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Code_Aster, Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL licence (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) Non-linear analysis for GC

Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

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Page 1: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

Code_Aster, Salome-Meca course materialGNU FDL licence (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)

Non-linear analysis for GC

Page 2: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

2 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Outline

Description of non-linear problems

Theoretical elements for solving non-linear problems

Solving non-linear problems with Newton

Using Code_Aster

Page 3: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

3 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

What is a non-linear problem in mechanics ?

Page 4: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

D’où provient la non-linéarité ?

Il existe 3 grands types de non-linéarités :

matériau : pour les matériaux les plus couramment rencontrés (acier,

béton), le domaine « élastique » est limité. Au delà les contraintes ne varient

plus linéairement avec les déformations et peuvent dépendre de

« l’historique » de chargement

géométrique : lorsque les changements de géométrie subies par une structure

influent sur sa résistance (cas des treillis de poutre) ou lorsque le matériau subit de

grandes déformations, configuration initiale et finale ne peuvent plus être

confondues.

contact : les structures mécaniques industrielles sont souvent constituées de

plusieurs pièces qui interagissent entre elles (assemblage vissé) et dont la zone

d’interaction peut être le lieu de dissipation d’énergie (frottement pneu-route)

Résoudre un tel problème dans Code_Aster

Opérateur STAT_NON_LINE ou DYNA_NON_LINE

Dans Code_Aster, la dynamique non-linéaire est résolue en implicite

On se concentrera donc sur le quasi-statique

Page 5: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Conséquences

À la difficulté déjà existante de modélisation du problème mécanique, s’ajoute

pour l’utilisateur la difficulté numérique : convergence des algorithmes, unicité de

la solution ?

l’opérateur STAT_NON_LINE est beaucoup moins presse-bouton que

MECA_STATIQUE

Les déplacements restent les inconnues principales du problème discrétisé mais

la solution ne sera obtenue qu’une fois l’équilibre vérifié explicitement. Cela

demandera en général plusieurs itérations.

résoudre un problème non-linéaire est beaucoup plus coûteux

il y a donc un intérêt à ne modéliser une non-linéarité que si on ne peut pas

faire autrement (exemple : « vrai contact » vs. « liaison collante»)

Page 6: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Exemple 1 : contact

Page 7: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Exemple 2 : ouverture et propagation de

fissures dans une éprouvette

Page 8: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Exemple 3 : endommagement d’une poutre en

béton armé

Page 9: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Exemple 4: mis en eau d’un barrage-poids

Différents chargements correspondent aux différents niveaux d’eau

Le rocher est modélisé par une loi

élastique, le joint - par une loi

d’endommagement. Le barrage est

soumis à son propre poids.

Rocher

Joint béton-rocher

Page 10: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

10 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Some theoretical elements

Page 11: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Rappel sur le principe des travaux virtuels (PTV)

On considère une structure soumise au chargement extérieur

On écrit l’équation d’équilibre mécanique, puis on applique PTV.

Intégration par partie de l’équation différentielle résulte en PTV

Approximation EF:

L’espace de vecteurs tests v est de dimension finie

La base de vecteurs test est identifiée au maillage

Solution discrétisée est un problème vectoriel

: . .

g

d d g d

v f v v v

0 | extdiv f v

e t

int

xF ( ) F

. gn g on

: . .

[0, ]

g

i i i

i

gv v v

v

d d d

i N

f

Page 12: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

EDF R&D : Créer de la valeur et préparer l’avenir

Rappel sur le principe des travaux virtuels (PTV)

PTV

Loi de comportement

Equation d’équilibre discrétisée

Propriétés pour le cas linéaire (MECA_STATIQUE) :

le tenseur des contraintes dépend linéairement des déformations

L’inconnu de problème est le champ de déplacement

histoire du chargement ne change pas la solution

solution discrétisée en petit déplacement est un problème de l’algèbre linéaire

u u E

extFu K

: . . [0, ]

g

i i i igv v v vd d d i N

f

( )1

( ) ( ) où ( )2

tuu u u u

xt

int

eF ( ) Fu

xt

int

eF ( ) Fu

Page 13: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

13 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Equations – Finite element approximation

