ApPENDIX A

Notation and Conversion of Units

I. NOTATION

A Bi BOD Br C C Cd Cp

COD D D D d Dn E E Ea ED EU F F

f f FC Fa FR Fr G g Gr

transport area, m2

Biot number biological oxygen demand Brinkman number concentration, kg/m3 cost drag coefficient heat capacity at constant pressure, kJ/mol K chemical oxygen demand thermal resistance, min mass diffusivity, m2/s diameter, m diameter, m Dean number electric field strength, V activation energy, kJ/kmol activation energy for viscous flow, kJ/kmol energy of activation for diffusion, kJ/mol European Union force, N thermal death time, min fraction friction factor fixed cost Fourier number fouling resistance Froude number mass flow rate, kg/m2s 9.81 mls2

Grashof number

627

628 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Gz Graetz number H(h) height, "head," m h height, m h heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K h(R) enthalpy, kJlkg HE heat exchanger HTST high temperature short time j lag factor JA mass flux of A, kg/m2s or kmol/m2s jH heat transfer factor jM mass transfer factor K flow consistency coefficient, Pa sn K drying constant, lis K partition coefficient kc mass transfer coefficient, m/s L lethality, min L length, m LTV length of transfer unit M molecular weight, kglkmol m mass flow rate, kg/s N number N rotational speed, lis n flow behavior index NTV number of transfer units Nu Nusselt number P pressure, Pa or bar P permeability, kg/m s Pa Po power, W Pr Prandtl number Q volumetric flow rate (capacity), m3/s q heat transport rate, W R flux ratio R gas constant, 8.314 kJlkmol K R resistance R = (X-Xe)/(Xo-Xe) moisture ratio r radius, m rj inside radius, m ro outside radius, m Re Reynolds number RPM,rpm rounds per minute S solubility, kgim3Pa Sc Schmidt number Sh Sherwood number Sf Stanton number

Appendix A 629

T temperature, K, °C T tension, N t time, s Tg glass transition temperature, K, °C U overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K u velocity, mls UHT ultrahigh temperature usn u.s. dollars ($) V volume, m3

W weight, kg W work, J w loading, kg/m2 X moisture content, kg/kg dm x distance, size x mole fraction, liquid phase y mass fraction gas phase, kglkg dm y mole fraction, vapor phase z temperature factor, °C Z height, m

Greek

a thermal diffusivity, m2/s a relative volatility r film flow rate, kg/m s

'Y activity coefficient

'Y shear rate, lis M> pressure drop, Pa I:lT temperature difference, K e porosity

1'\ efficiency (fractional)

1'\ viscosity, Pa s

1'\a apparent viscosity, Pa s e angle of cone/plate A thermal conductivity, W/m K

~ coefficient of friction v momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity), m2/s ~ mass fraction 7T 3.141 p density, kg/m3 or mollm3

(J surface tension, N/m T shear stress, Pa

'P shape factor w rotational speed, rpml60, lis

630 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Subscripts

A B b c c (cr) D e G h id K L L M 0

P v w

Multipliers of SI units

h (hecto) k (kilo) M (mega) G (giga) c (centi) m (milli) fl (micro) n (nano)

x x X X X X X X

component A (diffusant) component B (medium) boiling cooling critical diffusion equilibrium gas heating ideal Knudsen liquid logarithmic mean dilute, initial particle vapor wall

100 1000 1000 000 1000 000 000 0.01 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001

II. CONVERSION TO SI UNITS

From

atm (760 Torr) bar Btu Btu/h Btu/h ft2 Btu/h ft of Btu/h ft2°F Btu/lb cP

bar Pa kJ W W/m2

W/m K W/m2 K kJ/kg Pas

To SI units

1.013 1 x 105

1.055 0.293 3.154 1.729 5.678 2.326 0.001

Multiply by

Appendix A 631

continued

From To SI units Multiply by

cuft m3 0.0284 cuftllb m3/kg 0.0624 cuftlmin (CFM) m3/s 0.5 x 10-3

ft m 0.305 ft-Ib J 1.355 ftlmin (FPM) m/s 0.0051 ft of water Pa 2990 gallons (U.S.) m3 3.785 x 10-3

gallons (Imperial) m3 4.543 x 10-3

gallons/min (GPM) m3/s 0.063 x 10-3

hp kW 0.745 hp (boiler) kW 9.80 in (inches) m 0.0254 in Hg Pa 3386 kcal kJ 4.18 kg force (kp) N 9.81 L (lit, I) m3 0.001 Ib force N 4.45 Ib mass kg 0.454 Ib/cuft kg/m3 16.02 Ib/ft2 Pa 47.9 Ib/ft2 h kg/m2 s 0.00133 Ib/tt s kg/m s 1.488 Ib/inch2 (psi) Pa 6894 miles km 1.609 mm water Pa 9.81 P (poise) Pa s 0.10 Pa N/m2 1.00 Pa s kg/ m s 1.00 RPM (rpm) 1/s 1/60 sq ft (ft2) m2 0.093 sq in (inch2) m2 0.645 x 10-3

ton (metric) kg 1 000 ton (US, short) kg 907.2 ton-refrigeration kW 3.51 Torr (mm Hg) Pa 133.3 W J/s 1.00

K = °C + 273 °C = (OF - 32)/1.8

ApPENDIX B

Selected Tbermopbysical Properties

Table 8-1 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Water and Steam

T (OC) P (bar) PI (kg/rn3) Pv (kg/rn3) aHv (kJ/kg)

0.01 0.0061173 999.78 0.004855 2500.5 1 0.0065716 999.85 0.005196 2498.2 2 0.0070605 999.90 0.005563 2495.8 3 0.0075813 999.93 0.005952 2493.4 4 0.0081359 999.95 0.006364 2491.1 5 0.0087260 999.94 0.006802 2488.7 6 0.0093537 999.92 0.007265 2486.3 7 0.0100209 999.89 0.007756 2484.0 8 0.0107297 999.84 0.008275 2481.6 9 0.0114825 999.77 0.008824 2479.3

10 0.012281 999.69 0.009405 2476.9 12 0.014027 999.49 0.010668 2472.2 14 0.015988 999.24 0.012075 2467.5 16 0.018185 998.93 0.013641 2462.8 18 0.020644 998.58 0.015380 2458.1 20 0.023388 998.19 0.017308 2453.3 22 0.026447 997.75 0.019441 2448.6 24 0.029850 997.27 0.021797 2443.9 26 0.033629 996.75 0.024395 2439.2 28 0.037818 996.20 0.027255 2434.4 30 0.042455 995.61 0.030399 2429.7 32 0.047578 994.99 0.033849 2424.9 34 0.053229 994.33 0.037629 2420.2 36 0.059454 993.64 0.041764 2415.4 38 0.066298 992.92 0.046281 2410.6 40 0.073814 992.17 0.05121 2405.9 42 0.082054 991.39 0.05657 2401.1 44 0.091076 990.58 0.06241 2396.3

continued

633

634 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Table B-1 continued

T roC} P (bar) PI (kg/m3) Pv (kg/m3) aHv (kJ/kg)

46 0.100938 989.74 0.06875 2391.5 48 0.111706 988.88 0.07563 2386.7 50 0.12344 987.99 0.08308 2381.9 52 0.13623 987.08 0.09114 2377.0 54 0.15012 986.13 0.09985 2372.2 56 0.16522 985.17 0.10925 2367.4 58 0.18159 984.18 0.11939 2362.5

60 0.19932 983.16 0.13030 2357.6 62 0.21851 982.13 0.14204 2352.8 64 0.23925 981.07 0.15465 2347.9 66 0.26163 979.98 0.16819 2343.0 68 0.28576 978.88 0.18269 2338.0

70 0.31176 977.75 0.19823 2333.1 72 0.33972 976.60 0.21485 2328.1 74 0.36978 975.43 0.23261 2323.2 76 0.40205 974.24 0.25158 2318.2 78 0.43665 973.03 0.27180 2313.2

80 0.47373 971.79 0.29336 2308.1 82 0.51342 970.54 0.31631 2303.1 84 0.55585 969.27 0.34072 2298.0 86 0.60119 967.98 0.36666 2292.9 88 0.64958 966.66 0.39420 2287.8

90 0.70117 965.33 0.42343 2282.7 92 0.75614 963.98 0.45441 2277.5 94 0.81465 962.61 0.48723 2272.4 96 0.87688 961.22 0.5220 2267.2 98 0.94301 959.82 0.5587 2261.9

100 1.0132 958.39 0.5975 2256.7 102 1.0877 956.95 0.6385 2251.4 104 1.1667 955.49 0.6817 2246.1 106 1.2503 954.01 0.7273 2240.7 108 1.3388 952.51 0.7754 2235.3

110 1.4324 951.00 0.8260 2229.9 112 1.5313 949.46 0.8793 2224.5 114 1.6358 947.91 0.9353 2219.0 116 1.7461 946.34 0.9941 2213.5 118 1.8623 944.76 1.0559 2208.0

120 1.9848 943.16 1.1208 2202.4 122 2.1139 941.54 1.1889 2196.8 124 2.2496 939.90 1.2603 2191.2 126 2.3924 938.24 1.3351 2185.5 128 2.5425 936.57 1.4134 2179.8

AppendixB 635

130 2.7002 934.88 132 2.8657 933.18 134 3.0393 931.45 136 3.2214 929.71 138 3.4122 927.96

140 3.6119 926.18 142 3.8211 924.39 144 4.0398 922.58 146 4.2685 920.76 148 4.5075 918.92

150 4.7572 917.06 152 5.0178 915.18 154 5.2896 913.29 156 5.5732 911.38 158 5.8687 909.45 160 6.1766 907.50

Data from Haar et al (1984)

Table B-2 Properties of Water and Air (20°C)

Property

Density (p), kg/m3 Specific heat (Cp), kJ/kg K Viscosity (1]), m Pa s Thermal conductivity (A), W/m K Thermal diffusivity (ex = AleCp) , m2/s Mass diffusivity (0), m2/s

Water/water Air/water Air/air

Water

1000 4.18 1.0 0.60 1.4 x 10-7

1 X 10-9

1.4954 1.5811 1.6708 1.7646 1.8625

1.9647 2.0713 2.1826 2.2986 2.4195

2.5454 2.6786 2.8131 2.9581 3.1028 3.2564

Air (dry)

1.3 1.1 0.018 0.025 1.7 x 10-5

1.9 X 10-9

1.8 X 10-5

2174.0 2168.2 2162.4 2156.5 2150.6

2144.6 2138.6 2132.5 2126.4 2120.3

2114.1 2107.8 2101.5 2098.3 2088.8 2082.3

Note. The properties of water vapor/air mixtures are obtained from the psychrometric charts or related equa­tions/programs (see Figures 8-1, B-1, and 8-2).

Table B-3 Physical and Thermal Properties of Liquid Foods (20°C)

Liquid food p, kg/fTi3 Cp, kJ/kg 1], mPa s A, W/mK

Milk 1030 3.8 2 0.48 Clear apple juice 12° Brix 1050 3.6 1.5 0.46 Clear apple juice 65° Brix 1320 2.2 80 0.35 Vegetable oil 920 1.8 70 0.17 Honey 1350 2.0 9000 0.33

Note. For rheological constants of typical non-Newtonian food fluids, see Table 3-2.

636 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Table B-4 Typical Physical Properties of Solid Foods

Food product X, kglkgdm e,- Cp , kJlkg K A, WlmK D, x 10- 10 m21s

Potato, raw 3.00 0.10 3.6 0045 5 Potato, dried 0.05 0.15 2.0 0.10 1 Potato, puffed 0.05 0.50 2.0 0.06 0 Carrot, dried 0.05 0040 2.0 0.08 15 Corn 0.20 0.10 2.1 0.20 0.5 Rice 0.20 0.10 2.1 0.20 0.5 Bread 0.80 0.50 2.8 0040 2 Pasta 0.15 0.10 2.1 0.20 0.3 Apple, dried 0.30 0040 2.2 0.20 2 Raisins 0.25 o. 10 2.2 0.20 1 Minced beef 0.75 0.15 2.8 0040 1.5 Codfish 0.50 0.20 2.5 0.30 2

Notes. 1. X, moisture content; e, porosity; Cp, specific heat; A, thermal conductivity; D, moisture diffusivity. 2. Thermal diffusivity a = A/Pb Cp, bulk density Pb = (1-e)pp, average particle density Pp = 1300 kg/m3.

3. Approximate values of D at other temperatures can be obtained, using the Arrhenius equation with energy of activation for diffusion E = 40 or 20 kJ/mol for low- and high-porosity materials, respectively (data from Saravacos and Maroulis, 2001).

4. Approximate values of thermal conductivity: High moisture foods above freezing, 0.4-0.58 W/m K; dry porous foods, 0.04-Q.08 W/m K; fats and oils, 0.1-0.3 W/m K; frozen foods, 1.0-1/5 W/m K (data from Kostaropoulos, 1981).

REFERENCES

Fooddb. 2000. Food properties database. European Cooperative Project. http://www.nel.uk/fooddb/ Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S. 1984. NBSINRC Steam tables. New York: Hemisphere Publ.

(Harper & Row). Hayes, G.D. 1987. Food engineering data handbook. London: Longman Scientific and Technical. Jowitt, R., Escher, F., Hallstrom, B., Meffert, H.F.T., Spiess, WE.L., and Vos, G. 1983. Physical

properties offoods. London: Applied Science Publ. Jowitt, R., Escher, F., Kent, M., McKenna, B., and Roques, M. 1987. Physical properties offoods-

2. London: Elsevier Applied Science. Kostaropoulos, AS.E. 1971. Waermeleitzahlen von Lebensmittel und Methoden zu derem

Bestimmung. Bulletin No. 16. Frankfurt, Germany: LTV NDA Kostaropoulos, AE. 1981. Letter to the editor. Food Technology, 35(10): 33-34. Lewis, MJ. 1990. Physical properties of foods and food processing systems. London: Ellis Horwood. Mohsenin, N.N. 1960. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Structure, physical char-

acteristics and mechanical properties. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publ. Mohsenin, N.N. 1978. Thermal properties offoods and agricultural materials. New York: Gordon

and Breach Science Publ. Okos, M.R., ed. 1986. Physical and chemical properties offood. St. Joseph, MO: ASAE. Rahman, S. 1995. Food properties handbook. New York: CRC Press. Rao, M.A 1999. Rheology offluid and semisolid foods. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publ. Rao, M.A., and Rizvi, S.S.H., eds. 1995. Engineering properties of foods, 2nd ed. New York:

Marcel Dekker.

Appendix B 637

Saravacos, G.D., and Maroulis, Z.B. 2001. Transport properties of foods. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Singh, R.p. 1993. Food properties database. New York: eRe Press. Urbicain, M.I, and Lozano, IE. 1997. Thermal and rheological properties of foodstuffs. In

Handbook of Food Engineering Practice. K.I Valentas, E. Rotstein, and R.P. Singh, eds. New York: eRe Press.

0'1

V.l

0

0

RH

,%

,-....

.... "'"

-

.... -

0.90

, i

I I

1++

=1

•

I I

I I

J iii

I I

1:1":&

::1

=c:;

JI

a::I:

::m:.:

::a:::

r-00:

10

::t

.... ~

~ __

.IIII;

I!ljl.:

: tl

tt

l ~

. If

0 0 D.'"

;;>::

21

Ld:

:t=

tst ...

t:t:

" ....

. H·

'--+

:t=

" I I'

I ,

I ,-

, I H

tt

-H-1

:±::

:i:J

I P

I I

I , 1~-ftLL o

m

0 "rj

DO

l'

"'l'j

11

0

.. O

C2'

l 0

l)'

" tl

.. '

~

1/ ~~

:~

OO

li!

""C

b'

e; !

r ,.

... ' ff

"

.-n tr

I ~

.~~

VJ.

! ,,;1

n

00

'1

VJ.

t8

DO

li

Z

22

Cl

1 01

;111

' tr1

S/

0

.85

.. //

I'"

I 01

11"

0

~/j

,,; c::

It

·.1

OC

iIlt -

,::j

::a /l

I

'" ~

" 0

01

. }.

trI

~/

" I

z I

011:1

13 >:

>-

l

t ,.

Olf

lll' i

" I

"1 11 .. 1

O

ClH

'0

" I

:::;:

1/

" I

00

10

" I

.... I

,. I

~ .

I

0.8

0 I.

.... J.

//

iii .0

01

,

I

~//

• •

I .OD

O

~/1.

c ....

I .... . .., . .., '0

0'

,""1

1-r'

-I"t-

t"-I

-t"I"'

-I;"

I-'1

-t I

' I

' I

' I

' I

' I

' I

'1"'f1

' I

' I

' I

' I

' I'

1+

i11

+i1jt

-rl1

;-I;-I

'1"'q

' t,,;-,~~~lt1f~

:Pl .

...

0 ,

, , . •

• ,

• •

~

II

IJ

U

14

" ~

11

II

,. ~

11

H

D ~ ~

a ~

a ~ ~

31 ~ ~ ~ »

• n

M

M ~

41

U

U ~

.5

• 41

a

u ~

Dry

bul

b T,

·c

Fig

ure

B-1

P

sych

omet

ric

char

t in

the

ran

ge 0

-50°

C. S

ee F

igur

e 8-

1.

ApPENDIX C

Control of Food Processing Equipment

Control and automation of food processes, processing equipment, and pro­cessing plants increases significantly the process efficiency and maintains the quality of the food products. Process control brings accuracy, repeatability and flexibility of production in food processing plants. Control of scheduling of batch processes increases the utilization of food processing equipment.

Control of food processes and food processing equipment is more difficult than chemical processing, because food properties are not well known and some­times variable, and food processes are often difficult to model and simulate.

Process control should be considered early in the design process, with electri­cal and control engineers working together with food process engineers. Process instrumentation and control equipment is provided by specialized suppliers.

Process block diagrams (PBD) and process flow diagrams (PFD) are essential in the design of control systems. They are used to perform material and energy balances, and visualize the various food processing units, before preparing the process control and the piping and instrumentation diagrams (PCD, PID).

Simple control systems include the following elements: sensors (e.g., tempera­ture) , actuators (e.g., valves), comparator, and controller. These functions are combined into the programmed logic controllers (PLC), which are attached to a computer.

In food processing, temperature, pressure, moisture, and flow rate are the most common process parameters measured with sensors. Parameters of food quality, such as viscosity, texture, color, and flavor (volatile components), are difficult to measure on-line, and therefore cannot be controlled easily. Computer-aided machine vision, and modern techniques, like fiber optics, are used in control sensors.

