Nokia 5g Radio Access White Paper

5G Radio AccessSystem Design Aspects

Nokia Networks

Nokia Networks white paper5G Radio Access System Design Aspects

FutureWorks

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Contents

1. Executive Summary 3

2. Improving Network Capacity 4

2.1 Densification 4

2.2 Spectrum 4

2.3 SpectralEfficiency 7

3. Latency 9

4. EnergyEfficiency 12

5. System Integration 13

6. Summary 14

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1. Executive Summary Wirelessdatatrafficwillgrow10,000foldwithinthenext20yearsduetoultra-highresolutionvideostreaming,cloud-basedwork,entertainmentandincreaseduseofavarietyofwirelessdevices.Thesewillincludesmartphones,tabletsandothernewdevices,includingmachinetypecommunicationsfortheprogrammableworld.

Tomeetdemand,Nokiaenvisions5Gasasystemprovidingscalableandflexibleserviceswithavirtuallyzerolatencygigabitexperiencewhenandwhereitmatters.Inaddition,5Gwillprovideatleastaten-foldimprovementintheuserexperienceover4G,withhigherpeakdatarates,improvedeverywheredataratesandaten-foldreductionin latency.

5Gmobilecommunicationswillhaveawiderrangeofusecasesandrelatedapplicationsincludingvideostreaming,augmentedreality,differentwaysofdatasharingandvariousformsofmachinetypeapplications,includingvehicularsafety,differentsensorsandreal-timecontrol.Beingintroducedafter2020andinusewellbeyond2030,5Galsoneedstheflexibilitytosupportfutureapplicationsthatarenotyetfullyunderstoodorknown.

Inadditiontothemoretraditionalcellularaccessbandsbelow6GHz,5Gisexpectedtoexploitthelargeamountofspectrumbetween6GHzand100GHz.Oneormorenewradioaccesstechnologieswillbeneededtoaddressthisregimeoffrequencybandsduetodifferentchannelcharacteristics.ExtendingtheLTEair-interfaceto frequenciesabove6GHzmaybeconsidered,butitislikelythatasimplerandmoreefficientairinterfacecanbedesignedtoaddressspecificchallenges.

Fortheenduser,5Gshouldbetransparentanditshouldbeseen as one system guaranteeing a consistent user experience. Furthermore,mobilenetworkoperatorsexpectastraightforward5Gdeploymentandoperation.Thiscallsfortightintegrationof5GlayerswithexistingsystemssuchasLTEandtheirevolutionviaSingleRadioAccessNetwork(RAN)solutions.Thisapproachwillsimplifynetworkmanagementfrom2Gto5G,andwillalsoenableagradualintroductionof5G.

Thenetworkanddeploymentflexibility,aswellastheairinterfacedesign,willhelpcurbthegrowthofenergyconsumption.Theconsumedenergyperdeliveredbitmustgodowndrasticallyatbothendsoftheradiolink,forexample,theenergyusedbyunconnecteddevices and in network nodes not operating at capacity.

Aholistic,flexibledesignandaverytightintegrationofexistingtechnologiesarekeyprioritiesforNokia.

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2. Improving Network CapacityThe10,000foldincreaseinnetworkcapacity,alongwithaten-foldimprovementinuserexperience(reaching100Mbit/seveninunfavorablenetworkconditions)willbeachievedthrough:

1. Massivedensificationofsmallcells

2. Morespectrum

3. Increasedspectralefficiency

2.1 DensificationThedensificationofnetworkdeploymentsisatrendalreadyapparentin3Gand4G.5Gwillenableustodesignaflexiblesystemfromacleanslateandallowoptimizationforcellsizesbelowa200minter-sitedistance.IncontrasttoLTE,wherethesmallcelldesignisbasedontherigidwide-areamacrocelldesign,theclean-slateapproachallowsahigherdegreeofoptimizationandadaptationtothesmallcellsizes.Itis,however,importantthatwhileoptimizingthedesignforUltraDenseNetworkdeploymentswithsmallcells,5Gwillalsobringwideareamacrocelldeployments,furtherunderliningtheneedfordesignflexibility.

