately) Symptoms: Sudden onset with fever, intense

headache, nausea, and often vomiting, stiff neck and sometimes a rash, Delirium, shock, or coma often follows if not treated.

Mode of Transmission: By direct contact, including respiratory droplets from the nose and throat of infected persons.

Period of Communicability: Until infection is no longer present in discharges from nose and mouth.

School Attendance Policy: May attend school with physician’s note of approval.

Healthy Immune System Eat foods high in protein and vitamin B Keep accurate records of immunizations Get plenty of rest and sleep!!!!!!!

(why is this one so important) Exercise to keep bones dense and protect bone

marrow Lifestyle changes Stress levels

HomeostasisPositive feedback- Magnifying the presnece of

something

Negative feeback- countering the presence of something

QuestionsWhy do you get sick?How does our body fight sicknessWhat are the different types of cells your body has

and uses?Any other questions you might have• (seemed their were a lot of unanswered questions

ask yesterday. I would love to answer them all)