The simple "on-off" or proportional controllers (P) have large "dead" response times and they cannot correct effectively the process errors. Improved control is achieved by using combination systems, such as proportional + inte­gral (PI), or proportional + integral + derivative (PID) action. Feedback control systems are used mostly in food processing, while feedforward systems are diffi­cult to apply, because of inadequate modeling of the complex processes.

639

640 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

PLCs are used to monitor and control various process units. Supervisory con­trol and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, used in other industries, can be applied to food process control. The PLCs of the various process units transmit information through a server to the central computer control system

Load cells, attached to microprocessors and PLCs, are used widely in weigh­ing, filling, and packaging operations (see Chapter 13).

Advanced process control and computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), used in chemical processing, can be applied to food processing, if adequate process data are available. It involves adaptive control, expert control, and neural control. Food process simulators, based on mathematical modeling of processes/equipment, e.g., dryers or sterilizers, can be used to train the operators of food processing plants and improve plant efficiency and product quality.

Suppliers of basic food processing equipment (e.g., pasteurizers and steriliz­ers) usually provide specialized control equipment for their food processing units.

REFERENCES

ACoFoP Iv. 1998. Automatic Control of Food and Biological Processes. International Symposium, SIK, Gothenburg, Sweden.

ASAE. 1990. Food processing automation. St. Joseph, MO: ASAE. ASAE. 1995. Food processing automation. St. Joseph, MO: ASAE. Bimbenet, J.J., and Trystram, G. eds. 1990. Automatic control offood processes. Paris: ENSIA. Bimbenet, 11, Dumoulin, E., and Trystram, G., eds. 1994. Automatic control offood and biologi-

cal processes. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Coughanowr, D.R. 1991. Process systems analysis and control. 2nd ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. Hubbard, M.R. 1999. Choosing a quality control system. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publ. Kress-Rogers, E., and Brimelow, lB., eds. 2001. Instrumentation and sensors for the food indus-

try. New York: CRC Press. Martin, T. 2000. Process control: designing processes and control systems for dynamic perfor­

mance. New York: McGraw-Hill. McFarlane, I. 1983. Automatic control offood manufacturing processes. Applied Science, Essex,

UK. Mittal, G.S., ed. 1997. Computerized control systems in the food industry. New York: Marcel

Dekker. Moreira, R.G. 2001. Automatic control for food processing systems. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen

Publ.

ApPENDIX D

Food Plant Utilities

I. INDUSTRIAL WATER

Water is required in several food processing operations, such as steam genera­tion, washing of raw materials, cooling, and addition to food products. Water is supplied from deep wells, or from clean rivers and lakes. Water pretreatment may involve removal of suspended solids by sedimentation and filtration, and break­point chlorination. Potable water used as food ingredient may require some physicochemical treatment like carbon filtration, and membrane treatment (UF or RO).

Water reuse can reduce wastewater, using the above mechanical and physico­chemical methods.

II. STEAM BOILERS

Steam boilers (steam generators) are an important part of the food processing plant, providing process steam for heating, blanching, sterilization, peeling, cleaning, evaporation, and drying.

In some large processing plants, e.g., beet sugar refineries, cogeneration installations are used, producing both process steam and electricity, with better utilization (up to 80%) of the fuel energy and reduction of the thermal and mate­rial pollution of the environment. Two cogeneration systems are used: (1) the topping system, in which high-pressure steam (e.g., 120 bars) produces power (electricity), while the exhaust low-pressure steam (about 2 bars) is used for process applications; (2) the bottoming system, in which high-pressure combus­tion gases operate gas turbines and the exhaust gases are used to produce process steam. Closed cycle gas turbines operate with high pressure air, heated by com­bustion of fuel gas, oil, or combustible organic wastes.

Process steam boilers produce 5 to 200 tonslh steam at a pressure of about 20 bars, which is reduced to about 2 bars, near the steam consumption. Steam gen­erators are usually housed in a separate room for safety and noise reasons. In food processing, natural gas or LPG are the usual fuels, because they are clean and do not pollute the environment. The feed water for steam boilers is normally

641

642 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

treated with chemicals, ion exchange, or membranes to remove the undesirable salts, which may cause scaling or corrosion. Production of culinary (potable) steam, used for direct injection in foods, should comply with the hygienic requirements of public health authorities.

III. AIR MOVING AND VACUUM EQUIPMENT

Fans and blowers are used widely in food plants to move process air in heating, cooling, drying, and air conditioning equipment. Centrifugal and coaxial fans are used for relatively low pressure drops, while blowers and compressors operate at higher pressures.

The fans are characterized by the capacity (m3/h or cfm)-pressure drop (mm water or inches water) curves, which are similar to those of centrifugal pumps (Chapter 3). Compressors for moving air are similar to the compressors used in refrigeration (Chapter 9).

Industrial vacuum pump equipment includes steam ejectors and liquid (water) ring pumps. The water ring pumps can operate in wet environments, like' vacuum evaporation and drying. Steam ejectors require high-pressure steam (about 10 bars). Multistage (e.g., three-stage) ejectors are used to create and maintain vac­uum down to about 5 mbar in industrial processing equipment. Liquid ring pumps cannot reach vacuum lower than 10 mbar, because of vapor pressure limitation.

Rotary mechanical pumps, similar to rotary (Roots) blowers, can produce high vacuum, below 1 mbar, which is needed in freeze-drying and in some vacuum distillation equipment (Ryans and Bays, 2001).

Air conditioning is applied in food plants either for comfort (offices) or for storage of some products.

IV. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Electrical equipment, used in food processing plants, includes electric motors, electric heating, illumination, and control equipment. Electric motors are partic­ularly important, since they operate most of the food processing equipment.

Alternating-current motors of constant or variable speed are normally used, while direct-current motors are used in some applications. The voltage of motors is 220 volts for relatively small motors (up to 100 kW). Higher voltage is required, e.g., 440 volts, for motors up to 250 kW

The speed of the alternating-current motors (rpm) is related to the current fre­quency (Hz) and the number of poles (P), according to the equation

rpm = 120 Hz / p

Thus, for 60 Hz current (EU) and two poles, rpm = 3 600. For 50-Hz current (USA), rpm = 3 000.

Direct-current motors operate at 115,230, or 600 volts.

Appendix D 643

V. WASTE TREATMENT

Food process and plant design, and operating food processing plants should consider environmental pollution problems caused by liquid, gas, and solid dis­charges from the plants. The pollution control laws and regulations of the coun­try and the region should be taken into consideration in selecting the appropriate measures for the specific processing plant.

Waste pollution is the major problem in food processing, since large amounts of water are used in washing the raw materials, in cleaning, and in cooling opera­tions. Air pollution is important in some food plants with particulate and odorous emissions. Management of solid wastes concerns several food processing plants.

Water and solid wastes from small food processing plants, located near agri­cultural land, can be disposed to the fields by spray irrigation and soil mixing, if the waste load is not excessive, and if no toxic substances are present. Disposal of wastewater to municipal treatment plants is an alternative, ifthe treatment cost is acceptable.

1. Wastewater Treatment

Large quantities of water are used in the washing of fruits and vegetables prior to processing. Wastewater may contain significant amounts of organic com­pounds (BOD, COD), suspended solids, and oils. Clean water regulations impose strict limits on the pollutants discharged into rivers, lakes, and seas . . Wastewater may require pretreatment, primary, secondary, and tertiary treat­

ment, before it is discharged to the environment or reused. Pretreatment includes neutralization and removal of oils. Primary treatment involves sedimentation, screening, and filtration. Secondary (biological) treatment involves bio-oxidation of organic compounds in ponds, activated sludge, or biofilters. Tertiary treatment may include adsorption and membrane separations.

The equipment used in wastewater treatment is similar to some of the food processing equipment, described in this book. Examples are filters, membrane systems (MF, UF, RO), gas absorption and adsorption. Economic, high capacity systems are required in wastewater treatment, in contrast to the specialized, more expensive and efficient equipment used in food processing.

2. Solid Wastes

Reduction of solid wastes from food processing plants is of primary impor­tance, e.g., by using more efficient peeling processes. Solid wastes can be used in composting and biogas (methane) production. Production of dehydrated food by-products for animal feeds is an economic alternative, e.g., wastes from sugar, citrus, and fish processing. Land disposal of nontoxic solid wastes may be applied, if the food processing plant is located in an agricultural area, away from populated areas.

644 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

3. Gas Pollution

Gas and vapor exhausts may create air pollution problems in the environment of food processing plants, especially if the plant is located close to residential areas. For example, particulate (dust) pollution from spray dryers can be reduced and prevented by proper design of separation equipment, such as cyclones and bag filters.

Odorous gas discharges from edible oil plants and fish processing (e.g., fish meal drying) can be treated in wet scrubbers, using water or alkaline solutions (Chapter 11). Offensive fish odors require special scrubbing solutions, such as chlorine compounds.

REFERENCES

Alley, E.R 2000. Water quality control handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bhatia, M.Y. and Cheremisinoff, P.N. 1981. Air movement and vacuum systems. Technomic Pub!.,

Lancaster, PA. Clifford, G.E. 1984. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning. Reston, VA: Reston Pub!. Co. Droste, RL. 1997. Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment. New York: Wiley. Eckenfelder, w.w. 1989. Industrial water pollution control. New York: McGraw-Hill. Fink, Beaty. 1984. Standard handbook for electrical engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill. Jorgensen, R 1970. Fan engineering. Buffalo, NY: Buffalo Forge Co. Marks' standard handbook for mechanical engineers. 1987 . New York: McGraw-Hill. NAFM. Standards, definitions, terms and test codes for centrifugal, axial, and propeller fans.

Detroit: National Association of Fan Manufacturers, Inc. Perry, R.H., and Green, D. 1984, 1997. Chemical engineers 'handbook, 6th and 7th eds. New York:

McGraw-Hill. Roberts, T.C. 2002. Food plant engineering systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Ryans, J., and Bays, J. 2001. Run clean dry vacuum pumps. Chemical Engineering Progress 97

(10): 32-41. Tchobanog1ous, G., and Franklin, R L. 1991. Wastewater engineering, treatment, disposal, reuse,

3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hili. USPH. 1967. Air pollution engineering manual. Cincinnati: U.S. Public Health Service. Vadagriff, R.L. 2001. Practical guide to industrial boiler systems. New York: Marcel Dekker.

ApPENDIX E

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Food Equipment

Directories and Equipment Exhibitions are given in Chapter 2 of this book. Representative suppliers of processing equipment, described in the individual chapters of the book, are presented in the following partial lists.

CHAPTER 2: DESIGN AND SELECTION OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Cleaning! Sanitazing Equipment

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of cleaning equipment supplied: (1) high pressure/ water jet; (2) vapor; (3) ultrasonic; (4) mechanical means; (5) ClP; (6) gas/liquid disinfection.

AmeriVap (2),(6) 1292 Logan Circle Atlanta, GA 30318, USA Tel.: (800) 763 7687 Fax: (404) 350 9214 e-M: sales@AmeriVap.com

Aseptomag (5) Bachweg 3 3401 Burgdorf, Switzerland Tel.: +41 344262929 Fax: +41 34 426 2928 e-M: info@aseptomag.ch http://www.aseptomag.ch

645

Batech (5), (6) 421 rue de Conflans 95220 Herblay , France Tel.: +3339781230 Fax: + 33 39 780360 e-M: batech.utec@wanadoo.fr

Better Engineering (1 ) 8361 Town Center Court Baltimore, Maryland 21236-4964,

USA Tel.: (800) 229 3380 Fax: (410) 931 0053 http://www.betterengineering.com

646 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Branson Ultrasonics Corporation (3) 41 Eagle Road, Danbury, CT.

06813-1961, USA Tel.: (203) 7962298 Fax: (203) 796-0320 e-M: info@bransonc1eaning.com

BOC Edwards Pharmaceutical Systems (Calumatic) (3)

Postbus 111 (Steenstraat 7) 5100 AC Dongen, Netherlands Tel.: +31162313454 Fax: +31162312552 http://www.boc.com

Cryob1ast (6) 6505 West Calumet Road Milwaukee, WI 53223, USA Tel.: (414) 236 2095 Fax: (414) 371 0610 e-M: cryonomic@artimpex.com http://www.artimpex.com

Europe Hydro (5), (6) 42 boulevard Emile Genevoix 93230 Romainville, France Tel.: +33 148442815 Fax: +33148430178 e-M: europehydro@wanadoo.fr

Greco Brothers Inc. (3) 1 Greco Lane, Providence, RI 02909,

USA Tel.: (401) 421 9306 Fax: (401)274 8910 http://www.grecobrothers.com

Hammelmann (1) Zum Sundem 13-21 59302 Oe1de, Germany Tel.: +492522 760 Fax: +49252276444 http://www.hammelmann.de

Landa (1), (4) 4275 NW Pacific Rim Blvd. Camas, WA 98607-8801, USA Tel.: (800) 547 8672 Fax: (360) 833 9200 e-M: info@landa.com

R.Bosch (1), (3) Stuttgarter Str.130 71301 Weiblingen, Germany Tel.: +4971511401 Fax: +497151 142818 e-M: vt@boschpackaging.com

Seiberling (6) 11415 Main Street Roscoe, IL 61073, USA Tel.: (815) 623 7311 Fax: (815) 623 2029

Tennant (1), (4) 701 North Lilac Drive P.O.Box 1452 Minneapolis, MN 55440, USA Tel.: (763) 540 1200, (800) 553 8033 Fax: (763) 513 2142 e-M: info@tennantco.com

Tri-Clover 9201 Wilmore Road Kenosha, WI 53141, USA Tel.: (414) 494 5511 Fax: (414) 494 7104

Appendix E 647

CHAPTER 3: MECHANICAL TRANSPORT AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT

Pumps, Pneumatic, Hydraulic Transport

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the names of firm, indicate the type of the pump mainly supplied. (1) centrifugal/radial flow pump; (2) centrifu­gal/axial flow pump; (3) piston pump; (4) diaphragm pump; (5) progressive cav­ity pump; (6) twin-screw pump; (7) gear pump; (8) lobe pump; (9) vane pump, (10) peristaltic pump; (11) jet pump.

ABA Technology pic (3), (6), (8), (11) Harwell Didcot Oxfordshire ,OX11 OQJ, UK. Tel.: +441235821111 Fax: +441235432916 e-M: enquiry@aeat.co.uk

Alfa Laval AB (1 ),(8) (A1fa Laval Flow) Box 73 , Rudeboksvagen 3 221 00 Lund, Sweden Tel.: +4646 3670 00 Fax: +46 46367182 e-M: info@alfalaval.com

Allweiler AG (1), (2), (9), (10), (11) Allweilerstr.l Postfach 1140 78315 Radolfzell, Germany TeL:: +49 7732 860 Fax: +49 7732 86436 e-M: service@allweiler.de

APV (1), (3), (8) P.O.Box 4 Gatwick Road, Crawley, RH10 2QB, UK Tel.: +44 1293 527777 Fax:+44 1293 535104 http://www.apv.com

Bran+Luebbe GmbH (3), (4) Werkstrasse 4 22844 Norderstedt, Germany Tel.: +4940522020 Fax: +49 40 522 02 444

Dairy Engineering Co. (APV-Gaulin) (1), (3), (8)

5783 North Sheridan Blvd. Arvada, Co USA 80002-2847, USA Tel.: (303) 423 2332 Fax: (303) 423 0740 e-M: applications@dairyeng.com

Fryma-Koruma Maschinen AG (8) Postfach 235 Theodorshofweg 6 4310 Rheinfelden , Switzerland Tel:+41 61 8364141 Fax:+41 61 8312000 e-M: achimgr@romacolzaruma.com

Hudson Pump and Associates, LLC. (FBM) (1), (2)

3524 Craftsman Boulevard Lakeland, F133803, USA Tel.: (863) 665-PUMP (7867) Tel.: (800) 780-7867 Fax: (863) 666-5649 e-M: info@hudsonpump.com

648 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

KSB Aktiengesellschaft (1), (2) lohann-Klein Strasse 9 . 67227 Frankenthal, Germany Tel.: +49 6233 86 0 . Fax: +496233863401 . e-M: info@ksbgroup.com

KWW-Depa-Via (4), (7), (9), (10) Postfach 111240 4 Dusseldorf 11, Germany Tel.: +49211 59560 Fax: +49211 5956111

Mono Pumps Ltd (5), (8) Martin Street Audenshaw Manchester M34 5DQ , UK Tel.:+44 161 3399000 Fax:+441612142146 e-M: info@mono-pumps.com

Moyno, Inc. (Robbins & Myers Inc.) (5)

P.O. Box 960 Springfield, Ohio 45501-0960 USA Tel.: (877)4UMOYNO or

(877) 486 6966 Fax: (937) 327 3177 e-M: mipinfo@moyno.com

Netzsch Mohnopumpen GMBH (5), (8), (9)

Geretsrieder Strasse 1 84478 Waldkraiburg, Germany Tel.: +498638630 Fax: +49863867981 e-M: info@nmp.netzsch.com

Mechanicall Pneumatic Conveying

Nikkiso Pumps America, Inc. (1), (2), (3), (4), (6)

6100 Easton Road P.O. Box 427 Plumsteadville, PA 18949, USA Tel.: (215) 766 7867 Fax: (215) 766 8290 e-M: sales@nikkisoamerica.com

Pompe Cucchi Srl (3), (4), (6), (7) Via dei Pioppi, 39 20090 Opera (MI), Italy Tel.: +390257606287 Fax: + 39 02 57602257 e-M: sales@Pompecucchi.it

Sulzer Weise GmbH (1), (2) Postfach 3027 D-76642 Bruchsal, Germany Tel.: +497251 76201 Fax: +497251 76401 e-M: helga.stemberger@sulzer.ch

Verder Liquids (4), (7), (10) Utrechtsweg 4A Postbus 1 3450 AA Vleuten, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 677 9211 Fax: +31 677 1402 e-M: info@verder.com

Waukesha Cherry-Burrell (8), (9) 611 Sugar Creek Road Delavan, WI 53115 U.S.A. Tel.: (800) 252 5200 or 414728 1900 Fax: (800) 2525012 or 4147284904 e-M: custserv@gowcb.com

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of conveyor mainly supplied: (1) belt/uniform; (2) belt/segmented; (3) mod­ular chain; (4)rollerlskate; (5) chain; (6) bucket; (7) screw; (8) vibratory; (9) spi­ral; (10) magnetic (11) pneumatic.

