199

Notes

Introduction

1. Rowley also stressed the poor ethical and moral preparation of the priestsand missionaries in Portuguese Africa. Henry Rowley, Africa Unveiled(London: SPCK, 1876), 75; also cited in James Duffy, A Question of Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 112–113.

2. This book is a revised and augmented version of Livros Brancos, Almas Negras(Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2010), which was based on an MAthesis entitled Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, Livros Brancos, Almas Negras. O Colonialismo Português: Programas e Discursos (1880–1930) (Lisbon: MA Thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2000).

3. For assessments of other imperial formations see Alice Conklin, A Mission toCivilize (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997); Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Harald Fischer-Tinéand Michael Mann (eds), Colonialism as Civilizing Mission (London: Anthem Press, 2004); Dino Costantini, Mission Civilisatrice (Paris: La Découverte,2008).

4. For the development of this argument see Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ‘The “Civilization Guild”: Race and Labour in the Third Portuguese Empirec.1870–1930’, in Francisco Bethencourt and Adrian Pearce, eds, Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese Speaking World (Oxford: Oxford UniversitydPress/British Academy, 2012), pp. 173–199.

5. For the notion of politics of difference see Frederick Cooper and Jane Burbank, Empires in world history (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 11–13. For one example of an approach based on the ethical argu-ment and its relation to the problem of labour see Neta Crawford, Argument and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),159–200.

6. Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo and José Pedro Monteiro, ‘Das “dificuldades delevar os indígenas a trabalhar”: o “sistema” de trabalho nativo no império colonial português’, in Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ed., O Império Colonial emQuestão (Lisbon: Edições 70, Colecção História&Sociedade, 2012), 159–196;idem, ‘Internationalism and the labours of the Portuguese colonial empire(1945–1974)’, Portuguese Studies, vol. 29, no. 2 (2013), 142–163. For the con-nection between the problem of labour and decolonisation see the classic work by Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Society (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996).

7. This study does not offer an in-depth investigation of the local realities anddynamics of native labour, which is a crucial analytical approach to manyof the themes explored in this book. Unfortunately, it continues to be an understudied aspect, especially for the period in question. For some recentworks, although essentially for a later period, see Alexander Keese, ‘Searching

200 Notes

for the reluctant hands: obsession, ambivalence, and the practice of organiz-ing involuntary labour in colonial Cuanza-Sul and Malange districts, Angola,1926–1945’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 41, no. 2 (2013), 238–258; Jeremy Ball, ‘Colossal lie’ (Los Angeles: PhD diss., Universityof California, 2003); Philip Havik, ‘Estradas sem fim: o trabalho forçado e a “política indígena”’, in AAVV, Trabalho Forçado Africano–ExperiênciasColoniais Comparadas (Porto: Campo das Letras, 2006), pp. 229–247; Douglas Wheeler, ‘The Forced Labor “System” in Angola, 1903–1947’, in AAVV,Trabalho Forçado Africano–Experiências Coloniais Comparadas (Porto: Campodas Letras, 2006), 367–393; Todd Cleveland, Rock Solid (Minneapolis: PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 2008); Eric Allina, Slavery by Other Name (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012).

8. Frederick Cooper, ‘Conditions Analogous to Slavery: Imperialism and FreeLabor Ideology in Africa’, in Frederick Cooper, Thomas C. Holt and RebeccaJ. Scott, (eds), Beyond Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,2000), 107–149.

9. For the ‘standards’ of civilisation see Gerrit W. Gong, The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press: 1984);yMartti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2002), esp. pp. 98–178; Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: CambridgewUniversity Press, 2007), esp. pp. 32–114.

10. For a recent overview see Jonathan Derrick, Africa’s ‘Agitators’ (London:Hurst, 2008).

11. For the overall argument see Jerónimo, ‘The “Civilization Guild”’. 12. Kevin Grant, A Civilized Savagery (New York: Routledge, 2005), especially pp.

109–134.13. For classic assessments see, for instance, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, L

Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionnaires, 1898–1930 (Paris:Mouton, 1972); Charles Van Onselen, Chibaro (London: Pluto Press, 1980);Babacar Fall, Le travail forcé en Afrique-Occidentale française 1900–1946 (Paris: Karthala Editions, 1993).

14. Since the conclusion, in 2000, of the MA thesis that originated this work –Livros Brancos, Almas Negras. O Colonialismo Português: Programas e Discursos (1880–1930) – some important books have appeared on this subject. Apart from Grant’s A Civilized Savagery’s chapter,r see Lowell J. Satre, Chocolate onTrial (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2005); Catherine Higgs, Chocolate Islands (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2012).

15. Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa (Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress, 2000), 3, 11–15, 21–28, 85; Crawford Young, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 118–122. For a comparative study see Colin Newbury, Patrons, Clients, and Empire (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2003). See also Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo,‘The States of empire’, in Luís Trindade, ed., The Making of Modern Portugal(Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), pp. 65–101.

16. See the classic by Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).

17. For an important study of these interrelations and processes see AndrewZimmerman, Alabama in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

Notes 201

2010). See also Ulrike Lindner, ‘The transfer of European social policyconcepts to tropical Africa, 1900–1950: the example of maternal and child welfare’, Journal of Global History, vol. 9 (2014), 208–231.

18. Frederick Cooper, ‘Modernizing Bureaucrats, Backward Africans, and theDevelopment Concept’, in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (eds),International Development and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 64–92, at p. 64.

19. With few exceptions, the analysis of the country’s national and imperial history is still marked by this type of approach. The same happens with thetraditional historiography of its international relations. For an analysis of this question in social theory and sociology see Daniel Chernilo, A Social Theory of the Nation State (London, Routledge, 2007).

20. This was a major concern in my 2000 MA dissertation. This is also a major goal of the research project Internationalism and Empire: The Politicsof Difference in the Portuguese Colonial Empire in Comparative Perspective(1920–1975) (FCT-PTDC/EPH-HIS/5176/2012). For the League and the impe-rial and colonial phenomena see, for instance, Mark Mazower, Governing theWorld (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 116–190 and ‘An international civiliza-tion? empire, internationalism and the crisis of the mid-twentieth century’,International Affairs, vol. 82, no. 3 (2006), 553–566; Susan Pedersen, ‘Back to the league of nations’, The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4 (2007), 1091–1117. See also Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo and José Pedro Monteiro(eds), Os passados do presente (Lisbon: Almedina, 2014).

21. See, for instance, Crawford, Argument and Change; Veronique Dimier, ‘OnGood Colonial Government: Lessons from the League of Nations,’ Global Society, vol. 18, no. 3 (2004), 279–299.

1 Between Benevolence and Inevitability: The ‘Civilising Mission’ of Portuguese Colonialism

1. Marcelo Caetano, Portugal e a Internacionalização dos Problemas Africanos(Lisboa: Edições Ática, 1965), 145. For the protocols and the confer-ence’s closing declaration, see Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles (Paris:Imprimerie Nationale, 1891).

2. The best collective study of the Berlin Conference and its importance for European colonial and imperial history is still Stig Förster, Wolfgang J.Mommsen and Ronald Robinson (eds), Bismarck, Europe, and Africa (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1988). The best study of the diplomatic manoeuvresimmediately before, during and after the Berlin meeting is Sybil Eyre Crowe,The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885 (London: Longmans, Green &Co., 1942). For more on the Portuguese involvement and the Congo ques-tion, see Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império (Lisbon: Edições70, 2012), 238–302 (revised and augmented version of ‘Religion, Empire, andthe Diplomacy of Colonialism: Portugal, Europe, and the Congo Question, c.1820–1890’ (London: PhD thesis, King’s College London, 2008)); F. Latour da Veiga Pinto, Le Portugal et le Congo au XIXe siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1972), 246–293.

3. Caetano, Portugal e a Internacionalização, 97–98.

202 Notes

4. For example, it was only in 1887 that the Portuguese colonial administra-tion proceeded to the topographical delimitation of its effective sovereignty over Angola. For more on this, see Guilherme Brito Capelo, ‘Relatoriodo governador-geral da província de Angola de 1887’, in Relatórios dos Governadores das Províncias Ultramarinas (Lisboa: Ministério da Marinha eUltramar, 1889), pp. 9–10.

5. The abundant correspondence between Hutton and Mackinnon withHenry Morton Stanley, located at the archive of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, demonstrates the proximity with Leopold II’sagenda. For Mackinnon see J. Forbes Munro, Maritime Enterprise and Empire(Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003), esp. 346–381. See also Barrie M. Ratcliffe, ‘Commerce and empire: Manchester merchants and West Africa, 1873–1895’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 7, no. 3 (1979), 293–320.

6. For more on the activities of the British missionary societies (in addition to the BMS and the Livingstone Inland Mission) and their links with British commercial interests aligned with Leopold II against the agreement betweenPortugal and the United Kingdom, see Roger Anstey, Britain and the Congo in the Nineteenth-Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), esp. 113–138; Ruth ySlade, L’Attitude des Missions Protestantes vis-à-vis des Puissances Européennesau Congo avant 1885 (Bruxelles: Institut Royal Colonial Belge, 1954) andEnglish-Speaking Missions in the Congo Independent State (1878–1908) (Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales, 1959). For more on Leopold II’s colonial project see particularly Robert S. Thomson, Fondation de l’État Independent du Congo (Brussels: Office de Publicité, 1933) and, among the many works of Auguste Roeykens, Léopold II et l’Afrique (1855–1880)(Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales, 1958).

7. For more on the disputes over ecclesiastical jurisdictions in the Congoregion, see Horst Gründer, ‘Christian Missionary Activities in Africa in theAge of Imperialism and the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885’, in Försteret al., Bismarck, Europe, and Africa, pp. 85–103 and especially Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império.

8. For an example of Travers Twiss’s opinion on the Congo see his International Protectorate of the Congo River (London: Fewtress & Co., 1883); for his par-rticipation in the debate see the anonymous statement by ‘a member of the Royal Geographic Society of Antwerp’, titled Sir Travers Twiss et le Congo (Bruxelas: A.-N. Lebègue et Cie, 1884). For a later assessment see Jesse S.Reeves, ‘The origin of the Congo Free State, considered from the standpoint of international law’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, no. 1 (1909), 99–118. See also Andrew Fitzmaurice, ‘The Justification of KingLeopold II’s Congo Enterprise by Sir Travers Twiss’, in Shaunnagh Dorsett and Ian Hunter (eds), Law and Politics in British Colonial Thought (NewtYork: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010), 109–126; Casper Sylvest, ‘“Our passionfor legality”: international law and imperialism in late nineteenth-centuryBritain’, Review of International Studies, vol. 34, no. 3 (2008), 403–423. Forthe relationship of the colonial and imperial question with international law, see Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2002), esp. 98–178, 132–133 (for Twiss); Antony Anghie, Imperialism,

Notes 203

Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: CambridgewUniversity Press, 2007), esp. 32–114; Andrew Fitzmaurice, ‘Liberalism andempire in nineteenth-century international law’, The American HistoricalReview, vol. 117, no. 1 (2012), 122–140, esp. 127–130 (for Twiss).

