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-2 ­

B U

l lE

T I N

of the

WISCONSIN

COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPHIC

EDUCATION

President

Vice-P

resldent

Secretary-T

reasurer

State C

oordinator

Past P

resident

Editor:

Karen

Lea Fonstad

Oshkosh,

Wisconsin.

1972-73 OFFICERS OF THE W

.C.G

.E.

Alvin

Johnson U

niversity of Wisconsin

Steven,s Poi nt

Dale

Fatzinger

University of W

isconsin Pl attev

i 11 e

S. Ann

Marie T

rimberger,

O.S

.F.

Pius XI

High

School r~i 1wau kee

Joseph W.

Kenny

University of W

isconsin ~~aukesha

Herbert L.

Gaede

University of W

isconsin O

shkosh

-3 -

TABLE OF CO~lT~rnS

President's

Page. 4

Editor's

Comm

ents 5

Spring M

eeting A

bstracts. • 6

A T

extbook Review

: E

xolorinq Wisconsin

by Jacquelyn Greuel .

...... .

. 8

A P

sychedelic Geography

by Robert S

cheele 10

The B

arron C

ounty Way to G

eographic Audio-V

isua1-Tutorial

Work

in Sm

all Schools

by H

arry T. Loom

er, Jr.

11

Why

Curves

Become

Straig

ht L

ines by j·jarsha11

Parry

.....

15

Menom

inee: R

eservation or C

ounty? by V

ic ki R

eimer

and John

B. R

ay. 18

Unit T

rain Operations

in the U

nited S

tates by

Curtis R

ichards ...... .

23

Am

erican R

ailroads and

the Origins of the

Interstate

Comm

erce Acts

by Law

rence R.

Brandt .

....

. 27

Cem

eteries by M

aurice E.

Perre

t. 30

Industri al C

hanges in W

estern C

onnecticut (H

atters Town --

U.S.A

.)by D.

C. f1ulthauf .

...

32

Us ing the Model

of the Im

age of Lim

ited Good to E

xplain S u~sistence

Economic A

ctivities

by Jerry

Gerlach

...........

. 37

-4 ­

PRESIDEN

T'S PAGE

Fellow G

eographers:

The E

xecutive Com

mittee

of the Wisconsin

Council

for G

eographic E

ducation thanks

all those m

embers

who did

con

tribu

te an artic

le fo

r the W

isconsin B

ulletin or w

0 present a paper at our annual

meeting.

We

inv

ite you to

do so

again and

encourage other mem

bers to

presentsuch

another year.

As presiden

t of W.C

.G.E

., I w

ish to

thank K

aren for her w

ork th

is year on

our Bulletin and

of course to thank

Elmer

for

his prolonged

effort in

past years as ed

itor.

I extend thanks

to Herb,

our past p

residen

t, and to

D

ale, our V

ice-President.

And of course we all thank

Joe Kenny,

state coordinator and S

ister Trim

berger, secretary

and trea­

surer,

and John

Kapter,

past coordinator for

holding all

things together

in our Cou nci l, past and

present.

Ftn ally,

the Wisconsin

Council

has been

accorded a spot on

the "W

ashington 73"

N.C. G

.E. m

eetings. W

e are obligated to

sponsor a program

session

, of an environm

ental-ecological nature.

This we w

ill consider

during the

business session at Winona

State C

ollege on S

aturday, April

28. A

ny department or any m

ember H

ith an idea or "'lith

a will ingness

to p

articipate next

fall should

inform one of our o

fficers soon.

Norm. and

Roger

at \~inona

have a fin

e program

arranged for

us on

April

27 and

28. T

hanks again.

Alvin

i1. Johnson

Presid

ent, W

.C.G

.E. D

epartment of G

eography S

tevens P

oint, Wisconsin

-5

­

ED ITOR I,S COI'1,1 ENTS

W.C

.G.E.

apoloaizes for the absence o

f the B

ulletin which

would

normally have

been"published in

spring, 1972. U

nfortunately, th

ere were

so few

articles contributed that the publication w

as deem

ed u

nfeasib

le. The

articles which

were

contributed at that tim

e were re­

served, and

some o

f them

appear in

this

issue.

These,

in combination

with

additional

contributions this year ~

ake

t his Bul letin one

which

is fu ll of a v

ariety of inform

ation which we

hope wi ll m

eet you r

appro­val

and w

het your app

etite for current research and

ideas bei ng

presented by your

fellow teachers

and colleagues.

We

feel fo

rtunate t his year to

present articles vJhich may be

"1 ifted II as

they are, for classroom

use, or

wh ich can be used

in media

presen

tation

s. In

addition to the teaching

artic

les, th

ere are several

essays of research

in the general fie ld .

Some

of these are histo

rical and som

e are rep

orts of quite current events.

The than

ks o

f the whole

organization are due

to those auth

ors \,Iho spent

many

hours composing

these papers.

It should

be underst ood

that

the authors alone are responsible

for the content and

ideas presented

in the papers.

The ed

itor did make

a few

changes fo

r spellin

g

corrections and fo

r the sake of fitt ing t he

articles

into

the space available. It is

certainly

hoped th

at none of these changes

will

confuse the orig

inal

presentation or omit

importan

t id

eas. If this

is the case, the edito

r is solely

respo

nsib

le, and most hearti ly apologizes.

W.C

.G.E.

hopes th

at future

issues of the B

ulletin will be over ­

flowing w

ith a v

ariety of com

positions from

all

ranks of mem

bers, at all

educatio

nal

levels

--from

elem

entary grades throug

h graduate seminars.

Only you, the m

embers,

can make

this publicati on

a success --

a magazi ne with \lJo rthw

hi1e inform

ation on both

teaching and research fro

nts .