Allpax (1), (2), (3), (4) 13510 Seymour Myers Blvd Convington, LA 70433, USA Tel.: (985) 893 9277 Fax: (985) 893 9477 e-M: info@allpax.com http://www.allpax.com

Apia Transitube (9), Atalante Apigne 35650 Le Rheu, France Tel.: +33299 146233 Fax: +33299 146235 e-M : apia-sa@infonie.fr http://www.rennes-atalante.fr/

directory/apia.htm

Azo (8), (11) Industriegebiet Ost Rosenberger Strasse 28 74706 Osterbrucken, Germany Tel.: +49629192-0 Fax: +49 62 91 8928 e-M: zentrale@azo.de

Beumer Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG (1), (6), (7), (8)

Postfach 12 54 59267 Beckum, Germany Tel.: +492521240 Fax: +49252124280 e-M: beumer@beumer.com http://www.beumer.com

Buhler AG (8), (11) Industriestrasse 9240 Uzwil, Switzerland Tel.: +41 71 955 1111 Fax: +41 71 9553379 e-M: buhler.uzwil@buhlergroup.com

Appendix E 649

Caustier France (1), (2), (4), (5) 110 Avenue Georges Caustier 660 Perpignan, France Tel.: +33468544343 Fax: + 33 468 555133 e-M: commercial.fr@caustier.com

Charles Walker (1) John Escritt Road Bingley,BD 16 2SU, UK Tel.: +44 1274560211 Fax: +44 1274 569002 e-M: sales@charleswalker.co.uk

Conveyors, Incorporated (7) 620 South Fourth Avenue Mansfield, Tx 76063, USA Tel: (817) 4734645 Fax: (817) 473 3024 e-M: sales@conveyorsinc.net

Dma (1), (2),(3) Eugen Diesel Stasse 8 37671 Hoexter, Germany Tel.: +495271 9706-0 Fax: +495271970699 e-M: dma@dma-foerdertechnik.de

Eurobelt Systems S.L. (3) Topacio 39 47012 Valladolid (Spain) Tel.: +34983217480 Fax: +34983217481 e-M: eurobelt@eurobelt.com http://www.eurobelt.com

Ewab Components & Development (2)

Laduvagen 1 592 40 Vadstena, Sweden Tel: +46 143 75025 Fax:+46 14375030 http://www.ewab.com

650 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Fmc, FoodTech (2), (4), (5), (6), (7) Food Processing Systems 2300 Jndustria1Avenue Box A Madera, CA 93639, USA Tel.: (559) 661 3200 Fax: (559) 661 3222 e-M: fpsd.info@intl.fmcti.com

He1iveyor (4) Kristalli Str.1 12131 Athens, Greece Tel.: +3015771619 Fax: + 30 1 5749040

Krones (1), (2), (4), (5), (11) Boehmerwa1d Strasse 5 93068 Neutraub1ing, Germany Tel.: +49 (9401) 70-0 Fax: +49 (9401) 70 24 88/70 32 39 e-M: sa1es@krones.de

Manipu1 (4), (11) Brasi1220-Lanis(1824) Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel.lFax:54114208-2101

( switchboard) e-M: info@manipul.com

McNichols Conveyor Co. (1), (3), (5) 26211 Central Park Blvrd Southfield, MI 48076, USA Tel.: (800) 331 1926 Fax: (248) 357 6078 e-M: sa1es@mcnicho1sconveyor.com

Moellers (1) Sudhoferweg 93 Beckum 592690, Germany Tel.: +49 (2521) 88144. Fax: +49 (2521) 88100. e-M: postmaster@moellers.de

Nerak (2), (3), (6) Ffrwdgrech Industrial Estate ,Brecon, Powys, LD3 8LA, UK Tel.: +44 1874612900 Fax: +44 1874612918/612915 e-M: info@nerak-wiese.co.uk

Olympia Conveyors (1) Santa Barbara, CA. 93109, USA Tel.: (805) 9675185 Fax: (805) 9671282 e-M: olympia23@home.com http://www.o1ympiaconveyors.com

Praezi Foerdertechnik (7), (9) Brockstra3 12 49163 Bohmte Brock Strasse 12 49163 Bohmte, Germany Tel.: +495471 8050 Fax: +495471 80520 e-M: pft@praezi.de

Saturn (1), (2) 7 Faraday Place Stephenson Way Industrial Estate Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 3RG, UK Tel: +44 1842766109 Fax: +441842766312 e-M:

satumfabrications@tota1ise.co.uk

Schreyer (1), (2), (3), (4) 6, rue de l' Artisanat 67700 Saverne, France Tel.: +33 (0) 388 913459 Fax: + 33 (0) 388 712440

Stork (2), (4), (6) Kete1straat 2 1021 JX Amsterdam, N ethe1and Tel.: + 31 (20) 6348911 Fax: + 31 (20) 6369754 e-M: info@stork-food.com

Transnorm System (1), (4) Forster Strasse 2 31177 Harsum, Germany Tel.: +495127/402-0 Fax: +495127/4400 e-M: Vertrieb-Systeme@transnorm.de

Trapo Nederland (1), (4) Merwedeweg 7 (5) NL-3621 LP POBox 86 3620AB Breuke1en ,Netherlands Tel.: +31 (346) 26.41.74 Fax: +31 (346) 26.47.74 e-M: info@trapo.nl http://www.trapo.nl

Turatti (2), (4), (7), (8), (10) Viale Regina Margherita 42 30014 Cavazere (Venezia), Italy Tel.: +390426310731 Fax: + 39 0 426 310500 e-M: turatti@iol.it

Storage Containers, Bins, Silos

Appendix E 651

Uni-Kettentechnik (2), (3) Munster Strasse 57 a 48431 Rheine, Germany Tel.: +495971 15092 Fax: +495971 54016

Vebe Teknik AB (5) Huvudkontor 574 95 Bjoerkoeby, Sweden Tel.: +46 383 31200 Fax: +4638331191 e-M: info@vebe-teknik.se http://: www.vebe-teknik.se

Vibra-Pro Co.Inc. (8) Boise, Idaho ID 83701,USA Tel.: (208) 362 5548 Fax: (208) 362 5568 e-M: engineering@vibapro.com

Vibra screw (7), (8), (9) 755 Union Blvd Totowa N.J. 07512, USA Tel: (973) 256 7410 Fax: (973) 256 7567 e-M: info@vibrascrewinc.com http://www.vibrasrewinc.com

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm indicate the type of storage equipment mainly supplied: (1) containers; box pallets, (2) silos; (3) Silo emptying (e.g. activator).

Capp-P1ast (1) Via Galcanese 105f 59100 Prato, Italy Tel.: +39 (574) 43811 Fax: + 39 (574) 37734 e-M: exports@capp-plast.com http://www.capp-plast/capp

CombitexiCEPI (1) Via Partisani 8 47010 Predappio, Italy Tel.: +39543940514 Fax: + 39 543 940534 e-M: cepi@cepisilos.com http://www.capisilos.com

652 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Manipul (3) Brasil 220-Lanis(1824) Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel.lFax:54114208-2101 (switchboard) e-M: info@manipul.com

Mucon(Kemutec) (3) Springwood Way Macclesfield Cheshire, SKIO 2ND, UK Tel.: +44 1625412000 Fax: +44 1625412001 e-M: sales@mucon.com http://www.mucom.com

TNT Materials Handling (1) Units 7-10 Park Lane Trading Estate Park Lane Oldbury, West Midlands, B69 4JX,

UK Tel.: + 44 121 5445154 Fax: + 44 121 5445912

VebeTeknikAB (1), (2), (3) Huvudkontor 574 95 Bjoerkoeby, Sweden Tel.: +46-383 31200 Fax: +46-383 311 91 e-M: info@vebe-teknik.se http://www.vebe-teknik.se

Vibra screw (1), (3) 755 Union Blvd Totowa NJ 07512, USA Tel: (973) 256 7410 Fax: (973) 256 7567 e-M: info@vibrascrewinc.com http://www.vibrascrewinc.com

Warwick Container Systems (1) Leamington SPA Warwicks CV31 3JT, UK Tel.: +44 (1926) 314120 Fax: +44 (1926) 885719 e-M:

post@warwickcontainer.demon.co. uk

Wisag (Alucon ) (1) Oerlicon Str.88 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Tel.: +41 4 2263600 Fax: +4142261200 e-M: info@wisag.ch http://www.wisag.ch

Zeppelin (2), (3) Leuthold Strasse 108 88045 Friedrichshafen, Germany Tel.: +49 (7541) 2020 Fax: +49 (7541) 202491 e-M: zentral.fn@zeppelin.com http://www.zeppelin-industry.com

CHAPTER 4: MECHANICAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of equipment mainly supplied: (1) cutting; (2) meat grinding; (3) sawing; (4) grinding; (5) crushing; (6) milling; (7) colloid mills; (8) jet mills; (9) agglom­eration; (10) coating; (11) mixing; (12) extruding; (13) homogenizing; (14) ham­mer mills; (15) roller mills; (16) forming; (17) kneading.

Size Reduction Equipment

Alexanderwerk (1),(5), (9) Kippdorf Strasse 6-24 P.O. Box 1001 63, 42801 Remscheid, Germany Tel.: +492191 795216 Fax: +492191 795350 e-M: imaschinen@a1exanderwerk.com http://www.a1exanderwerk.com

Amandus Kahl Hamburg (5), (6), (9) Diesel Strasse 5-9 21465 Reinbek, Germany Tel.: +494072771-0 Fax.: +494072771-100 e-M: info@amandus-kahl-group.de http://www.amandus-kahl-group.de/

Amandus Kahl Hamburg companies Neuhaus Neotec,

http://www.neuhaus-neotec.de EH.Schule Muehlenbau ,

http://www.schulerice.com Berthold Wachtel,

http://www.amandus-kahl group.delhtmlwachtel

APV Baker (12), (13), (16) Manor Drive Paston Parkway Peterborough, PE4 7 AP, UK Tel.: +44 1733283000 Fax: +44 1733283001 e-M: emai1@apvbaker.com http://www.apvbaker.com

Atlantic Coast Crushers, Inc.(5) 128 Market Street Kenilworth, NJ 07033 , USA Tel.: (908) 259-9292 Fax: (908) 259-9280 e-M: info@gocrushers.com http://www.gocrushers.com

Atritor (4),(8) P.O.Box 101

Appendix E 653

Coventry, CV65RD, UK Tel.: +44 24 76662266 Fax: +44 2476665751 e-M: Sales@atritor.com http://www.atritor.com

BCH (1), (11) Spring Place, Millfold Whitworth, Lancashire 0L12 8DN,

UK Tel.: +441706852122 Fax: +44 1706 853010 e-M: info@bchltd.com http://www.bchltd.com

Biro (1), (2) 1114 West Main Street Marblehead, Oh, 43440, USA Tel.: (419) 798 4451 Fax: (419) 798 9106 e-M: sales-department@birosaw.com http://www.birosaw.com

British Rema Lucas Works (8) Sheffield Road Dronfield, Sheffield, S 18 2HX , UK Tel.: +441246411771 Fax: +441246417216 e-M: processeng@britishrema.co.uk http://www.britishrema.co.uk

Buehler (6), (12) Industriestrasse 9240 Uzwil , Switzerland Tel.: +41 71 955 11 11 Fax: +41 71 9553379 e-M: buhler.uzwi1@buhlergroup.com http://www.buhlergroup.com

654 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Clextral (12) ZI de Chazeau 42700 Firminy , France Tel.: + 33 477403131,Fax: + 33

477403123 e-M: clextral.sales@hol.fr http://www.clextral.com

Clivanexport (17) B.O.Box 1003 38110 Volos, Greece Tel.: +3042195217 Fax: +3042195262 e-M: cliva@hol.gr

Dadaux S.A (1), (2) Le Bouchaud 39800 Bersaillin ,France Tel.: +333848551 71 Fax: +33384855392 e-M: info@dadaux.com http://www.dadaux.com

Esmach (17) Via Vittorio Veneto 36040 Grisignano di Zocco (VI), Italy Tel.: +39 (444) 614777 Fax: +39 (444) 614708 e-M:export@esmach.it http://www.esmach.it

Fitzpatrick (4), (5), (8), (14) 832 Industrial Drive Elmhurst, IL 60126, USA Tel.: (630) 530 3333 Fax: (630) 5300832 e-M: info@fitzmill.com http://www.fitzmill.com

EL.Smidth Inc.! Fuller (15) 2040 Avenue C Bethlehem, PA 18017-2188, USA Tel.: (610) 264 6011 Fax: (610) 264 6170 e-M: info@flsmidth.com

Forberg (9),(11) Hegdal 3261 Larvik, Norway Tel.: +47 33 133434 Fax: +47 33 133435 e-M: forberg@forberg.no http://www.forberg.no

Gebr.Loedige (9), (11) Elsener Strasse 7-9 33102 Padebom, Germany Tel.: +49 5251 3090 Fax.:+495251309123 e-M: info@loedige.de http://www.loedige.de

Glatt (9) Process Technology 79589 Binzen , Germany Tel.: +49 7621 664-0 Fax: +497621 64723 e-M: mail@glatt.de http://glatt.de

Guerin Pierre (13) 179 Grand'Rue BPI2, 79210 Mauze, France Tel.: +33549263058 Fax: + 33 549 263484 e-M: pierreguerin.sa@wanadoo.fr

Hoegger-Alpina Ringstr.14 9201, Gossau, Switzerland Tel.: +41 71 3886363 Fax: +41 71 3886300 e-M: info@tippertie.ch

Hosokawa Micron Corp. (4), (5), (6), (9), (10), (11), (14)

5-14, 2-chome, Kawaramachi Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0048, Japan Tel.: +8166233-3968 Fax: + 81 6 6229-9261 e-Mail: inter@hmc.hosokawa.com

Hosokawa companies (selection) • Hosokawa Bepex (D), e-M:

compaction@bepex.hosokawa.com • Hosokawa Micron Powder (USA),

e-M: info@hrnps.hosokawa.com • Hosokawa Alpine (D) • Hosokawa Schugi (NL), e-M:

general@hschugibv.hosokawa.com

Kalmeijer (16) Fruchtweg 11-13 2526 KE ,The Hague, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 70 3888950 Fax: + 31 70 3890238 e-M: info@kalmeijer.com

Kobiro (16) 36 Fujiwashizuka, Harue-cho Sakai-gun, Fukui, 9190411, Japan Tel.: +81 77651 5100 Fax:+81 77651 5103 http://www.kobird.co.jp

Machinefabriek M.A. Rademaker (16) Plantijnweg 23 4104 AK Culemborg, Netherlands Tel: +31345018880 Fax: + 31 3450 16485

Maschinen- und Muehlenbau Wittemberg (6)

Dresdener Strasse 16 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg,

Germany Tel.: +4934914390 Fax: +493491439385 e-M: info@muehlenbau.de http://www.muehlenbau.de

MikroPul (4) Welserstrasse 9-11

Appendix E 655

51149 K61n, Germany Tel: +4922039391-0 Fax: +4922039391-293 e-M: info@mikropul.de http://: www.mikropul.de

Netzsch-Condux (4), (5), (6), (8), (9), (11), (14)

Sedan Strasse 70 95100 Selb,Germany Tel.: +49928717970 Fax: +499287/79749 e-M: info@nft.netzsch.com http://www.netzsch-mahlen.de

Nivoba (4) P.O. Box 40, Industrieweg 1 Veendam, Netherlands Tel.: +31 598619456 Fax: +31 598612194 e-M: info@nivoba.nl http://www.nivoba.com

Norfo (1), (3) 12, Sandemandsvej 3700 Roenne, Denmark Tel: +45 5695 7272 Fax: +45 5695 7799 e-M: mail@norfo.com

Reon (16) 2-3 Nozawa-machi Utsunomiya 320, Japan Tel.: +81 28665 1111 Fax: +81 28666 1013

656 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

RMS Roller-Grinder, Inc. (5) 27116 GrummandAve. Tea, SD 57064-8113, USA Tel.: (605) 368 9007, or

(888) 2839337, Fax: 605 3682411 e-M: rollergrind@dtgnet.com http://www.rmsroller

Romaco/Fryma-Koruma (7), (13) Theodorshofweg 4310,Rheinfelden,Switzerland Tel.: +41 61 8364141 Fax: +4161 8312000 e-M: frymakoruma@romaco.com

Roncaglia (6) Viale Reiter, 51/2 - Po Box 519 41100 Modena, Italy Tel.: +3959218899 Fax: + 39 59 247000 Telefax: +3959218820 (series) e-M: info@roncagliaopr.it http://www.pianeta.it/roncaglia

Ruberg-Mischtechnik (9),(11) Halbstaedter Strasse 55 33106 Padeborn ,Germany Tel.: +49 5251 173630 Fax: +49 5251 1736-99 e-M: info@ruberg.com http://www.ruberg.de

Schutte Pulverizer Company, Inc.(14) Buffalo Hammer Mill 61 Depot Street Buffalo, NY 14206, USA Tel.: (716) 855 1555 Fax: (716) 8553417 http://www.hammermills.com

Seewer (16) 3400 Burgdorf, Switzerland Tel.: +41 344208111 Fax: +41 344208199 e-M : info@ch.rondodoge.com http://www.ch.rondoge.com

SFK (1), (3) Tranformervej 9 2730 Herlev, Danmark Tel.: +4544503700 Fax: +4544923710 e-M: info@sfktech.com http://www.sfktech.com

Simpson Technologies Corporation (11), (15)

751 Shoreline Drive Aurora, IL 60504-6194,USA Tel.: (630) 978 0044 Fax: (630) 978-0068 e-M: jdmcmillin@simpsontech.com http://www.simpsontech.com

Talsabell (1), (2) Plo.Industria V.Salucl, 8 46950 Xirivella, Valencia, Spain Tel: + 34 963 132178 Fax:+34963132180 e-M: talsa@talsanet.com http://www.talsanet.com

Toy Rene (6), (11) Route de Reclusages 41800 Momtoire, France Tel.: +33254850110 Fax: + 33 254 726067

Urschel (1) 2503 Calumet Ave., P.O.Box 2200 Valparaiso, Indiana 46384-2200, USA Tel.: (219) 464 4811 Fax: (219) 4623879 e-M: info@urschel.com http://www.urschel.com

Vomm(12) Via Curiel, 252 20089 Rozzano - Milano, Italy Tel.: +39 257510808 Fax:+392 57510909 e-M: vomm@vomm.it http://www.vomm.it

Wenger (12) Suite 510 Northpointe Circle I 7505 N.W Tiffany Springs Parkway Kansas City, MO 64153, USA Tel.: (816) 891 9272 Fax: (816) 891-8969 http://www.wenger.com

Werner & Pfleiderer (12), (16), (17) Frankfurter Strasse 17 71732 Tamm , Germany Tel.: +497141 2020 Fax: +497141 202 111 e-M:

info@wpib.dehttp://www.wpib.de

Agglomeration Equipment

Amandus Kah1 GmbH & Co Diesel Strasse 5-9 21465 Reinbek, Germany Te.1: +494072 7710 Fax.: +494072 771100 e-M: info@amandus-kahl-groupe.de

Gebr.Loedige GmbH Maschinenbau Eisenerstrasse 7-9 33102 Padeborn,Germany Tel.: +49 5251 3090 Fx.:+ 495251309123 e-M:info@loedige.de http//www.loedige.de

Wilhelm Fette (9) Grauberstrasse 24

Appendix E 657

21493 Schwarzenbek ,Germany Tel.: +494151 120 Fax: +494151 3797 http://www.fette.com

Woltking (1), (2) 6 Industrivej, DK-4200, Slagelse,

Denmark Tel.: +45 58 502525 Fax: +45 58 501031 http://www.woltking.dk

Glatt GmbH Process Technology 79589 Binzen, Germany Tel.: +49 7621 664-0 Fax.: +497621 64723 e-M: info@glatt.de http//www.glatt.de

Hosokawa Bepex GmbH Postfach 1152 D-74207 Leingarten, Germany Tel: +49 71319070 Fax.: +49 7131907301 e-M: info@hbpx.hosokawa.com http://www.bepex.com

658 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Hosokawa Schugi B. V. 29 Chromstraat 8211 AS Leystad, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 320 286660 Fax.: +31320223017 e-M: schugi@hmbv.hosokawa.com

LurgiAG Lurgi Allee 5 60439 FrankfurtlM, Germany Tel.: +49 69 58080 Fax.: +49 69 58083888 e-M: kommmunikation@lurgi.de http://www.lurgi.com

Ruberg-Mischtechnik K.G. Halbstaedter Strasse 55 33106 Padebom, Germany Tel.: +49 5251173630 Fax.: +495251173699 e-M: info@ruberg.com

Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich Waldduemer Strasse 50 74736 Hardheim, Germany Tel.: 06283-51-0 e-M: eirich@eirich.de

CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL SEPARATION EQUIPMENT

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of equipment mainly supplied: (1) washing; (2) peeling; (3) dehulling; (4) pitting; (5) sorting; (6) color/electronic sorting; (7) dry cleaning;(8) metal detec­tion;, (9) air filters, (10) liquid filters; (11) sieving, (12) pressing; (13) centrifu­gation; (14) air-solid separation; (15) decanters; (16).1iquid mixers.