9. For the presence of religious and humanitarian factors before and afterthe conference see Suzanne Miers, Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade(London: Longman, 1975), 169–189; Lewis H. Gann, ‘The Berlin Conference and the Humanitarian Conscience’, in Förster et al., Bismarck, Europe, and Africa, pp. 321–331, and the general study by Charles Pelham Groves,‘Missionary and Humanitarian Aspects of Imperialism from 1870 to 1914’,in Lewis H. Gann and Peter Duignan, Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960: TheHistory and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914, Vol. I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 462–496. For the public impact of the conference and its ‘humanitarian’ dispositions see William Roger Louis, ‘The Berlin Congo Conference’, in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds), Franceand Britain in Africa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), 167–220, cit. in 218. For the view of an important actor at the time see H. R. FoxBourne, ‘Agreement of European Powers as to Liquor Supply in Africa’,Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, vol. 1, no. 2 (1899), 287–292.For an overview of the problem of alcohol in Africa see Justin Willis, ‘Drinking power: alcohol and history in Africa’, History Compass, vol. 3, no.1 (2005), 1–13, and the bibliography therein. For the role of the Aborigines’ Protection Society see Kenneth D. Nworah, ‘The Aborigines’ protectionsociety, 1889–1909: a pressure-group in colonial policy’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 5, no. 1 (1971), 79–91 and H. Charles Swaisland, ‘The Aborigines’ protection society, 1837–1909’, Slavery&Abolition, vol. 21 (2000),265–280.

10. The heated discussions that took place during the 1876 Brussels Conferencearound the role the missions had to fulfil, side by side with scientific and commercial principles, in the colonial project sponsored by the Belgian KingLeopold II, represent a clear example of the manner in which religious moti-vations were not always central in the promotion of civilising discourses andpractices associated with the colonial enterprises. See Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 155–166. For recent and stimulating approaches to European Kulturkämpfe, although without any reference to the colonial or imperial aspect of the question, see Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser (eds),Culture Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

11. For more on ‘benevolent’, ‘obligatory’ and ‘inevitable’ imperialism, see Andrew Porter, European Imperialism, 1860–1914 (London: MacMillan Press, 1994), 20–29. For the role fulfilled by the expansion of the Protestant mis-sions, see Brian Stanley, The Bible and the Flag (Leicester: Apollos, 1990),gesp. 85–110, and, especially Andrew Porter, Religion vs. Empire? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004).

12. For the significance of Livingstone’s challenge, see B. Stanley, ‘Commerce and Christianity: providence theory, the missionary movement, and the imperialism of free trade, 1842–1860’, The Historical Journal, vol. 26, no. 1(1983), 71–94, and A. Porter, ‘Commerce and Christianity: the rise and fall of a nineteenth-century missionary slogan’, The Historical Journal, vol. 28, no. 3 (1985), 597–621. See also Förster et al., Bismarck, Europe, and Africa;

204 Notes

Suzanne Miers, ‘Humanitarism at Berlin: Myth or Reality?’ and Gann, ‘The Berlin Conference’, pp. 333–345, pp. 321–331.

13. For more on the distance between the aims declared at the end of the meet-ing and its actual results, and over the still persisting mythology about themeeting as the moment the African continent was divided, particularlythe discussion of the meaning of the term ‘effective occupation’ (which was restricted to new conquests, costal zones and occupations, not toprotectorates), see the exceptional articles by Jean Stengers, ‘À Propos del’Acte de Berlin, ou Comment Naît une Légende’, in Zaire (October 1953), 839–844, and Jean Stengers, ‘Les Cinq Légendes de l’Acte de Berlin’, in J.Stengers, Congo: Mythes et Réalités (Paris: Éditions Duculot, 1989), 79–90; Henk L. Wesseling, ‘The Berlin Conference and the Expansion of Europe: A Conclusion’, in Förster et al., Bismarck, Europe, and Africa, pp. 527–40, esp. pp. 532–533.

14. For more on Lavigerie’s missionary projects and for the place of the anti-slavery ‘crusade’ within it, see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 171–202;François Renault, Lavigerie, L’Esclavage Africain et L’Europe 1868–1892, 2 vols (Paris: Boccard, 1971); idem, Cardinal Lavigerie (London: Athlone Press,1994); Aylward Shorter, Cross and Flag in Africa (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2006).For an excellent assessment of Lavigerie’s place in the ‘transnational anti-slavery’ movement see Daniel Laqua, ‘The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s’, The International History Review, vol. 33, no. 4 (2011), pp. 705–726.

15. See, for instance, William Clarence-Smith, ‘The British “Official Mind” and Nineteenth-Century Islamic Debates over the Abolition of Slavery’, in Keith Hamilton and Patrick Salmon (eds), Slavery, diplomacy and empire (Brighton:Sussex Academic Press, 2009), pp. 125–142. For an analysis of the questionof slavery and Islam see William Clarence-Smith, Islam and the Abolition of Slavery (London: Hurst&Company, 2006).y

16. For the agitation suggested by Pius IX, see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império,202. For Leo XIII see Claude Prudhomme, Stratégie missionnaire du Saint-Siègesous Léon XIII (1878–1903) (Paris: Boccard, École française de Rome, 1994),388–392. For Lavigerie and Leo XIII see François Renault, ‘Aux origines du Ralliement: Léon XIII et Lavigerie (1880–1890)’, Revue Historique, vol.281, no. 2 (1989), 381–432. For the transnational Catholic network seeseveral articles in Emiel Lamberts (ed.), The Black International 1870–1878(Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2002). For Lavigerie’s action see Renault, Lavigerie, Vol. II, 77–78, 83–94 and 101–106, and Laqua, ‘The Tensions of Internationalism’, 707. For a comparison between diverse religious andecclesiastical adherence to the abolitionist cause (theme that requires fur-ther research) see Seymour Drescher, ‘Two Variants of Anti-Slavery: Religious Organization and Social Mobilization in Britain and France, 1780–1870’, in Christine Bolt and Seymour Drescher (eds), Anti-Slavery, Religion and Reform (Folkestone: Dawson, 1980), pp. 43–63 and, for a larger compara-tive framework, see William Clarence-Smith, ‘Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach’ in http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf10_ClarenceSmith.pdf (last accessed on 24September 2014).

Notes 205

17. Jean Stengers, ‘Introduction’, in La Conférence de Géographie de 1876 (Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences, d’Outre-Mer, 1976), xiii; Miers, Britain and theEnding of the Slave Trade, 204–206, 219–221 and 229. For the donation seeLaqua, ‘The Tensions of Internationalism’, 709. For Bismarck and the German context see Jan Georg Deutsch, Emancipation without Abolition in German East Africa, c. 1884–1914 (Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 2006), 103–104ff. For the overall European anti-slavery moment see William Mulligan, ‘TheAnti-slave Trade Campaign in Europe, 1888–1890’, in William Mulligan and Maurice Bric (eds), A Global History of Anti-Slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013), pp. 149–170.y

18. Miers, Britain and the Ending of the Slave, 230–234; Renault, Lavigerie, 259ff.19. For the Ultimatum see Nuno Severiano Teixeira, O Ultimatum Inglês (Lisboa:

Beta-Projectos Editoriais, Lda, 1990).20. For a transcription of the sessions, f the invitation, the work by Augusto

Castilho and the list of official stations, see Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles, 10, 16–45 and 53–62; see also Augusto de Castilho, Memoria Ácercada Extincção da Escravidão e do Trafico de Escravatura no Territorio Portuguez(Lisbon: Publicação do Ministério da Marinha, 1889).

21. Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles, 67–68.22. Miers, Britain and the Ending of the Slave, 236–291.23. Ibid., 251–256. For the civilising stations and the 1876 conference see

Jerónimo, ‘Religion, Empire, and the Diplomacy of Colonialism’, 114–115;Caetano, Portugal e a Internacionalização, 146–149; see also Joaquim Moreira da Silva Cunha, O Sistema Português de Política Indígena (Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1953), 33–35.

24. Miers, Britain and the Ending of the Slave, 294.25. For more see Jerónimo, ‘The “Civilization Guild”’.26. Obviously, it is not our intention to create a marked, superficial distinction

between the two historical moments and processes: quite the contrary. Theunderstanding of one moment entails the study of the other. For a com-bined assessment of both moments, see João Pedro Marques, The Sounds of Silence: Nineteenth-Century Portugal and the Abolition of the Slave Trade(Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2006) and James Duffy, A Question of Slavery: Labour Policies in Portuguese Africa and the British Protest, 1850–1920 (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1967). For an example that is informatively rich andwhich reveals the manner in which the legislative output operated as the main legitimating factor of the abolitionist rhetoric and the civilising one, see Joaquim Moreira da Silva Cunha, O Trabalho Indígena (Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1954).

27. Here we follow the version included in Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles, 16–45. See also Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1881, 23–27 and391–392; Ao Povo Português (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1881), 4–5, 7 and11–16; for the decree on the civilising missions, see Portuguese Government, Diário do Governo, 18 August 1881.

28. For an analysis of the main aspects of the abolitionist mythology see João Pedro Marques, ‘O mito do abolicionismo português’, in Actas do Colóquio‘Construção e Ensino da História de África’ (Lisbon: Ministério da Educação, ’1995), 245–257.

206 Notes

29. Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles, 17, 24, 27 and 37. For an understand-ing of the internal and external political context in which the decree of 10 December 1836 and its preamble emerged (including over the Setembrismo)see João Pedro Marques, Os Sons do Silêncio, chapter IV, especially 195–214. The preamble of the decree was partially based on the report by Sá daBandeira, which was submitted to the Cortes on 19 February 1836 and pub-lished in Memorial Ultramarino e Marítimo, 1, March 1836, 13–14.

30. Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles, 28–29; See also O Trabalho Indígena nasColonias Portuguesas: Memoria Justificativa (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1906), 4, and Cunha, O Trabalho Indígena, 141–145, cited in 142.

31. Castilho, Memoria Ácerca da Extincção da Escravidão, 44; Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 126–128.

32. A. T. da Silva Leitão e Castro, A Escravatura na Europa e na Africa a Propósito daConferencia de Bruxelas (Lamego: Minerva da Loja Vermelha, 1892), 7. For an overview of the relation between the Church and the abolition of slavery see William Clarence-Smith, ‘Église, nation et esclavage: Angola et Mozambique portugais, 1878–1913’, in Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau (ed.), Abolir l’esclavage(Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008), pp. 149–167.

33. José de Almada, Apontamentos Históricos sobre a Escravatura e o Trabalho Indígena nas Colónias Portuguesas (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1932), 43–44. For a more global appreciation of the historical transformation of slavery, with particular emphasis on the development of legitimate trade in Africa, see, among other works, P. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery (Cambridge: yCambridge University Press, 2000 [1983]), especially 165–190 and 276–289,and the collection of texts contained in Robin Law (ed.), From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate’ Commerce (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

34. For more see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 41–55.35. Special report of the Anti-Slavery conference held at the Salle Herz on the twenty-

sixth and twenty-seventh August 1867 (London: British and Foreign Anti-7Slavery Society, 1867) especially 134–135 and 144–146. See also Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 6, 102–108.

36. Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 71 [Monteiro], 75–76 [Cameron and Young], 108–110 [Sullivan and Young], 111–113 [Rowley], 115 [Monteiro]. For theoverall issue see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império; Pinto, Le Portugal et le Congo. For the British involvement see Anstey, Britain and the Congo.

37. For Cameron, see his Across Africa, 2 vols. (London: Daldy, Isbister&Co,1877); Jerónimo, ‘Religion, Empire, and the Diplomacy of Colonialism’, 153, 165–166, 183–186; Anstey, Britain and the Congo, 53–56; and Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 75–76.

