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Noni GeorgesIslands VIIINovember 2004
Case Study of Tortola, Case Study of Tortola,
British Virgin Islands (BVI)British Virgin Islands (BVI)
Exploring Solid-Waste Exploring Solid-Waste as an Indicator of Sustainability in as an Indicator of Sustainability in
Small Island Developing States (SIDS)Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
OutlineOutline
Background ConceptsBackground ConceptsIsland SustainabilityIsland SustainabilityMeasuring SustainabilityMeasuring SustainabilityWaste ManagementWaste Management
Case Study: Case Study: Study AreaStudy AreaSolid Waste TrendsSolid Waste TrendsImplicationsImplications
ConclusionConclusion
Conceptual DiagramConceptual Diagram
IslandSustainability
WasteManagement
MeasuringSustainability
Island SustainabilityIsland Sustainability
h
Island SystemIsland System
System
Boundary
Environment
OpenSystem
Matter Energy
Matter Energy
Measuring ProgressMeasuring Progress
Commitments to:Commitments to:
- Agenda 21 Agenda 21
- Barbados Program of Barbados Program of ActionAction
- St. Georges DeclarationSt. Georges Declaration
ProblemProblem
Caribbean SIDS have not yet begun to Caribbean SIDS have not yet begun to address assessing physical progress address assessing physical progress towards sustainable developmenttowards sustainable development
Silence of SIDSSilence of SIDS
UnderstandableUnderstandable
Lack research Lack research capabilitiescapabilities
Focus on assessing Focus on assessing vulnerabilitiesvulnerabilities
RegrettableRegrettable
Obligated to assess Obligated to assess progressprogress
Excellent candidates Excellent candidates for sustainable for sustainable development development researchresearch
Waste ManagementWaste Management
Extraction
Processing Production
Consumption
Disposal
DefinitionDefinition
Materials that we Materials that we
can not or or do not use use
Economic ProcessEconomic Process
Depends on high quality material inputsDepends on high quality material inputs
Converts high quality materials into low Converts high quality materials into low quality wastesquality wastes
Environment is the source of inputs and Environment is the source of inputs and sink for wastessink for wastes
Survival of SocietySurvival of Society
Continuation of the economic processContinuation of the economic process
QuestionQuestion
II
Solid Waste Management Solid Waste Management SystemSystem
StorageStorage
CollectionCollection
TreatmentTreatment
Trends 1995 - 2000Trends 1995 - 2000
LimitationsLimitations
AccuracyAccuracyLack of public co-operationLack of public co-operationWeigh scale maintenance Weigh scale maintenance Inconsistent record keepingInconsistent record keeping
UtilityUtilityOutdated composition studyOutdated composition studyOrigin of wastes unknownOrigin of wastes unknown
Growth in Waste QuantitiesGrowth in Waste Quantities
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(to
ns
)
Population GrowthPopulation GrowthVisitor ContributionVisitor ContributionLocal ContributionLocal Contribution
Economic GrowthEconomic GrowthGDPGDPConsumptionConsumption
Visitor ContributionVisitor Contribution
Overnight visitor arrivals Overnight visitor arrivals 365,000 - 474,000365,000 - 474,000
Effective visitor population Effective visitor population (number of visitors x average length of stay / 365)(number of visitors x average length of stay / 365) 4,400 - 8,0004,400 - 8,000
Waste Generation EstimatesWaste Generation Estimates Land-based visitors (3.0 kg/day)Land-based visitors (3.0 kg/day) Water-based visitors (1.6 kg/day)Water-based visitors (1.6 kg/day) Cruise visitors (1.77 kg/day)Cruise visitors (1.77 kg/day)
90 Table 1: Estimated Visitor Contribution to Tortola Waste Stream
Daily Estimated Contribution (tons/day) Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Comments
Hotel 4.1 4.5 5.3 4.0 4.9 4.5
3.0 kg/ person/day
Charter Boat 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.3 5.6 5.6
1.6 kg/ person/day
Rented Accommodation 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
3.0 kg/ person/day
Own/Friends Accommodation 2.9 4.2 6.0 8.9 6.4 9.1