Allgaier (11) PO Box 40 73062 Uhingen,Germany Tel.: + 497161 3010 Fax: + 4971 61 32452 http://www.allgaier.de

APV (13), (16), P.O.Box4 Gatwick Road, Crawley, RHIO 2QB, UK Tel.: +44 1293 527777 Fax: +441293535104 http://www.apv.com

A1fa Laval AB,(Alfa Laval Flow) (10), (13), (15), (16)

Box 73 221 00 Lund ,Sweden Rudeboksvaegen 3 Tel.: +4646 36 70 00 Fax: +46463671 82 e-M: info@alfalaval.com http://www.alfalaval.com

Barco (6) Pres.Kennedypark 35 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium Tel.: +3256262611 Fax: + 32 56 262262 http://wwwbarcocom

Barco Companies: Elbicon (6) Industieterrein Nieuwland 3200 Aarschot, Belgium Tel.: +32 1655 1310 Fax: +321655 1315 e-M: elbicon@barco.com

Pulsar Industrial Research (6) P. O.Box 2048 5600 CA Enidhoven, Netherlands Tel.: +31402922622 Fax: + 31 40 292 2633 e-M: pulsar@pusarr.nl

Bch (2), (11), (16) Spring Place, Millfold, Whitworth, Lancashire 0L12 8DN, UK Tel.: +44 1706-852122 Fax: +44 1706-853010 e-M: info@bchltd.com http://www.bchltd.com

Bm-k+k (1), (2) P.O.Box46 3440 AA Woerden, Netherlands Tel.: +31348435440 Fax: + 31 348 435499 e-M: k+k@BMA-nl.com

Buehler (3), (6),( 7) Industriestrasse 9240 Uzwil, Switzerland Tel.: +41 71 955 11 11 Fax: +41 719553379 e-M: buhler.uzwil@buhlergroup.com http://www.buhlergroup.com

Bucher-Guyer (12) 8166 Niederweningen ZH, Switzerland Tel.: +41 1 85722 11 Fax: +41 1 8572341 e-M: foodtech@bucherguyer.ch http://www.bucherguyer.chlfoodtech

Appendix E 659

Dorr-Oliver (7), (10), (14) 174 West Str.South Orilla, Ontario L3V6L4, Canada Tel.: (705) 3256181 Fax: (705) 325 2347 e-M: dorr-oliver@glv.com

Durand Freres (5), (7) ZI Lamay - Billard, BP 1049 86060 Poitiers, France Tel.: + 33 549605200 Fax: +33549605214 http://durandfreres.com

Eshet Eilon (5) Kibbutz Eilon 22845, Israel Tel.: 972 4 9858102 Fax: 972 4 9807150 http://www.eshet.co.il

Fai (1), (13) BP328 29413 Lndemeau, Cedex, France Tel.: +33298852315 Fax: + 33 298 852179 e-M: freezeagro@eurobretagne.fr http://www.freeze-agro-

ingenierie.com

EH.Schule (3), (7), (11), (14) Diesel Strasse 5-9 21465 Reinbek P.O. Box: 1246 21452 Reinbek, Germany Tel.: +494072771-700 Fax: +494072771-710 E-Mail: schule@amandus-kahl­group. de http://www.greefa.nl

Finis (2) Equipment B.Y. Industrieterrein "de

Rieze" de Bolanden 1, Ulft, 7071 pw, Netherlands Tel.: +31315695569

660 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Flex-Kleen (9), (14) 955 Hawthorn Drive Itasca, IL 60143, USA Tel.: (630) 775 0707 Fax: (630) 875 3212 e-M: flexkleen@aol.com htn>:llwww.met-

pro.comlflexkleen.htm

Flottweg (12), (15) Industrie Strasse 6-8 84137 Vilsbiburg, Germany Tel.: +498741 3010 Fax:+49 8741301300 e-M: mail@flottweg.com htn>:1 I www.flottweg.com

Fmc FoodTech (1), (2), (4), (5), (16) Food Processing Systems 2300 Industrial Avenue Box A Madera, CA 93639, USA Tel.: (559) 661 3200 Fax: (559) 661 3222 e-M: fpsd.info@intl.fmcti.com

FBR - EPLO Spa (1),(2), (5), (4) Via Arnaldo da Brescia 121 A 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521267511 Fax: +39521267676 news@fbr-elpo.it

GEA-Westphalia (13) 59302 Oelde, Germany Tel.: +492522770 Fax: +49 2522 772950 e-M: info@gea-westfalia.de htn>:llwww.westfalia-separator.com

Greefa(9) P.O.Box24 4190 CA Geldermalsen Langstraat 12 4196 JB Tricht, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 345 578100 Fax: + 31 345 578200 e-M: info@greefa.nl

Hosokawa-Alpine (14) Postfach 10 11 09 86001 Augsburg, Germany Tel.: +49821 59060 Fax: +49821573558 e-Mail: inter@hmc.hosokawa.com

Infastaub (9) Niederstedter Weg 19 Postfach 17 62 61348 Bad Homburg v.d.H., Germany Tel.: +496172 30 980 Fax: +496172 30 98 90 e-M: infa@infastaub.de htn>:llwww.infastaub.de

Jongia (16) J. Wattstraat 8 P.O.Box 284 8901 BB Leeuwarden, Netherlands Tel.: +31 582139715 Fax: +31 582129787 I 2124970 htn>:llwww.jongia.com

Kepa (1) Codrington Str.8 11257 Athens, Greece Tel.: +301 8215224 Fax: + 30 1 8839411 e-M: kefa@tee.gr

Kiremko (1), (2) P.O.Box 5 3417 ZG Montfoort, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 348 472244 Fax: +31348471307 e-M: kiremko@Pi.net

Kuhl Corporation (1) POBox 26 39 KuhlRoad Flemington, NJ 08822, USA Tel.: (908) 782 5696 Fax: (908) 782 2751 e-M: hyk@kuhlcorp.com http://www.kuhlcorp.com

Luwa(9) Wilstrasse 11 8610 Uster, Switzerland Tel.: +41 1 9435151 Fax +41 1 9435152 e-M: info@luwa.ch http://www.luwa.ch

Maf -Roda (1), (2), (5) B.P. 112 82000 Montauban, France Tel.: + 33 5 63 2770 Fax: + 33 5 63 0785 e-M: maf-roda@wanandoo.fr

Nivoba (12), (13) p.o. Box 40, Industrieweg 1 Veendam , Netherlands Tel.: +31598619456 Fax: +31598612194 e-mail: info@nivoba.nl http://www.nivoba.com

Safeline (8) Kaiser Strasse 100

Appendix E 661

52134 Herzogenrath, Germany Tel.: +4924079113110 Fax: +49 2407 59659 e-M: safeline@safelinegmbh.de http://www.safeline.co. uk:

Lorna Systems (8) Southwood Farnborough Hampshire GU14 ONY, UK Tel: +44 1252 893300 Fax: +44 1252 513322 e-M: sales@loma.co.uk: http://www.loma.coml

Odenberg (1), (2), (6) 4038 Seaport Boulevard West Sacramento, CA 95691, USA Tel.: (916) 371 0700 Fax: (916) 371 5471, (800) 688 8396 e-M: odbsac@ix.netcom.com

Pieralisi (1), (13), (15) Via Don Battistoni, 1 60035 Jesi (Ancona), Italy Tel.: +397312311 Fax: +39731231239 e-M: info@Pieralisi.com http://www.pieralisi.com

Protec (6) Via Nationale Est, 19 43044 Collecchio (Parma), Italy Tel.: +39521 800800 Fax: +39521802311 e-M: protec@rsadvnet.it

Romaco/FrymaKoruma (16) Theodorshofweg 4310, Rheinfelden, Switzerland Tel.: +41 61 8364141 Fax: +41 (61) 8312000 e-M: fi:ymakoruma@romaco.com

662 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Russel Finex (11) Zandvoorstraat 20 Industriepark Noord C20 2800 Mecheln, Belgium Tel.: +32 15275919 Fax: +32 15219335 e-M: info@russelfinex.be

Sharples (13), (15) 995 Mearns Rd. Warminster, PA, 18974, USA Tel.: (215) 4434000 Fax: (215) 4434234

Sofil (10) 7, Elv.Luis XI, B.P. 0507 37205 Tours Cedex3, France Tel.: + 33247 385262 Fax: + 33247385366 e-M: info@sofil.com http://www.sofil.com

Sortex (6) Pudding Mill Lane London, E 15 2PJ, UK Tel: +44181 5190525 Fax: +44 181 5195614 e-M: sales@sortex.com

A.B.L. srI (2), (4) Via deU' Artigianato 5/2 41032 Cavezzo (Mo), Italy Tel.: + 39 535 58927 Fax: + 39 535 58903 e-mail: info@ablcavezzo.it

Sfk (1) Tranformervej 9 2730 HerIev, Danmark Tel.: +4544503700 Fax: +4544923710 e-M: info@sfktech.com http://www;sfktech.com

Schenk ISeitz (USF), (9), (10), Filterbau GmbH Bettringer Strasse 42, Germany Postfach 20 73550 Waldstetten Tel.: +4971 401 - 0 Fax: +4971401 - 107 http://www.schenk-filters.de

SRC Vision (6) Luchthavvenweg 47 A 5657 EA Eindhoven, Neatherlands Tel.:+31 402922222 Fax: + 31 40 2922228 e-M: srcvmarketing@compuseve.com

Turatti (1), (2) Via Regina Margherita 42 300014 Cavazere, Italy Tel.: +39426310731 Fax: + 39 426 310500 e-M: turatti@iol.it

Veronesi (13) Via Don Minzoni 40050 Villanova di Castenaso Bologna, Italy Tel.: + 39516054511 Fax: + 3951 6054511 e-M: sac@veronesi.separatori.com www.veronesi.separatori.com

USF Johnson Screens (11) 1950 Old Highway 8 New Brighton MN 55112,USA

-or-PO Box 64118 St Paul MN 55164, USA Tel.: (651) 638 3900 Fax: (651) 638 3244

USF (5), (10), (14) 2118 Greenspring Drive Timonium MD 21093, USA Tel: (410) 252 0800 Fax: (410) 560 2857 http://www.usffiltration.com

USF Companies: Seitz Filters (Germany) Schenk Filters (Germany) Johnson Screens (USA) Hydrotech (Sweden)

CHAPTER 6: HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

Actini Pare de Montigny 74500 Evian-Les-Bains, France Tel.: +3350707474 Fax.: +3350707475 e-M: actini@actini.com http://actini.com

Alfa Laval AB(Alfa Laval Flow) Rudeboksvaegen 3, Box 73 221 00 Lund ,Sweden Tel.: +46 46 36 70 00 Fax: +46463671 82 e-M: info@alfalaval.com http://www.alfalaval.com

API Schmidt-Bretten pforheimer Strasse 46 75015 Bretten, Germany Tel.: +49 7252 530 Fax: +49 7252 53200 e-M: webmaster@apischmidt­

bretten.de http://www.apischmidt-bretten.de

Appendix E 663

Zanicheli-Zacmi (1), (2) Via Manitoba 65 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521243737 Fax: +39521 e-M: zacmi@Pn.intel.it http://www.popnet.it/zacmi

APV P.O.Box4 Gatwick Road, Crawley,RHlO 2QB, UK Tel.: +44 1293 527777 Fax: +441293535104 http://www.apv.com

Bm-k+ k P.O.Box 46 3440 AA Woerden, Netherlands Tel.: +31348435440 Fax: + 31 348 435499 e-M: k+k@BMA-nl.com

Frigoscandia (FMC) 1719 Cannon Road P.O. Box 98 Northfield, MN 55057,USA Tel.: (507) 645 9546 Fax: (507) 645 6148 e-M: info-nfs@fmc.com http://www.frigoscandia-

equipement.com

GEA Dorstener Strasse 484 44809 Bochum, Germany Tel.: +492349801087 Fax: +49 234 9801087 e-M: pr@gea-ag.com http://www.geaag.com

664 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

PPM Vaverrigatan 2 29134, Kristianstadt, , Sweden Tel.: +4644204400 Fax: +46 44204420

Rossi & Catelli Via Traversetolo 21 A 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521240345 Fax: + 39 521 242690 e-M: rcatelli@tin.it

Societe Lagarde BP 35 100, route de Valence 26201 Montelimar Cedex, France Tel.: +33475007910 Fax: +33475015884 e-M: lagarde@lagarde-autoclaves.com http://www.lagarde-autoclaves.com

Waukesha Cherry-Burrell 611 Sugar Creek Road Delavan, WI 53115 U.S.A. Tel.: (800) 252 5200 or

(414) 728 1900 Fax: (800) 252 5012 or

(414) 728 4904 e-M: custserv@gowcb.com

CHAPTER 7: FOOD EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT

Alfa Laval AB Box 73, Rudeboksvagen 3 221 00 Lund ,Sweden Tel.: +46 46367000 Fax: +4646367182 e-M : info@alfalaval.com

APV Systems Drying and Evaporation and Unit

Systems 395 Fillmore Avenue Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA Tel.: (716) 744 2256 (800) 828 7391

or (800) 828 7667 Fax: (716) 744 2379 e-M: apv@apvsystems.com http://www.apv.com

Aqua - Chern, Inc. 7800 North 113th Street Milwaukee, WI 53224, USA Tel.: (414) 961-2830 Fax: (414) 961-2723 e-M: business@aqua-chem.com

Atlas Industries Baltropvej 160 2750 Ballerup, Denmark Tel.: +4544890200 Fax: +45 44 89 04 00 e-M: atlas-stord@atlas-stord.dk

Entropie 17 rue Thiers, B.P.6103 78176 St.-Germain-en-Laye Cedex,

France Tel.:+33 1 30618200 Fax:+33130614498 e-M: entropie@compuserve.com

Fenco Via Verdi 11 P.O.Box 223 43100 Parma, Italy Fax: +39521771052/0521200716 e-M: fenco@tin.it http://www.fencospa.com or

www.fenco.it

FranRica (FMC) 2807 So, Hwy 99-95205 Box 30127 Stockton, Ca 95213, USA Tel.: (209) 948 2811 Fax: (209) 948 5198 e-M: fpsd@intl.fincti.com http://www.fincfoodtech.com

GEA- Wiegand Einstein Strasse 9-15 76275 Ertlingen, Germany Tel.: +49 7243 7050 Fax: +49 7243 705330 e-M: info@gea-wiegand.de http://www.gea-ag.com

Luwa Wilstrasse 11, 8610 Uster, Switzerland Tel.: +41 19435151 Fax: +41 19435152, e-M: info@luwa.ch

Rossi & Catelli Via Traversetolo 2/ A 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521240345 Fax: +39521242690 e-M: rcatelli@tin.it

Appendix E 665

Swenson Process Equipment, Inc. 26000 Whiting Way Monee, IL 60449-8060, USA Tel.:(708) 3315500,210-5062 Fax: (708) 331 5559,587-2225 e-M: webmaster@swenson-equip.com http://www.swenson-equip.com

Unipektin Claridenstrasse 25 CH-8022 Zuerich, Switzerland Tel.: +41 12065444 Fax: +4112065455 e-M: info@zh.unipektin.ch http://www.unipektin.com

Waukesha Cherry-Burrell 611 Sugar Creek Road Delavan, WI 53115, USA Tel.: (800) 2525200 or

(414) 728 1900 Fax: (800) 252 5012 or

(414) 728 4904 e-M: custserv@gowcb.com

CHAPTER 8: FOOD DEHYDRATION EQUIPMENT

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of equipment mainly supplied: (1) fluid bed dryers; (2) tower dryers; (3) silo driers; (4) cabinet dryers; (5) belt dryers; (6) vacuum dryers; (7) freeze dryers; (8) spray dryers; (9) tunnel dryers; (10) microwave dryers; (*) more than one type of equipment.