2.2 SpectrumThefrequenciesallocatedorunderdiscussionforadditionalbandwidthforcellularusehavesofarallbeenbelow6GHz,mostlyduetothefavorablewideareacoveragepropertiesofthelowerfrequencies.Whilemorespectrumbelow6GHzisneededandtherearepromisingtechniquestoincreasetheuseofalreadyallocatedfrequencies,therewillbeanincreasingneedtoalsounlocknewspectrumbands.Thesebands,from6to100GHzwillhelptomeetthehighcapacityanddataraterequirementsofthe5Gera.The6to100GHzrangecanbebroadlysplitintwoparts,centimeterwaveandmillimeterwave,basedondifferentradiopropagationcharacteristicsandthecarrierbandwidthpossibleinthedifferentfrequencyranges.

Thecentimeterwavefrequenciesmaybethenextlogicalstepforcellularaccessastheyareclosertocurrentlyusedfrequencyranges,however,moreresearchisneededtofullycharacterizeradiopropagationinthesebands.Insomeways,centimeterwavesbehavesimilarlytotraditionalcellularbands(e.g.,reflectionsandpathlossexponents),butsomeeffectswillbedifferent,suchastheoverallpathlossanddiffraction,particularlyatthehigherendofthecentimeterwaveband.Thecontiguousbandwidththatispotentiallyavailableat



centimeterwave,roughly100-500MHz,iswiderthanLTE-Advanced isdesignedforandtheLTEairinterfacedesign,optimizedataround 2GHz,isnotwellsuitedforcentimeterwavefrequencies.

Attheotherendofthespectrumrangearethemillimeterwavefrequencieswhichstartat30GHz.Atmillimeterwave,theradiopropagationandRFengineeringisdifferentfromthesub-6GHzspectrumrangeinsomerespects,suchashigherdiffractionandhigherfoliageandstructurepenetrationlosses.However,recentmeasurementshaveshownthatmillimeterwavefrequenciesarealsosimilartothosebelow6GHzinsomeotherrespectssuchasreflectionsandpathlossexponents.Thereisstillmoreexperimentationrequiredinthesebandstounderstandthepracticalperformanceofthemillimeterwavebandsbuttherewardwillbeachievablecarrierbandwidthsofforexample1-2GHz.Eventhoughthereisawelldefinedborderof30GHzbetweencentimeterwaveandmillimeterwavebands(1cmwavelength),theradiopropagationchangesmoresmoothlyandthereisnosharptransitionpointintheradiopropagationcharacteristics.

Figure1illustratesthisdifferentiationoffrequenciesupto100GHz.Weforeseevariousdifferentradioaccesscomponentsusedwith5G,rangingfromtheevolutionofLTEtocompletelynewaccesstechnologies.TheRadiocommunicationSectoroftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU-R),workingontheglobalmanagementoftheradiospectrum,hasrecognizedtherelationshipbetweenIMT(InternationalMobileTelecommunicationsystem)and5GandisworkingtowardsrealizingthefutureIMT2020visionofmobilebroadbandcommunications.

Fig.1.CandidatesforLTE-Along-termevolutionandnew5Gaccess(pleasenotethenon-linearx-axis)

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18/12/2014 1 Nokia 2014 Nokia SK Telecom Condential

Condential

1 GHz 2 GHz 6 GHz 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 60 GHz 100 GHz

LTE-A/LTE-M/LAA LTE and their evolution

5G cmWave 5G mmWave 5G below 6 GHz

Within WRC2015 scope Expected to be within WRC2019 scope

LTE-A: LTE Advanced LTE-M: LTE for M2M LAA LTE: licensed-assisted access LTE

New access candidates

LTE evolution candidates


Currently,WP5D,anITU-Rsubgroup,isworkingonvariousreportstoprovideguidanceonwhatmaybeexpectedinthefuturedevelopmentofIMTfor2020andbeyond,includingsystemsoperatingabove6GHz.TheWorldRadioConference(WRC),scheduledforNovember2015,isexpectedtosetthestageforthenextWRCin2019.Thiswouldthenbeabletoidentifyfrequencybandsfrom6to100GHzforIMTuseandfacilitateglobalharmonizationofthespectrum.