38. Andrade Corvo cited in A. Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena nas Ilhas de São Tomé e Principe (S. Thomé: Imprensa Nacional, 1919), 165–166.In addition to the works by Jerónimo and Anstey cited above, see J. deAndrade Corvo, Estudos sobre as Províncias Ultramarinas (Lisbon: ImprensaNacional, 1883), IV, 155–157; Pinto, Le Portugal et le Congo, 124–134; EricAxelson, Portugal and the Scramble for Africa (Johannesburg: WitwatersrandUniversity Press, 1967), 41–50. For the abolitionist arguments see João Pedro Marques, ‘Uma cosmética demorada: as cortes perante o problema da escravidão (1836–1875)’, Análise Social, Vol. 36, no. 158–159 (2001), 209–247.

Notes 207

39. Agatha Ramm, Sir Robert Morier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 73–112. ForHopkins’ dispatch and testimony see Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 78–82.

40. Augusto Nascimento, ‘São Tomé e Príncipe’, in Valentim Alexandre and Jill Dias (eds), O Império Africano 1825–1890 (Lisbon: Estampa, 1988), especially271–298; ‘A “crise braçal” de 1875 em São Tomé’, Revista Crítica de CiênciasSociais, vol. 34 (1992), 317–329; and Poderes e Quotidiano nas Roças de SãoTomé e Príncipe (Lousã: Tipografia Lousanense, 2002), 82–90.

41. Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 87–92 and 116–119.42. Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke (Earl of Mayo), De Rebus Africanis

(London: W. H. Allen&Co., 1883), especially 24–27, for an assessment of the Angola-São Thomé connection.

43. José Alberto Corte-Real, Resposta à Sociedade Anti-Esclavista de London(Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisbon, 1884), especially 3–15; Vicentede Melo e Almada, As Ilhas de São Thomé e Príncipe (Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias, 1884).

44. See Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 125–126 and 129–135. For the disputes seePorter, Religion vs. Empire?, 270–272 and Hugo Gonçalves Dores, Uma Missão para o Império (Lisbon: PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014), especially Chapter I, ‘Sonhos imperiais, Actos Gerais’. For the general context seeMalyn Newitt, A History of Mozambique (London: Hurst & Company, 1995), 317–355.

2 The ‘Civilisation Guild’ and the ‘Engineers of Depression’: The Case of S. Thomé Cocoa

1. See Almada, Apontamentos Históricos. 2. O Trabalho Indígena nas Colonias Portuguesas: Memoria Justificativa, vol. 3:

Portugal e o Regime do Trabalho Indigena nas suas Colonias. Memoria Justificativa(Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1910), 6.

3. Ibid., 4–5, 7. 4. António Enes, Moçambique (Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1913),

70–71; Marcelo Caetano, ‘António Enes e a sua acção colonial’, Boletimda Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 11–12 (1948), 573. See also ValentimAlexandre, A Questão Colonial no Parlamento 1821–1910 (Lisbon: Dom Quixote/Assembleia da República, 2008), 132–138.

5. Gomes dos Santos, As Nossas Colonias (Lisbon: Empresa do ‘Portugal emÁfrica’, 1903), 148–149.

6. A partial transcription of the document appears in Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena (Oporto: Magalhães e Moniz, 1910), 265–271. See also Almada,Apontamentos Históricos, 46.

7. O Trabalho Indígena nas Colonias Portuguesas: Memoria Justificativa, 12–13; Enes, Moçambique, 75.

8. Conde da Penha Garcia, ‘Bases para a organisação do ensino colonial prático nas escolas de agricultura, do commercio e nos institutos industri-aes, com largo desenvolvimento da geographia economica e estudo especial das nossas riquezas coloniaes e suas relações com a economia nacional’,in Congresso Colonial Nacional (Lisbon: A Liberal-Officina Typographica,1902), 44–51.

208 Notes

9. José Francisco da Silva, ‘Ensino aos emigrantes’, in Congresso ColonialNacional (1901), 57.

10. Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial (Coimbra: Tipografia FrançaAmado, 1905), 572; Augusto Freire de Andrade, Relatorio feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias acêrca do Livro Portuguese Slavery Escrito pelo Sr. John H. Harris (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1913), 14.

11. For Stober, see Michael Samuels, Education in Angola, 1878–1914 (NewYork: Teachers College, 1970), 87–88; for Swan, see Tim Grass, “Brethren and the Sao Tomé cocoa slavery controversy: The Role of Charles A. Swan(1861–1934)”, Brethren Historical Review, 4 (2007), 98–113; Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 118–20; for Grenfell, see Harry Johnston, George Grenfell and theCongo, 2 vols. (London: Hutchinson, 1908) and Jerónimo, ‘Religion, Empire, and the Diplomacy of Colonialism’, 167–172. See also Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 168–174.

12. Henry W. Nevinson, A Modern Slavery (London: Harper and Brothers, 1906),y37. For Nevinson and Portuguese Africa see Angela John, War,r Journalism and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century (Londres: I.B. Taurus, 2006), pp. 42–59yand Roberts Burroughs, Travel Writing and Atrocities (New York: Routledge,2011), pp. 98–121. For an overview of labour conditions on S. Tomé, see William Clarence-Smith, ‘Labour Conditions in the Plantations of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1875–1914’, in Michael Twaddle, ed., The Wages of Slavery(London: Frank Cass, 1993), 149–167; and also Duffy, A Question of Slavery,186–188.

13. Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 177–179, 182.14. ‘A Ilha de São Thomé e o Trabalho Indigena’, Revista Portugueza Colonial e

Maritima (Lisbon: Ferin, 1907), iv–vi; Francisco Mantero, Portuguese Plantersand British Humanitarians (Lisbon: Reforma, 1911), 24.

15. Despite the appropriation to which is was subjected, Chevalier consideredthe question of labour recruitment a ‘serious problem that is far from beingsolved’. Moreover, he denounced the fact that the colonial administrationspent only the ‘minimum fraction of its tax income’ on the improvement of the colony of S. Tomé. Augusto Chevalier, ‘A Ilha de São Thomé’, reprintedin A Ilha de São Thomé e o Trabalho Indigena, vi, ix, 43.

16. See, more recently, Dean Pavlakis, ‘The development of British overseas humanitarianism and the Congo Reform Campaign’, Journal of Colonialismand Colonial History, vol. 11, nº. 1 (2010).

17. For a general appreciation of slave cocoa, based on British sources, particularly the Cadbury archive at the University of Birmingham, see Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 109–134; for the Cadbury Brothers Ltd., see Charles Dellheim, ‘The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadburys, 1861–1931’, American Historical Review, vol. 92, nº 1 (1987), 13–44, and also Gillian Wagner, The Chocolate Conscience (London: Chatto & Windus, 1987).

18. For both questions see Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 39–107. For E. D. Moreland the Congo Reform Association, see also, among others, William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers, eds, E. D. Morel’s History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968) and Jules Marchal, t E. D. Morel contreLéopold II (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1996).

19. Confirm opposite interpretations of this in Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 110–113 and Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 183, 193–194.

Notes 209

20. See also Higgs, Chocolate Islands, 15–20.21. Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 120–126; for an historic analysis of labour migra-

tion in Mozambique, see Patrick Harries, Work, Culture, and Identity (London: James Currey, 1994).

22. Joseph Burtt, Report on the Conditions of Colored Labour Employed on the Cocoa Plantations of Sao Tome and Principe and the Methods of Procuring it in Angola(London: 1907), which also appears as an appendix to William Cadbury’s book, Os Serviçaes de S. Thomé (Lisbon/Oporto: Bertrand/Chardron, 1910),83–104. For a detailed reconstruction of Burtt’s stay in São Tomé and Angola see Higgs, Chocolate Islands, 25ff.

23. Cadbury, Os Serviçaes de S. Thomé, 89–91, 102–104. For more context seeHiggs, Chocolate Islands, 133ff.

24. James Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 194–195, 197, 199; Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 126–128; See also Higgs, Chocolate Islands, 139ff.

25. The commission of agricultural proprietors of S. Tomé was composed of Alfredo Mendes da Silva, Henrique José Monteiro de Mendonça, Joaquimde Ornellas e Mattos, João Paulo Monteiro Cancella, Nicolau Mac.Nicoll and Francisco Mantero. Mantero chaired the session, assumingthe representation of the interests and views of the Portuguese colonial agriculturalists.

26. Appreciation of the documents presented at the conference, Francisco Mantero, Obras Completas, Vol. 1 (Lisbon, 1954), 305–307. This edition,which was published by his son, Carlos Mantero, who wrote the preface, is a reproduction of his work, A Mão-de-Obra em S. Thomé e Príncipe (Lisbon:Edição de Autor, 1910).

27. Mantero, Obras Completas, 308–310.28. Ibid., 312–313.29. William Cadbury to the plantation owners of S. Tomé and Príncipe, 10th

December 1907 and 21st January 1908, Mantero, Obras Completas, 315–316;Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 128.

30. William Cadbury to the plantation owners of S. Tomé and Príncipe, 28thNovember 1907, reproduced in Mantero, Obras Completas, 298. See alsoJames Duffy, Portuguese Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge, 1959), 162; and Donald Heisel, The Indigenous Populations of the Portuguese African Territories(Ann Harbor: University of Wisconsin, 1966), 19.

31. William Cadbury to Francisco Mantero, 8th July 1908, and Agricultural Commission to William Cadbury, 14th July 1908, reproduced in Mantero,Obras Completas, 199–200; Grant, A Civilized Savagery, 129–132. See alsoSatre, Chocolate on Trial, 106–107, 125. For the secrecy of Swan’s trip seeyHiggs, Chocolate Islands, 144.

32. Cadbury, Os Serviçaes de S. Thomé, 72–73, 77.33. O Cacau de S. Thomé (Lisbon: Tipografia d’A Editora, 1910), 6–10, 15.é34. Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 180–182.35. The expression was originally used by Amável Granger, Facêtas de Angola

(Lisbon: Aillaud & Bertrand, 1926), 44, and was also used in Douglas L. Wheeler, ‘Mais leis do que mosquitos’: a primeira república portuguesa e o império ultramarino (1910–1926)’, in Nuno Severiano Teixeira and AntónioCosta Pinto, eds, A Primeira República Portuguesa (Lisbon: Edições Colibri, 2000), 133–168.

210 Notes

36. H. R. Fox Bourne, Slave Traffic in Portuguese Africa (London: BroadwayChambers, 1908), 60; Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 178.

37. Mantero, Obras Completas, vol. 1, 307, 312–313.38. Twelve days later, Cadbury gave value to the official Portuguese efforts.

William Cadbury to the plantation owners of the S. Tomé and Príncipe, 28thNovember 1907, reproduced in Mantero, Obras Completas, vol. 1, 294.

39. Mantero, Portuguese Planters and British Humanitarians, 20.40. For an explanatory framework, see Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 211.41. For a collective assessment see Abebe Zegeye and Shubi Ishemo, eds, Forced

Labour and Migration (London: Hans Zell Publishers, 1989). For a brief over-view of the Portuguese case see Shubi Ishemo, ‘Forced labour and migrationin Portugal’s African colonies’, in Robin Cohen, ed., The Cambridge Survey of World Migration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 162–165.

42. Document 9, in Livro Branco: Africa, 2 (1913) (Lisbon: Centro Tipográfico Colonial, 1913), 28–32; Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 216.

