S287 THE EVOKED CEREBRAL POTENTIAL AND PAIN B. Bromm (organizer), Institute of Physiology, University of Hamburg (FRG). One of the most critical aspects of the investigation of pain is its quan- titative documentation. Pain is a subjective experience and, on the grounds of its large emotional component, it is quite dependent on the conditions of the person being affected. But, pain is also a consequence of the acti- vation of nociceptive afferents, which of course can be measured with the methods usually applied in sensory physiology. Meanwhile the evaluation of brain potentials elicited by various experimental stimuli came out to be a powerful tool in the investigation of pain processing in man. However, in the quantification of evoked cerebral potential components, many in- fluencing factors have to be considered. Four essential issues about pain related electrical brain activity in man will briefly be presented by invited speakers. Starting with an introduc- tion in the topic some applications of algesimetry by late evoked potentials will be given (Chapman). This will be followed by a report of new results concerning ultralate cerebral potentials as correlates of second pain transmitted by C-nociceptor activity (Treede). The third contribution deals with critical questions (Harkins): Are pain evoked potentials pheno- mena or epiphenomena? In the last presentation new approaches will be illu- strated (Buchsbaum) to localize cerebral generators relevant for pain related potentials. Most of the time will be devoted for discussion. Several debaters have already been invited, but everyone involved in the field should feel free to contribute to this workshop. NONVERBAL EXPRESSION OF PAIN. Chairman: C.L. von Baeyer. Although verbal self-reports of pain are often reliable, sensitive to variations in nociceptive stimuli, and responsive to treatment, they have some limitations. Nonverbal indices of pain may be less subject than verbal indices to dissimulation and to situational influences such as demand character- istics. Nonverbal measures can also be used to judge the pain experience of persons who are not fluent speakers (e.g. children), and to provide unobtrusive measures of pain in both clinical and laboratory contexts where situational influences must be minimized. This workshop brings together researchers studying facial expressions, paralinguistic vocalizations, autonomic reflexes, motor activity, gestures, and postural adjustments in response to pain in normal human subjects and clinical oooulations. Kenneth D. Craig (Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T lW5): On Facial Expressions of Pain. Paul M. Cinciripini (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA): Nonverbal Pain Behavior in Chronic Pain Patients. Francis J. Keefe (Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Cenre. Durham, NC 27710, USA): Towards the Objective Assessment of Pain Behavior Linda LeResche (Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA): Facial expression and self-report measures in acute dental pain. Carl von Baeyer (Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0x0): Consequences of Nonverbal Expression of Pain.

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S287

THE EVOKED CEREBRAL POTENTIAL AND PAIN B. Bromm (organizer), Institute of Physiology, University of Hamburg (FRG).

One of the most critical aspects of the investigation of pain is its quan- titative documentation. Pain is a subjective experience and, on the grounds of its large emotional component, it is quite dependent on the conditions of the person being affected. But, pain is also a consequence of the acti- vation of nociceptive afferents, which of course can be measured with the methods usually applied in sensory physiology. Meanwhile the evaluation of brain potentials elicited by various experimental stimuli came out to be a powerful tool in the investigation of pain processing in man. However, in the quantification of evoked cerebral potential components, many in- fluencing factors have to be considered.

Four essential issues about pain related electrical brain activity in man will briefly be presented by invited speakers. Starting with an introduc- tion in the topic some applications of algesimetry by late evoked potentials will be given (Chapman). This will be followed by a report of new results concerning ultralate cerebral potentials as correlates of second pain transmitted by C-nociceptor activity (Treede). The third contribution deals with critical questions (Harkins): Are pain evoked potentials pheno- mena or epiphenomena? In the last presentation new approaches will be illu- strated (Buchsbaum) to localize cerebral generators relevant for pain related potentials.

Most of the time will be devoted for discussion. Several debaters have already been invited, but everyone involved in the field should feel free to contribute to this workshop.

NONVERBAL EXPRESSION OF PAIN. Chairman: C.L. von Baeyer. Although verbal self-reports of pain are often

reliable, sensitive to variations in nociceptive stimuli, and responsive to treatment, they have some limitations. Nonverbal indices of pain may be less subject than verbal indices to dissimulation and to situational influences such as demand character- istics. Nonverbal measures can also be used to judge the pain experience of persons who are not fluent speakers (e.g. children), and to provide unobtrusive measures of pain in both clinical and laboratory contexts where situational influences must be minimized. This workshop brings together researchers studying facial expressions, paralinguistic vocalizations, autonomic reflexes, motor activity, gestures, and postural adjustments in response to pain in normal human subjects and clinical oooulations.

Kenneth D. Craig (Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T lW5): On Facial Expressions of Pain.

Paul M. Cinciripini (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA): Nonverbal Pain Behavior in Chronic Pain Patients.

Francis J. Keefe (Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Cenre. Durham, NC 27710, USA): Towards the Objective Assessment of Pain Behavior

Linda LeResche (Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA): Facial expression and self-report measures in acute dental pain.

Carl von Baeyer (Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0x0): Consequences of Nonverbal Expression of Pain.