WRC2019willbeauniqueopportunitytoidentifyspectrumabove6GHzformobilebroadband(5G).ThereforeitisimportantthatWRC2015decidesontherespectiveagendaitemfortheWRC2019tomeetthisopportunity.Tohelpensurethebestspectrumisidentified,severalaspectsrelatedtonewfrequencybandsneedtobeassessedandstudied,includingbutnotlimitedto:

1. FrequencyrangesthatcontainbandswhichalreadyhaveworldwideprimaryallocationtoMobileServicesshouldbeconsideredasmorelikelyoptionsforpossiblespectrumdesignationandneedtobefurtherstudied.

2. Spectrumbandsthatareharmonized,atleastregionally,shouldbegivenhighpriority.

3. Currentuseofthesefrequencyrangesshouldbefurtherinvestigated.

4. Minimumbandwidthrequirementsshouldalsobeconsideredasacriterionfortheselectionoffrequencyranges.

5. Coexistencewithsystemsinthebandsunderconsiderationandinadjacentbands.

6. Availabilityofcontiguousspectrum(e.g.500MHzupto1GHz)shouldbetakenintoaccount.

Itisessentialthattheindustryandregulatorsworktogethertosecuresufficientspectrumformobilecommunicationsbeyond2020.Itwillfacilitatethedevelopmentofthetechnologyandwillimprovesocietyand economic development.


2.3 SpectralEfficiencySpectralefficiencyisameasureofhowefficientlythespectrumcanbeusedduringdatatransmission,inotherwords,howmanybitsperHzpersecondthesystemisabletodeliverovertheair.Asystemisdesignedwithvariousspectralefficienciesinmind,suchaspeak,averageuserandcelledge.Byincreasingthesespectralefficiencies,thecapacityofthenetworkincreaseswithouttheneedtoaddmorecellsitesortousemorespectrum.Multiplecomponentsaffectthespectralefficiencyoftheradiolink,forexamplemodulation,multi-antennaoperation,signalwaveform,andtheentiresystem,includingcoordinationbetweennodes,interferencesuppression,andcollaborativeradioresourcemanagement.LTEalreadyhasahighradiolinkspectralefficiency,butthespectralefficiencyofthesystem(orarea)stillallowsimprovementsthatarelessexpensivebutalsouseless energy and are simpler overall.

Akeytechnicalcomponentfor5GingeneralandtoimprovespectralefficiencyinparticularismassiveMIMO.

Integratinglargescaleantennaarraysintotheairinterfacedesignof5GsystemsinthecmWaveormmWavebandswillshowsignificantdifferencestotheMIMOsolutionscurrentlydeployedin4Gsystems.Firstly,themorenoise-limitednatureofhigh-bandwidthsystemsatcmWaveormmWavewillallowsimplesolutionsthatdonotneedtoactivelymitigateother-cellinterference.Secondly,4Gsystemsat3GHzandbelowarebandwidthandinterferencelimited,sotheemphasiswithMIMOtechnologyinthosesystemshasbeentoincreasespectralefficiencytoovercometheselimitations.

ThehighbandwidthsystemsatmmWavemaynotbebandwidthorinterferencelimited,buttendtobepath-losslimited.Asaresult,theemphasiswithMIMOtechnologywillinitiallybeonprovidingpowergainthroughbeamforming.Spatialmultiplexing,criticaltohighperformancein4Gsystems,willnotbetheinitialemphasiswithmmWaveduetotheneedtoovercomepathlosslimitations.SystemsatcmWave,however,willoperatesomewhereinbetween4GsystemsandmmWavesystemswithregardstobandwidthandinterferencelimitations.ThismeansthatcmWavesystemswilllikelyincorporateboththeMIMOandbeamformingtechnologyelementsfoundin4Gand mmWave systems.