Non-linear problem : stress depending on displacement

From displacement u to strain : kinematic non-linearity

From strain to stress : material non-linearity

Non-linear material depending on material's history (plasticity,...) :

internal variables

))(,()( uu

)(u

xt

int

eF ( ) Fu

u u E

Non linear vector equation

xtint e( , ) 0L u L

New syntaxe F LextFu K

Page 14: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

14 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

General algorithm for non-linear problem

Page 15: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

15 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Solving a non-linear equation : the Newton's method

Construction of the series

Taylor series expansion of the first order

Next value of the term of the series

Properties :

Quadratic convergence near the solution

Computation of should be very expensive

0)( xF

Nnnx

)).(()()(0 111 nnnnn xxxFxFxF

)()(

1 1

1

1

n

n

nn xFxF

xx

0)( 1 nxF

)( 1 nxF

Page 16: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

16 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Newton's method for equilibrium equation, at step k :

is tangent matrix or differential rigidity

is equilibrium residual

1

intint, 1

1 1

. 0

.

n

n ext n

u

n n n

dLL L u

du

K u R

1 int, 1n ext nR L L

xtint e( , ) 0L u L

1

int1

n

n

u

dLK

du

Page 17: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

17 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

To solve non-linear problem : an incremental algorithmProblem is parametrized by the parameter t

t is not real time (quasi-static problem)

Why parametrization ?Real boundary conditions should be applied by non-constant values

Non-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on

incremental step size

An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small step size

Page 18: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

18 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Parametrization because boundary conditions should be applied

by non-constant values (as functions)

Some examples of prescribed boundary conditions

f

t

Prescribed

volumic force

Prescribed

surfacic force

g

tA

B

C

ud

tA

B

C

Prescribed

displacement

Page 19: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

19 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Parametrization to cut a non-linear problem to decrease degree of

non-linearity

Cutting

<=

High degree of non-

linearity on complete

problem

Low degree of non-

linearity at each step

F

u

F

u

Page 20: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

20 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

The parameter t in the equations :Solution of internal-external forces equilibrium for each time step

« Time » discretization, all quantities are parametrized by step k :

t0 t1 t2 t3 t4

1

Timet

Step 2 3 4

Incremental quantities : uuu kk 1

extkL ku k k

exint t( , ) 0 for LL u t

ext ext ext ext( ) ( )k kL L t L t L

Page 21: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

21 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Global algorithm :

1)Compute internal and external forces

2)Compute tangent matrix

3)Solve linear system

4)Update displacements

5)Evaluate convergence

Page 22: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

22 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Find the solution where is known and is unknown

u*

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*

F0

*u*F **,Fu

Page 23: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

23 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Dividing in two increments (reducing degree of non-linearity) :

find and

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1

*F

11, Fu 22 , Fu

Page 24: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

24 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Compute tangent matrix for iteration Newton n and step 1

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

nK1

Page 25: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

25 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Solving nnn uFFuK 10111 .

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1

K1n

nu1

Page 26: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

26 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Update displacements

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

nu1

nnn uuu 11

11

Page 27: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

27 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Compute and nuL 1int nuLFR 1

int1

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

nu1

nuL 1int

nuR 1

Page 28: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

28 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

Matrix computation Solve system

Evaluate convergenceUpdate displacements

Solving non-linear problem – Newton by graphic

1 2

3 4

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

nu1

nuL 1int

nuR 1

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

nu1

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

u*= u2

Lext

u

Lint

u0

F*= F2

F0

F 1

u1u1

n

K1n

nu1

Page 29: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

29 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Resolution hints : quasi Newton

u

R

L1

L2

R

L1

u

R

L1

u

R

L1

u

MATRICE='ELASTIQUE'MATRICE=‘TANGENTE'

REAC_INCR=1 REAC_ITER=2

MATRICE=‘TANGENTE' MATRICE=‘TANGENTE'

Page 30: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

30 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Matrix computation : Why quasi-Newton methods ?

