Non-electric applications with nuclear power

IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency

Non-electric applications with nuclear power

KHAMIS, Ibrahim

Head, Non-electric Applications Unit Nuclear Power Technology Development

SectionDepartment of Nuclear Energy

IAEA

Contents

Introduction to cogeneration

Non-electric applications & Nuclear energy

Status of major non-electric applications

IAEA support for non-electric applications

Conclusion

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What is Cogeneration & Multi-generation?

Q

W •Electricity

•Process steam/heat

•Heating/Hot water

•Cooling/Air-conditioning

•Hydrogen

•Desalination

Fuel

WNWWQ

......21Efficiency Matters!:

Nuclear Reactor

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Why cogeneration with nuclear?

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What is Non-electric applications?

It is the use of nuclear power partially or fully for the production of heat (i.e. process steam) required for such applications: • Seawater desalination• Hydrogen production• District heating• Process heat for Industry: Petrochemical, refineries, oil

sand/shale oil recovery, syn-gas production (coal-quality improvement), metal production (steel, iron, Aluminium..etc), glass and cement manufacturing..etc.

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Current status of nuclear power?

Heat Electricity

Transport

There is a big market for non-electric applications

Sectors of global energy consumption

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The wide “spectrum” of current reactors can cover all applications

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都市ガス製造

エチルベンゼンからのスチレン製造エタンからのエチレン製造ナフサからのエチレン製造

メタンの水蒸気改質法ナフサからの水素製造

高温ガス炉熱化学法ＩＳプロセス

石炭ガス化

高温ガス炉ガスタービン発電

ガラス製造セメント製造

直接還元法製鉄

0

都市ガス製造




石炭ガス化



都市ガス製造




石炭ガス化

高温ガス炉ガスタービン発電



District Heating

Seawater desalinationAmmonia Production

Pulp and Paper Manufacture

Heavy Oil DesulfurizationPetroleum Refining

City Gas ProductionStyrene Production from Ethylbenzene

Methane Reforming Hydrogen ProductionNaphtha Reforming Hydrogen Production

Thermochemical Hydrogen ProductionCoal Gasification

Glass ManufactureCement Manufacture

Direct IronmakingGas Turbine Power Generation

Blast Furnace Steelmaking

Ethylene Production from Ethane

Methanol ProductionSoda Ash Synthesis

Ethylene Production from Naphtha

Steam Turbine Power Generation

Tar Sands Oil Extraction

(oC)

1000

850800

550 550 550

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000Reactors

VH

TR

GFR

MFR

SCW

R

SFR

LMCR

WCR

Non-electric Applications & Nuclear Energy

IAEA

Facts on non-electric applications with nuclear power

Less than 1% of heat generated in nuclear reactors worldwide is at present used for non-electric applications.

Potential: 340 units (1000 MWth) for district heating, 150 desalination, 240 for process heat, 600 for hydrogen

Proven technology: with 79 operative reactors and 750 reactor-years experience:

1956: Calder Hall plant in UK provided electricity and heat to nearby fuel processing plant

1963: Agesta NPP in Sweden provided hot water for district heating to a suburb of Stockholm

1972: Aktau in Kazakhstan provided heat and electricity for seawater desalination to supply 120 000 m3/day fresh water for the city of Aktau

1979: Bruce in Canada heat to heavy-water production and industrial & agricultural users

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Advantages of non-electric applications using nuclear energy

• Improve NPP efficiency (Energy saving):• Recycling of waste heat • Rationalization of power production (use of off-peak)• Improve the value of heat (use low-quality steam)

• Improve economics of NPPs (Better Revenue due to):• Better utilization of fuel• Sharing of infrastructures• Production of more than one product (cogeneration)

• Sustain the environment (keep Clean & reduce): • Consumption of fossil fuel to produce energy for

non-electric applications• Impact due to all above (compared to two standalone plants)

CO2


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Drivers for cogeneration

Improve economics

Meet demand for energy-intensive non-electric products (desalination, hydrogen,…etc).

Secure energy supply for industrial complexes

Accommodate seasonal variations of electricity demand

Match small and medium electrical grid with available large-size reactors


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Harnessing waste heat: PBMR for desalination

Using reject heat from the pre-cooler and intercooler of PBMR = 220 MWth

at 70 °C + MED desalination technology

Cover the needs of 55 000 – 600 000 people

Desalinated water 15 000 – 30 000 m3/day

Waste heat: Heat extracted from NPP with no penalty to the power production

Waste heat can also be recovered from PWR and CANDU type reactors to preheat RO seawater desalination

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Improvement of economics 10% of 1000 MWe PWR for desalination

Total revenue (Cogeneration 90% electricity +10% water):To produce 130 000 m3/day of desalinated water using 1000 MWe PWR

Standalone MED RO

Electricity 7166 M$ 6771 M$ 7062 M$

Water 0 888 M$ 672 M$

Total 7166 M$ 7660 M$ 7700 M$

+7% +7.5%

Using RO :• Increased availability • No lost power as in MED• Using waste heat to preheat

feedwater by 15oC increases water production by ~13%

Using MED:• Easier maintenance & pre-

treatment• Industrial quality water

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Improvement of economicswith small desalination plants

• Cheap nuclear desalinationFuel cost ~ 15% of total electricity costs

Nuclear PP1000 MWe

MED - TVC

50,000 m3/d

125 MW(th)GOR=10 150 ºC

~ 3% of total steam flow

Steam extracted at 150 ºC after it has produced 55% of its electricity potential.