43. Portugal e o Regime do Trabalho Indigena nas suas Colonias: Memoria Justificativa(Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1910), 5.

44. Almada, Apontamentos Históricos, 47–48.45. The committee was made up of the curator-general of contracted labour, the

head of the health service, the director of public works, three landownersor administrators chosen by the central commission in Lisbon and a man-ager of the S. Tomé branch of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino. Almada,Apontamentos Históricos, 51–53.

46. O Trabalho Indígena nas Colonias Portuguesas: Memoria Justificativa, 6.47. Portugal e o Regime do Trabalho Indigena nas suas Colonias: Memoria

Justificativa, 18–19; Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 178.48. ‘Serviço de Emigração e Recrutamento de Operarios, Serviçaes e Trabalhadores

para a Provincia de S. Thomé e Principe’, Decretos 17 and 29 July 1909,Portaria Régia 22 November 1909 and Decreto 9 December 1909 (Lisbon:Imprensa Nacional, 1909), 3.

49. For an overview of the colonial state and the notion of mobile interventionismsee Jerónimo, ‘The States of empire’.

50. ‘Serviço de Emigração e Recrutamento’, 4–19, 24; Mantero, PortuguesePlanters, 16.

51. Portugal e o Regime do Trabalho Indigena nas suas Colonias: Memoria Justificativa, 14.

52. Almada, Apontamentos Históricos, 60–63.53. The Tongas were the children of natives and serviçais from other African

colonies, particularly from Angola. A. Miranda Guedes, S. Thomé (Oporto: Typographia da Empreza Guedes, 1911), 8, 22–23; Ernesto de Vasconcelos, São Tomé e Príncipe (Lisbon: Tipografia da Cooperativa Militar, 1918), 87–90, 93.

54. Miranda Guedes, S. Thomé, 27–28.55. For a more detailed examination of this question, see Nascimento, Poderes e

Quotidiano, 127–170.56. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, São Tomé e Príncipe, 85.57. Henry W. Nevinson, A Modern Slavery (London: Harper and Brothers, 1906),y

187; Fox Bourne, Slave Traffic in Portuguese Africa, 44–25.58. Miranda Guedes, S. Thomé, 22.

Notes 211

59. Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 164.60. Ibid., 264–246, 270–271, 273.61. José Almada, Comparative essay on indentured labour at St. Thomé and Príncipe

(Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1919), 57.62. Cadbury, Labour in Portuguese West Africa, 31; Almada, Comparative essay,

59–60.63. According to José de Almada, around 1913 the tariff applied to the export

of cocoa was 270 reis per 15 kilos in the case of Portuguese ships and 476reis per 15 kilos in the case of foreign ships. Almada, Comparative essay,59–60.

64. The Banco Nacional Ultramarino was created in 1864 with the aim of monopolising the lending of capital to Portuguese colonial territories. It became one of the main agents in Portugal’s colonial economy. Jorge M. Pedreira, ‘Comércio ultramarino e integração económica’, in FranciscoBethencourt and Kirti Chaudhuri, História da Expansão Portuguesa, vol. IV(Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1998), 253–254.

65. O Trabalho Indígena nas Colonias Portuguesas: Memoria Justificativa, 6.66. See Jerónimo, ‘The States of empire’. For the pacification campaigns see Réne

Pélissier, História das Campanhas de Angola (Lisboa: Editorial Estampa, 1986); História de Moçambique (Lisboa: Estampa, 1987–8); Naissance de la Guiné (Orgeval: Éditions Pélissier, 1989); Les Campagnes Coloniales du Portugal,1844–1941 (Paris: Pygmalion, 2004).

67. J. Paulo Monteiro Cancella, ‘Impressões de uma viagem às Ilhas de S. Thomé e Principe’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1902), 16, 20–21, 27, 29–31.

68. Mantero, A Mão-de-Obra em S. Thomé e Principe.69. António de Sousa Lara was one of the main investors in the S. Tomé plan-

tations, and was linked with the creation of the Companhia Comercial deAngola (1900), the gunpowder business, and the concession of mining rightsin Lisbon. He was also one of the largest producers of sugar cane in Benguela.William Clarence-Smith, O Terceiro Império Português (1825–1975) (Lisbon: Teorema, 1985), 111.

70. The text accompanying the photograph of J. A. Wyllie between pages 78 and79. In its appendix, this book reproduced some of the articles that had beenpublished by this individual in the British press, ‘in defence of Portugal’.Mantero, Obras Completas, vol. 1, 192–200.

71. Mantero, A Mão-de-Obra em S. Thomé e Principe, 23. The role of photography was also noted by see Diogo Ramada Curto in his ‘Prefácio’ to Jerónimo, Livros Brancos, Almas Negras, 9–40, especially at 20–21.

72. J. A. Wyllie, ‘Prefatory Note’, in Francisco Mantero, Portuguese Planters, 1–2,4–6, 8.

73. Ibid., 12–13.74. René Claparède, L’Esclavage Portugais et le ‘Journal de Genève (Paris: Bureaux

de la ‘France D’Outre-Mer’, 1913), 9–14, 21–23, 28–30. For John H. Harrissee William R. Louis, ‘Sir John Harris and “colonial trusteeship”’, Bulletin des Seances de l’Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, vol. 14 (1968), 832–856.r

75. Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 212–215.76. The White Books were published as substitutes for the Blue Books in

1912–1915 and 1927. Almada, Apontamentos Históricos, 99.

212 Notes

77. Alberto Correia, A Exploração do Indigena no Districto de Mossamedes (Loanda:Livraria, Papelaria e Tipografia Mondego, 1911), 4–5, 8.

78. Cited in Freire de Andrade, Relatório Feito, 21–22.79. Jerónimo Paiva de Carvalho, Alma Negra (Oporto: Tipografia Progresso,

1912).80. Ibid., 5–8.81. The contradictions between the two pamphlets produced by Paiva de

Carvalho are, in fact, huge. The reasons for this are not apparent in the avail-able sources. Freire de Andrade, Relatório Feito, 38–40, 43.

82. Alfredo da Silva, O Monstro da Escravatura (Oporto: Tipografia Mendonça, 1913).

83. Ibid., 17–19.84. Ibid., 23–27, 29.85. Alfredo da Silva was one of William Cadbury’s witnesses in the Birmingham

trial of 1910. For his view on the trial, see the article he published in O Mundo, 25 January 1910; Alfredo da Silva, O Monstro da Escravatura, 8–9.

86. John Harris, ‘Escravatura portuguesa’, in Livro Branco: Africa, 2 (1913), 4–7, 9;John Harris to Foreign Office quoted in Duffy, A Question of Slavery, 219–220.

87. Letters dated 31 January and 15 February 1913, in the Livro Branco, and quoted in Claparède, L’Esclavage Portugais, 12–13.

88. Notice quoted in Freire de Andrade, Relatório Feito, 19–20.89. Harris, ‘Escravatura portuguesa’, 9.90. For the entire event see Pélissier, História das Campanhas de Angola , 294–313;

Jelmer Vos, The Kingdom of Kongo and Its Borderlands, 1880–1915 (London: PhD Thesis, SOAS-UL, 2005), 216–248. See also J. S. Bowskill, San Salvador (London: Carey Press, 1914) and Earl Mayo’s testimony at the House of Lords in 27th Kuly 1914: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1914/jul/27/portuguese-west-africa. For the religious underpinnings of these affairs see Dores, Uma Missão para o Império.

91. Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 164, 188–189.92. Ibid., 195, 206–207.93. Joseph Burtt, ‘S. Tomé’, Bournville Works Magazine, reproduced in Correia de

Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 253–261, quoted in 253–255.94. Sociedade de Emigração para São Tomé e Príncipe, La Main D’Oeuvre Indigène

dans L’Ouest Africain (Geneva: Imprimerie du Journal de Genève, 1920), 6–24.

95. Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 80–82, 84–86.96. Ofício 852/222, 4 August 1916 by Correia de Aguiar, sent to the government

of the province of S. Tomé. Correia de Aguiar, O Trabalho Indígena, 90–91,130.

97. Almada, Apontamentos Históricos, 53.

3 ‘Redemptive Labour’ and the Missionaries of the Alphabet

1. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 221. 2. José Francisco da Silva, ‘Emigração: Assistencia aos Emigrantes’, in Congresso

Colonial Nacional: Actas das Sessões (1901), 22.

Notes 213

3. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 219–220; Francisco Mantero, ‘Regimendo trabalho em S. Thomé e em Angola’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional(1901), 61.

4. ‘Pamphlet Scrope’ was a strong opponent of Malthusian population doc-trines and an advocate for the emigration of British subjects to the colonies, seen as it was as a panacea for domestic problems. For an intellectual biog-raphy and the nickname see Redvers Opie, ‘A Neglected English Economist: George Poulett Scrope’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 44, nº. 1 (1929), 101–137, at 102. For the intellectual context, his position andthe colonial issue, see Bernard Semmel, The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 97–99, 117–118, 190.

5. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 219–220. 6. For an overview see Robert Rowland, ‘Velhos e novos Brasis’, in Bethencourt

and Chaudhuri, eds., História da Expansão Portuguesa, vol. 4, 303–374 and Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ‘Portugal no mundo’, in Pedro Tavaresde Almeida, ed., História Contemporânea de Portugal. Vol. 2: A ConstruçãoNacional, 1834–1890 (Madrid/Lisboa: Fundación Mapfre&Editora Objectiva,2013), 77–108. For a later period see Cláudia Castelo, Passagens para África(Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2007).

7. Luís Schwalbach Lucci, Emigração e Colonização (Lisbon: Typ. do Annuario Commercial, 1914), 73–74, 81–89.

8. Henrique Galvão, ‘Um critério do povoamento europeu nas colónias portu-guesas’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias, 8 May 1932, 3–26.

9. Gomes dos Santos, As Nossas Colonias, 5–130.10. Lucci, Emigração e Colonização, 76.11. Idem, 89.12. Henrique Barahona da Costa, ‘O problema das obras publicas nas suas

relações com o progresso e desenvolvimento dos nossos dominios africanos’,in Congresso Colonial Nacional (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1901), 6.

13. Gerald J. Bender, Angola under Portuguese (London: Heinemann, 1978),87–98.

14. José Francisco da Silva, ‘Emigração: Assistencia aos emigrantes’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (1901), 22.

15. For the 1820s reasoning see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 25–26.16. Intervention by José Francisco da Silva in the debate at the first session of

the National Colonial Congress, in Congresso Colonial Nacional, 142.17. A more profound study of the emergence of colonial science in Portugal

remains to be made. For the French case, see the excellent work by Emmanuelle Sibeud, Une Science Impériale pour L’Afrique. (Paris: EHESS, 2002). For the Belgian case see Marc Poncelet, L’invention des sciences coloniales belges(Paris: Karthala, 2008).

18. Ernesto de Vasconcellos, ‘Ensino colonial nas escolas superiores. InstitutoColonial’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (1901), 42–43; Count of PenhaGarcia, ‘Bases para a organisação de um museu colonial como centro de informações coloniais’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (1901), 52, 54–55; John Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986), 121–146. For the British Imperial Institute see also William Golant, Image of Empire (Exeter: University of Exeter, 1984) and MichaelWorboys, ‘The Imperial Institute: The State and the Development of

214 Notes

the Natural Resources of the Colonial Empire, 1887–1923’ in John M. MacKenzie, ed., Imperialism and the Natural World (Manchester: ManchesterdUniversity Press, 1990), 164–186.