Compute exact matrix every iteration : matrix must been factorized →

very expensive

Make more iterations but each iteration is quicker

Elastic matrix achieve convergence for all standard generalized materials

with a lot of iterations (thousands). Elastic matrix is computed and

factorized ONE time : very cheap

Elastic matrix is the better choice for unloading loading's cases

1

Page 31: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

31 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Solving non-linear problem

Evaluate convergenceAbsolute (RESI_GLOB_MAXI)

Relative (RESI_GLOB_RELA)

By reference : giving stress reference (RESI_REFE_RELA)

4

1int,next LL

ext

next

L

LL 1int,

refk

k

next LLL .1int,

Page 32: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

32 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Using non-linear in Code_Aster

Page 33: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

33 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Non-linear in Code_Aster

Material is steel with Von Mises plasticity with isotropic hardening,

traction curve from file

Steel on all mesh

FSIGM = LIRE_FONCTION(UNITE=21,PARA='EPSI')

STEEL = DEFI_MATERIAU( ELAS=_F(YOUNG=210.E9,NU=0.3),

TRACTION=_F(SIGM=FSIGM))

CHMA = AFFE_MATERIAU( MAILLAGE=MESH,

AFFE=_F( TOUT='OUI',

MATER='STEEL'))

Page 34: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

34 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Non-linear in Code_Aster

Reinforced concrete with isotropic hardening rebars

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

CHAM_MATER = CHMA,

COMPORTEMENT = (

_F( GROUP_MA =‘CABLE',

RELATION ='VMIS_ISOT_TRAC'),

_F( GROUP_MA =‘BETON',

RELATION =‘ENDO_FISS_EXP'),

...)

Page 35: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

35 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Non-linear in Code_Aster

Loading : parametrized by time – Using function in FONC_MULT

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

EXCIT=_F(CHARGE =LOAD,

FONC_MULT=RAMPE)

...)

RAMPE = DEFI_FONCTION(PARA='INST',VALE=(0,0,2,200))

LOAD = AFFE_CHAR_MECA(MODELE=MOD,

PRES_REP=_F(PRES=100.,

GROUP_MA='TOTO'))

Lext

t0

200

2

( , ) ( ) ( )ext extL t x g t L x

Page 36: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

36 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Non-linear in Code_Aster

Computing is parametrized by time

L_INST=DEFI_LIST_REEL( DEBUT=0.0,

INTERVALLE=(

_F(JUSQU_A=1.0,NOMBRE=4,),

_F(JUSQU_A=2.0,NOMBRE=3,),

),)

Timet

0.0 2.01.0

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

INCREMENT=_F(LIST_INST=L_INST)

...)

Page 37: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

37 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Non-linear in Code_Aster – Advanced controls

Quasi-Newton method : recompute matrix every 2 Newton's iteration

Quasi-Newton method : recompute matrix every 3 time's step

Quasi-Newton method : using elastic matrix

Default values in Code_Aster

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

NEWTON=_F(REAC_ITER=2,),)

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

NEWTON=_F(REAC_INCR=3,),)

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

NEWTON=_F(MATRICE='ELASTIQUE',),)

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

NEWTON=_F( REAC_INCR=1,

REAC_ITER=1,

MATRICE='ELASTIQUE',),)

Page 38: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

38 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

Non-linear in Code_Aster – Advanced controls

Convergence criterion : careful when change values !

Changing criterion convergence may produces WRONG results

Maximum number of Newton's iteration

Elastic matrix uses thousands of Newton's iterations

Default values in Code_Aster

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

CONVERGENCE=_F(

RESI_GLOB_MAXI=1.E-6,

RESI_GLOB_RELA=1.E-6,),)

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(

CONVERGENCE=_F(ITER_GLOB_MAXI=20,),)

RESUN = STAT_NON_LINE(...

CONVERGENCE=_F(

ITER_GLOB_MAXI=10,

RESI_GLOB_RELA=1.E-6,),)

!

!

Page 39: Non-linear analysis for GCNon-linear material produced non-linear equation, precision should depends on incremental step size An non-linear problem is easier to solve when cut by small

39 - Code_Aster and Salome-Meca course material GNU FDL Licence

End of presentation

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