3.0 kg/ person/day
Daily Overnight Visitor Contribution to BVI Waste Stream
10.3 12.2 14.2 16.4 17.2 19.5 -
Daily Overnight Visitor Contribution to Tortola's Waste
Stream 8.3 9.8 11.4 13.1 13.7 15.6
Assume 80% of all visitors based
in Tortola facilities (Walker
1996) Annual Estimated Contribution (tons per year)
Annual Overnight Visitor Contribution to Tortola's Waste Stream
3017.1 3572.8 4159.0 4780.3 5009.3 5685.6 -
Annual Cruise-Ship Contribution to Tortola Waste Stream
216.0 282.5 185.6 186.1 319.9 271.7
1.77 kg/ person/day,
landing time 1 day
Total Estimated Annual Overnight Visitor Contribution
(tons per year) 3,233 3,855 4,344 4,966 5,329 5,957 -
Local ContributionLocal Contribution
Total Solid Waste – Visitor ContributionTotal Solid Waste – Visitor Contribution
Population ScenariosPopulation Scenarios2%2%3.8%3.8%
Table 1: Estimated Local MSW Generation Rates for Tortola
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Total municipal solid waste (tons/year) (from Table 6)
8,818 9,254 12,600 16,296 18,698 21,260
Total visitor contribution to waste stream (tons/year) (from Table 13)
3,233.1 3,855.3 4,344.6 4,966.4 5,329.2 5,957.3
Visitor contribution as a % of waste 37% 42% 34% 30% 29% 28%
Local contribution (tons/year)
5,585 5,399 8,255 11,330 13,369 15,303
Local average daily solid waste (tons/day)
15.3 14.8 22.6 31.0 36.6 41.9
Local waste generation (2% popln. growth rate) (kg/person/day)
1.1 1.0 1.6 2.1 2.4 2.7
Local waste generation (3.8% popln. growth rate) (kg/person/day)
1.0 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.3
*Local MSW refers to total contributions of residential, commercial, and institutional
sectors.
Local & Visitor Waste ContributionLocal & Visitor Waste Contribution
15.7 15.2
23.6
31.937.3
42.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
tourist
local
1995 200019981996 1997 1999
Ton
s pe
r da
y
Economic GrowthEconomic Growth
GDP $315 - $680 millionGDP $315 - $680 million
GDP / capita $18,900 - $33,700GDP / capita $18,900 - $33,700
Waste per unit GDPWaste per unit GDP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(to
ns/
$m
illi
on
)
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
$ m
illio
n
Import of Goods Export of Goods
Imports vs. ExportsImports vs. Exports
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Tortola Barbados St. Vincent&
Grenadines
St. Lucia Grenada St. Kitts &Nevis
Antigua &Barbuda
Dominica
(ton
s/k
m2)
Waste vs. SizeWaste vs. Size
DiscussionDiscussion
Limited waste system capacityLimited waste system capacity
StorageStorage CollectionCollection TreatmentTreatment DisposalDisposal
Assimilation CapacityAssimilation Capacity
SoilSoil Air Air WaterWater
Material Build-up in Island SystemMaterial Build-up in Island System
ECONOMIC PROCESSING
Imports $1,019 million
Exports $137 million
DPO(86,926 t solid waste)
Domestic Environment
Rest of the world
Increased Waste per Economic Increased Waste per Economic OutputOutput
UnsustainableUnsustainable
Tourism Carrying CapacityTourism Carrying Capacity
==
F (Total waste capacity - Local needs)F (Total waste capacity - Local needs)
15.7 15.2
23.6
31.937.3
42.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
tourist
local
EconomicEconomic
Capacity to afford sound waste Capacity to afford sound waste management systemmanagement system$1.5 million$1.5 millionNo tipping feesNo tipping feesNo user feesNo user feesNo recycling/deposit-refund schemeNo recycling/deposit-refund scheme
SocialSocial
Lack of waste management programmes, Lack of waste management programmes, policy, laws, regulations indicates lack of policy, laws, regulations indicates lack of recognition that waste management recognition that waste management failures need to be addressedfailures need to be addressed
Contradicts National Policy Goal for Contradicts National Policy Goal for Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Conclusion and Conclusion and RecommendationsRecommendations
ConclusionsConclusions
1. 1. Solid-waste reflects environmental, social, Solid-waste reflects environmental, social, and economic aspects of Tortola’s and economic aspects of Tortola’s sustainabilitysustainability