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Thirdly,withthesmallscaleantennaarraysdeployedin4Gsystemsat3GHzandbelow(e.g.,arrayswitheightorfewerantennaports)andtwoorfourreceiveantennasattheuserdevice,singleuserspatialmultiplexingprovidesmostofthegainsavailablefromspatialmultiplexingonthedownlink.Withsmallscalearrays,multi-userspatial multiplexing provides little gain over single user multiplexing on thedownlink.Withlargescalearraysbelow3-6GHz,multi-userMIMOwillberequiredtoprovidesignificantgainsoversmallscalearrays.

Incontrast,formmWavesystemswithlargescalearrays,multi-userMIMOwillnotbeaninitialemphasisduetotheneedtoovercomepowerlimitations.ForcmWavesystems,bothsingleuserand multi-userspatialmultiplexingwilllikelybeincorporatedintothesystem design.

Fourthly,withlargescalearraysdeployedatmmWave,obtainingper-antennachannelestimateswillbedifficultduetotheinherentpowerandpath-losslimitations.Asaresult,theMIMO/beamformingtechniquesatmmWavewillinitiallyoperatewithper-beamchannelknowledgeratherthanper-antennachannelknowledge,whichwillnecessitatesignificantchangesinthePHYlayercomparedtocurrent4Gsystems.Thehigherthefrequencybandthesmallertheantennasize,andhencewithcmWaveandespeciallywithmmWave,largescaleantennaarrayswillberelativelysmallcomparedtothesmallerscaleantennaarraysofcurrent4Gsystems.

WhereasmassiveMIMOisagoodtechniquetoimprovelinkspectralefficiency,systemspectralefficiencygainscanbeachievedbybetterutilizationofradioresources.Interferencerejectionisonetechniqueaimedatboostingsystemspectralefficiency.Thisworksbyreplacingawell-knownmechanismofcoordinatinginter-cellinterference(e.g.,tryingtousetheleastinterferedradioblocksinLTEorapplyingfrequencyreusegreaterthanonebetweenneighboringcells)whileacceptingtheinterferenceandlatersuppressingitinthereceiver.InterferencerejectioncombiningisalreadyknownandusedinLTE,and5Gisanopportunitytodesignasystemoptimizedforusingit.AnothertechniqueforoptimizingspectrumutilizationisdynamicTDDoperation,whichallocatesthespectrumoptimallybetweentheuplinkandthedownlink.


3. LatencyRadiolatencyistheone-waytransittimebetweenapacketbeingavailableattheIPlayerineitherthedevice/RANedgenode,andtheavailabilityofthispacketattheIPlayerintheRANedgenode/device.Therelevanceoflatencyisoftenoverlookedbypeoplefocusingonachievabledatarates,butwithhighlatency,eventhefastestconnectionscannotprovideagoodexperienceforinteractiveservices.Furthermore,whentheTCPprotocolisused,highlatencywillalsoaffecttheachievablethroughput.

Onecurrentexampleofaservicethatrequireslowlatencyisonlinegaming.However,infuture,thepoolofinteractiveapplicationswillbroadenveryquicklyasweseetheriseofaugmentedreality,workandentertainmentinthecloud,automatedcarsandremotelycontrolledrobots.Alloftheseapplicationsrequireultralowlatenciesforwhicha5Gsystemneedstobedesigned.

Reducingtheradiolatencyisnotonlyimportantfortheseinteractiveservicesbutisalsoanenablerforhighdataratesandtheoverallresponsivenessofthesystem.Achievinghighdatathroughputsinnetworkswithhighlatencymeansthattransmitterbuffersneedtobelarge,increasingthedevicecost.Reducingthenetworklatencymeansthatbuffersareemptiedfasterandhencecanbesmallerandcheaper.Also,thespeedofallnetworkprocedures,suchassystemaccessorhandover,reliesonradiolatency.

Reducedairinterfacelatencyandhighdataratescontributetoloweringthedevicesbatteryconsumption.Fasttransitionsbetweensleepandactivemodes,micro-sleepwithinaframewhendataisnottransmittedorreceived,ashortactivetimewithhighdataratesandalowsleepmodepowerconsumptionallcontributetoimprovingtheenergyefficiencyofthedevice.