19. Count of Penha Garcia, ‘Bases para a organisação do ensino colonial prático nas escolas de agricultura, do commercio e nos institutos industriaes, com largo desenvolvimento da geographia economica e estudo especial das nos-sas riquezas coloniaes e suas relações com a economia nacional’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (1901), 45.

20. Count of Penha Garcia, ‘Bases para a organisação de um Museu Colonial como Centro de Informações Coloniaes’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional: Actas das Sessões (1901), 55; Count of Penha Garcia, debate at the secondsession of the National Colonial Congress, in Congresso Colonial Nacional: Actas das Sessões (1901), 153–154.

21. Domingos de Oliveira, ‘Influência da instabilidade da legislação na admin-istração colonial’, Congresso Colonial Nacional (Lisboa: A Liberal-Officina Typographica, 1902), 83–85; Conde da Penha Garcia, in idem, 153.

22. Carlos Mello Geraldes, Instituições de Fomento Colonial Estrangeiras (Lisboa:Tipografia Universal, 1912).

23. Idem, 63, 111, 119–120. For Kew Gardens see Richard Drayton, Nature’s Government (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000); for the Jardin Colonial see C. Bonneuil and M. Kleiche, Du jardin d’essais colonial à la station expéri-mentale 1880–1930 (Montpellier: Cirad, 1993); for the Museum at Tervuren see Dirk Van Den Audenaerde & Sony Van Hoecke, eds., Africa Museum Tervuren 1898–1998 (Brussels: Musée Royal de l’Afrique centrale, 1998). For the general problem see also Daniel R. Headrick, The Tentacles of Progress,especially 209–258; Mark Harrison, ‘Science and the British Empire’ and Michael  A.  Osborne, ‘Science and the French Empire’, Isis, Vol. 96, nº 1(2005), 56–63 and 80–87.

24. João Carneiro de Moura, A administração colonial portuguesa (Lisboa: A.M. Teixeira, 1910), 11. For a sample of other common perspectives see RuyEnnes Ulrich, Ciência e administração colonial (Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1908); Lourenço Cayolla, Sciencia de colonização (Lisboa: Typographia da Cooperativa Militar, 1912).

25. See Jerónimo, ‘The States of empire’.26. Relatório ácerca do Estudo dos Problemas Coloniaes (Lisbon: Sociedade de

Geografia de Lisboa, 1913), 3, 5–8.27. For an overview see Ong Jin Hui, ‘Chinese indentured labour: coolies and

colonies’, in Robin Cohen, ed., The Cambridge Survey, 51–56; and, amongothers, Rana P. Behal and Marcel van der Linden, eds., Coolies, capital and colonialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

28. Years earlier, Gomes dos Santos had appreciated the willingness of ‘Asiatics’to work in a different manner, stressing their tendency to ‘explore the work of others’. Gomes dos Santos, As Nossas Colonias, 148, 175; Marnoco e Souza,Administração Colonial, 566–570.

29. The author of this statement was Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, one of the mostquoted thinkers in the manuals of the Portuguese colonial administration.Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial, 571. For Beaulieu and his impor-tance on Portuguese imperial thinking see Jerónimo, ‘The “Civilisation Guild”’, 195ff.

Notes 215

30. Quoted in Lucci, Emigração e Colonização, 92; Valentim Alexandre, Origensdo Colonialismo Português Moderno, 1822–1891 (Lisbon: Sá da Costa Editora,1979), 216–217.

31. The period of the duration of the contracts was in inverse proportion to the volume and intensity of external pressure. While in 1875, 1878 and1899, according to the native labour legislation, the maximum duration of reach contract was five years, the regulation of 1911 limited it to two years. Almada, Apontamentos Históricos, 42–47.

32. Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique(London: Heinemann, 1980), 145.

33. A Miranda Guedes, S. Thomé, 33.34. Representação dos Agricultores e Comerciantes de S. Tomé á Camara dos Deputados

contra o Decreto de 1 de Outubro de 1913 (S. Tomé: Imprensa da ‘Voz’, 1913),3, 6.

35. Ruy Ennes Ulrich, Política Colonial (Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade,1909), 128–129.

36. Vail and White, Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique, 166. See alsoEduardo do Couto Lupi, Relatório do Governador do Districto de Quelimane,1907–1909 (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1910), 93; William Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire (1825–1975) (Manchester:Machester University Press, 1985), 105.

37. See Sérgio Chichava, ‘Unlike the Other Whites? The Swiss in Mozambique under Colonialism’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, eds. ImperialMigrations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 149–167, especially 161–162.

38. As we have seen, some years earlier, according to the testimony of D. R. W.Bourke (the Earl of Mayo) in his book De Rebus Africanis (1883), the recruit-ment method was distinctive. Once placed before government officials, thenatives were subjected to a short interrogation based on such questions as‘Are you hungry?’ A positive response was a declaration of a desire to go to S. Tomé for the following five years. Quoted in Almada, Apontamentos Históricos, 9.

39. The revelations continued to accumulate in the titles of newspapers, and included critical reports about the general conditions in Portuguese prisons. It is in this context that Vail and White framed the celebrated discussions about an eventual division of Portugal’s colonial possessions between the British and the Germans, with Edward Grey being one of the main support-ers of this idea. Vail and White, Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique,184–187.

40. Lucien Aspe-Fleurimont was a French colonial expert and an adviser to the Commerce extérieur de la France (1902). Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena,221–233, 225; Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial, 557.

41. Letter to William Cadbury, dated 30 December 1912, in reply to his report,Os Serviçaes de S. Thomé and to a letter Cadbury published in NineteenthCentury. Augusto Freire de Andrade, A Questão dos Serviçaes de S. Thomé (Lisbon: Typografia do Anuário Comercial, 1913), 3.

42. A. Freire de Andrade, Relatório feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias, 4–24.43. The work by Paul Reinsch, Colonial Administration (New York and London:

Macmillan & Co., 1905) is clearly the source of inspiration to Freire de

216 Notes

Andrade. Freire de Andrade, Relatório feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias, 4–5, 25.

44. Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial, 573.45. Freire de Andrade, Relatórios sobre Moçambique, Vol. II, (Lourenço Marques:

Imprensa Nacional, 1908), 62ff.46. The excerpt is presented in italics, unlike the rest of the citation by Freire de

Andrade. Again, it is interesting to note that the same quotation had been included to justify the solution to obligatory labour in the work of Sampayo e Mello. Freire de Andrade, Relatório feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias, 6; Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 243; http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1898/may/06/class-ii#S4V0057P0_18980506_HOC_219. Accessed 18 October 2010.

47. Aspe-Fleurimont thesis in La Colonisation française (Paris: V. Giard et E.Brière, 1902), 23, referred to in Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial,564. For social Darwinism in France and the place Aspe-Fleurimont andother colonial experts played in it see Jean-Marc Bernardini, Le Darwinisme social en France (1859–1918) (Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1997), esp. 195.

48. Freire de Andrade, Relatório feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias, 11.49. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 238 (quotation attributed to Leroy

Beaulieu).50. For Angola see the classic by Alfredo Margarido, ‘Les Porteurs: forme de

domination et agents de changement en Angola (XVIIe–XIXe siècles)’, Revuefrançaise d’histoire d’outre-mer, vol. 65, nº 240 (1978), 377–400.r

51. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 239, 241 e 243; Marnoco e Souza,Administração Colonial, 565–566.

52. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 242–243.53 There is no comprehensive empirical research on the role played by tax-

extraction policies and practices on the developments of the Portuguese colonial empire from the late nineteenth century onwards. For an example regarding the British Empire see Leigh A. Gardner, Taxing Colonial Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

54. The expression appears in Paul Reinsch, Colonial Administration, 360.55. Mantero, ‘Regimen do trabalho em S. Thomé e em Angola’, in Congresso

Colonial Nacional (1901), 61.56. Freire de Andrade, Relatórios sobre Moçambique, Vol. II, 60ff.57. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 254; Marnoco e Souza, Administração

Colonial, 560.58. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 253.59. Ibid., 247.60. António Almada Negreiros, La Main-d’Oeuvre en Afrique (Paris: [s.n.], 1900).

See also Jerónimo, ‘The “Civilisation guild”’, 179ff.61. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 248; Count of Penha Garcia, ‘Bases para a

organisação do ensino colonial’, 50; Viscount de Giraud, ‘Missões commerci-aes no interior de Angola’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (1901), 71–72.

62. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 248.63. Freire de Andrade, Relatório feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias, 10.64. Between 1876 and 1880, this commission was responsible for many docu-

ments that supported the urgency and strategic importance of colonial edu-cation. One of the most important examples rests in Projectos de uma Escola

Notes 217

de Disciplinas Relativas à Terra, e às Gentes e às Línguas do Ultramar Português(of 18 March 1878, sent to the government on 10 July), better known asQuestões Coloniais. Ângela Guimarães, Uma Corrente do Colonialismo Português(Lisbon: Horizonte, 1984); Jerónimo, ‘Religion, Empire and the Diplomacyof Colonialism’, 156–159. See also João Carlos Paulo, ‘A Honra da Bandeira’(Lisbon: MA thesis, FCSH-UNL, 1992).

65. J. P. Oliveira Martins, O Brasil e as Colónias Portuguesas (Lisbon: Guimarães, 1978), 175–179, 255; Valentim Alexandre, ‘Questão nacional e questão colo-nial em Oliveira Martins’ and ‘O império colonial no século XX’, both in Velho Brasil, Novas Áfricas: Portugal e o Império (1808–1975) (Oporto: Edições Afrontamento, 2000), 174–179 and 182, respectively.

66. Francisco Dias da Costa, ‘Relatório apresentado à Camara dos Deputadospelo sr. ministro da Marinha e do Ultramar ácerca das provincias da ÁfricaOccidental’, Portugal em África, 57, September (1898), 326.

67. Charles Ageron, ‘Gambetta et la reprise de l’expansion coloniale’, RevueFrançaise d’Histoire d’Outre-Mer, LIX (1972), 196–197. For all these issuesrin Portugal see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 210–215, and Idem,‘Missions et Empire. Politique et religion dans le nouveaux Brésiles enAfrique (1860–1890)’, Histoire, Monde & cultures religieuses (forthcoming, 2014). For the problem of anticlericalism in the French colonial empiresee, among others, Philippe Delisle, L’anticléricalisme dans les colonies fran-çaises sous la 3ème République (Paris: Indes Savantes, 2009). See also James P.Daughton, An Empire Divided (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), andJames P. Daughton and Owen White, eds., In God’s Empire (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2012).

68. Luciano Cordeiro, ‘Primeiro Relatório Apresentado à Comissão de Missõesdo Ultramar’ and ‘Segundo Relatório Apresentado à Comissão de Missões doUltramar’, in Luciano Cordeiro, Questões Coloniais (Coimbra: Imprensa daUniversidade, 1934), 109–134, 135–159, at 112–113.

69. Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 212.70. António Enes, Moçambique, 175–178, 181–186, 189; Eduardo da Costa,

Estudo sobre a Administração Civil das nossas Possessões Africanas: MemóriaApresentada ao Congresso Colonial (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1903), 168–174.

