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Oil of Wilderness on Alaska’s North Slope? Oil has been extracted from parts of Alaska’s North Slope since 1977. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) contains oil deposits but oil exploration has been forbidden. In 1980, a region called the 1002 Area was designated for future decision making. Today, a debate rages as to whether oil drilling should be allowed. Talk About It How might oil exploration in the 1002 Area affect the surrounding people and wilderness?
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Nonrenewable Energy 17 CHAPTER Placeholder opening page, but
maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by
using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?) Oil of
Wilderness on Alaskas North Slope?
Oil has been extracted from parts of Alaskas North Slope since
1977. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) contains oil
deposits but oil exploration has been forbidden. In 1980, a region
called the 1002 Area was designated for future decision making.
Today, a debate rages as to whether oil drilling should be allowed.
Talk About ItHow might oil exploration in the 1002 Area affect the
surrounding people and wilderness? Lesson 17.1 Energy: An
Overview
The United States has only 4.5% of the worlds population but uses
21.1% of the worlds energy. What Is Energy? The ability to do work
or cause a change
Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview What Is Energy? The ability to do
work or cause a change Kinetic energy: Due to motion Potential
energy: Due to an objects position or shape Lesson 17.1 Energy: An
Overview
Forms of Energy I Mechanical: Associated with the motion and
position of an object; can be kinetic or potential Electrical:
Associated withelectric charges; can be kineticor potential
Thermal: Kinetic energy ofatoms and molecules the faster atoms
andmolecules move in anobject, the warmer itbecomes Overhead
transmission lines carry electrical current. Lesson 17.1 Energy: An
Overview
Forms of Energy II Electromagnetic: Kinetic energy that travels as
waves Chemical: Potential energy stored in molecular bonds Nuclear:
Potential energy stored by forces that hold atomic nuclei together
Chemical energy is stored in food. Energy Conversion and
Efficiency
Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Energy Conversion and Efficiency
Energy cannot be destroyed; it can only be converted, or changed,
from one form to another. Energy efficiency is an expression of how
much of the energy put into a system actually does useful work.
First Flight The combustion of gasoline powered the first airplane
as it flew over the beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on
December 17, 1903. Energy Sources and Uses
Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Energy Sources and Uses Energy
Sources Renewable: Nearly always available or replaceable in a
relatively short time; includes sunlight, wind, flowing water, heat
from Earth Nonrenewable: Cannot be replaced in a reasonable time;
includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy Energy Use Four uses of
energy: Industrial, transportation, residential, commercial
Developed nations tend to use more energy than developing nations.
Wind power is a renewable energy source. One quarter of global coal
reserves are found in the United States.
Lesson Fossil Fuels One quarter of global coal reserves are found
in the United States. Fossil Fuels Include coal, oil, and natural
gas
Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels Include coal, oil, and
natural gas Formed from the remains of organisms over millions of
years Different conditions produce different fossil fuels A front
loaderpiles coal at a steam station in Dunkirk, New York. Lesson
17.2 Fossil Fuels Coal Formed from plant remains subjected to high
heat and pressures over millions of years Provides 1/4 ofthe worlds
energy Compared to otherfossil fuels, coal ischeap, needs
littleprocessing, and iseasy to transport. How Coal Forms Did You
Know? Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth. Lesson 17.2
Fossil Fuels Coal Mining Strip mining: Overlying rock and soil are
removed to access coal (safer for miners). Subsurface mining:
Underground shafts are dug to access coal under Earths surface. Oil
Dark, liquid fossil fuel made up mostly of hydrocarbons
Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Oil Dark, liquid fossil fuel made up
mostly of hydrocarbons Formed from the remains of ancient marine
organismsand found in underground deposits Used in fuel forcars,
trucks,planes, ships Used in chemicalcompounds(petrochemicals) Also
know aspetroleum Drilling and Refining Oil
Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Drilling and Refining Oil After crude oil
is extracted from the ground, it is separated into different fuels
in a refinery. Primary extraction:Oil flows out of the well,
because it is already under pressure. Secondary extraction:
Increased pressure or injections needed to remove oil Lesson 17.2
Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Primarily methane gas with small amounts
of other gases mixed in Often found above oil or coaldeposits Much
less polluting thancoal or oil and releasesmore energy
whencombusted Used for heating,appliances (stoves, dryers),and
making electricity Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuel Supply
Consumption is still rising, but new fossil fuels do not form on a
human timescale. New oil sourcesoil sands, oil shale, methane
hydratesare expensive,energy-intensive,and can behazardous to
obtain. Coal sources are stillrelatively abundant,but not infinite.
Did You Know? Some studies suggest we have extracted nearly half
Earths oil, and that U.S. coal supplies may last just 130 years.
