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���������� �������������������
� ��*�����**�����*
Development of Automated Suction Controlled Flux Sampler for
Unsaturated Sandy Soil
Naoko HIGASHI*, Yasushi MORI** and Mitsuhiro INOUE*
* Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, +-3* Hamasaka, Tottori 02*�***+, Japan
** Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University,
+*0* Nishikawatsu, Matsue 03*�2/*., Japan
Abstract
A sandy field has the potential hazard of nitrate contamination because of its low fertilizer
holding capacity. A suction controlled flux sampler (SCFS) consisting of an automated vacuum
system and a sampling filter device has been developed for accurate measurement of water flux
from the root zone. Knowing that water content in sandy field was highly sensitive to suction
change, a bu#er container was placed between the pump and a sampling bottle to apply moderate
suction and avoid accidental over-sucking. A sampling device with a glass filter was placed in a
dune sand column and infiltration experiments were conducted. A moderate suction was ac-
hieved and the resulting water-collecting e$ciency was from 3. to +*3� under continuous
rainfall. It showed that SCFS collected infiltrated water e#ectively without disturbing the
infiltration streamline.
Key words : dune sand, suction control, unsaturated soil, water-collecting e$ciency.
+� � � � �
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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
����+No. +*+, p. ,1-/ �,**/�
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( _`a10����bc.d+�/e$�LM��6 �C0�������M1����7=)�bc.d+f+gh0ab+i,0�% &'(K�� L'������bc.d+�jk��CM2�[/e$�LM=jk�lm+.naih_o-a��&p qr6 ����-.�s3t����up���$�LM�4v����=�� van Grinsven et al. +322� �TC���K( �w�5�wQx�=_`a10�yM��j6�C�zg{|clm+.na�}� +*�&7�W��Ybc.d+�/e$�.~m��8�� N9 ,***� �:�T��K��;;<3�<�C���;<��K( �C�=t��D��\N��>u�����?W���% �(K�� ��� Kp'���=] ���_`a10�@����'(��p r� bc.d+�/e����C��A�M���[��$��YW@B]�&'(KWK� ���� ���ML�C�W�C����?W��������DW�����"E&'(KWK� '� T!�C���Wbc.d+�F�"�(�C�=���)[�F�
(�rY�� �F�bc.d+f+gh0ab+i,0��K���T!�C����_`a10�@�3�GWbc.d+/e��YHI���J���4D� �F�bc.d+f+gh0ab+i,0��K�( T!�C=������-.��$LMW[��DW����?W���% $�LM=�� �;�,�;<=�W�Qx�L�"$����?�M�� bc.d+���(����Y��N�M�Kbc.d+����@B�qK(' ��� ��^#�¡y�4v� _`a10bc.d+�s�/e$�.~m��Y¢ T!�C=�������O£$¤)�KP�¥���
,� �������
,�+ �� ����������������T!�C=�¦§�������K��¨Q/e�¦§N�R3��S>��)&WX�qK(� ©T ,. ,
�� GH -. +=ª��«¤�� LL=� rp�K�GH�U¬&�bc.d+f+gh0a_,|c~b+i,0 Suction Controlled Flux Sampler ; ®¯SCFS� �°V±�±�+�¥� ��WX�qK(°Y$��van Grinsven et al. +322� 3 Inoue and Dirksen
,***� �8��²�³Z&'� SCFS� ��_`a10 Sampling Filter Device ; ®¯ SFD� M¨Q�s�/e$�[= Automated Vacuum System ; ®¯AVS� ��\� ±�+�� �C0�]�$� SFD�� ����OKT!�C��������$�_`a10�@^��� ¦§���_u`�´µ¶aR�·¢¸q����O[ 4¹r6��[[ bº=�76»K�
��+ bc.d+f+gh0a_,|c~b+i,0 SCFS� �°V±Fig. + Schematic of the suction controlled flux sampler (SCFS).