Thelatencyof4G/LTEissuperiortothatof3G,butstillinferiortowhatcanbeachievedwiththewiredInternet.OnewaytoreduceradiointerfacelatencyisbyusingdynamicTDDwithashortframedurationandanadaptiveframestructure.DynamicTDDinvolvesdifferent



cellsinthenetworkemployingdifferentuplink-downlinkTDDsplitsbasedonthetrafficloadfortheircell.Itisexpectedthatthemainmodeofoperationfor5Gultradensenetworksoperatingabove6GHzfrequencybandswillbedynamicTDD.DynamicTDDisattractiveforusein5Gsmallcellsasitassignsthefullspectrumallocationtowhicheverlinkdirectionneedsitthemost.ATDDtransceiverisalsoeasierandcheapertobuildthanaFDDtransceiver.

WithsomelimitationsinadaptingtheDL/ULallocation,dynamicTDDwas already introduced in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A). However,theairinterfacelatencyofTDDLTE-Aislimitedbyitsphysicalframestructure.Itispossibletoincludeuptotwouplink/downlinkswitchingpointsinsideone10msradioframe,whichsetsthehardlimitfortheairinterfacelatency.Thisisclearlynotachievingthe5Gradiolayerlatencytarget.EvolutionsofLTE-Awillnotbeabletosupportmajorlatencyreductionsduetotherestrictionsofincrementalevolution.Forexample,changesinthenumerologyandframestructuredesigntoenablereducedlatencycannotbeintroducedforbackwardscompatibilityreasons.Consequently,thereisaneedforanew5Gairinterfacetoenabletherequiredphysicallayerlatencies.Agoodframestructurecandidateisonewithoutanyswitchingpointrestrictionssothatanyslotcanbeeitheruplinkordownlink,andinaddition,serveadirectdevice-to-devicelinkorprovideself-backhauling.AframestructureprovidingsuchflexibilityisshowninFigure2.



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Condential

UL and DL control

channels UL or DL data channels

time

freq

uenc

y

Fig.2.SlotstructureforflexibleTDD


Theframelengthofone5GFlexibleTDDTransmissionTimeInterval(TTI)isassumedtobesubstantiallylower,sometentimeslower,thanLTE.Thisallowstheoveralllatencytargetof1mstobemettosatisfynewusecasessuchasautomotivesafety,thetactileInternetorrealtimecontrol.Transmittingcontrolsignalsfirst,followedbythedata,allowstheprocessingofthecontrolinformationduringreceptionofthedatapart.Asanexample:

1. DevicesendsschedulingrequestinULinTTI#1,

2. APsendsschedulinggrantinDLinTTI#2

3. APtransmitsdatainDLinTTI#3.

Thispipelineprocessingisdelayandcost-efficientandfulfillstheairinterfacedelayrequirementof1ms,allowinghighdataratesandgoodoverall system responsiveness.

FlexibleTDDaccessalsomeansmuchbetterspectrumutilization,asthefullbandwidthcanbedynamicallyallocatedtoeitherlinkdirectionbasedonimmediatetrafficneeds,and,withtherightdesign,enablessignificantlyreducedradiolayerlatency.Furthermore,usingthesameaccesstechniqueforbothuplinkanddownlinkenableseasymulti-hop,self-backhaulinganddirectdevice-to-devicecommunicationinacost-efficientway.OFDMandcyclic-prefixsinglecarriertogetherwithaTDMAcomponentoffergoodmassive-MIMOandbeamformingextensionpropertiesandacost-effectiveimplementation.Thesetechniqueswillprovideahighspectralefficiencyandamaximumrange,especiallywithhigherfrequencies,whichallowsmoreantennasinthesamespace.


4. EnergyEfficiencyTheairinterfaceandsystemsolutionsdevelopedfor5Gmustbeveryenergyefficientfordevicesingeneralandenableyearsofno-chargeoperationinsupportoflow-costwide-areaInternetofThingsapplications.The5Gradiosystemmustbedesignedwiththeserequirementsinmind,andwillalsobenefitfromdynamicTDD,particularlyintheimprovementtodevicebatteryconsumptionresultingfrommoreefficientdormancycycles.