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
The United States imports two thirds of its crude oil. Pollution,
Climate Change, and Public Health
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Pollution, Climate
Change, and Public Health Burning fossil fuels releases carbon
dioxide, which contributes to global climate change. When coal and
oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released, which
contribute to smog and acid deposition. Oil spills, equipment
ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute waterways, oceans, and coastal
areas. Coal-fired power plants releasemercury, which harms
humanhealth. Crude oil contains traceamounts of lead and arsenic.
Did You Know? Coal-burning power plants cause 40% of mercury
emissions due to human activity in the United States. Gulf of
Mexico Oil Well Explosions
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Gulf of Mexico Oil Well
Explosions 1979: Ixtoc I exploratory oil well 50 m below surface
Released 126 million gal oil; containmentefforts took 9 months What
didnt work:cap, siphoning,controlled burn, top kill What did work:
relief wells 2010: Deepwater Horizon oil well 1500 m below surface
Largest U.S. offshore oil breach as of 201021.233.5 million gal oil
released during first 6 weeks, based on USGS rough estimates
Hundreds of miles of coastal habitats threatened Methods
tried:dome, cap, siphoning, controlled burns, top kill, junk shot,
and relief wells Controlled burns attempt to contain oil pumping
into the Gulf, one month after the 2010 well blow-out. Damage
Caused by Extracting Fuels
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Damage Caused by
Extracting Fuels Mining: Humans risk lives and respiratory health.
Ecosystems are damaged by habitat destruction, extensive erosion,
acid drainage, and heavy metal contamination downslopeof mines. Oil
and gas extraction: Roads and structures built to support drilling
break up habitats and harm ecosystems. The longterm consequences of
accidents can be uncertain or unpredictable Acid drainage from a
coal mine Dependence on Foreign Sources
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Dependence on Foreign
Sources Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed over the globe, so
some countries must import fuel sources. Nations that import fuel
may bevulnerable to changes in fuel pricesset by suppliers. Nations
can import less fuel bydeveloping domestic oil sourcesand renewable
energy sources. Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
Energy Conservation Practice of reducing energy use to make fossil
fuels last and to prevent environmental damage Transportation:
Gas-efficient cars and higher gas prices could help conserve energy
in the U.S. Personal choices: Individuals can save energy by
turning off lights, taking public transit, and buying
energy-efficient appliances. Did You Know? Transportation accounts
for 2/3 of U.S. oil consumption. Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Scientists estimate that nuclear power helps us avoid emitting 600
million metric tons of carbon each year worldwide. Lesson 17.4
Nuclear Power Structure of the atom Nucleus contains protons (+)
and neutrons (no charge) Electron Cloud contains electrons (-) in
energy levels Nuclear energy:the energy that holds the protons and
neutrons together in the nucleus Nuclear Fission Splits an atomic
nucleus into two smaller nuclei
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear Fission Splits an atomic nucleus
into two smaller nuclei Releases neutrons and large amounts of
energy. If enough unstable nuclei (uranium, plutonium) are present,
a nuclear chain reaction can occur. Did You Know? About 20% of
electricity produced in the United States comes from nuclear power.
Generating Electricity Using Nuclear Energy
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Generating Electricity Using Nuclear
Energy In a nuclear power plant, nuclear fission is used to
generate electricity Nuclear Reactor: a facility within a nuclear
power plant that generates electricity through controlled nuclear
fission Uncontrolled nuclear fission = nuclear bomb Generating
Electricity Using Nuclear Energy
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Generating Electricity Using Nuclear
Energy Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power
Benefits Costs No air pollution - Expensive to build and maintain
Requires little uranium fuel and little mining Catastrophic
accidents are possible. Ex: Chernobyl in 1986 Under normal
conditions, nuclear power plants are safer for workers than
coal-burning power plants. Nuclear waste must be stored for
thousands of years. Chernobyl Meltdown:accidental melting of the
uranium fuel rods inside the core of a nuclear reactor, causing the
release of radiation Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear Waste
Nuclear waste:radioactive material left over from the production of
energy and other processes Waste - held at power plant,
butlong-term storage is needed Long-term storage sites must be
distant from population centers, protected from sabotage, have a
deep water table, and be geologically stable. Yucca Mountain,
Nevada, chosen by the U.S. government in the 1980s, and a storage
site constructed there. As of 2010, the Yucca Mountain project is
no longer under development argued to be geologically unstable.
Yucca Mountain storage site Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear
Fusion Nuclear fusion: Joining two atomic nuclei to form one
nucleus Releases much more energy than fission Currently
impractical because very high temperatures are needed, but
scientists continue exploring fusion for our future energy
needs