Only you can

help present t :1e problem

s and

ideas from all

levels of

the te

ach­

ing profe ssion.

-6 ­

SPRI NG MEET ING ABSTRACTS

Friday --

IIStone as a Construction f4ateria

l; A

Preliminary Stu

dy in the

Upper

Mississippi

Drainage B

asin" --

Catherine Johnson,

University of

Wiscon­sin -

St evens P

oint.

While

the popular material for construction

in America is wood, or,

for business

buildings, brick, close inspection reveals

an early use of

stone in glacial areas.

Distinctions may be made betw

een folk construct­ion and m

onumental or in

stitutio

nal

construct ion. Ston

ework evolv

es on both types

, from

its earliest appearance in

pioneer buildinqs to use in

m odern mechanized

construction, with changes evident in both wallin

g styles and m

ortering of j o

ints.

These changes m

ay ue correlated to tech­

nology, fashion, and m

en's perception of the pro

per medium

for construc­

ti on material.

* * * * * * * * liThe G

eographical T

raverse" t,1aurice E.

Perret, Univ

ersity of Wiscon

sin -

Stevens Poin

t.

The Geographic T

raverse is a pleasant way to develop the sense of

observation runong

students. It has

been rai sed

to t he st atus of a f ruit­

ful research m

ethod, such as

the study of Robert

Fi nley and E.M.

Scott,

riA Great L

akes-to-Gulf P

rofile of Dispersed D

welling

Types l1 published

in the G

eographical R

eview in

1940 and the study of Eugene C

otton Mat her

and John F

raser Hart on

"Fences and

Farms".

uased on

a traverse from

Athens, G

eorgia, to C

leveland, Ohio,

and published

in th

e Geograp

hical R eview

in 1954.

f~thods ,

topics and resu

lts are discussed

, illustrated.

* * * * * * * *

"Geographic A

udio-Visual-Tu

torial

Work

in Small

Schools; the Barron

County Way"

--H

arry 1

. Loom

er, Jr. , U

niversity of Wisconsin

Center -

Barron

County.

While m

uch has

been written about

individualized instruct ion

in large schools,

little has

been done with

applications in sm

aller

schools w

here conditions make

large scale programs

impractical. If

Audio-Visual­T

utorial work

is desirable in major university work,

there must

be ways

to apply it in sm

all schools

. B

arron County has

one such program

.

* * * * * * * * "Presen

t T

rends in the B

alkan C

ountries" --

r-1argaret S

. Chew

, Univ

ersity of W

isconsin -

La Crosse.

Yugoslavia's present position in the com

munist

bloc and status of

the Iron G

ate Hydroelectric Dam

. Relationships of R

umania and

Bulgaria

in the comm

unist bloc and

present outlook in

agriculture and

industry. How

have he

"C]overnlllcnt plans" \'/orked

and ~'/~Iat

trends are showing up

(od.\y?

-7 ­

"Nonnal

Weather

is Abnormal ll

--

H. L.

Nelson,

University

of Wisco

nsin ­

La Cros se.

ALa

Crosse Trib

une new

s item

which

summ

arized weather elements and their dev

iation from

normal, led to the

investigation of Local C

limatolo­gical

data, and the A

nnual Sum

mary

to answ

er the

question, "How rare is normal

weather?"

Charts portray the occurrence

(1) norm

al m

onthly prec i­

pitati on from

1931-70

, (2

) normal month

ly temperature fro

m 1931

-70

, (3

) nonnal

seasonal snow

fall during

40 consecutive seasons, and (4

) nonnal

daily temperatu

res for 1968.

The infrequency of the occurrence of norm

al for t he meteorological

elements investigated

leads to the conclusion that

"Norm

al W

eather i s Abnormal. " * * * * * * * *

Saturday -..;.

IITeaching Geography in

Englan

d" --

Roger A. Carlso

n, W

inona State Col 1eg

Spending an academ

ic year in t he Bright on

College of E

ducation, and

having children in an

Engli sh elementary school

provided an

excellent opportunity to examin

e the status of Geography in England.

Brighton C

ol­lege

is a teacher preparation college havin

g about 90 students

"majoring"

in Geography. C

lassroom tea ch

ing and studen

t teacher observation are

both a part of the regu

lar routine

. The total

exper ience has led to the

conclusion that the English

education system ;s neither "better" nor

"worse ll

than the American system

, just differen

t.

* * * * * * * *

IIAttitudes Tow

ard the 14ississippi

Ri ver" Norman Baron, W

inona S

tate Co

ll ege.

In M

innesota, the M

ississippi River is many things to m

any people.

It represents low

cost

water transportation

to some, migratory w

aterfowl

hab

itat, and recreation to some, and

convenient sewage disp

osal system

to oth

ers. The riv

er is vario

usly decriued as a thing of beauty, a polluted

mess, a f isherman

's delig

ht, a tran

quil stream or a raging

torrent.

It is clear th

at these various uses

are in confl ict.

What does

the Minneso­

tan think should be changed

in t he p

riorities for t he M

ississippi Riv er?

How should th

eir goals and objectives be attained?

* * * * * * * * "Seed Bed

Preparation of Tobacco

in W

estern W

isconsin", presented

by a W

inona State C

ollege studen

t, Gerald U

rness, was

also given on Saturday m

orning. and

"Some Historical

Perspectives on \,Jinona, a River

Town

ll , by

Henry H

ul l of the W

inona State C

ollege Department of H

istory; but abstracts w

ere not available for these.

The banquet

speaker was R

ussell H.

Susan,

PhD,

P.E

., r·1anager of the Qual ity C

ontrol, Metropolitan Sewer B

oard, St .

Paul, f1innesota.

Two field trip

s were

taken durin

g the meeting

s, one to the W

atkins Produc

ts, In

c., and one to the Mississippi

River.