�C�%c� d +*+¼ ,**/�28
����������� ���������� ���� ����� ,**- ; ��� ,**.�� ��������� ��+�!"#���� SFD$ � AVS$%��&��'()*�+�!,-./��01��2�3�%456 . cm���� 7� 8'��,-���� ,./ cm�$9:;<=�� +����,�� >�9:;<=��(��?�������@AB01C9:;D hC� !� ����E��F��@AB01C9:;D hL, hR� � -�G��H�(8'I'J�6'�� hC!���K�@AB01C9:;D��H� hLR� L�MN���O�� AVS
$%#���$LL�P1;Q:��&,�� SFDL�/�RS! T/UVW�X! ��"# (�'-"#� $�$��,�E�� .YZ�[:P��/U,�%\�&]'(� EC� �^_��,��`"� >� EC� �ab�)c� de$fg'-�`��AVS MN���9:;<=���*hC:i�&j+� k,-lR�m0�n��R�/�R�"%o&p./�q06'�r1�s��t�� CR+*X ; Camp-
bell Scientificu�� ( /�� +Pv1!?�itw�x��&,-��� y�P1;Q:�z{?��|�m0�n��R � *hC:i!&j+ V-$%+-}$ 2* cm~��P1;Q:(�'-��� z�$ ��%4`�v�:w�/�O+���234�5��� � hC�hLR���/ cm���!`�� >' � �� -. +. +���?�z���L�6�'�.���#� ?`g�� hC�hLR���/ cm(AVS
$%�MN��������� ,�(+-� �����$34(78,� hC�hLR���/ cm!`�!�&j+ V+( +*9G�3� m0�n��R!/�R�: ?�>!����$P1;Q:�L7� /?�� r2� �����( ��~�$�;,� hC
�hLR���/ cm���� &j+ V,� +*9G��-/�R�<]$�=,� ���P1;Q:(<]k
$��T>!��*$/(Og'`T`�� ~��%4$,-E��>�C9:;Dit�nv���,� ?@��?>!`T34�/U?�%4$,��
,�, ��������� �,�,�+ ������z��f�,�AU�����F�BC�@�DT!�E�,$�?%4$�L`P1;Q:�-��<3`��F(G -,¡4>!(H�L��+�� ,�(+-� P1;Q:��&�%#¢I$O4>!!,�J�£����Z��FK�L�itw�x���HYDRUS-,D ver. ,.*/ ; S‘imu‡nek et al., +333 ; U¤���� ,**.� �M�,-;�W¥�;Q:�O�� 8���L�MN����¦N,�� `"� ;�W¥�;Q:� � SCFS�%4$���P1;Q:�EF�&?�%4`§¨O�(P©Q���>!�dR,� ~��%4` �!,��ª /* cm«¬ ,* cm���F�®�J�£ST��0,� . cm���� 7����(��F�$U 6'-��!,�� ���!K$ � MN����9:;<=���%4$¯�V� 7� 8�WV�@AB01C9:;D�°±-��X²,�� ���P1;Q: /* cmr�� ���K��³´§¨.P1;Q: /* cmr�!,�� HYDRUS-,D��,,�Y�µ¶�=�� van Genuchten-Mualem
Model� � ��F : qr�*.*.20� qs�*..+-,� a�*.*-
cm�+� n�/./� Ks�10*..2 cmd�+� l�*./� /��� : qr�*.*,2-� qs�*.--� a�*.*+ cm�+� n�/.*� Ks�/*.31 cmd�+� l�*./���� ·¸��§¨�Z[!,
��+ �������¹ºTable + Specification of the glass filter
Filter No. G.
Diameter (cm)
Thickness (cm)
Pore size (mm)
Air entry value (cm)
+*
*42
/»+*
3*»+-*
Saturated hydraulicconductivity (cms�+)
/42 ¼*4-�«+*�.
��, AU�����BC�@Fig. , Water retention curve of the Tottori
dune sand.
\] : EFP1;Q:�&$%�PZ[��F���234/U^_��` 29
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cm1F2[\����� ��N��RSTU �6�-.%d�¡¢<2�=� B=£V�� TDR¤*�"4I¥"¦W� +.2 cm� ¥'§X 0 cm� ¥'§Y -Q :
�*¨�Zd[5 �K� ,*� -*� .*� .0� 1* cm1� $��¥)*+��"!4UNSUC : �*¨�Zd[5�K� ,*� -*� .*� 1* cm1\]��� ��N�J1JN�+1���©�M� �!"�^~J��ª�&�¤��«������ ����+/*� +/ cm¬����U.(*I12���_�`������ ��NRa9B�� 4qi5 ,@2�7 +* mmh�+�F2[\b:��®¯��� Run-+7 qi°, mm h�+�����ST1±�Y²c�@A� SCFS�AVS�h���� � �!"��+/*7 +/ cm1«�������� Run-,³[� Run--7� �E´E q i°, mm
h�+� +* mm h�+������ �!"��+/*�AVS1[A�G��µ¶�/·�� SCFS�3�¸¹"
��- ���6��N|��E º de7K� /* cmn���-9:.%d 4qs5 ���f»���a-º
Fig. - Schematic of the soil column experimental
set up. Upper part of the column indicates
the area of the qs for WCE estimation.
