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Notecard Topics for Year 10
Ancient/ Roman Middle Ages Renaissance Industrial Rev. Modern Surgery Factors/misc
Hippocrates
Greek Doctor
(pre Roman)
Developed Theoryof Four Humours
Wanted non-supernaturalexplanation formedicine
Clinical Observation –watch the patient before treatment
Relates to:
GalenRoman Medicine
Influenced Roman medicine
Hippocratic Oath – doctors trainedagreed to protect patients
Used bloodletting
Galen
200 A.D. - Roman doctor to Gladiators Never did dissections but saw plenty of wounds, limbs, injuries
Over 600 writings –influence lasted until 18th century (1700’s)
Advocated bloodletting to balance Four Humours
Embraced by the Church because he saw the body as a machine put together by perfectly by God.
Relates to:HippocratesChurch in MARoman MedicineFour Humours
Many wrong ideas – blood made in liver / liver has lobes / septum has two parts / Humours
Theory of Opposites- eat and drink things that represent opposite of Humour (cucumber – chillies)
Church controlled medical training and universities until 1500’s – Galen taught extensively
Roman Public Health
Understood connection between Hygiene and Health
Clean Water from aqueducts – for general population
Hospitals for soldiers – healthy army = strong empire
Public Baths – kept people clean
Relates to – GalenPublic Health MA
Did not understand cause of disease – believed in Miasma, Astrology, Charms, Spells, Humours
Public Toilets and Sewers kept large cities cleaner by disposing of waste
Roman roads – helped communications knowledge of medicine spread.
Public Health inthe Middle Ages
No public sewers – human and animal excrement ran everywhere / water supply
Laws were passed during epidemics to improve Hygiene but had little effect.
Some clean water from lead pipes, but often hard to find – many people drank ale instead
Rich people had tubs, privies, and primitive sewers
Relates to – Roman Public HealthMA Doctors
Government understood that filth = more diseases but made little effort to fix problems.
Public toilets existed in London, but few other places.
Large cities (London, Bristol, Southhampton) had clean water for the wealthy and a few baths. Church condemned.
Medicine andTreatment in Middle Ages
Britain
No big change in treatment from Roman times
Still using 4 Humours and Theory of Opposites
Treatment included supernatural aspects – prayer, pilgrimage, astrology
Books of herbal remedies included the Leechbook of Bald
Relates to –Doctors in the MARenaissance MedicineGalen
Bloodletting – bleeding bowl and leeches
Used Herbal cures that worked like honey – even though they did not know WHY they worked.
Purging used to balance Humours
Medical Trainingfrom Roman Britain
to c.1350
Ancient doctors trained by Hippocratic books
No organisation established to train doctors or follow up on complaints
When Romans left in the 400’s, most doctors followed medical understanding.
Universities and medical schools became independent of church in 16th century (1500’s)
Relates to – MA Public HealthDoctors and Nurses in
20th century
Monasteries and Convents had most books – became centres of learning.
Anyone could set up a business being a doctor
Most doctors learned medicine through books and observing other doctors (apprentice)
Hospitals in theMiddle Ages
Hospitals were rare in MA. Often small.
Aim was to care for the sick, not to cure them.
Almshouses set up in 14th century (1300’s) for deserving poor.
Sickness often seen as punishment for sins.
Relates to – Public Health in MAMA Doctors
Fresh fruit and veg grown by hospitals.
Often run by monks and nuns – Christian charity. Positive effect of religion in MA
Religious symbols everywhere (Jesus, cross, Heaven) to remind patients of afterlife.
Middle Ages Doctors
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Lifespan - Middle Ages
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The Church in theMiddle Ages
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The Black Deathand Treatments
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William Harvey
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Andreas Vesalius
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Renaissance discoveries and
technology
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Lifespan and Diseases
- Industrial Revolution
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Edward Jenner
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Louis Pasteur
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Robert Koch
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Salversan 606(magic bullets)
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Modern MedicalTechnology
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DNA (discoveryand treatment)
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NHS
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Joseph Lister
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James Simpson
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Blood groupsand transfusion
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Anaesthetics
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Aseptic developments in
surgery
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Vaccination(diseases and dates)
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Woman's Rolein Medicine
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War (Crimean, Boer, WWI,
WWII)
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Scientific Teams
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Technology
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Topic
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