666 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Aeroglide COrp. (*) P.O.Box 29505 Raleigh, NC 27626, 0505, USA Tel.: (919) 851 2000 Fax: (919) 851 6029 http://www.aeroglide.com

APV Anhydro AS (*) Drying and Evaporation Oestmarken 7 2860 Soeborg, Denmark Te.l.: + 45 39 692911 Fax: + 45 39 693880 http//www.invensys.com

APV Pasilac LTD (*) Denton Holme Carlisle, Cumbria CA2 5DU, u.K. Tel.: + 44228 34433 Fax: +44228401060 http://www.invensys.com

Arthur White Process Plant Ltd (l) Stapeley Manor, Stapeley Natwich, Chesire, CW5 7JL, U.K. Tel: +44782 321317

Atlas-Stord Denmark AlS (*) Islevdalvej 148 2610 Roedovre, Denmark Tel.: + 45 70271214 Fax: + 4570271215 e-M: atlas-stord@atlas-stored.dk http://www.Atlas-Stord.com

Babcock-BSH AG (*) Park Strass 47829 Krefeld, Germany Tel..: +492151448430 Fax: + 49 2151 448592 e-M: verfahrenstechnik@babcock­

bsh.de http://www.babcock-bsh.de

Cimbria Manufacturing AS (2), (3) Faarto vej 22 7700 Thisted, Denmark Tel.: + 45 961 79000 Fax: +45961 79019 e-M: holding@cimbria.com

Criofarma (7) S. del Francese 97/2L 10 156 Torino, Italy Tel.: + 39 11 4701769 Fax: + 39 11 4701981

GEA Niro Atomizer AS (8) Gladsaxevej 305 2860 Soeborg, Denmark Tel.: +4531691011 Fax: +4531691414 http://www.niro.dk

GIG (1) Industrie Str.21 , P.O.Box.151 4800 Attnag-Puchheim, Austria Tel.: + 43 767463033 Fax:+43 767465800

Krauss Maffei Verfahrenstechnik GmbH(*)

Krauss Maffei Strasse 2 8000 Munich 50, Germany Tel.: +49 89 88990 Fax: +49 89 889932 99 e-M: info@krauss-maffei.de http://www.krauss-maffei.de

LAW (2), (3) Ave. Du General De-Gaulle, BP 15 60304 Senlis Cedex, France Tel.: +3344530500 e-M: cfai@wanadoo.fr

Mavag (6) Kleiner Letten 8213 Neunkirch, Switzerland Tel. : +41 526870202 Fax: +41 526870220 e-M :info@mavag.com

National Drying Machinery Co (5), (9)

2190 Hornig Road Philadelphia, PA 19116, USA Tel.: (215) 4646070 Fax: (215) 464 4096 e-M : info@nationaldrying.com http://www.nationaldrying.com

Pavan Mapimpianti (4),(9) 27 Via Europa 35015 Galliera Veneta (PD), Italy Tel.: + 39499423111 Fax: + 39 49 5959794 e-M: marketing@pavan.com http://www.pavan.com

Appendix E 667

Proctor & Schwartz. Inc. (*) 251 Gibraltar Rd Hersham, PA 19044, USA Tel.: (215) 4435200 Fax: (215) 4435206 http://www.proctor.com

ZWAG (6), (10) Conradin Zscokke Strasse 5312 Doettingen, Switzerland Tel.: +4156409101 Fax: +4156453739

CHAPTER 9: REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING EQUIPMENT

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of the refrigeration equipment mainly supplied. (1) compressors; (2) freez­ing equipment; (3) ice; (4) controlled atmosphere; (5) cryogenic liquids; (*) More than one type of equipment

Axima Refrigeration Neuwiesen Strasse 15 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel. : +41 522628080 Fax: +41 522620003 e-M : info-refch@axima.eu.com http://www.axima.eu.com

Air Liquide (5) Tour Manhattan 92095 Paris La Defense cedex, France Tel.: +33 1 47767676 Fax: +33 144925121 e-M: ventures@airliquide.com

APV (2) 2936 Foster Creighton Rosemont, ILL. 60018 , USA Tel.: (615) 255 0342 Fax: (615)242 6758

BUUS Refrigeration (3) Elsoevej 219 Froeslev, Denmark Tel.: +45 97 744033 Fax: +45 97 744037 e-M: buus@buus.dk

668 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Frigofrance (3) Place de la Bastille-Les Couets 44340 Bouguenais, France Tel.: +33240320606 Fax: +33240650488 e-M: contact@geneglace.com

Frigoscandia Inc. (*) P.O.Box 3984 Bellevue, WA 98009,USA Tel.: (425) 8832244 Fax: (425) 882 0948 e-M: info@frigoparts.com

GEA Grasso Int.B.V.(*) Parallel Weg 27 5223 AVs -Hertogenbosch,

Netherland Tel.: +31 736203911 Fax: +31736214210 e-M: marketing-orders@grasso.nl

GEA-Technofrigo Dell'Orto Europa S.p.A. (*)

Via Mateotti 161 40013 Caste1maggiore (Bologna),

Italy Tel.: +3951 718511 Fax: +3951 714261 e-M: juelichsuw@geag.com

Gram (2) AaGram Vej 1 6500 Vojens, Denmark Tel.: +45 7320 1000 Fax: +45 7320 1005 e-M : sales@gram-equipment.com

Isocold (4) Via Ai Vodi, 46 38015 Lavis (Tn), Italy Tel.: +49461 246655 Fax: +49461246748 e-M: info@isocold.it

Jackstone Froster Ltd .(2) Uni 31, Wilks Ave.Hawley Road Questor Estate Dratford, Kent, DAI 11S, UK Tel.: +44 132226418 Fax: +44 1322 24890 e-M: sales@jackstonefroster.com

Kobelco Compressors (1) 3000 Hammond Ave. Elkhart, IN 46516, USA Tel.: (219) 2953145 Fax: (219) 293 1641 e-M: Kobelco@rogers-machinery

LindeAG (5) P.O.Box 501610 5000 Koeln, Suerth, Germany Tel.: +49223660101 Fax: +49236390837 e-M: info@linde.de

Mycom (1) 13-1, Botan 2 Koto-Ku, Tokyo 135-8482, Japan Tel.: +81 3 36428088 Fax: + 81 3 3643 7094 e-M: kaisouki@mycomj.co.jp

Samifi Babcock (1 ) ZI Sud, Rue Jean Jaures 61200 Argentan, France Tel.: + 33 233 122350 Fax: +33233 122351 e-M: samifi61@imaginet.fr

Stal-York (1),(2),(3) 60187 Norrkoeping, Sweden Tel.: +46 11 139800

Sulzer-Escher Wyss (*) Hardstr. 319 8023 Zurich 5, Swizerland Tel: + 1 278 3344, Fax: + 1 2782202

York Internat.Corp. (*) 631 South Richland Ave. York, PA 17403, USA Tel: +771 7890, Fax: +771 7381

York International companies (*) Sabroe Stal Gram Frick York Refrigeration

Appendix E 669

York Refrigeration (1), (3) P.O.Box 1810 8270 Hoejberg, Aarhus, Denmark Tel.: +45 87 367000 Fax: +45 87 36 7005 e-M: yorkref@Yorkref.com

Ziegra Eis (3) Ernst Grote Strasse 7 30916 Isarnhagen, Germany Tel.: 511 9024440 Fax: 511 613 8042 e-M: ice@ziegra.com

CHAPTER 10: THERMAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Blanchers

Cabinplant International Roesbjergvei 9 5683 Haarby, Denmark Tel.: +45 6473 2020 Fax: +45 6473 1253 e-M: cpi@cabinplant http://www.cabinplant.com

Key Technology 150 Avery St. Walla, Wa 99362,USA Tel.: (509) 529 2161 Fax: (509) 527 1331 e-M: uptime.info@keyww.com http://www.keyww.com

Lyco Manufacturing 115 Commercial Drive Columbus, WI 53925, USA Tel.: (414) 623 1152 Fax: (414) 6233780 e-M: lyco@lycomfg@.com http://www.lycomfg.com

670 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Sterilizers and Pasteurizers

Alfa Laval AB (Alfa Laval Flow) Box 73 221 00 Lund ,Sweden Rudeboksvaegen 3 Tel.: +46 (46) 36 70 00 Fax: +46 (46)36 71 82 e-M: info@alfalaval.com http://www.alfalaval.com

Allpax 13510 Seymour Myers Blvd Convington, LA 70433, USA Tel.: (985) 893 9277 Fax: (985) 893 9477 e-M: info@allpax.com http://www.allpax.com

APV P.O.Box4 Gatwick Road Crawley, RH10 2QB, UK Tel.: +44 (1293) 527777 Fax: +44 (1293) 535104 http://www.apv.com

APV Crepaco 935 West Bryn Mawr Rosemont, IL 60018, USA Tel.: (708) 678 4300 Fax: (708) 678 4307

Armfield (Miniature equipment) Bridge House West Street Ringwood, Hampshire BH24 IDY, UK Tel. : +44 1425478781 Fax: +44 1425470916

Barriquand Sterilflow 32 rue de Cambrai 75019 Paris, France Tel.: +33 140370845 Fax: + 33 1 40380699 e-M:

Barriquand. Sterilflow.Paris@wanad oo.fr

Biaugeaud Henri 465 av Aristde Briand 94111 Arcueil Cedex, France Tel: +3342537740 Fax: + 33 42 531126

Bm-k+k (1), (2) P.O.Box 46 3440 AA Woerden, Netherlands Tel.: +31 348435440 Fax: + 31 348 435499 e-M: k+k@BMA-nl.com

Dixie Canner Co. 786 East Broad Street Athens, GA 30601, USA Tel.: (706) 549 1914 Fax: (706) 549 0137 e-M: sales@dixiecanner.com http://www.dixiecanner.com

FMC Corporation Food Processing Division 2300 Industrial Ave. Box A, Madera, CA 93639 , USA Tel. : (209) 661 3200 Fax: (209) 661 3222 e-M: fpsa.info@intl.fmcti.com

GEC Alsthom-ACB Prairie au duc 44945 Nantes Cedex 9, France Tel.: +3340411404 Fax: +3340470151

I wai Kikai Kogyo 3-17-10 Higashi-Kojiya Ota-Ku, Tokyo 1440033, Japan Tel.: +8133744155 Fax: +81 337417150 e-M : iwai@mail.magica13.egg.or.jp

Lagarde 100 route de Valence 26 200 Montelinar, France Tel.: +3375017833 Fax: +3375015884 e-M: lagarde@lagarde-auto

Lubeca-Scholz Heinrich Strasse 1-5 48653 Coesfeld, Germany Tel.: +492541 7450 Fax: +492541 82741 e-M: korr@sholz-mb.de

Microthermics (Miniature equipment) 5042-F Departure Drive Raleigh, NC 27616, USA Tel.: (919) 878 8045 Fax: (919) 878 8032 http://www.microthermics.com

Pick Heaters P.O.Box 516 West Bend, WI 53095, USA Tel.: (414) 338 1191 Fax: (414) 338 8489 e-M : info@pickheaters.com http://www.pickheaters.com

Appendix E 671

Rossi & Catelli Via Traversetolo 2/ A 43100 Parma, Italy Tel: +39521240345 Fax: +395212422690 e-M: rcatelli@tin.it

Stock America Inc. Corporate Headquarters 995 Badger Circle Grafton, WI 53024, USA Tel.: (262) 375 4100 Fax: (262) 375 4101 http://www.stockamerica.com

Stork Ketelstraat 2 1021 JX Amsterdam, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 20 6348911 Fax: + 31 20 6369754 e-M: info@storck-food-dairy.com

Stork Food Machinery 3525 West Peterson Ave. Chicago, IL 60659, USA Tel.: (312) 583 1455 Fax: (312) 5838155

Tetra Pak (De Laval) 333 West Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606, USA Tel: (312) 553 9200 Fax: (312) 5535151

Turatti Via Regina Margherita 42 300014 Cavazere, Italy Tel.: +39426310731 Fax: + 39 426 310500 e-M: turatti@iol.it

672 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Waukesha Cherry-Burrell (8), (9) 611 Sugar Creek Road Delavan, WI 53115, USA Tel.: (800) 2525200 or (414)728 1900 Fax: (800) 252 5012 or (414)728 4904 e-M: custserv@gowcb.com

CHAPTER 11: MASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

Distillation Equipment

APVCrepaco 345 Filmore Ave. Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA Tel.: (716) 692-3000 Fax: (716) 6921715

Artisan Industries 73 Pond Street Waltham, MA 02254, USA Tel: (617) 893-9193 Fax: (617) 647-0143

Distillation Engineering Co 105 Dorsa Ave. Livingstone, NJ 07039, USA Tel.: (201) 992-9600

Flavourtech Americas, Inc. (Spinning column) Graton, CA 95444, USA Tel.: (707) 829-6216 Fax: (707) 829-6211 www.flavourtech.com

Koch-Otto York. Package Plants Div. 42 Intervale Rd. Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA Tel.: (973) 299 9200 Fax: (973) 299 9401 http://www.modular-process.com

Zanicheli-Zacmi Via Manitoba 65 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39 (521) 243737 Fax: +39 (521) 243701 e-M: zacmi@Pn.intel.it http://www.popnet.itizacmi

Pope Scientific, Inc. (molecular distillation)

351 N. Dakota Woods Blvd. Saukville, WI 53080, USA Tel.: (262) 268-9300,

Fax: (262) 268-9400 http://www.popeinc.com

UIC GmbH (molecular distillation) D-63755 Alzenau-Hoerstein, Germany Tel: (49) 6023950100 Fax: (49) 6023 950266 http://www.UIC-GmbH.de

Unipektin Claridenstrasse 25 CH-8022 Zuerich, Switzerland Tel.:+41 12065444 Fax:+41 12065455 info@zh.unipektin.ch http://www.unipektin.com

Ion Exchange Equipment

Alimentech (Bucher/CH) Wellington House 2 Kentwwod Hill Tilchurst, Reading RG3,UK Tel.: +44754420440 Fax: +44 734 420631

Illinois Water Treatment Co Alcoa Separations Technology Group Rockford, IL 61105, USA Tel. (815) 877 3041

Appendix E 673

CHAPTER 12: EQUIPMENT FOR NOVEL FOOD PROCESSES

Membrane Processing

Millipore (Amicon) 24 Cherry Hill Drive Danvers, MA 01923, USA Tel.: (617) 777 3692, (800) 426 4266 Fax: (781) 533 3110 http://www.millipore.com

Berghof Harret Strasse 1 72800 Eningen, Germany Tel. +497121 8940 Fax: +497121 894100 e-M: logistic@berghof-automation.de http://www.berghof.com

Dow Chemical Co. Liquid Separations Systems Midland, MI 48674, USA Tel. (800) 447 4369 Fax: (989) 832 1465 e-M: dowciq@dow.com

E.I. du Pont de Nemours 1007 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19898, USA Tel.: (800) 441 7515 Fax: (302) 999 4754 e-M: info@dupont.com http://www.dupont.com

Film Tec Corp. 7200 Ohms Lane Edina, MN 55439, USA Tel.: (612) 8974386

Graver Separations, Inc. 200 Lake Drive Newark, DE 19702, USA Tel.: (302) 731 3539

Hydranautics. Inc. (Nitto-Denko) 401 Jones Rd. Oceanside, CA 92054, USA Tel.: (619) 9012500 Fax: (619) 901 2478 e-M: info@hydronautics.com

674 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

lonics, Inc. 65 Grove Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA Tel.: (617) 9262500 Fax: (617) 926 4304 e-M: CorpMark@Postoffice.ionics.com

Koch Membrane Systems 850 Main Street Wilmington, MA 01887, USA Tel.: (978) 698 7000 Fax: (978) 698 5208 e-M: deskbos@kochind.com http://www.kochmembrane.com

Nitto-Denko 10th floor, East Tower, Gate City

Ohsaki 1-11-2, Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo

141-0032, Japan Tel.:+81 3 57402101 Fax: +81 3 57402250 http://www.nitto.com

Osmonics 5951 Clearwater Drive Minnetonka, MN 55343, USA Tel.: (800) 848 1750, (612) 933 2277

PCI Membrane Systems, Inc. Laverstock Mill Whitchurch, Hapshire RG28 7NR, UK Tel.: +441256896966 Fax: +44 1256 893835 e-M: pcims@compuserve.com http://www.com/products/pci/

PCI Membane Systems 1615 State Route 131 Suite 100 Milford, OH 45150, USA Tel.: (513) 575 3500 Fax: (513) 575 7393 e-M: pcimsinc@compuserve.com

Sulzer Chemtech Membrane Systems Neukirchen, D-66540, Germany Tel.: (49) 6821 79234 Fax: (49) 6821 79250 e-M:

corporate.communications@sulzer. com

http://www.sulzer.com

Tech-Sep Division of Rhone-Poulenc 5 Chemin du Pilon St. Maurice de Beynost - Bp 347 01703 Miribel Cedex, France Tel.: +3372 012727

US Filter Corp. 181 Thornhill Rd. Warrendale, PA 15086, USA Tel. (412) 772 1337

Supercritical Extraction Equipment

Arthur D. Little Corp. CF Systems Corp. 25 Acorn Park Cambridge, MA 02140, USA Tel.: (617) 498 5000 Fax: (617) 4987200 http://www.adl.com

Autoclave Engineers (Snap-tites Inc.) 2930 W 23rd Street Erie, PA 16506, USA Tel.: (814) 838 5700 Fax: (814) 833 0145 e-M: snaptite@snap-tite.com

Separex 5 Rue J. Monod-BP9 54250 Champigneulles, France Tel. : + 33 3 8332424 Fax: +33383312483 http://www.separex.com

Freeze-Concentration Equipment

GEA-Niro Gladsaxevej 305 2860 Soebotg, Denmark Tel.: +45 39545454 Fax: +45 39545800

Sandvik Process Systems 21 Campus Rd. Totowa, NJ 07512, USA Tel. (201) 790 1600 Fax: (201) 790 3377 e-M: spsusa.info@sandvik.com

Appendix E 675

SITEC Sieber Engineering AG Aschbach 621, 8124 Maur/Zurich, Switzerland Tel.: +41 1 9822070 Fax: +41 1 9822079 e-M: sieber@sitec-hp.ch http://www.sitec-hp.ch

Thar Desgns, Inc. 730 William Pitt Way Pittsburg, PA 15238, USA Tel.: (412) 826 3939 Fax: (412) 826 3215 http://www.thardesigns.com

Sandvic 81181 Sandviken, Sweden Tel.: +4626260000 Fax: +4626261022 e-M: info.group@sandvik.com

676 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

High-Pressure Processing Equipment

ABB Pressure Systems AB S-22186 Lund, Sweden Tel. +46 46 36 10 94 Fax: +4646363191

Flow International Corp. (Avure Technologies) 2350 64 th Ave. South Kent, WA 98032, USA Tel.: (206) 813 3346 Fax: (206) 813-3280 http://www.flowcorp.com http://www.avure.com

Food Irradiation Equipment

E-Beam, Inc. 118 Melrich Rd. Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA Tel. (877) 413 2326 e-M: ebeam@ebeamservices.com