�6�gZh i +*+¼ 4,**/530
��������������� /* cm��� �������������������������� ���� ������������ �������� !"�#
,�. ��������$%&�'�( !� ��������)*+,*-��./0�&��&1��)2���/�/���� �34�5)�6 � SCFS�����)7���8���9� :Water-Collecting Efficiency ; 7;WCE< )=��>��?�@ �# AB� C'���DE�F"� RunG :+Run� +,HI< ��JC'� Qr :cm-< )K3L��M�N RunHI&O �C'�34�5 qr :cmhP+< Q�# A�� SCFS�R��J��� Qe :cm-< )�������� RunHI&O ����34�5 qe :cmhP+< )JSQ�# T��>+R����U���� !��VWX+����TDRY����?=�R+���"��U����#Z�R� K3L� *[/* cm� :$�-�\%&'%�< �M]�(^HI��� !�#Z qs :cmhP+< )JS �# >� qs)_)�*+� SCFS�WCE)�`��?=��#
WCE:�<a+**bqe�:qrPqs< (+)
WCEc +**�+,�H�����-.c SFD)/]��8�0X+����cd"!"��_eR+� f� +**�7\�gh� SFD�1ij�R�U�)2!k�� A��_eR+�# "M� K3L3%�R��J4��) Qd :cm-< � '��5Q���M�N4���lh)� K3L67��� !��8m)nQ� :Change of Water Storage in the column ; 7;CWS< �7���`��?JS � o_� �'p �# CWSc +**�+,&q+rK3L67��� !�c8s� CWSc +**�)9e�t+cmd �/�>�"�#
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cm�1�/B+� &(°�"vw�e)n �c� 2* cm�H� cM1!"�°�"�����)g±&1"���#�U��h�².:$�,<�R�®\������������� /* cmA&�ij_e� ª4�« c����� 2* cm�gh&(��®�" /* cmck³X+��� ��)l��$�/�RER�"�8� 0-*M�N +,/** cm-:Y&1�# �¦ ����� !������� �M1/�cW/>� ¦?´/�µX(_) � � +,/** cm-� c�� �¢m:Y �#A���� ª4�« �aCHI� +*_I&¶�&q�>)·n �#
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0�������� Flag,� ON�� ���������������������� Count,� .**
�� !+"#�$ *./%& ������� ''(
)*+���,-�.�/0123 V+� Count+
� ++/04 +-/��� 567 +*%�8 � 9�)*+��/:;<�=23 V,� +*%�8> 6?�@A)B�CDE/F%��=0 V-/8G="#�$ !H�0( Count+� ,**I,-*� +/%& (J�K� LMN(O�P?AVS(QRSTS�UP�VWXYZ[R/��23 �\]����,-�.� 2*
I-** cm�@A)B�CD� +,/** cm-�[ZCD/+*%�^_='��`abc�d�[Z�e�f���? �@A)B�CD�gh�i�: K� �[ZCD�: K�^_j�� �k�lmn/F%8>0�"#�$o���� -p/qrKs'���7� K6t6���uv/w7x='��( yzZ{|}~������(� �i4>`a��[Z��P����4�STS����� �]=���bc�>[Z��(��?'�04� uv/q�'�(���yz�AVS/��Ks'�������4�
-�, SCFS������Eyz"�fMN�� SCFS�[Z��/H�1���xP?WCE/��,��=Run-+( qi�, mmh�+
��. HYDRUS-,D��)*+��,-�.� /* cm��j�������.���a : SFDE���$ A-¡���¢+�q£¤b : ¥¦§Zj�yzZ{{¨¤c : ,* mmh�+©_ª«V�yzZ{{¨¤
Fig. . Results of the calculation by HYDRUS-,D with /* cm constant suction at the filter.
a : Changes of the matric potential inside and outside of the SFD.
b : Soil water content under free drainage.
c : Soil water content under continuous rainfall with ,* mmh-+
��/ ¬,-�.� 2* cm !®& � -** cm !¯& /°�?@A)B�CD�� ±�C²�[ZCD�/ +*%�^_P?³�´µ,-�.�
Fig. / Maximum suction in di#erent sampling bot-
tles connected with the bu#er container.
yz�¶·} ¸ +*+¹ !,**/&32
���������� � *�/* cm������������ q�*.--�*.*- m- m�- ���� CWS!++.��"#$ %&'()*��+��,,-.�"��/���0 hC� hLR�1�234!56789:;�1�+�a<$ WCE! /0./��"�� :=�,< WCE�>?