71. Freire de Andrade, Relatórios sobre Moçambique, Vol. V, 304.72. See Jeanne Marie Penvenne, African Workers and Colonial Racism (London:

James Currey Ltd., 1995), 12–13.73. For a classic account of the problem see José Capela, O vinho para o preto

(Porto: Afrontamento, 1973).74. O Africano, 25 December 1908. Aurélio Rocha mistakes the date of this issue,

listing it as 28 December. Aurélio Rocha, ‘Associativismo e nativismo: os fun-damentos do discurso ideológico’, in Fátima Ribeiro and António Sopa, eds., 140 Anos de Imprensa em Moçambique (Maputo: Associação Moçambicana de Língua Portuguesa, 1996), 31–33.

75. For the British case, see Andrew Porter, ‘Empires in the Mind’, in P.J. Marshall, ed., The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 186–189, 202. See alsoMiguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ‘Os missionários do alfabeto nas colónias por-tuguesas (1880–1930)’, in Diogo Ramada Curto, ed., Estudos de Sociologia da

218 Notes

Leitura em Portugal no Século XX (Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian,2006), 29–67, especially 32–34.

76. The filhos do país (sons of the country) were an active Euro-African frontier group and were one of the most important voices calling for political, socialand economic reform within Angola. Voz d’Angola clamando no deserto: offer-ecida aos amigos da verdade pelos naturaes (Lisbon: 1901). For an analysis of the context of the work see Helena Wakim Moreno, Voz d’Angola clamando no deserto (São Paulo: MA Thesis, 2014), especially 132–155. For the generalproblem see Douglas Wheeler, ‘Origins of African Nationalism in Angola: Assimilado Protest Writing, 1859–1929’, in R. Chilcote, ed., Protest and Resistance in Brazil and Portuguese Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 67–87; Jill Dias, ‘Uma Questão de Identidade: RespostasIntelectuais às Transformações Econômicas no Seio da Elite Crioula daAngola Portuguesa entre 1870 e 1930’, Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos, nº 1 (1984), 61–94; Mário de Andrade, Origens do nacionalismoafricano (Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 1997); Fernando Pimenta, Brancos de Angola (Coimbra: Minerva, 2005); and Jacopo Corrado, The Creole Elite and the Riseof Angolan Protonationalism, 1870–1920 (Amherst, NY.: Cambria Press, 2008).

77. António Cabreira, O Ensino Colonial e o Congresso de Lisboa (Lisbon: Tipografia Gutemberg, 1902), 3–4.

78. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena, 22–24, 27, 61, 81, 101–102; Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial, 414–415. For the ‘geographer-missionary’ see Jerónimo, A Diplomacia do Império, 212.

79. For the most comprehensive analysis see Hugo Gonçalves Dores, Uma Missão para o Império, especially chapter IV, ‘Entra a República’.

80. Norton de Matos, Memórias e Trabalhos da Minha Vida, Vol. III (Lisbon: Editora Marítimo-Colonial, 1944), 302–303, 317.

81. The installation of the republican regime was only slightly responsible forthis, in the same way that the repression of the religious orders in 1834represented the decisive factor for the state of religious abandonment inthe Portuguese colonies during the nineteenth century. The first case pointis addressed by Dores, Uma Missão para o Império, the second is the object of analysis in Jerónimo, Religion, Empire and the Diplomacy of Colonialism,153–181.

82. J. V. Solipa Norte, Relatório do Inspector da Instrução Primária da Provincia deMoçambique (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1920), 6–13, 17. For a study of colonial education in Mozambique see Ana Isabel Madeira, Ler,Escrever e Orar (Lisbon: PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, 2007), especially373ff.

83. José Gonçalo Santa Rita, ‘Ensino nas colónias. Indigenato. Colonato’, inCongresso Colonial Nacional (Lisbon: Tipografia América, 1924), 1–3.

84. Mário Costa, ‘Esboço histórico e estatístico da instrução na colónia deMoçambique’, Boletim Económico e Estatístico, Vol. 5 (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1928).

85. Mário Barradas, ‘Relatório’, Boletim Económico e Estatístico Vol. 5 (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1928), 56–57.

86. An interesting figure, Mário Costa was an infantry lieutenant, a subaltern in the 1st Native Machinegun Battery. A dispatch dated 22 January 1927 appointed him to organise an historical archive (of documents held within

Notes 219

the General Headquarters of the Mozambique Colony), by virtue of his inter-est in the colony’s history and of the works that he had published in the meantime. These works included: Estatística da edificação de Lourenço Marquesem épocas sucessivas (elementos e subsídios para um estudo do desenvolvimento de Lourenço Marques) of 1925, which received an award from the StatisticsDepartment; Como Fizeram os Portugueses em Moçambique, which receiveda prize in the colonial literature competition run by the Agência Geral dasColónias in 1927; and the organisation of the Anuário de Moçambique, from 1925–29. Mário Costa, ‘Esboço histórico e estatístico da instrução na colónia de Moçambique’, 67, 71–72.

87. Estatuto Orgânico das Missões Católicas Portuguesas de África e Timor, Decree r12 485 of 13 October, reproduced in Anuário de Ensino da Colónia deMoçambique: Ano de 1930 (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1931),155–157, 159–161. For the causes and context see Dores, Uma Missão para oImpério. To assess the nature in which these matters were appropriated andreproduced during the Estado Novo, see Augusto Castro Júnior, O Problema do Ensino em Terras de Além-Mar (Lisbon: Editorial Império, 1953).r

88. Article 21, Estatuto Orgânico das Missões Católicas Portuguesas de África e Timor, r167–168.

4 Bibles, Flags and Transnational Loyalties:Educating Empires

1. One of the most significant cases of this meeting of legal information onthe regulation of labour in the colonies of various colonising countries is in the documentation of the ICI or, for a wider range of compared legislation, the Annuaire Coloniale. See Institut Colonial International, La Main-d’oeuvre aux Colonies: Documents Officiels, 1st series, 3 Vols. (Brussels:Bibliothèque Coloniale Internationale, 1895). For a recent analysis of its rolesee Benoit Daviron, ‘Mobilizing labour in African agriculture: the role of theInternational Colonial Institute in the elaboration of a standard of colonialadministration, 1895–1930’, Journal of Global History, n.º 5 (2010), 479–501.

2. For a recent approach to the role of the transnational dimension of Protestantmissionary action, see John Stuart, ‘Beyond Sovereignty? Protestant Missions, Empire and Transnationalism’, in Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine and Frank Trentmann, eds., Beyond Sovereignty (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 103–125.

3. In addition to the references cited in Part I of this book, see Charles PelhamGroves, ‘Missionary and Humanitarian Aspects of Imperialism from 1870to 1914’, 462–463, 476–479; C. G. Baëta, ‘Missionary and Humanitarian Interests, 1914 to 1960’, in L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan, eds., Colonialismin Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. II: The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1914–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 425–426; NormanEtherington, ‘Mission and Empire’, in Robin Winks, ed., Historiography,Vol. V, in William Roger Louis, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 303–305.

4. For more on the International Missionary Council, see William Richey Hogg,Ecumenical Foundations: A History of the International Missionary Council and

220 Notes

its Nineteenth-Century Background (New York: Harper, 1952). For more on J. H.dOldham and the 1910 World Missionary Conference of Edinburgh, see Keith Clemens, Faith on the Frontier (Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 1999), especially 73–99.

5. The most reasoned challenge to an absolute and acritical association of imperial and missionary factors is that by Porter, Religion vs. Empire?..., espe-cially 1–14 and 316–330. For the appreciations made in Edinburgh in 1910 in respect of relations between the state, the colonial powers and the mis-sions, see Brian Stanley, ‘Church, State and the Hierarchy of “Civilization”: the Making of the “Missions and Governments” Report at the World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910’, in Andrew Porter, ed., The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914 (Grand Rapids, MI: WilliamB. Eerdmans, 2003), 58–84, especially 80–82; for a contemporary apprecia-tion, see J. H. Oldham, ‘Nationality and Missions’, International Review of Missions, no. 35 (1920), 381.

6. Despite Warnshuis conciliatory position, based on the proposal that efforts should be made by Protestant missions to accommodate themselves toPortuguese legislation and policies, the IMC officially decided that the obsta-cles raised by the Portuguese government to the use of the Bible in nativelanguages should be questioned. A. L. Warnshuis, The Relations of Missionsand Governments in Belgian, French and Portuguese Colonies (London: IMC, 1923).

7. For the nineteenth century, see Andrew Porter, ‘Trusteeship, Anti-Slavery,and Humanitarism’, in William Roger Louis, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. III, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 198–221; for the twentieth century, see Ronald Robinson, ‘The Moral Disarmament of African Empire, 1919–1947’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History,Vol. 8, no. 1 (1979), 86–104; Ralph A. Austen, ‘Varieties of Trusteeship:African Territories under British and French Mandate, 1919–1939’, in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis, eds., France and Britain in Africa, 515–542;Kevin Grant, ‘Human Rights and Sovereign Abolitions of Slavery c. 1880–1956’, in Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine and Frank Trentmann, eds., Beyond Sovereignty, 80–102; and Ward, A Civilized Savagery, 135–166.

8. For Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee and African affairs see Louis R. Harlan,‘Booker T. Washington and the White Man’s Burden’, The American Historical Review, vol. 71, nº 2 (1966), 441–467; Booker T. Gardner, ‘The Educational Contributions of Booker T. Washington’, The Journal of Negro Education, vol.44, nº 4 (1975), 502–518, especially 507–510.

9. See Andrew Zimmerman, Alabama in Africa.10. The descendant of a long philanthropic missionary tradition that was

directed towards the education of the black communities, the Phelps-StokesFund was established on 24 May 1911 by Caroline Phelps Stokes. See Ullin W. Leavell, ‘Trends of Philanthropy in Negro Education: A Survey’, TheJournal of Negro Education, Vol. 2, no. 1 (1933), 38–52 and Patti McGill Peterson, ‘Colonialism and Education: The Case of the Afro-American’, Comparative Education Review, Vol. 15, no. 2 (1971), 146–157.

11. Edward H. Berman, ‘Tuskegee in Africa’, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol.41, no. 2 (1972), 99–112. For J. H. Oldham and the connection with theTuskegee Institute and with Africa, see Kenneth J. King, ‘Africa and the

Notes 221

Southern States of the USA: Notes on J. H. Oldham and American NegroEducation for Africans’, The Journal of African History, vol. 10, nº 4 (1969), 659–677, and George Bennett, ‘Paramountcy to Partnership: J. H. Oldhamand Africa’, Africa, nº 30 (1960), 356–361. For Thomas Jesse Jones, see J. W. C. Dougall, ‘Thomas Jesse Jones: Crusader for Africa’, International Review of Missions, Vol. 34, no. 155 (1950), 311–317; Herbert M. Kliebard ‘‘That Evil Genius of the Negro Race’: Thomas Jesse Jones and Educational Reform’, Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, vol. 10, nº 1 (1994), 5–20; William H. Watkin, ‘Thomas Jesse Jones, Social Studies, and Race’, International Journal of Social Education, vol. 10, nº 2 (1996), 124–34. Cf. Thomas Jesse Jones, NegroEducation, 2 vols. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1917). Forthe differences of opinions in sectors concerned with educating the black community, see Donald Johnson, ‘W. E. B. Du Bois, Thomas Jesse Jones and the Struggle for Social Education’, The Journal of Negro History, vol. 85, nº3 (2000), 71–95, especially 77–87. For a classic critical assessment of these educational views see Albert Victor Murray, The School in the Bush (London:Longmans, 1929).