3% x 45%= 1.35% more steam needed in order to compensate the power lost

Source : Rognoni et al., IJND 2011

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Better economics during off-peak powerHydrogen production

$/kg4.15

$3.23

$2.50

$1.5 – 3.5

Conventional Electrolysis (> 1000 kg/day)

Dedicated nuclear HT Steam Electrolysis plant

Off-peak grid electricity ($0.05/kW hr), HTSE

Large-scale Steam Methane Reforming

directly dependent on the cost of natural gas, no carbon tax

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Nuclear Desalination

• Reactors: 13

• Countries with experience: 4

• Total reactor-years: 247

Aktau, Kazakhstan

Ohi, JapanIndia

The 6,300 m3/d MSF-RO Hybrid Nuclear Desalination Plant at Kalpakkam, India, consists of 4,500 m3/d MSF plant and 1,800 m3/d SWRO plant,

PakistanMED thermal desalination demonstration plant of capacity up to 4,800 m3/d at KANUPP

KoreaConstructing a one-fifth scale SMART-P with a MED desalination unit in parallel with the SMART nuclear desalination project

Demonstration Projects

Commissioned in 2010

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Nuclear Desalination

• Sound technically and economically

• Available experience• Cogeneration issue

• Need of Potable Water• Cogeneration: Nuclear heat

and/or electricity• Co-location & Sharing of

facilities and services (NPP & ND)

• Innovations to make ND more viable

Issues and Considerations

Characteristics

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Routes for Nuclear-Assisted H2 Production

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Hydrogen production using nuclear power

• Current nuclear reactors:Low-temperature electrolysis,

efficiency ~ 75%Off-peak power or intermittent

• Future nuclear reactors: High-temperature electrolysis,

efficiency ~ 95% Thermo chemical splitting,

efficiency ~ 95%:Sulfur- Iodine cycle.Sulfur-Bromine hybrid Cycle

cycleCopper Chlorine cycle

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District heating

• Well proven: Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine

• Usually produced in a cogeneration mode

• Limited in applications

Characteristics:Technical features:

Heat distribution network

• Steam or hot water 80-150°C

• Typical distribution 10-15 km

District heat needs:

• Typically up to 600-1200 MWth for large cities

Annual load factor < 50%

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District HeatingFinland

Switzerland

Russian Federations

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Industrial process heat applications

• Example of future nuclear application - CANADA• Replace burning of

natural gas for mining oil sands Cap Rock (shale & glacial till) 250m thickSteam

Chambers

UnrecoveredHeavy Oil

6mo6mo2yr2yr

5yr5yr

8yr8yr10yr10yr

~1 kilometer~200m

40m

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

• Experience: Canada, Germany, Norway, Switzerland, and India

• Main Requirements:• Location close to user• High reliability

Examples:• Enhanced brown coal quality• Coal Liquefaction• Coal Gasification• Enhanced oil recovery

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Enhanced oil recovery

Path ways for Enhanced oil recovery:

Exploitation of Heavy oils Reserves

Recovery of nature and de-graded oil fields

Production of Clean fuels and syngas from heavy sour crude oil and refinery tars /dirty fuels)

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Challenges for non-electric applications

Disparity between characteristics of nuclear reactors & heat markets :

Reliability & availability: no unexpected outages & Max availability

Large vs small NPPs (industrial park vs decentralized industries)

Wide range of processes or industries

Planning schedule for complete projects (long vs short)

Industry trends: Require small amount of heat 1-300 MWth, majority < 10 MWth,

Buy energy but not risk build it

Demonstrate newly NPPs tailored for industry (HTR)

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Challenges for non-electric applications

Economics of NEA : Best option:

Large reactors vs SMR

Single purpose vs cogeneration (more than one product)

Affordable (and at stable prices)

Available on short & medium terms (15 years)

Licenseability of tailored cogeneration NPPs with ensured safety

Siting: NIMBY: the “Not in my back yard” syndrome

Transport of electricity or heat vs products

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IAEA Project on Non-Electric Applications

1.1.6 Support for Non-electrical Applications of Nuclear Power

I. Khamis

Website: http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/NEA/

Support to Near-Term Deployment

+

IAEA

DEEP• Identification of

cost options for desalted water and/or power

DE-TOP• Identification of

coupling configurations and analysis of heat extraction and power production

Toolkit• Contains

hyperlinks to sources on nuclear desalination.

IAEA tools in support of non-electric applications

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WAMP• Identification of

water needs in NPPs, and comparative assessment of various cooling systems)

HEEP• Identification of

cost options for hydrogen production, distribution and storage

Toolkit• Contains

hyperlinks to sources on nuclear hydrogen production

IAEA tools in support of non-electric applications

Not yet

relea

sed

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Conclusions

Nuclear energy can:• Penetrate energy sectors now served by fossil

fuels as:• seawater desalination• district heating• Hydrogen production• heat for industrial processes

• Provide near-term, greenhouse gas free, energy for transportation

Nuclear cogeneration is feasible and economically viable: Provide near-term, greenhouse gas free, energy for transportation


…Thank you for your attention

Documents

Non-electric applications with nuclear power