Sterigenics International, Inc. P.O.Box 5030 Fremont, CA 94537, USA Tel. (800) 777 9012 http://www.sterigenics.com

GecAlsthom Prairie au Duc 44945 Nantes, Cedex 9, France Tel. : +33240411616 Fax: +33240470151 http://www.ind.alstom.com

SureBeam Corp. Division of Titan Corp. 3033 Science Park Rd. San Diego, CA 92121, USA Tel. (858) 552 9500 http://www.titan.com

CHAPTER 13: FOOD PACKAGING EQUIPMENT

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of packaging equipment mainly supplied. (1) Dosing, (2) Aseptic-, Modi­fiedAtmoshere, (3) Vacuum (4)Bottle and jar filling, (5) Carton filling and clos­ing, (6) Cup filling, (7) Form-Fill-Seal/ Aseptic and non aseptic (bags, pouches), (8) Blow mold bottle/container forming-filling-sealing (9) Filling and seaming of cans, (10) Bottle and jar closing/capping etc., (11) Forming (errection) and closing cartons and boxes, (12) Clip-fasting and bag sewing, (13) Shrink pack­aging (small packages), (14) Packaging into boxes (and eventually closing) of boxes for shipment, (15) Bag and net filling, (16) Palletizing, (17) Wrapping for shipment, (18) Weighing/Checkweihing, (19)Unscramblling

Adelphi Manufacturing Co.Ltd. (1), (4), (10), (19)

Olympus House Mill Green Road Haywards Heath West Sussex, RH161XQ, UK Tel.: +44 1444472300 Fax: +441444440272 e-M: sales@adelphi.uk.com

Albro Dico Gravfil (19) Henwood Hythe Road Ashford Kent TN24 8DS, UK TeL,: +44 1233629161 Fax: +44 1233 639560 e-M: asfordsales@gei-int.com

Alpma (17) 13 Rue Morice 92110 Clichy , France Tel.: +33 141272800 Fax: +33 142702986

American Can International (9) 75 Holly Hill Lane Greenwich, CT 06830, USA Tel.: (203) 552 200

Angelus Sanitary Can Mach.Co. (9) 4900 Pacific Boulevard Los Angeles, Cal.90058,USA Tel.: (213) 583 2171 Fax: (213)5875607 e-M. angelus@angelusmachine.com

A. Lorenzo Barroso (12) Poligono Industrial "El Cros" Cidel Torrent de Mada, POBox 73 Tel.: +34937998300 Fax: + 34 937 998288 08310 Argentona Barcelona, Spain e-M: alorenzobarroso

@alorenzobarroso.com

Appendix E 677

Benco Pack (2), (3), (6), (7), (16) Industria Macchine Automatiche Via Toscana, 1 29100 Piacenza, Italy Tel.: +39523578047 Fax: +39523613892 e-M: bencopack@tin.it

Bizerba USA (18) 31 Gordon Road Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Tel.: (732) 8190121 Fax: (732) 8190429 e-M: admin@bizerbausa.com C&V (9), (10) Pilmann Strasse 18 38112 Braunschweig, Germany Tel.: +4953123170160 Fax: +4953123170161 e-M : info@rhv-service.de

Dawson (4), (16) Stephenson way Thetford Norfolk,IP243RU,UK Tel.: +44 1842753505 Fax:+44 1842753508 e-M: info@dawson-UK .. com

DeLaval (Tetrapak) (2) P.O.Box 39 14721 Tumba, Sweden Tel. : +46 8530 66000 http://www.delaval.com

Dixie Union France (3), (7) Zone Industielle 35606 Redon Cedex, France Tel. : +33299712188 Fax: +33299714181 e-M : dixie.union@wanadoo.fr

678 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Dizma (5), (7) Abruzzi, 16, Z.I. 36015,C.P. 68 Schio , Italy Tel.: +39445 575400 Fax: + 39445 575778 e-M. dizma@dizma.it

Elecster (7), (14) P.O. Box 39 37801 Toijala, Finland Tel. : +358201 541211 Fax: +358201541400 e-M: sales@electer.fi

Electronic Weighing Systems (18) 664 Fisherman Street Opa Locka, FL 33054 , USA Tel.: (305) 685 8067 Fax: (305) 685 2440 e-M: info@electronicweighing.com

Femia Industrie (4), (9) 31 boulev.de Bouvets 92741 Nanterre, France Tel.: +33 147968200 Fax: +33147170665

Ferrum (3), (4), (9) 5102 Rupperswil, Switzerland Tel.: +41628891311 Fax: +41 628891211 e-M: conserven@ferrum.ch

Franco Boni (3), (5), (9), (12) Via Guareschi 5 43030 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521 681850 Fax: +39521681887

FranRica (2) P.O.Box 1928 Stockton, CA 95201, USA Tel.: (209) 948 2811 Fax: (209)948 5198 e-M. info@fmc.com

GEA Finnah (2), (6), (7) Einstein Strassse 18 48663 Ahaus, Germany Tel.: +492561 6850 Fax: +49256168513 e-M: gea-finnah@com.de

Gram Equipment NS (6) Aage Gramsvej DK-6500 Vojens, Denmark Tel.: +4573201000 Fax: +4573201005 e-M: contact@gram~equipment.com

Hassia (4), (6), (7) Postfach 1120 63689 Ranstadt, Germany Tel.: +496041 810 Fax: +496041 81213 e-M: info@Hassia.de

Hoegger Alpina (3), (12), (15) 9202 Gossau SG, Switzerland Tel.: +41 71 3886363 Fax: +41 71 3886300 e-M. info@tippertie.ch

Ishida (18) 44 Sanno-cho Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan Tel.: +81 757714141 Fax: +81 757511634 e-M: webood@sf.ishida.co.jp

Krones (4), (14), (16) Bohmerwald Strasse 5 D-93068 Neutraubling, Germany Tel.: +499401 700 Fax: +499401 702488/703239 e-M. sales@krones.de

KHS (1), (4), (16) Juchostr.20 44143 Dortmund, Germany Tel.: +49 231 5690 Fax: +492311541 e-M: info@khs-ag.com

Lubeca-Scholz (9), (10) Heinrich Strasse 1-5 48653 Coesfeld, Germany Tel.: +492541 7450 Fax: +492541 82741 e-M: korr@sholz-mb.de

Lymac (16), (17) Zone Industrielle-Voie Bleue 69280 Sainte Consorce, France Tel. + 33478442695 Fax + 33 4 78442205

Marden Edwards (13) 2 Nimrod Way, Ferndown Industrial

Estate Wimborne, Dorset BH21 7SH, UK Tel. +44 1202861200 Fax +44 1202 861400 e-M. me@mepack.co.uk

Meca Plastic (3), (5), (7), (11), (14) 137 Rue Du Professeur Paul Milliez 94506 Champigny Sur Marne, France Tel.: +33 145166261 Fax: +33 145 166263 e-M: Info@Mecaplastic.Com

Morray Engineering (12), (17), (18) Anglia Way Braintree Essex, CM7 3RG, UK Tel.: +44 1376322722 Fax: +44 1376323277 e-M: sales@morray.com

Appendix E 679

Multivac (3), (10), (14) 2 passage Fernand Leger, Parc

d' Enterprises de Esplanade, St Thibault de Vignes 77462 Lagny-sur-Mame Cedex,

France Tel.: +33 1 64 121314 Fax: + 33 1 64 127530 e-M: muf@multivac.fr

Nova Socimec (4), (5), (6), (16) 4 rue Jules Ferry 28190 Courville-sur-Eure, France Tel.: +3323723215 Fax: +33237237691 e-M: nova.socimec@wanadoo.fr Ocme (2), (4), (5), (10), (11), (13),

(14), (16), (17) Via del Popolo, 20/ A 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521275111 Fax: + 39 521 272924 e-M: marketing@ocme.it

Omori Machinery (16), (17) 2761, Nishikata, Koshygaya 3430822 Saitama, Japan e-M: koho@omori.co.jp

Otandu (3) 20560 Onati , Spain Tel.: + 34 943 782652 Fax: +34943780819 e-M: envase@packaging.ulma.es

Packaging MaChinery Corp.(PFM), (1), (2),(3), ((5),((7),(18)

1271 Ringwell Ave. NEWMARKET, Ontario

L3Y7Vl,Canada Tel.: + 1 305 8366709 Fax: + 1 305 8367763 e-M: info@pfmusa.com

680 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Paker Becm (4), (5), (7), (11) ZA de Chartres-Gellainville 5, rue Gustave Eiffel, B.P.347 28630 Gellainville, France Tel.: + 3337285030 Fax: +3337301888

Poly-Clip System (12) Westerbachstr.45 60489 Frankfurt, Germany Tel.: +496978060 Fax: +49697806360 e-M: service@polyclip.de

Posimat (19) Av. Arraona 17-23 Poligono can Salvatella 8210 Barbera del Valles IBarcelona,

Spain Tel.: +34937297616 Fax: + 34 7298856 e-M: sales@posimat.com

Rapak Liquid Packaging (5), (17) Butlers Leap Clifton Road, Rugby Wurwickshire, CV213RQ, UK Tel.: +44 1788 570612 Fax: +44 1788 546903 e-M: malcolm.shipway@etc.dssp.com

R. Bosch Verpackungsmaschinen Stuttgarter Str.130 71301 Weiblingen, Germany Tel.: +497151 1401 Fax: +497151 142818 e-M: vt@boschpackaging.com

R. Bosch Packaging Companies Hammac Hoeller Hoefliger & Karg Hesser

Rommelag (2), (4), (8) Mayennerstrasse 18-20 71332 Weiblingen, Germany Tel.: + 49751 54077-79 Fax: +49751 15526 e-M: Webmaster@rommelag.com

Rossi Catelli (2) Via Traversetolo 21 A 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521240345 Fax: +39521242690 e-M: rcatelli@tin.it

Rovema (7), (17) Industriegebiet Annerod 6301 Fernwald, Germany Tel.: +496414090 Fax: +49641409212 e-M: info@rovema.de

Sandiacre Packaging Machinery (7) 101 Lilac Grove-Beeston Nottingham NG9 IPF, UK Tel.: +44 1159678787 Fax: +44 115 9678707 e-M: steve.milner@molins.com

Scholle Corp. (2), (4), (14) 200 West North Ave. Northlake, IL 60164,USA· Tel.: (312) 562 729

Serac (2), (4), (7), (8), (10) Route de Mamers 72400 La Ferte-Bernard, France Tel.: +33243602828 Fax: + 33 243 602839 e-M: serac@serac.fr

Sidel (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), (14), (16), (17)

Av.de la Patrouille de France Octeville sur Mer, BP 204 76053 Le Havre Cedex, France Tel.: + 33232 858687 Fax: +33232858100 e-M.: sales@fra.sidel.com

Siedel packaging companies

Remy Equipment (e-M.: mai1@fra.remy.sidel.com)

HEMA (e-M.: mail@hema­techn.com)

Girondine (e-M.: la.girondine@wanadoo.fr)

Cermex,( e-M.: cermex@cermex.fr)

SIG Holding (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (10), (11), (13), (17)

8212 Neuhausen Rhine Falls, Switzerland

Tel.: +41 526746123 Fax: +41 526746556 e-M: info@sig-group.com

SIG packaging companies SIG Simonazzi, Italy SIG Pack, Switzerland & US SIG Pack /Eagle Packaging (eaglepack@compuserve.com) SIG Sapal, S witzerland( sales@sapal.ch)

SIG Doboy (http://www.doboy.com)

Sima (9) Via G.Galilei 18 42027 Montecchio, Emilia (RE),Italy Tel. + 39 522 863036 Fax: + 39 522 863035 e-M: sima@cpsoftware.it

Appendix E 681

Stork (2), (4), (10), (16) Ketelstraat 2 1021 JX, Amsterdam, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 206348911 Fax: + 31 20 6369754 e-M. info@stork-food-dairy.com

T.A. Shore Co. (18) Northern Court, Vernon Road Basford, Nottingham NG6 OBJ, UK Tel.: +441559757531 Fax: +44 1559770164 e-M: info@tascol.co.uk

Thimonnier (1), (2), (4), (7), (18) 11 avenue de la Paix 69650 St Germain au Mont d'or,

France Tel.: +33472 081919 Fax: +33472 081900 e-M. info@thimonnier.com

Toyo Jidoki Co.Ltd (3), (7), (18) 18-6 Takanawa 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0013, Japan Tel.: +81 354472696 Fax: +81354472692 e-M: saisho@tyj.co.jp http://www.tyj.co.jp

Universal Filling Machine Co. (4), (10)

Pound Lane Kingsnorth, Ashford Kent, TN23 3JE, UK Tel.: +44 1233 643666 Fax: +44 1233 634431 e-M: mail@universalfilling.com

682 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Waldner (4), (17) 1m Weissen Bild 88239 WangeniAlgaeu, Germany Tel.: +4975229860 Fax: +49 7522 986280 e-M: waldner meta@t-online.de

Ward Bekker System Ltd (7), (18) Spring Lane Malvern Worcs WRI36Np, UK Tel.: +44 1684565566 Fax: +44 1684565553 e-M: sales@wardbekker.co.uk

Wolf (I), (7), (13) Bettenhaueser Strasse 3 35423 Lich-Birklar, Germany Tel.: +49640491820 Fax: +49 6404 918283 info@wolf-pack.de

APPENDIXC

Controllers

ABB Control Tel.: +46313392 Fax: +46 40 550027 http://www.abb.com

Allen-Bradley Industrial Control Group Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA Tel.: (414) 382 2000 Fax: (414)3824444 http://www.ab.com

Yamato (18) 5-22 Saenba-cho Akashi 673, Japan Tel.: +81 789122228 Fax: +81 789123039 e-M: scales@yamatocorp.com

Zanichelli Meccanica (Zacmi) (4), (9) Via Mantova 65 43100 Parma, Italy Tel.: +39521243737 Fax: +39 (521) 243701 e-M: sales@zacmi.it

BRIC 21 Caristrap Street Browmaville, ON, LIC 3T6, Canada Tel.: (905) 623 4847 Fax: (905) 626 7342 http://www.bricengineeredysystems.

com

Danfoss 6430 Nordborg, Demark Tel.: +45 74 88 2222 Fax: +4574490949 e-M: danfoss@danfoss.com http://www.danfoss.com

Datapaq (Temperature profiling) Deanland House 160 Cowley Road Cabridge, CB4 4GU, UK Tel.: +440 1223423141 Fax: + 4401223423306 e-M: a1c@datapaq.co.uk http://www.datapaq.com

Etoile International 111 rue Cardinet 75017 Paris, France Tel.: +3347668186 Fax: + 33 42675904 e-M: etoile.inter@magic.fr http://www.etoileinternational.fr

Foxboro/ APV 33 Commercial Street Foxboro. MA. 02035, USA Tel.: (866) 746 6477, (508) 5492424 http://www.foxboro.com

Gefran 54 rue Marc Sequin, BP 2297 68069 Mu1house, France Tel.: +33389591030 Fax: + 33 389 590856 http://www.geFran.it

Honeywell P.O. Box 2245 Morristown, NJ 07962-2245, USA Tel.: (800) 525 7439 http://www.honeywell.com

IDS Nobelstrasse 8 76275 Ettlingen, Germany Tel.: +4972432180 Fax: +497243218100 e-M: info@ids.de

Appendix E 683

Krohne Usine des Ors, BP 98 23103 Romans Cedex, France Tel.: +33475054400 Fax: + 33 4750 54460 e-M: flunel@krohne-sa.com http://www.krohne.com

Philips Analytical Building KW Achtesweg N oord 5 5651 Eindhoven, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 402766976 Fax: + 31 402766328 e-M: analytical.info@philips.com http://www.-us.analytical.philips.com

Siemens Prozess-Automatisierung Richard Strauss Strasse 76 Munich, Germany Tel.: +498992213149 Fax: +498992213366 http://www.ad.siemens.de

Total Control Systems (TCS) 2515 Charleston Place Fort Wayne, Indiana 46808, USA Tel.: (800) 348 4753 Fax: (260) 484 9230 e-M: info@tcsmeters.com

684 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

APPENDIXD

Utilities

Note: The numbers in parentheses following the name of the firm, indicate the type of equipment mainly supplied: (1) steam production; (2) water and eftluent treatment

Aqua Chem (2) (Water Technologies) 3001 EJohn Sevier Hwy Knoxville, Tenessee 37914, USA Tel.: (865) 5442065 Fax: (865 546 4330 e-M: iflores@aqua-chem.com

Babcock & Wilcox (1) 20 S. Van Buren Ave. Barberton, OH 44203-0351, USA Tel.: (800) BABCOCK, (330) 753

4511 Fax.: (330) 860 1886 http://www. babcock com

Beckart Environmental Inc. (2) 6900 46th Street Kensoha, WI 53144, USA Tel.: (262) 656 7680 Fax: (262) 656 7699 e-M: inbox@beckart.com

BMA(2) De Bleek 7 3447 GW- Woerden, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 348435435 Fax: + 31 346 435 399 e-M: info@bma-nl.com http://www.bma-nl.com

Buss (2) Hohenrainstrasse 10 4133 Pratte In 1, Switzerland Tel.: +41 61 8256600 Fax: +41 61 8256813 e-M: info.buss@coperion.com http://www.busscompounding.com

Cleaver-Brooks (Aqua-Chem Inc.) (1) 7800 N.113th Street Milwaukee, WI 53224, USA Tel.: (4143590600 Fax: (414) 577 3159 e-M: info@cleaver-brooks.com http://www.cleaver-brooks.com

Garioni Naval (1) Viale de Caduti 3 25030 Castelmella, Italy Tel.: +39302681541 Fax: +39302640910 e-M: carioninaval@compurserve.com

Krofta (2) 401 South Street Dalton, MA 01227, USA Tel.: (413) 236 5634 Fax: (413) 2366917 e-M: info@kroftach.com

Larox (2) Tukkikatu 1 53101 Lappeenranta, Finland Tel.: +3585668811 Fax: +35656688277 e-M: info@larox.com http://www.larox.com

Standard Kessel Lentjies (2) Baldustrasse 13 47126 Duisburg, Germany Tel.: +492034520 Fax: +4920345211 e-M: info@standardkessel.de http://www.standardkessel.de

Appendix E 685

Loos International (1) Nuerenberger Strasse 73 91710 Gunzenhausen, Germany Tel.: +49 9831 56253 Fax: + 49 9831 5692253 e-M: vertrieb@loos.de

A

3A standards, 26, 62-63 Abrasion, 247, 250, 255 Absorption

gitated tanks, 526 equilibrium stages, 523 gaslliquid equilibria, 522 packed towers, 524 scrubbers, 525 tray columns, 523