12. Edward H. Berman, ‘Tuskegee in Africa’..., 101–102.13. Thomas Jesse Jones, ed., Education in Africa (New York, NY: Phelps-Stoke

Fund, 1922). For an overview of the process see Edward H. Berman,‘American Influence on African Education: The Role of the Phelps-Stokes Fund’s Education Commissions’, Comparative Education Review, vol. 15, nº 2 (1971), 132–145.

14. Jesse Jones, ed., Education in Africa..., xii–xxv, 18–25.15. Jesse Jones, ed., Education in Africa..., 224–232, 236, 245–247.16. Jesse Jones, ‘Diary’, 30th January 1921; Jesse Jones to J. H. Oldham, 4th

April 1921; both in International Missionary Council and Conference of British Missionary Societies Joint Archive (hereafter IMC/CBMS), Box 1202 –Portuguese West Africa: Memoranda. General; and Schomburg Center forResearch in Black Culture (SCRBC), Box 46, African Education Commission,1921–1923. Diary, 1920–1921, in pages 175–176.

17. Norton de Matos to J. H. Oldham, 9th January 1921; A. L. Warnshuis to Norton de Matos, 24th October 1921; in IMC/CBMS, Box 1002 – PortugueseWest Africa: Norton de Matos, Governor of Angola, 1921/1922. Jesse Jones toNorton de Matos, 31st January, 21st February, 4th April and 29th July 1921;all in Box 46, African Education Commission, 1921–1923. Diary, 1920–1921.

18. J. T. Tucker to A. L. Warnshuis, 9th August 1921 and 3rd February 1922, inIMC/CBMS, Box 1002 – Portuguese West Africa: Dr. J. T. Tucker, 1920–1949. J.T. Tucker to A. L. Warnshuis, 30th January 1922; J. T. Tucker (on behalf of The Angola Missions Conference) to Norton de Matos, 24th September 1922; for a summary of Norton de Matos reaction to the Conference’s proposals seeJ. T. Tucker to the members of the Angola Missions Conference, 3rd October 1922; all in IMC/CBMS, Box 1002 – Portuguese West Africa: Norton de Matos,Governor of Angola, 1921/1922.

19. For Frederick Lugard, see Margery Perham, Lugard (London: Collins, 1960), 642–650; John E. Flint, ‘Frederick Lugard: The Making of an Autocrat (1858–1943)’, in L. Gann and P. Duignan, ed., African Proconsuls (New York: Free Press, 1978), 290–312. On the idea of mandates see, among others, WilliamRoger Louis, ‘African Origins of the Mandates Idea’, International Organization,

222 Notes

vol. 19, nº 1 (1965), 20–36; Idem, ‘The United Kingdom and the Beginningof the Mandates System, 1919–1922’, International Organization, vol. 23, nº1(1969), 73–96; and Michael D. Callahan, Mandates and Empire (Brighton:Sussex Academic Press, 1999); and A Sacred Trust (Brighton: Sussex AcademicPress, 2004).

20 C. G. Baëta, ‘Missionary and Humanitarian Interests..., 429.21. Advisory Committee on Native Education in the British Tropical African

Dependencies, Education Policy in British Tropical Africa (London: H.M.H.M. Stationery Office, 1925). See also Clive Whitehead, ‘Education Policy in British Tropical Africa: the 1925 White Paper in Retrospect’, History of Education, vol. 10, nº 3 (1981), 195–203.

22. Perham, Lugard, 656–661. On education policy in the British colonies, seeArthur Mayhew, ‘A Comparative Survey of Educational Aims and Methods in British India and British Tropical Africa’, Africa, vol. 6, nº 2 (1933), 172–186; T. Walter Wallbank, ‘The Educational Renaissance in British Tropical Africa’, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31, no. 1 (1934), 105–122; Ann Beck, ‘Colonial Policy and Education in British East Africa, 1900–1950’, TheJournal of British Studies, Vol. 5, no. 2 (1966), 115–138, especially 124–127; Clive Whitehead, ‘The Advisory Committee on Education in the [British]Colonies, 1924–1961’, Paedagogica Historica, vol. XXVII, nº 3 (1991), pp. 385–421; Bob W. White, ‘Talk about School: education and the colonial project in French and British Africa (1860–1960)’, Comparative Education, vol.32, nº 1 (1996), 9–25; Aaron Windel, ‘British colonial education in Africa:policy and practice in the era of trusteeship’, History Compass, vol. 7, nº 1 (2009), 1–21.

23. Jesse Jones, ed., Education in Africa..., xiii–xx.24. Jesse Jones, ed., Education in Africa..., 296–297, 302–305, 312.25. Idem, 314.26. The International Institute of African Languages was funded by the Carnegie

Corporation and the Rockefeller Foundation, and had Frederick Lugard asits first chairman, Maurice Delafosse and Diedrich Hermann Westermannas initial co-directors, and Hans Vischer as secretary. The latter – a former minister of education of Lugard in Northern Nigeria and secretary of the Advisory Committee on Native Education in the British Tropical African Dependencies – was one of the most interested in US models.

27. For Westermann and the Institute see Holger Stoecker, ‘“The Gods are Dying”: Diedrich Westerman (1875–1956) and some aspects of his studiesof African religions’, in Frieder Ludwig and Afe Adogame, eds., European Traditions in the Study of Religion in Africa (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004), 169–174, especially 171–172. See also Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), especially 205ff; C. G. Baëta,‘Missionary and Humanitarian Interests...’, 434.

28. For the relations between the United States and Africa in this context, seePeter Duignan and L. H. Gann, The United States and Africa (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1984), especially 226–283.

29. Frank Freidel and Alan Brinkley, America in the Twentieth Century (New York: yMcGraw-Hill, 1982), 24–27. For Dewey and Ross, see, for example, DonaldJohnson, ‘W. E. B. Du Bois, Thomas Jesse Jones and the Struggle for SocialEducation’..., 74–75.

Notes 223

30. Donald Johnson, ibid., 29–31; Libby Schweber, ‘Progressive Reformers,Unemployment, and the Transformation of Social Inquiry in Britain and the United States, 1880–1920’, in Dietrich Rueschemeyer and ThedaSkocpol, eds., States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 186–187.

31. Omer Buyse, Méthodes Américaines d’Éducation Générale et Technique(Charleroi: Presses de L’Établissement Litographique de Charleroi, 1909), 15–585; A. Freire de Andrade, Relatórios sobre Moçambique, Vol. V (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1910), 368ff.

32. Jesse Jones, ed., Education in Africa..., xii–xxv.33. Ralph E. Luker, The Social Gospel in Black & White (Chapel Hill: University of

North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 125–128.34. Luker, The Social Gospel..., 132–134 (cited in Edward Ross, 34); Freidel

and Brinkley, America in the Twentieth Century..., 32–34 (cited in Booker Washington, 33).

35. Sampayo e Mello, Política Indígena..., 61–68; Marnoco e Souza, Administração Colonial..., 414–415.

36. See Arthur M. Schlesinger (‘A Critical Period in American Religion, 1875–1900’, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 64 [1932]) ver-sus Ralph Luker, The Social Gospel..., 1, 3–5; and Ronald C. White Jr. and C. Howard Hopkins, eds., The Social Gospel (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1976), xi–xix.

37. Shailer Mathews, author of the entry ‘Social gospel’ in the Dictionary of Religion and Ethics (1921), cited in White Jr. and Hopkins, eds., The SocialGospel, xi; Walter Rauschenbusch, author of A Theology for the Social Gospel(1917), cited in Freidel and Brinkley, America in the Twentieth Century..., 32;Michele Mitchell, ‘The Black Man’s Burden: African Americans, Imperialism and The Notions of Racial Manhood, 1890–1910’, International Review of Social History, 44 (1999), 79–80.

38. Paul Toews, ‘The Imperialism of Righteousness’, in White Jr. and Hopkins,eds., The Social Gospel..., 114–117. For an extensive analysis of Strong’sproposals and the criticisms it received, see Luker, The Social Gospel...,268–275.

39. Carroll D. Wright, author of Some Ethical Phases of the Labor Question (1902), cited in White Jr. and Hopkins, eds., The Social Gospel..., 129–130.

40. Ibid., 135–138.41. For Park and Booker T. Washington see Booker T. Washington, with the col-

laboration of Robert E. Park, The Man Farthest Down (New York: Doubleday, Page & company, 1912); Robert M. Park, ‘Tuskegee international conference on the Negro’, The Journal of Race Development (1912), pp. 117–120; Idem,t‘Politics and “The Man Farthest Down”’, in E. C. Hughes et al., eds., Raceand Culture (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1950), 166–176; Paul Jefferson, ‘WorkingNotes on the Prehistory of Black Sociology: The Tuskegee Negro Conference’, in Robert Alun Jones and Henrika Kurlick, eds., Knowledge and Society (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1981), 119–151; St Clair Drake, ‘The Tuskegee Connection: Booker T. Washington and Robert E. Park’, Society, vol. 20, nº 4 (1983), pp. 82–92; Zine Magubane, ‘Science, reform, and the “science of reform”: Booker T Washington, Robert Park, and the making of a “science of society”’, Current Sociology, vol. 62, nº 4 (2014), 568–583. Sean H. McMahon,

224 Notes

Social Control and Public Intellect (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers,1999), 142–143.

42. Donald N. Levine, Visions of the Sociological Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 251–252; Skocpol and Rueschemeyer, ‘Introduction’,in Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, eds., States…, 3–4.

43. Arthur J. Vidich and Stanford M. Lyman, American Sociology: Worldly Rejections of Religion and Their Directions (New Haven: Yale University Press,1985), 151; Arthur J. Vidich and Stanford M. Lyman, ‘Secular evangelism at the University of Wisconsin’, Social Research, vol. 49, nº4 (1982), 1047–1072.

44. Vidich and Lyman, American Sociology..., 153–155; for Richard T. Ely see White Jr. and Hopkins, eds., The Social Gospel..., 129.

45. W. R. Matthews, ‘Religious Thought’, in The New Cambridge Modern History,Vol. XII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 656–664.

46. For a rigorous analysis of the academic contributions of these two authors,see Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991). See especially the chapter entitled‘Towards a sociology of social control’, 219–256.

47. Matthews, ‘Religious Thought’..., 661.48. Ross, The Origins of American..., 230.49. Edward Ross, Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography (New York: Century Co.,y

1936); Vidich and Lyman, American Sociology..., 157; Edward Ross, The Outlines of Sociology (New York: The Century Co., 1923), 56ff.y

50. In addition to the works cited in Vidich and Lyman see Dorothy Ross, TheInternational Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Macmillan and Free Press, t.13–14, 1968), 560–562.

51. He changed his views, nonetheless, as he clarified in his autobiography.Ross, The Outlines..., 57; Edward A. Ross, Foundations of Sociology (New York:yMacmillan, 1905), 376–377, 379, 384; Idem, Seventy Years of It, 276. See alsotCurto, ‘Prefácio’, 33–36.