Aswellasaddressingdeviceenergyefficiency,5Gwillbethefirstradiosystemdesignedtoimproveinfrastructureenergyefficiency,particularlyimportantforreducingenvironmentalimpact.Itwouldalsobeeconomicallyimpossibletodeliverlargerandlargeramountsofover-the-airtrafficwithoutasignificantreductionintheenergyperbitdelivered.Furthermore,whenconsideringultra-densenetworkdeployments,thepowerconsumedbyeachbasestationcanonlybeasmallfractionofthepowerneededinthelargewide-areamacrobasestationsoftoday.

Thelowertransmitpowerusedbysmallcellsinultra-densedeploymentsnaturallybringdownthepowerperbasestationcomparedtothewide-areabasestation.Asanexample,amodernpicocellbasestationconsumesafewWattsortensofWatts,whereasalargebasestationconsumesseveralhundredWatts,butofcoursewouldalsoserveahundredtoathousandtimesmoreusersoveravastlylargergeographicalarea.

Thelayerednetworkarchitecturedescribedbelowoffersagoodwaytoprovidecoverageandbasiccapacitywithwideareabasestationsandadditionalcapacityathotspotswhenneeded.Whenhotspottrafficrequirementsarelow(forexampleinashoppingmallorabusinessdistrictatnight,thesmallcelllayerscanbepartiallypoweredoff,andturnedonagainwhenneeded.TheneedforsuchafeaturehasalreadybeenrecognizedandaddressedwithLTERel12smallcellon-offswitchingandcanbeimprovedwith5G.Anefficientairinterfacedesign(likedynamicTDD)thatdoesnotrequireconstanttransmissionsonallcarriersfordetectionpurposesallowstransmittersandreceiverstobeswitchedoffevenduringtheshortestinstancesofzerotraffic.Theeffectofthetransmitsignalwaveformonthepoweramplifierspowerefficiencyisanotheraspecttobeconsidered,especiallywhenlookingattheupperendofthefrequencyrange.Thisisbecausethehighefficiencytranslatestobothlowerpowerconsumptionandbetterachievablecoverage.


5. System IntegrationTheultradensenetworkofthefuturewillonaveragehaveonlyafewuserspercellforwhich5Grequirementsneedtobefulfilledatanygiventime.However,usersareexpectedtouseawiderangeofdifferentservicesandapplicationswithverydifferenttrafficrequirements.Hence,thenetworkneedstoadaptflexiblytothetrafficconditionsineachcell.Thesmallcelllayerorlayersprovidingcapacityatabove6GHzspectrumbandsshouldhavefeatureslikedynamicTDDwithshortTTIandlow-overheadframestructure,massiveMIMO/beamformingwithphasedarrays,anddirectdevice-to-devicelinks,inordertoachievethisadaptability.

Theintegrationofthesmallcellfrequencylayertothewidearealayer,orwheretherearemultiplesmallcellfrequencylayers,theirintegrationwitheachotherandwiththewidearealayer,isessentialforbothefficientresourceutilizationandenergyefficiency.Consideranetworkwithawideareacoveragelayerdeployedatsub-6GHzfrequenciesusingseveraltensofMHzofbandwidth,amicro-cellularcapacitylayeroncmWavefrequencieswith100-200MHzbandwidth,andanindoorcapacitylayeronmmWavefrequencieswith1-2GHzbandwidth.Inthesimplestcase,thedevicewouldbeconnectedtoonelayeratatime,dependingonthecoverageavailabilityandtheneedsoftheservicesused.However,insomecases,suchaswhenneedingultra-reliabilitywithconstantlatency,asimpleone-layer-at-a-timeconnectivityisnolongersufficientandatighterco-operationbetweenthelayersisneededtoimprovethesystemperformance.