!$ @A��%&'()BCDE����6�FG78� /8�AVSBH�IJKLMBNOPQE$RSBT?�UV�BWXYZ[�"0 Run-, �!$ CWS� +++�$ *�/* cm������
���! q�*.+3�*.*, m- m�- ��#$ WCE! 3-.0�
��0 AVS��0\]PQ^_`��Fig. 0 Time schedule for the suction control by the AVS.
��1 ����abc� SCFS��0@A�V�dea : fghijkMKlm)(�niE�opqrJskMKt'�uvwb : V�xy�z{V��wc : V�|}�~r%�)|} �IJKLMuvw
Fig. 1 Infiltration water sampling by SCFS under continuous rainfall.
a : Matric potential for suction control.
b : Sampling intensity and cumulative amount of sampled water.
c : Suction in the sampling bottle and the bu#er container.
�� : NOIJKLMPQ��0���������c�@A�V������ 33
���� ���,�� ����� ���� Run-,�Run-+�� ��WCE������� AVS�������� !"#$%&'(��)*�+,��-.�Run-,�WCE� +**�������/�0�� ��0�� !"#�1.�2�3���4� �*���/���564.� 78�� hC�� hL9 hR� / cm
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��, &¹�º»��� SCFS�G�++Table , Water-collecting e$ciency under various
rainfall conditions
Run + , -
qi (mm hF+)
Qr (cm-)
Qd (cm-)
Qe (cm-)
CWS (�)qs (cmhF+)
qr (cmhF+)
qe (cmhF+)
,
1/-40
10*40
314/
++-43
*4*+1
*4,
*4+*.
,
1/-40
0/,41
+2-41
+++
F*4**2
*4,
*4+3/
+*
-1024*
,,-142
+*-+4*
2042
F*4**2
+4*
+4*3.
Standard deviation(mmhF+)* --- *413 ,4*1
WCE (�) /04/ 3-40 +*24/
* Standard deviation of sampling intensity (mm
hF+) under steady state condition.
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� ������� �,**-� : ����������� !�"#$ �%&'()(#�� �*+,-� ��'� � //.�/��01�2324�561� 0,�0-.
� ���7�89�� :!����� �,**.� : ����������� ()"#$%��; ��� &' +0()�/��0156*<=� -10�-11.
Inoue, M. and Dirksen, C. (,***) : An Automatically
operated soil water flux meter of improved de-
sign� &' +,()�/��0156*<=� 0-0�0-2.
��0=>?1 �+332� : +@A�BCD�EFGH'��0'� pp. 32�33� �/��01� ���
IJK�, �,***� : #$%��� L�M-N #O.PQR/ S0� N1�NTU01V� +- �0� :
.0,�.1+.
Kosugi, K. and Katsuyama, M. (,**.) : Controlled-
suction period lysimeter for measuring vertical
water flux and convective chemical fluxes. Soil
Sci. Soc. Am. J.,02 : -1+�-2,.
W2 3 �+33-� : ()��#XY�4Z5[� \]�62()01V� .* �,� : 11�2*.
�7^_�`� 8�9�:& �,**-� : ";#XY�<= a�bc >d �-� '";��� M-e?
#XY�<=�@'� ";�/� /-0 : ,�3.
�A�f�� :!������BghC �,**-� : *�ijkl�-#m�(�noM-N PQpD�&' +/()�/��0156*<=� --.�--/.
62;oN01 �,**+� : qNM-�;oNEF� pp.
/*�/1� Grst� ���I�uH �,***� : ;oN vwxIb�/Jy� p. ,/�
pp. 00�2,� �z{71"|1� ���S‘imu‡nek, J., Sejna, M. and van Genuchten, M. Th.
(+333) : The HYDRUS-,D software package for
simulating the two-dimensional movement of
water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-
saturated media. Version ,.*. IGWMC-TPS-/-, In-
ternational Ground Water Modeling Center, Col-
orado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado.
K�}~L�9��� �,**.� : M-N vwM<=N)@���OP;� ��j�"#XY�QR<=��S� 62��TU0�V� 1/ �+� : ./�/,.
Q��V������W �,**.� : Modelling variably
saturated flow with HYDRUS-,D �Japanese
translation�� HYDRUS-,D#m��� #$%X� ��� pp. +.+�+./-� �/��01��5G%&�1 HYDRUS�,���
van Grinsven, J.J.M., Booltink, H.W.G., Dirksen, C.,
van Breemen, N., Bongers, N. and Waringa, N.
(+322) : Automated in situ measurement of unsat-
urated soil water flux.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /, :
+,+/�+,+2.
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