Activated carbon, 441, 527 Activation energy, 80, 454 Activity coefficients, 495, 497 Adsorption and ion exchange

columns, 529-530 equilibria, 527, 529 equipment, 527, 529 recovery of valuable

components, 531 removal of undesirable

components, 531 water treatment, 530

Advanced food plants, 31 Agglomeration

centrifugal, 180 combined fluidized bed, 180-181 compression, 182-183 drying, 174, 182 fluidized bed, 179-180 mixing, 173, 177 Shugi,181

Agitated vessels, 277-278 Agitators

anchor, 277 blade, 277

Index

helical ribbon, 203 high speed, 177, 199 paddle, 198-199,520 ribbon, 198,203,277

Air circulation, 438 classifiers, 219, 240 coolers, 396 moving/vacuum equipment, 642 pneumatic conveyors, 96 properties, 635

Air/water vapor mixtures, 332 Aluminum

gas barrier, 589 Alcoholic beverages, 507, 509 Animal by-products, 255 Angle of

knife edge, 138-139 nip, 185 repose, 121 silo wall friction, 121

Antimicrobial metals, 53 Apparent viscosity, 79 Apple juice, 237 Arrhenius equation, 80, 343, 454 Aseptic

filling, 577 packaging,451,479,577,588,

612-616 Aseptic processing,451, 456, 463-464 Aseptic processing-validation, 463 Aspiration classifiers, 219 Assembly

of food materials, 15 operations, 17

Atomizers (sprays), 362

687

Austenitic stainless steel, 54 Automation, 67 Auxiliary facilities, 6 Azeotropes,497,504 Azeotropic distillation, 504

B

Backfiushing, membrane operation, 546

Bags, 115 Baking/Roasting

ovens, 261, 281 Ball formula, 459 Batch

fryers, 284 processes, 3 sterilizers, 470

Belt conveyors, 136-137,284 dryers, 343, 348, 353 feeders, 119 freezers, 385, 424-426 presses, 235, 238

Bigelow method, 459 Bin

dryers, 354 storage, 115

Bins and silos aeration, 350 air-flow rate, 350 classification, 116 emptying, 119

Binary mixtures, 502 Binders, 182 Bingham plastic, 78

688 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Biot number (Bi), 265, 455, 463 Black body, 285 Blanchers, 466, 488--489 Blanching

immersion hot water, 488 individual quick (lQB), 488 steam, 488 water, 488

Blistering, 247 Blood, 247, 250 Blow-mold packages, 592, 612 Boiling point elevation, 314 Bond's law, 151 Bottles

filling, 577, 600, 602-603 Box-pallets, 113 Brandy, 499 Break-even point, 12,36 Breaking

specific energy for propagation, 150

Brinkman number (Br), 202 Brittle materials, 150 Broken heating curve, 458 Brown citrus extractor, 236, 239 BrushinglPolishing,246-247,

251,256 Bucher press, 238 Bucket conveyors, elevators, 107 Budget authorization estimate, 3 Buildings, 2 Bulk density, 209 Burning, 246

c Cage presses, 234 Cake

compressibility, 228 filtration, 255-226, 227-228,

232 pressure drop, 225

Cans bulging, 741 rotating, 472, 477 sizes, 469

Canning, 451, 458, 464 Capacity factor, 9 Capillary flow, See laminar flow Capital

cost, 37 investment, 6

Capitalized cost, 12 Capping, 582 Caps

roll-on, 609 Carbon steel, 53, 121 Carbon dioxide, 428, 440--441,526 Cardboard, 575 Carman-Kozeny equation, 243 Cash flow, 11 Casing, 468 Cast iron, 53 Catalase, 452, 488 Cavitation, 88 CE (Conformite Europeenne), 63 CEN, 63,141 Centrifugal force, 241 Centrifugal separators, 230 Centrifugation, 223 Centrifuges

bowl, 231 cylindrical/tubular, 231 disk, 231 filtering, 232 nozzle-discharge, 231

Ceramic filters, 56-57, 229, 544 modules, 545

Ceramics, 50 Cesium 137, 567-568 Chemical engineering cost index, 9 Chemical processes, 2 Chilling, 383, 408 Chopper, 138 Chute, 101,604 Clp,47,65-66,255,325 Citrus juice

extractors, 239 pasteurization, 487 processing plant, 19

Classification mechanical separations, 194 operations, 17,209 own parts removal, 247

Classifiers rotating plate, 221 wet, 223

Cleaning dry, 258 wet, 256

Closing containers, 468,575,610 equipment, 608

glass containers, 609 metallic containers, 609 plastic packages, 610

C/. botulinum, 453--454,461 C/. pasteurianum, 453 C/. sporogenes, 463 Cobalt 60, irradiator, 567-568 Co-current flow, 271, 274 Colburn analogies, 342 Colburn equation, 525 Cold filling, 597 Cold front, 418 Cold storage, 434 Color sorting, 214 Column efficiency, 506 Column generator, 384 Come-up time, 458, 460 Commercial sterility, 461 Compression ratio, evaporators, 316 Compressors

centrifugal, 385, 394 reciprocating, 389 rotary, 385, 393 screw, 385, 394

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),25

Computer-aided design (CAD), 14, 18,24-25

Computer-aided process engineering (CAPE), 13-14

Computer integrated manufacturing (ClM), 25

Concentration polarization, 549-550

Condensation film, 265 drop-wise, 265

Condensers air-cooled, 385,407 barometric leg, 322 evaporative, 385, 405 tower, 406 tubular, 405

Construction cost, 48 materials, 50 sensitive parts, 58 strength, 51, 57-58

Containers, 587, 609 Contractor's estimate, 3 Control of processing equipment,

639

Controlled atmosphere storage, 439--441

Controllers, 385 Convection, heat transfer, 261, 264 Conversion to SI units, 630 Conveyors

apron, 105 belt, uniform, 101, 102-104 belt, segmented, 101, 104--105 chain, 101, 107 hook, 107 magnetic, 101, 103 plate, 105 roll and skate-wheel, 101, 105,

106 screw, 101, 108

trough, 105 vibratory, 110

Cook room, 471 Cookers/coolers

rotary, 474 Cooking value, 455 Cooling

brine, 396 vacuum, 414

Coring, 247, 250, 252 Corrosion, 51-54 Cost

equipment, 9-11, 48-51 operating, 10--11,38

Cost indices engineering, 9 equipment, 11

Coulter counter, 147 Counter-current flow, 271 Cracks, 149 Cracking (head), 150 Cream-style com, 145 Crimped aluminum caps, 577 Critical control points (CCP), 33 Crown cups, 577, 609 Crushers

hammer, 161 roll, 153

Crushing, 153 Crust, 282 Cryogenic liquids, 429 Crystallization from melt

freeze concentration, 559 ice separation, 561

fat fractionation, 562 detergent fractionation, 62

dry fractionation, 61 solvent fractionation, 63

Crystallization from solution elutriation leg, 535 equipment, 532, 562 mother liquor, 534 nucleation and mass transfer, 560 solubility consideration, 543

Crystallizers industrial, 534

Cumulative distribution, 222 Cut size/diameter, 219, 222, 230, 242 Cutting

angle, 138 edge, 138 elements, 140 equipment, 142 forces, 138 machines, standards, 141 portable tools, 141, 143 tools, 140 wires, 140

Cyclone separators, 223, 240--243 pressure drop, 242 dust collector, 356

D

D-value, 452--454, 459--460, 488 Dalton law, 495 Dean number (Dn), 274 De-bittering of citrus juices, 532 De-caffeination,558 De-boning, 247 De-hairing, 247 De-hulling, 247, 250 De-stemming, 251 Deep freezers, 422 Deformation, 150 Defrosting, 390 Dehydration

food technology, 331, 338 thermal, 331

Demineralization, 530--531, 532 Depectinization, 304 Depilation, 248 Depreciation, 10--11,38 Design

detailed, 3 equipment,S food processes, 1-2, 18 food processing plants, 1

Diameter cut, 230 Feret, 147 Martin, 147 Stokes, 147

Index 689

Diced potatoes, dehydration, 340 Dicing, 137 Dielectric

constants, 368-369 heating, 286 loss, 286 properties, 287 radio frequency drying, 368 thawing equipment, 432

Diffusion activation energy, 343

Diffusivity effective moisture, 336-337, 340

Dilatant fluids, 78 Dimensionless numbers, 265 Directories offood equipment, 73,

645 Discharge

head, 82 valve, 386

Discounted cash flow, 12 Discounted cash flow rate of

return, 37 Discounted factor, 12 Disintegrators, 163 Dispersion, 198 Distillation

columns, 501, 502 efficiency-Murphree, 507 fractionating section, 503 stripping section, 503

condensers, 502 dealcoholization, 513 equilibrium stages, 501

analytical methods, 505 graphical methods, 503 Lewis-Matheson, 506 Thiele-Geddes, 506

essence recovery, 509 fractionation of aromas, 511 stripping of aromas, 510

ethanol, 507 molecular, 513 operating lines, 503-504 reboiler, 502 q-line,504 reflux ratio, 510

690 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Distillation-(continued) sieve trays, 500-501, 520 spinning cone column, 512

Distribution coefficient, 523 Doctor knife, 227 Dosing, See Filling DOT (Department of

Transportation), 127 Double refrigeration cycle, 560 Dough mixers, 199 Dragging, 247, 248 Dry cleaning, 258 Dry caustic cleaning, 254 Dry bulb temperature, 332, 335 Dryer selection

data base, 346-347 fuzzy expert system, 346 information system, 346 iterative approach, 346

Dryers acoustic, 370 adiabatic convective, 332 agitated, 361 belt (conveyor), 343, 348, 353 bin and silo, 348, 350-351 cabinet, 352 capacity, 345 centrifugal, 369 convective, 331, 339, 343, 350,

352-353 dielectric, 368 drum/roller, 348, 364 energy efficient, 374 fluidized bed, 356 freeze-, 348, 365 impingement, 374 infrared, 453 microwave, 368, 369 mobile bin, 354 packed bed, 343 pan,361 pneumatic/flash, 348, 358 pneumatic ring, 359 rotary, 343, 345, 348, 355 safety considerations, 371 salvage value, 12 silo, 348, 350-351 special, 367 spouted bed, 358 spray, 343, 345, 348, 361 superheated steam, 374 tower, 348, 350

tray,345,348,352 tumbling, 453 tunnel, 348, 353 turbo, 361 vacuum, 348,365 vibrated fluidized bed, 357

Drying constant, 335-336 cost, 345, 375 curve, 334 energy consumption, 373-376 foam-mat, 370 fuel-direct combustion, 354, 373 heat and mass transfer, 339 heat recovery, 373 heat sources, 373 heat transfer coefficients, 341,

343 hygienic considerations, 371 mass transfer coefficients,

341,343 mechanical damage, 343 modeling and simulation, 343 rate, 334, 343, 345 ratio curve, 335 safe operation, 364 simulation, 343 specialized processes, 338 specific enthalpy, 332 thermal efficiency, 373

Dud detector, 468 Dust

collectors, 99 explosion, 29, 372

E

Eccentric conveyor drive, 110 EHEDG,63 Elastic materials, 149 . Electrical equipment, 642 Electrical filters, 245 Electric field strength. 571 Electrical properties, 243 Electrical resistance, 353 Electrodialysis, 555 Electromagnetic radiation, 567 Electrostatic

forces, 243 separators, 219

Electron accelerators, 568 Emissivity, 285

Emulsification, 197 Energy

balances, 2-4, 19-22 savings, 364, 376

Emobing, 200 Enthalpy

diagrams (Riedel), 409-410 Enveloping, 618 Enzymes, 237 EPA (Environmental Protection

Agency),94 Equilibria

liquid/liquid, 514 liquid/solid, 514, 527 vaporlliquid, 522

Equilibrium moisture content, 20, 335, 338

Equipment cost, 8 operational characteristics, 67 selection, 146, 167, 187, 198 sizing, 5 specifications, 70 testing, 69

Ergonomics, 68 Essence recovery, 509 Ethanol distillation, 507 Ethanol fermented liquids, 507 Evaporation

combined reverse osmosis/evaporation, 548

food quality considerations, 304 forced circulation, 308 forced falling film, 310 fouling, 299-300, 306, 308, 310,

314,324 heat pump, 318 heat transfer coefficients,

300-303,313-314 hygienic considerations, 324 jacketed vessel, 307 liquid distributors, 320 material and energy balances,

298,306,14,324 overall heat transfer coefficients,

299-300,303,310,319 pre-concentration, 297 rate, 314 steam consumption, 313 steam economy, 314, 316, 324 thermal efficiency, 297 thermal resistance, 297

Evaporators agitated film, 310-311, 318 bodies, 320 centrifugal film, 311 climbing film, 302 coil, 307 components, 320 control, 324 falling film, 299, 303, 309, 316,

319-320 forced circulation, 308 long residence time, 306 long tube vertical (LTV), 309 mechanical vapor compressor,

315 multiple-effect, 313-314, 319,

322 nozzle cone, 320 plate, 321 rising, 300-302 rising/falling, 300 rotating disc, 313 short residence time, 309 short tube, 308 spinning core, 311 thennal recompression, 315 testing, 324 tomato, 307, 318 trough, 320 vapor recompression, 313, 315 waste heat, 319

Evaporators, refrigeration: See Refrigeration evaporators

Exhausting of containers, 468 Exhibitions of food processing

equipment, 74 Explosion Kst-value, 122 Explosion puffing, 370 Explosions, 68 Expression

expulsion, 223 fruit juices, 236 mechanical, 233 roller press, 236 screw press, 235

ExtractionlLeaching equilibrium stages, 517 equipment, 513, 520 mass transfer considerations, 518 oilseed, 519 phase equilibria, 514 solvent, 513

Extractors Bollmann bucket elevator, 522 Bonotto multi-tray tower, 522 centrifugal, 520 cup, 520 Hildebrand, 522 Oldshue, agitated paddle, 520 rotating disc, 520 Rotocell, 522 Scheibel, packed agitated, 520 screw, 522

Extruders twin-screw, 201

Extrusion cooking, 201, 337

F

Factored study estimate, 3 Factorial estimate, 8 F-value, 459- 463 Falling films, 299-303, 309-310,

319-321 Falling rate period (drying), 335 Fanning equation, 82-83,100 Fans, 385, 397,406-407,423-424,

433 Fat fractionation

detergent fractionation, 562 dry fractionation, 559, 562-563 solvent fractionation, 563

Feeders belt, 119 planetary movement, 119 screw, 119 star, 119

Feeding tanks, 575 Fenske equation, 506 Feret diameter, 147 Fennentation

tanks, 127 fh heating time factor, 456-460 Fick's equation, 336, 518, 524 Filling

bottles, 600 carousel, 600 containers, 603 counting, 600 fruits, 604 granules, 606 hot, 585, 597 level, 598, 603 packages/containers, 604-605

Index 691

powder/granules, 604 time-controlled, 600 vacuum, 603 volumetric, 598 weight, 599

Film packages thennofonned, 591-592, 613 tube, 589

Filter aids, 226, 229 Filter cake, 225-227, 229, 232-233 Filter resistance

Cake, 226 Medium, 226

Filter pressure drop, 225-226, 229

Filters air, 244 bag, 240, 242-243 carbon, 230 centrifugal, 323 continuous, 233 deep air, 244 dual-media, 230 electrical, 245 gravity bed, 229 leaf, 228 plate and frame, 226 precoat 228 sand, 229 screw, 532 sterile, 230 vacuum, 227-228,232

Filtration juices, 223, 229 rate, 225, 229 time, 233

Firmness/durability, 67 Fish skin removal, 248 Fixed capital investment, 6 Flexibility, 2, 30,48 Flocculating agents Flotation, 258 Flow Funnel, 122 Mass, 79, 121 Penneability, 543 Plug, 271 Flowability (powders) 97,168,

173,209,216 Flowsheets

process block diagram (PBD), 16, 18,20

692 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Flowsheets-(continued) process control diagram (PCD, 18 process flow diagram (PFD),

18,21 process piping / instrumentation

diagram, 18 Fluidized bed

agglomeration, 179-182 drying, 356 freezing, 424

FMC juice extractor, 239 Food

equipment exhibitions, 74 hygiene, 29 process design, 2-3 process flowsheets/ diagrams,

3,6,18-24 storage, 29

Forced circulation, 283 Forced convection, 261, 283 Forming and fabrication equipment

cartons and cardboard, 87, 588 film-based packages, 588 form-fill- sealing equipment,

577,591,608,613,615 metal containers, 587 sheeters, 200

Forming (food), 194, 199,201 Formula method, 459-461 Fouling (heat exchangers),

269-270 factor, 268 resistance, 270 Fourier equation, 261 Freeze concentration crystallization of ice, 297, 559 food applications, 561 ice separation, 561

Freeze drying, 348, 365 Freezers

air, 423 belt

curved/spiral, 426 elevator system, 426 straight, 425

carbon dioxide, 428, 430 cold surface, 427 cryogenic, 418, 429 fluidized bed, 385,424 nitrogen, 385,428-430 plate, 385, 427-428 tunnel, 385,423

Freezing liquid, 428 point of foods, 420-421 speed, 418 time, 418

Friction head, 81 loss, 82

Fractional interest rate, 12 Froude number (Fr), 175, 196 Frozen pellets, 428 Fruit juice extractors

apple and grape juices, 237 citrus juices, 239 Froude number (Fr), 175, 196 Frozen pellets, 443 Frozen water, 409, 420 Fruit aroma, 509 Fruit juices, 510-511 Fryers, 262, 284 Fusel oils, 500, 509

G

GAB equation, 335 Gamma irradiation sources, 567 Gannt diagram, 3, 28 Gas absorption

equilibria, 522 equilibrium stages

packed towers, 524 tray columns, 523

equipment agitated vessels, 526 columns and packed towers,

526 scrubbers, 527

Gaskets plate heat exchangers, 274, 487

General method (sterilization), 459 Gilliland correlation, 506 Glass

containers, 582 fibers, 57

Glue/Gluing, 611 Good manufacturing practices

(GMP),18,26,29,32-33 Grading, 208-209,210-211,466 Graetz number (Gz), 265-266 Grain

drying, 351 storage, 350

Graesser extractor, 520 Granulation, 168-169,172 Grape juice, 237 Grashofnumber (Gr), 265 Gravitational force, 241 Grindability, 134, 148 Grinders

disk, 161 rotary, 164

Guillotines, 140 Guthrie charts, 8-9

Hardness food, 134 scale, 136

H

Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP), 26, 33

Hazardous operations (HAZOP), 29 Heat balance, 22 Heat exchangers

active length, 274 concentric, 274 direct heating, 481 fouling, 269

plate, 274--277, 482 scraped surface, 416 tubular, 271-274, 482

Heat generation processes, 286 Heat load, 268 Heat penetration curve, 456, 457,

459-460 Heat transfer

equipment, 261 convection, 264, 266, 283 radiation, 286

Heat transfer coefficients overall, 268 simplified equations, air/water,

266 Heat transfer factor, 265, 342 Heaters

infrared, 286 microwave/dielectric, 286 ohmic, 288 radiation, 285

Hedstrom number (He), 83 Heliarc process, 60 Helical (coil) heaters, 274, 307 Hemry's law, 523 Herschel-Bulkley model, 78, 83