Fig.3.Illustrationofmulti-layer5Gnetwork


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WA layer

cmWave layer

mmWave layer

Multi-layer-connectivity

Control/data split

WA-UDN-layer coordination


Theunderlyingwidearealayerhasthepotentialtoactasthecoordinationlayer,simplybydirectingthedevicesconnectiondowntocoordinatingtheschedulingofdifferentcellsinthesmallcelllayer(s)forbestuseofresources.Thewidearealayercanalsoactasthesignalingconnectionlayer,maintainingcontrolplaneconnectivitywhiletheuserplaneishandedovertothesmallcells.Thisarchitecturegivesadvantagesintermsofmobilityandreliability,sincethedevicehasafixedanchorpointforalargeareaandthenumberofmobilityeventsis greatly reduced.

6. Summary5Gwillbeanultra-fastandultra-flexiblecommunicationnetworkincludingdifferenttechnologies,butwillbetransparentfortheenduserandeasytomanagefortheoperator.Additionally,5Gneedstoaddressthepredictedlargeincreaseindatatrafficandwillhavetofulfillthecapacity,datarateandlatencyrequirementsofnext-generation devices.

Toenablethecapacityanddataraterequirementsfor5G,newspectrumbandsarerequired,alongwiththemassivedensificationofsmallcells.Ultradensesmallcellswillbeakeyelementof5Gdeploymentandthesesmallcellsneedtobedeployedoverawidefrequencyrange.Hencethedesignneedstobeflexibleenoughsothatthesystemcouldbedeployedinbandsrangingfrom2GHzto100GHz.BoththecmWaveandmmWavelayerswillsupportasetofcommonfeatureslikedynamicTDD,massiveMIMO/beamforming,device-to-devicecommunications,andaframestructurewithlowoverheadandshorterframesize.Wherethelayersdifferisontheuseofmoderateorhighbandwidth,implementationofMIMO/Beamformingschemesandinterferenceco-ordinationand mitigationschemes.

Moreover,flexibilityisrequiredtosupportawiderangeofservicesandrequirements.Thenetworkneedstosupport,forexample,ultra-highreliabilityforcriticalcommunications,forexampleinvehicle-to-vehiclecommunications,butalsoveryloosereliabilityrequirementsforlowcostInternetofThingsapplications,suchasreportsfromhumiditysensors.Highdataratemachine-to-machineapplications


canbesupportedwithcmWaveormmWavesystemsbutlowcostInternetofThingsapplicationsrequirelowpower,wideareanetworks.Theselectionoftechnologycomponentsfor5Gneedstocarefullyconsidertheenergyefficiency,aswellasthecostofinfrastructureandenduserequipment.

Theselectionoftechnologycomponentsfor5Gneedstocarefullyconsidertheenergyefficiency,aswellasthecostofinfrastructureandenduserequipment.

Thefinalchallengeistocombinethevastvarietyofsolutionsforthemany5Gusecasesaswellasmultiplenetworklayersintoauniformuserexperiencewithunifiedcontrolofthenetworkoperation.Differentlayersof5Gwillbeintegratedintoonesystemtogetherwithotherexistingradiotechnologiesandtheirevolution.Alloftheseradioaccesslayerswilltightlycollaboratewitheachothertoensurethebestuser experience.


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Condential

5G overall system vision A symbiotic integration of novel and existing access technologies

4G massive mobile data and M2M 3G voice, video and data

Wi-Fi best eort data

2G high quality voice and M2M

Fixed access

5G Ultra dense deployments Zero latency and GB experience when and where it matters Integration enabling seamless user experience and ecient operation with cloud and SDN

technologies as underlying principles

5G Next generation Wide Area Scalable service experience anytime and everywhere

Unied solution: For end user: transparent integration, 5G appearing as one system with consistent user experience For operator: a tight integration enabling simplied network management of the whole access portfolio and gradual introduction of 5G.


PublicNokiaisaregisteredtrademarkofNokiaCorporation.Otherproductandcompanynamesmentionedhereinmaybetrademarksortradenamesoftheir respective owners.

Nokia NokiaSolutionsandNetworksOy P.O.Box1 FI-02022 Finland

Visitingaddress: Karaportti3, ESPOO, Finland Switchboard+358714004000

ProductcodeC401-01141-WP-201412-1-EN

NokiaSolutionsandNetworks2015

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Nokia 5g Radio Access White Paper