Feasible indicator of sustainability and should Feasible indicator of sustainability and should be utilized as suchbe utilized as such
ConclusionsConclusions
2. 2. Indicators on material inputs to the Indicators on material inputs to the economy are required to provide a true economy are required to provide a true picture of the economy’s physical picture of the economy’s physical dimensionsdimensions
This information not yet collected by the BVI This information not yet collected by the BVI GovernmentGovernment
ConclusionsConclusions
3. 3. Value of waste as a resource has not Value of waste as a resource has not been recognizedbeen recognized
“Earth, like Nauru [island] is finite. An island in the ocean of space.”(McDaniel and Gowdy, “Paradise for Sale”)
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship and Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship ProgrammeFellowship Programme
BVI Government BVI Government Ministry Natural Resources & LabourMinistry Natural Resources & Labour Ministry Health & WelfareMinistry Health & Welfare BVI Tourist BoardBVI Tourist Board Chief Minister’s OfficeChief Minister’s Office
SRES faculty, staff, and colleaguesSRES faculty, staff, and colleagues Committee membersCommittee members Family, friends and BVI communityFamily, friends and BVI community
RecommendationsRecommendations
1. 1. Physical indicators on solid-waste should Physical indicators on solid-waste should be included in national statisticsbe included in national statistics
Quantity of waste receivedQuantity of waste receivedQuantity of waste incineratedQuantity of waste incineratedVolume of waste/ash for disposalVolume of waste/ash for disposalComposition of waste streamComposition of waste stream
RecommendationsRecommendations
2. 2. Physical indicators on material inputs to Physical indicators on material inputs to the economy should be included in the economy should be included in national statisticsnational statistics
Direct material inputDirect material inputDomestic inputDomestic input ImportsImports
RecommendationsRecommendations
3. 3. Waste management failures must be Waste management failures must be addressedaddressed
A national waste policy is neededA national waste policy is neededPublic education a matter of priorityPublic education a matter of priority
Further StudyFurther Study
Waste composition studyWaste composition studyWaste generation studiesWaste generation studiesSectoral waste studiesSectoral waste studiesMaterial flow analyses (e.g. pallets, Material flow analyses (e.g. pallets,
bottles, tyres)bottles, tyres)Direct material inputDirect material inputMaterial flow accountsMaterial flow accounts
84
Table 1: Visitor Arrivals in BVI 1995 - 2000 (Source: DPU 2001)
Year1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Total Visitor Arrivals365,340 412,032 365,668 392,290 484,056 474,185
% Change in Total Visitor Arrivals11% 13% -11% 7% 23% -2%
Air Arrivals 104,319 107,612 107,768 127,624 131,745 141,751Boat Arrivals 138,967 144,820 153,036 159,524 171,597 178,949Cruise ship Passengers 122,054 159,600 104,864 105,142 180,714 153,485
Table 2: Visitor Distribution by Type of Accommodation (Source: DPU 2001)
Year1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Average1995 -2000
Overnight Visitors219,510 243,683 244,318 279,097 285,858 303,565 -
Hotel68,536 72,624 77,045 57,860 63,180 55,798 26%
Charter Boat101,360 101,288 76,147 89,951 136,744 131,076 40%
Rented Accommodation2,091 2,282 2,442 1,705 3,125 2,837 1%
Own/FriendsAccommodation
47,523 67,489 88,684 129,581 82,809 113,855 33%
Average Length of Stay(nights)
7.3 7.6 8.3 8.4 9.4 9.8 8.5
Table 1: Effective Annual Contribution of Overnight Visitors to Tortola'sPopulation
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Averagegrowth1995 -2000
Total Overnight Visitors 4,390 5,060 5,556 6,423 7,362 8,12813%
Hotel 1,371 1,508 1,752 1,332 1,627 1,494 -Charter Boat 2,027 2,103 1,732 2,070 3,522 3,510 -Rented Accommodation 42 47 56 39 80 76 -Own/FriendsAccommodation
950 1,401 2,017 2,982 2,133 3,049 -