HETP (height of equivalent theoretical plate), 520, 524-525

High-pressure processing, 570 High temperature short time

(HTST) processes, 451 Homogenization

degree of, 191 Homogenizers pressure valve, 187, 190-191 rotor-stator, 193 ultrasonic, 194

Houser ratio, 122 HSE (Health and Safety

Executive), 122 HTU (height of a theoretical unit),

520,524,530 Humidification, 332 Husking, 145,250,466 Hydraulic radius, 265 Hydro--cooling, 385 Hydrocyclones, 223 Hydrodynamic properties, 209 Hydrogen peroxide, 576, 613, 615 Hygienic design, 47, 61 Hygienic standards/regulations, 53,

62-64

I

Ice blocks,385,441-442 crystall~ation,418-419,532

flakes, 385, 443 separation, 561 storage, 444 vacuum belt production, 443

Ideal solutions, 495 Image analysis, 214 Impact velocity, 222 Impellers, 154, 165, 181, 197 Inactivation, microorganisms,

enzymes, 452 Indicator diagrams, 391 Indirect / fixed charges, 10 Infrared

heaters, 261, 286 radiation, 285

Inspecting/sorting, 210, 466 Installation

cost, 9 equipment, 59, 61

Instantized products, 170, 172, 182 Instrumentation

diagram, 3 nterest, 12 Investment, 12, 35, 36 Ion exchangers recovery of valuable products,

527,531 removal of undesirable products,

493,527,532 water treatment, 530

Irradiation cost, 569 dosage, 566 electromagnetic radiations, 567 food preservation, 17, 564 irradiation sources, 567 penetration, 565 sources, 567

J

Jars, 577 j, heating lag factor, 456, 458-460 jH, heat transfer factor, 455, 458-460 Jacketed vessels/kettles, 277 Jaw pull system, 589 Jet mills, 166 Jet pump, 84 Juice extractors, 239-240 Juice reamers, 236 Just in time production, 20

K

Kettles, 277-279 Kick's law, 151 Kinetics

destruction of microorganisms, 452

Kneaders, 199 Knives

bone, 142 curved, 140 rotating, 140 saw-toothed, 142 sickle, 140 steak,142 straight, 140 tube, 141,252

Kraft paper, 612 Kremser equation, 517

Index 693

L

Labeling, 468 Labor cost, 10 Lactobacilli, 453 Lactoperoxidase, 487 Lag factor, 456 Laminar flow, 81, 83, 266, 273 Laminated

materials, 588 cartons, 575

Langmuir equation, 528 Lap seal, 589 Latent heat, 436 Lautering tubs, 127 Leaching, See ExtractionlLeaching Lethality, 459 Liquid freezers, 428 Liquid/liquid separation, 209, 230 Lipoxidase, 452 Lipoxygenase, 487 Living tissue, 21 Load cell, 605 Location, 28 Loediger agglomerator, 178 Logarithmic temperature

difference, 272 Low-alloy steels, 53 Lubrication, 392 Lye peeling, 247

M

Magnetic separators, 219, 258 Magnetrons, 287 Magnitude estimation, 3 Maintenance, 47-48, 66 Malt, water extraction, 519 Manufacturers and suppliers of

equipment, 645--685 Manufacturing cost, 10 Marshall and Swift (M&S)

equipment cost index, 9 Martin diameter, 47 Mass transfer

coefficient, 341, 343 factor, 265, 341 operations, 17 rate, 341 surface coefficient, 341

Mass transfer equipment, 493 Material balances, 2- 4

694 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Materials of construction glass-ceramics, 50, 56 metals

aluminum, 54 copper, 55 glass, 56 stainless steel, 54 steel,53

plastics-rubber, 56 wood, 57

McCabe-Thiele diagram, 503, 505 Mechanical energy balance, 80 Mechanical processing equipment,

133 Mechanical seals, 94 Mechanical separation equipment,

207 Membrane separations

electrodialysis, 555 hollow fiber/capillary, 544 mass transfer considerations, 542 microfiltration, 552 pervaporation, 554 plate and frame, 544 pulsating flow, 546 reverse osmosis and

nanofiltration, 546 spiral wound modules, 544 tubular modules, 544 ultrafiltration, 551

Mechanical transport operations, 17 Mesh,216 Metal cans, 577 Metals, 581 Microfiltration, 207, 225, 552 Microprocessor, 607 Microwaves

generators, 287, 368 heating, 286 loss factor, 287, 368 penetration depth, 287, 368 thawing, 432

Milling dry, 247, 250 wet, 247

Mills attrition, 165 circular jet, 134 counter jet, 134 disk,161 hammer, 160 impellers, 134, 165

jet, 166 pan, 158

Mincers/meat grinders, 144 Mixers

conical screw, 203 cutter, 145 dual-helical ribbon, 199 food, 197 ribbon, 198,203 spiral horizontal, 199 suspension, 197 tumbling, 203 turbine, 197 twin shaft paddle, 177 two-helix, 178 vertical double hook, 199

Mobile food plants, 31 Modified atmosphere packaging,

577 Modular calculation approach, 4 Modulus of elasticity, 134 Mohs hardness scale, 134 Molds, 119,200,339,487 Molecular distillation, 513 Monoblock equipment, 577,

589,597,609-610,618 MulIers, 203 Multihead

scales, 608 weighing, 606

Mussel shells, 249

N

Nanofiltration, See Reverse osmosis

Natural convection, 261, 264, 282 Net annual cash flow, 11 Net positive suction head (NPSH),

86-88 Newtonian fluids, 78, 83, 303 NFPA (National Fire Protection

Association) 372 Noise level, 29 Non-alcoholic wine, 513 Non-destructive measurements,

211,214 Non-ideal mixtures, 496 Non-Newtonian fluids, 78, 265 Non-Newtonian suspensions, 223 Notation, 627 Novel food processes, 541

Nozzles, 256, 362 Nucleation, 533 Nusselt number (Nu), 265, 275, 341

o Ohmic

heating, 288, 483 resistance, 288

Oil (lubrication) carbonization, 392 separation, 385, 392

One-way bottle, 609 Operating line, 503-505, 516-517,

518,523-524 Optimum operating condition, 36 Orange processing plant, 20-21,

38, 70 OSHA (Occupational Safety and

Health Administration), 68, 94, 141

Osmoactive solutions, 371 Osmotic dehydration, 339-370 Osmotic pressure, 543, 546, 548 Overflow (extraction), 516 Oversize, 209, 216, 221-222, 258 Operating cost, 10,38 Ovens

baking/roasting, 261, 281 Overdesign factor, 5 Oversize, 216, 221-222, 258 Oversizing capacity, 48

Packages textile, 575

Packaging

p

aseptic, 451, 479, 577, 612-616 characteristics, 577 group, 577, 617 materials

glass, 582 metal,581 paper, carton, cardboard, 583 plastics, 584 unscrambling, 587

Pallets, 113 Particle

sedimentation, 224 sinkability, 172 size distribution, 152

wetability, 172 Partition coefficient, 496 Parts removal, 246 Paste mixing, 198 Pasteurization, 451, 461, 483, 487 Pasteurization process control, 487 Pasteurizers

continuous flow, 485 fouling, 487 heat recovery, 486 holding tube, 486 HTST,485 in-container

water bath, 485 water sprays, 485

Patemorstem, 107 Payback period, 37 Peeling

flame, 253 knives, 246, 253 lye, 247, 253, 255 potato, 254-255 shredding, 253 steam (flash), 254-255 tomato, 254-255

Pelletizing, 183, 186 Peltier effect, 384 Penetration depth, microwaves, 287 Permeability, 223, 227, 348, 542,

543,549,585-586 Permeation, 542, 547, 550, 554 Peroxydase, 453,463,488 PERT diagram, 3 Pervaporation, 554 Physical properties, 451 Pie coating, 200 Pilot plant, 18 Piping diagram, 3, 24 Pitting, 51,207,247,251 Plank equation, 420 Plant cost

design, 7, 25, 33 design elements, 26 economics, 34 estimates, 37 expansion, 30 improvement, 30 index, 9 layout, 2, 6 safety, 2, 29 utilities, 641

Plastics, 50, 56, 584

Plough equipment, 178 Plucking, 247 Pneumatic conveying, 96 Poiseuille equation, 79 Polishing, 137, 163,251 Ponchon-Savarit diagram, 503,

505 Porosity, 169-172, 179,209,230,

243,366,519 Post-drying, 339, 369 Pot press, 234 Pouches, 590 Powder compression, 182 Power-law fluids, 78 Power number, 196 Prandtl number (Pr), 265, 275, 341 Precipitators

electrical, 245 Prediction curves

economic forecasts, 35 Pre--drying treatment of fruits, 338 Preliminary estimate, 3 PrEN, 64,141 Preservation operations, 16 Press aid, 237 Presses

batch,234 belt,235 curb and cage, 234 continuous, 235 rack and frame, 237 roller, 235 screw, 238 Willmes, 238

Process control (pasteurization), 487 design, 2 economic analysis, 7

Product impact, 133 Product own parts, 247, 250 Product stress, 136 Production rate, 27 Profitability

index, 11 Programmable logic controllers

(PLC),464 Project estimates, 3 Propellers, 198,277-278 Properties

liquid foods, 635 solid foods, 636 steam table, 633

Index 695

water and air, 635 Pseudo-initial temperature (pSIT),

456,458 Pseudoplastic fluids, 78 Psychrometric calculations, 332 Psychrometric chart, 333, 638 Puff drying, 337, 368 Pulping, 159 Pulsed electrical field processing,

571 Pumps

air-lift, 91 auxiliaries, 93 capacity, 85-86, 89, 91, 93 centrifugal, 84-85 centrifugal, axial flow, 84-85 combination, 87 diaphragm, 84, 88, 602 efficiency, 85, 91, 93 electric motors, 94 gear, 84, 88-90, 602 injection, 91 jet, 84 lobe, 84, 88-89 mammoth,91 mechanical seals, 94 operating point, 85 peristaltic, 84, 88, 90 piston, 84, 88, 91, 602 positive displacement, 83, 88 power, 85,91 progressive cavity, 89 rotary, 88, 602 screw, 88-90, 602 vane, 84,90 volumetric capacity, 85

Q

QIO,454 q-line See Distillation

R

Rabinowitsch-Mooney equation, 79

Radiation heat transfer, 261 Radiation penetration depth, 287 Radiation preservation, 564 Raoult law, 495, 497 Rate or return, 12 Reaction constant, 462

696 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Ready to fill packages, 575 Reflux ratio, 510 Refrigeration

cycles, 384, 386 equipment, 383, 384 heat load, 393, 422, 435

Refrigeration evaporators bath and tube, 398, 400 Baudelot, 398, 403 double pipe, 398, 403 double wall, 398, 404 finned, 398 flooded, 398, 400 jacketed, 398

Refrigerants, 386 Regeneration efficiency, 486 Regenerator, 480 Regulations/legislature, 32 Relative volatility, 496 Reliability, 67 Removal

external food parts, 208, 247 internal food parts, 208, 247

Replacement cost, 12 Residence time distribution, 271,

462 Resins, 530 Respiration

of fruits, 436 rate, 436-437

Retorts bleeding valves, 471 crateless, 473 flexible containers, 473 FMC Orbital, 472 glass containers, 473 hydrostatic, 475 indirect heating, 482

Return on investment, 12 Revenue, 35 Reverse osmosis

food applications, 547 reverse osmosis/nanofiltration,

546 systems, 547

Reynolds number (Re), 79,83., 264,275,341,343

Rheological properties, 78 Rheopectic materials, 80 Riedel diagrams/charts,

409-410

Rinsing, 255 Rittinger's law, 151 Roasting, 247, 281 Robot, 622 Roll-on caps, 609 Roll pressing equipment, 184 Rosin-Rammler equation/diagram,

152,209 Rotating drums, 176 Rotating pans, 174 Rubber

disks, 256 strap-wheels, 247

Ruberg agglomerator, 178

s Safety,68 Salvage value, 12 Sankey diagram, 18 Saws

belt, 143 disc, 142 reciprocating, 140

Sanitary, See Hygienic Scalding, 247 Scale-up methods, 16 Scales, 605-608 Scalping ,219 Schmidt number (Sc), 265, 341 Scooping, 252 Scrapers, 248 Screens

centrifuge, 238 cloths, 218 drums, 211 flat, 211 finisher, 239 rotating trommel, 216 vibration, 216

Scrubbers cyclon, 527 gas, 527 venturi,246,527 wet, 246

Sealing heat, 577, 589, 608 vacuum, 611

Seaming of cans, 576, 608, 610 Sedimentation, 208, 223-225 Sedimentation tank, 224, 225

Sensible heat, 436 Separations

solid/air, 206, 288 solid/liquid, 208, 223, 225, 230 solid/solid, 207, 215, 224, 258

Settling capacity, 231 Settling velocity, 224 Shape factor, 243 Sharpness ratio, 22 Shear rate, 79,196 Shear stress, 196-197 Shears, 140 Sheeters, 199 Sherwood number (Sh), 341 Shrinking

packages, 618 Sieves

cleaning, 216 sizes, 215 standard series, 148-149,215 wet, 223

Sieving of flour, 219 Sifters

gyratory, 218 rotating, 216

Silkers, 250 Silos

environmental considerations, 119

safety considerations, 122 storage activators, 121

Simulation of dryers, 342 Size enlargement, 167 Size reduction, 133

energy, 151 equipment, 134 forces, 134

Sizing equipment, 48 Skinning, 247 Sleeve packages, 575 Slicing, 253 Snipping 251 Soaking, 247, 256, 466 Solar collectors, 350 Solar drying, 349 Solar radiation

intermittent, 350 Solar tunnel drying, 350

Solid wastes, 643 Solubility, 533 Sorters

belt/cable, 212 roller, 212 weight, 213-214

Sorting criteria, 211

Spare parts, 67 Spray drying, 337 Spray nozzles, 256, 362 Stainless steel, 54 Stanton number (St), 265, 342 Statistical length, 147 Steam

boilers, 641 culinary, 63, 281, 482 infusion, 281

Steaming, 247 Steel,53 Sterilization

direct heating, 481 heat penetration curve, 456 in--container, 458, 464

Sterilizers batch,490 circulating water/steam, 476 crateless, 473 flame, 478 flash,478 glass and flexible containers,

473 hydrostatic, 475 in--container, 458 rotary cooker/cooler, 474 Rotomat, 476 still retorts, 470 track flow, 477 UIIT,274,479-480,483

Sterilizing value (Fo), 463 Stokes

diameter, 224 equation, 224, 230-231

Storage equipment, 112 liquids, 123 solids, 113

Stratification, 216 Stretch wrapping, 619 Sub--cooling, 386 Suction

head, 81-82, 86 valve, 384

Sugar beets, water extraction,

519 Sun drying, 338, 348 Supercritical fluid extraction

food processes, 558 processes and equipment, 557 supercritical fluids, 556

Superficial air velocity, 243 Suppliers of equipment, 314 Surface active agents, 169,410 Surface contact cooling, 414 Surface tension, 188, 298,

300-301,303,511,522

T

Tanks regulations, 127 waste water treatment, 197

Temperature reducing methods, 383 Tempering, 288 Tensile strength, 52-56, 58, 583,

585-586 Thawing

contact, 432 convective, 431 electrical, 432 equipment, 431 vacuum, 432

Thermal conductivity, 261-263, 269,456

Thermal damage, food components, 454

Thermal death time, 453 Thermal destruction

enzymes/microorganisms, 453 Thermal diifusivity, 261-262, 457 Thermal inactivation kinetics, 452 Thermal processing

calculations, 458 continuous flow, 461 general method, 459 heat transfer

one-phase fluid food, 461 two-phase particulate food,

461,463 IITST methods, 485-489 hygienic considerations, 489 times, 469

Thermal resistance overall, 263

Thermochromic paints, 463

Index 697

Thermoduric bacteria, 487 Thermoforming, 590-591 Thermophilic bacteria, 453 Thermophysica1 properties, 267,

341 Thiamine, 463 Thixotropic fluids, 78 Transport properties, 19,24 Tray colwnns, 523 Triangular equilibrium diagrams,

515 Trypsin, 451 Turbulent flow, 81, 83, 96, 196,

266,267,273,301,462, 546

Twist caps, 577

u

Ultraflltration food applications, 550 systems, 549

Ultra-low oxygen storage, 440 Undersize, 216, 221-222, 258 Undesired

gases, 246 parts,207-208,246-248,250

Underpasteurization, 487 Underwood equation, 506 UNIFAC, 497 UNIQUAC, 497 Unitoperations,5,14-17 Units, conversion to sr, 630 Unscrambling, 587 Unsteady-state heat conduction,

456,458 Utilities, 6, 48, 641

v

Vacuum evaporation, 304 rotary disk filters, 228 stripping, 511, 526

Valuable proteins, recovery, 531 Value of money, 12 Valves, 94 Vaporization, 497 Vapor/liquid equilibria, 494 Vapor recompression, 315 Vats, 123

698 HANDBOOK OF FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

Velocity head, 81 Vessels

agitated, 277-278, 526 View factor, 285 Vining, 250, 466 Viscoelastic fluids, 80, 134 Viscosity, 78,179,189,193,196,

198,201,225,242,265,307 Viscous flow, See Laminar flow Volatile esters, 513 Volatile food aromas, 498

w

Warehousing, 468 Wash column, 560-562 Washers

flotation, 258 rotary brush, 258 rotary cylinder, 257 spray drum, 257 astewater treatment, 197,643 Water activity, 119,339 cooling, 392 desalination, 319 treatment, 414

Weighing continuous, 605-608

Weight loss, 435, 438 Wet bulb temperature, 332 Wilson equation, 496 Wine dealcoholization, 513 Wood, 50, 57, 618-620

Wrapping, 577,617,618-620 Wurster agglomerator, 180

x

X-rays, 563, 565, 567

y

Yeasts, 119,339,410,453,487, 551-552

z Z-blade mixers, 199 z-value, 453-454, 456, 459, 460,

463,488