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No Local Food without Local Farmland
Kathryn Gardow—Gardow Consulting
Kimberly Freeman—Pierce County, WA
© Gardow Consulting
THE ISSUE: To I-5
© Gardow Consulting
Urban PressureLoss is approx. 1 acre/minute
2002-2007 U.S. lost over 4,000,000 acres of farmland1982-2007 U.S. lost over 41,000,000 acres of farmland
91% of fruits & 78% of vegetables are grown in the urban fringe
© Gardow Consulting
Washington State
Digital-topo-maps.com © Gardow Consulting
Olympic Peninsula, WA
60 Acre Farm
© Gardow Consulting
Olympic Peninsula, WA
Prime Soils
Prime Soils, if irrigated© Gardow Consulting
Olympic Peninsula, WA
Zoned AR=1 house/16 acres
Zoned R2=1 house/2.5 acres
Zoned R5=1 house/5 acres
60 Acre Farm
© Gardow Consulting
Olympic Peninsula, WA
60 Acre Farm
© Gardow Consulting
Urban pressure = increased land prices
© Gardow Consulting
North Pierce County
1,500 Food Miles Traveled
Portland
New York City
© Gardow Consulting
What is an experienced farmer?
• 7-15 years to become experienced
• Living through multiple growing seasons
• Willingness to continue being educated with new varieties, growing methods, etc.
• Willingness to re-invent one’s self
© Gardow Consulting
Value of land as retirement fund
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10 $10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
Align and Act! Strategies
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
Land use code
strategy
© Gardow Consulting
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What iszoning?
© Gardow Consulting
Align and Act! Strategies
© Gardow Consulting
Cluster Zoning
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What iszoning?
© Gardow Consulting
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What iszoning?
Uses public / private $ or
trade markets
© Gardow Consulting
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
© Gardow Consulting
Align and Act! Strategies
TDR / PDR Programs• Pierce County—Orting Valley Farms PDR
• King County-TDR since 2001, saved 141,000 acres of farm, forest & open space land
© Gardow Consulting
Funding Sources• Local Land Trusts
• State & Local Funding Sources
• Federal Funding Sources—NRCS-Farmland
Protection Program
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
Values land as resource not
highest and best use
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Align and Act! Strategies
Land Affordability
• Land for Housing Costs $20,000-$50,000/Acre
• Land for Warehouse & Industrial Development $40,000-$80,000/Acre
• Land on Which a Farmer can be Profitable $4,000-$10,000/Acre
© Gardow Consulting
Appraisal Process• Appraiser must
perform “highest & best use analysis”
• “Highest & best use” can still be more than a farmer can afford
• Appraisal does not consider social values such as food production
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is Zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Access to urban markets is crucial
for sales
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
Align and Act! Strategies
Direct Sales“Access to urban markets is crucial to farmers
engaged in direct sales.”
No Local Food without Local Farmland
© Gardow Consulting
Direct Consumer Sales• Farmers’ Markets—6,132
markets in 2010
• Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)—more than 2,500
• U-Pick
• Farm Stands/On-Site Sales
• Agricultural Tourism© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
This program links large
institutions to farms
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What are Farm to School
programs?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Align and Act! Strategies
Farm to School Programs
• 1996—2 pilot Farm to School Programs
• 2011—2352 Farm to School Programs
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
Creating or capturing more $
from products
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Value-Added Products
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is Zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
5-letter acronym for farm
organization
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is Zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
WWOOF
• World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms
• 99 Countries with WWOOF Opportunities
© Gardow Consulting
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
Get a 4 year degree from
here
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
© Gardow Consulting
What are direct sales?
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Sustainable Agricultural Programs• Washington State University
• C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems at Michigan State University
• UC Davis Agricultural Sustainability Institute
• Evergreen College Sustainable Agricultural Program
© Gardow Consulting
Photo from Evergreen State College
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Other (unpaid) opportunities to
learn farming
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
© Gardow Consulting
Apprentice and Internship Programs
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What is value-added?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is WWOOFing?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
Public policy on production,
distribution & consumption
What is a land grant university?
What is value-added?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What is value-added?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
© Gardow Consulting
Food Policy
Agriculture Jeopardy
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
© Gardow Consulting
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
Effective tool to identify prime
farmland
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is Zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What is the Soil Survey?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Web Soil Survey
© Gardow Consulting
Web Soil Survey – http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda,gov
Click on Start WSS
Agricultural Soil Values
© Gardow Consulting
Prime Farmland
Prime Farmland, if protected from
flooding
Prime Farmland, if protected from
flooding & irrigated
Agriculture Jeopardy
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What is the Soil Survey?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is Zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What are
direct sales?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
This strategy focuses
resources
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What is the Soil Survey?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Agriculture Jeopardy
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is an agricultural appraisal?
What is value-added?
What is WWOOFing?
What is a land grant university?
What is food policy?
What is coordination, funding and
commitment?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
What are direct sales?
What is the Soil Survey?
What are apprentice &
internship programs?
What are Farm to School
programs?
Align and Act! Strategies
Vermont’s Successful Program• 1,650 parcels of land protected
• More than 500,000 acres protected
• Approximately 8% of private land protected
• 700 working farms conserved
• 15% of the prime farmland
© Gardow Consulting
Food for Thought
• Preservation
• Create and expand market demand
• Pay attention to succession
• Food Policy and Action Plans:
– Identify and map ‘food shed’
– Specify who, what, how ($)
• Our own actions
© Gardow Consulting
Reference List• American Farmland Trust, http://www.farmland.org/
• Cascade Harvest Coalition, http://www.cascadeharvest.org/
• Economic Research Service/USDA, http://www.ers.usda.gov/
• Farm to School, www.farmtoschool.org
• Gardow Consulting—Land Matters Food Matters, [email protected]
• King County Agriculture Section, www.kingcounty.gov/environment/wlr/agriculture-program.aspx
• National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, www.attra.ncat.org
• PCC Farmland Trust, http://www.pccfarmlandtrust.org/
• Rockridge Orchards & Cidery, http://rockridgeorchards.com/
• Terry’s Berries, http://terrysberries.com/
• Vermont Land Trust, vlt.org
• WWOOF, http://wwoof.org/
© Gardow Consulting
Thank you
Agriculture Jeopardy
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
$10
$100
$1000
PreservationStrategies
MarketStrategies
SuccessionStrategies
What is zoning?
What is Current Use Taxation?
© Gardow Consulting
What is Transfer & Purchase of Development
Rights?
Align and Act! Strategies