52. Edward Ross, Roads to Social Peace (Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress, 1924), 48–49, 54–58.

53. Ross’s article is reproduced in his Foundations of Sociology..., 353–385, at 353. For Richard H. Edwards, author of The Negro Problem (1908), see Luker, The Social Gospel..., 258.

54. Vidich and Lyman, American Sociology..., 157–159, 165; McMahon, SocialControl..., 144–146.

5 New Methods, Old Conclusions: The Ross Report

1. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, ‘Escravatura?!...’, Boletim da Agência Geral dasColónias, 1, no. 1 (July 1925), 10–12.

2. Journal de Genève, 6th November 1920 in Arquivo Histórico Diplomático, Fundo MNE (hereafter AHDMNE), Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso,armário 28, maço 71, A questã o da escravatura, 1919–1924. For the context of legislative reforms see Jerónimo, ‘The States of empire’.

3. For the general policy see Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ‘Administraçãocolonial’, in M. F. Rollo, ed., Dicionário de História da I República e do Republicanismo (Lisbon: Assembleia da República, 2013), pp. 26–31.

Notes 225

4. Afonso Costa to Rodrigo Xavier da Silva, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 26thand 28th April (confidencialíssimo), 19th and 20th May, 3rd (telegram, confidencialíssimo) and 6th June 1919; Afonso Costa to João de MeloBarreto, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 15th August 1919, both in AHDMNE,3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume IV – Reforma daAdministração Colonial.

5. Bernardo Botelho da Costa was Judge of the Supreme Military Court andhad relevant experience in courts in several colonies (Estado da Índia(( , Cape Vert, Nova Goa, Angola). Bernardo Botelho da Costa, Relatório ordenado peloDecreto número 5706 de 10 de Maio de 1911, do Ministério das Colónias (Diário do Governo Nº 98 1ª Série) (typewritten), in Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino(hereafter AHU), MU-DGE-RCM-M2243/5, at 3–4, 158, 183; Memorandum Colónias Portuguesas by the Portuguese delegation to the Peace Conference,14th December 1918, in AHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume I - Miscelânea; Freire de Andrade, ‘Nota sobre os indígenas deMoçambique’, s.d.; Freire de Andrade, memorandum titled Le main d’oeuvreindigene dans la colonie africaine, 19th February 1919; in AHDMNE, 3º piso,armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III - Mão-de-Obra Indígena.

6. Botelho da Costa, Relatório ordenado pelo Decreto número 5706 de 10 deMaio de 1911, do Ministério das Colónias (Diário do Governo Nº 98 1ª Série)(typewritten), in Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (hereafter AHU), MU-DGE-RCM-M2243/5, at 3–4, 158, 183. For the Nyassa Company see Barry Neil-Tomlinson, ‘The Nyassa Chartered Company: 1891–1929’, The Journal of African History, vol. 18, nº1 (1977), 109–128; Malyn Newitt, História de Moçambique (Mem-Martins: Publicações Europa-América, 1995), 332–334,359, 365–369, 408. For the report see also António Manuel Hespanha, ‘Umrelatório inédito sobre as violências portuguesas na frente moçambicana daI Grande Guerra’, Africana Studia (2010), 163–197.

7. Grémio de Proprietários e Agricultores da Zambezia to Alexandre de Vasconcelos e Sá and José Carlos da Maia, Ministers of Colonies, 12th September 1918, 20th February and 15th March 1919; Grémio de Proprietáriose Agricultores da Zambezia to Pedro Massano de Amorim, Governor-general of Mozambique, 6th May 1918; all AHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168,Colónias em geral. Volume III - Mão-de-Obra Indígena.

8. Direction of the Boror Company to Freire de Andrade, 12th May 1919, inAHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III - Mão-de-Obra Indígena.

9. Memorandum Recrutamento dos Trabalhadores d’Angola para a Katanga.Sua alimentação, habitações, doenças, deserções antes de terminarem os respec-tivos contractos, 10th September 1918; Mariano Machado, Companhia do Caminho de Ferro de Benguela, to Afonso Costa, 15th October 1919; bothin AHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III -Mão-de-Obra Indígena.

10. Lancelot D. Carnegie to Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Memoranda,19th March 1914, 7th April 1919, in AHDMNE, 3º piso, Armário 10, maço 65; Lancelot D. Carnegie to Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Memorandaand dispatches of 19th March 1914; 9th April 1916; 13th January, 16th April,2nd August 1917; 7th April 1919; all in Botelho da Costa, Relatório, 19–32, 48–51 (Document nº 9), 203–205.

226 Notes

11. Afonso Costa, confidencialíssimo, to Rodolfo Xavier da Silva, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 20th May 1919; in AHDMNE, 3º piso, Armário 10, maço 65.

12. Newitt, História de Moçambique, 366; Pélissier, História de Moçambique, 426–427.13. Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, The Tradition of Resistance in

Mozambique (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 156–185; Terence Ranger, ‘Revolt in Portuguese East Africa: The Makombe Rising of 1917’, in St. Antony’s Papers, Nº 15 (Oxford: Chatto and Windus, 1963), pp.54–80; Linda Heywood, Contested Power in Angola (Rochester, NY: Universityof Rochester Press, 2000), 33–34. For the First War and the Portuguese empiresee Marco Arrifes, A Primeira Grande Guerra na África Portuguesa (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 2004) and Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses, ‘The Portuguese Empire’, in Robert Gerwarth and Erez Manela, eds. Empires at War, 1911–1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 179–196.

14. Botelho da Costa, Relatório, 362ff.15. Botelho da Costa, confidential, to Ministry of Colonies (which had ten

several Ministers since June 1919…), 28th September, 8th October and 17thNovember 1919, 13th June, 5th and 14th July 1920; all in AHDMNE, 3º piso,Armário 10, maço 65.

16. Botelho da Costa, confidential, to Ministry of the Colonies, 5th July1920, in AHDMNE, 3º piso, Armário 10, maço 65. For the workings of the Repartição do Trabalho Indígena and the overall local context see Eric Allina, Negotiating Colonialism, 183–192, 271–300, 303-footnote 8; idem, Slavery by Other Name, 123.

17. BIDI succeeded the 1908 Swiss League for the Protection of the Natives of Congo (Ligue Suisse pour la Défense des Indigènes du Congo), led by René Claparède.

18. Afonso Costa, telegrams dated 26th November and 4th December 1920, AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, A questão da escravatura, 1919–1924. For BIDI see Rene Claparède andEdouard Mercier-Glardon, Un bureau international pour la défense des indigènes(Geneva: Société générale d’imprimerie, 1917) and Edouard Junod, ‘LeBureau international pour la défense des indigènes’, Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, vol. 4, nº 37 (1922), 27–43. See also Amalia Ribi, ‘“The Breath of a New Life”?: BritishAnti-Slavery Activism and the League of Nations’, in Daniel Laqua, ed.,Internationalism Reconfigured (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 93–113. See alsoMiguel Bandeira Jerónimo and José Pedro Monteiro, ‘O império do trabalho.Portugal, as dinâmicas do internacionalismo e os mundos coloniais’, inMiguel Bandeira Jerónimo and António Costa Pinto, eds., Portugal e o fim do Colonialismo (Lisbon: Edições 70, 2014), 15–54, especially 23–25.

19. Portuguese legation in London to Minister of Foreign Affairs, 9th October1920; Telegram of Afonso Costa, 4th November 1920; Afonso Costa to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Confidencialíssimo, 18th and 19th November 1920, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, A questão da escravatura, 1919–1924. Archives de la Société des Nations (hereafter ASDN), R30, dossier nº 8218, Memorandum on the subject of slavery practices and general labour conditions in Portuguese West Africa. For Sir S. Hoare’s questions and Cecil Harmsworth answers see Hansard Commons,Debate of 6 July 1920, vol. 131, cc1199–1200.

Notes 227

20. ASDN, R30, dossier nº 8218, Memorandum on the subject of slavery practices and general labour conditions in Portuguese West Africa; Sociedade de Emigraçãopara S. Thomé e Principe, La Main d’oeuvre indigene dans l’Ouest africain(Geneva: Imprimerie du Journal de Genève, 1920), at 7.

21. Inquérito sobre trabalho agrícola nos países tropicais. As novas instituições criadas pelos Tratados de Paz e o trabalho Tropical (1919), in AHDMNE, Sociedade dasNações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71. Jaime Batalha Reis to Alexandre de Vasconcelos e Sá, Minister of Colonies, 20th September 1918, inAHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III - Mão-de-Obra Indígena. See also J. Batalha Reis and F. Heim, Enquête internationalesur la main-d’oeuvre agricole dans les colonies et les pays tropicaux (Paris: BureauInternational de l’Association, 1914).

22. Afonso Costa to João de Melo Barreto, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 15th August 1919, in AHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III - Mão-de-Obra Indígena.

23. Manuel Fratel, Director-General of the Western Colonies, to Director–general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4th January 1921; Telegram from Ministryof Colonies to Director-General of the Western Colonies, 3rd January 1921;Correia de Aguiar, Curator of the natives, to governor-general of São Thoméand Principe, 27th October 1919; Correia de Aguiar to governor-general of São Thomé and Principe, 29th July 1920; all in AHDMNE, Sociedade dasNações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, A questão da escravatura,1919–1924.

24. ASDN, R589, dossier nº11787, Protestations des natifs de Sao Thome demand-ent protection contre le gouverneur qui fait persecuter la population de Sao Thome. Letter from SDN to Bernardino Machado, 30th March 1921, in AHDMNE,Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, Telegrama dos indígenas de S. Tomé à SDN sobre maus tratos das autoridades – telegrama dadelegação à 2ª Assembleia da SDN (1921)

25. Freire de Andrade to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 13th September 1921; Fernando Machado, Director of Western Colonies Department, to Freirede Andrade, 21st September 1921; all in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações,Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, Telegrama dos indígenas de S. Tomé à SDN sobre maus tratos das autoridades – telegrama da delegação à 2ª Assembleia da SDN (1921).

26. M. Teixeira Gomes to Barbosa de Magalhães, 14th November 1922; M. Teixeira Gomes to Augustin Edwards, President of the League of Nations,2nd January 1923; both in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3ºpiso, armário 28, maço 71, A Questão da Escravatura na 3ª Assembleia da SDN/Proposta do Delegado da Nova Zelândia/Campanha da Harris na Imprensa Inglesa(1922).

27. BIDI, ‘L’esclavage sous toute ses forms. Mémoire’, 2nd August 1923, inASDN, Commission Temporaire de Esclavage (1924). Freire de Andrade, ‘Notasobre os indígenas de Moçambique’, s.d., in AHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12,maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III - Mão-de-Obra Indígena. For Junod see,for instance, Patrick Harries, Butterflies & barbarians (Oxford: Currey, 2007).

28. H. A. Grimshaw to William E. Rappard, 27th January 1925; Travers Buxton to H. A. Grimshaw, 13th November 1924; G. A. Morton to ASAPS, 17th October 1924; all in ASDN, Commission Temporaire de Esclavage (1924).

228 Notes

29. All these replies were submitted to the League’s Commission. Portuguese Government to Temporary Slavery Commission, 5th June 1925; António Centeno to Francisco José Pereira, government Commissioner to the NyasaCompany, 27th May 1925, both in ASDN, R64, dossier nº23252, Documents concerning the Treatment of Natives in Portuguese East Africa.

30. The best study of the question of slavery in the League of Nations is that of Suzanne Miers, Slavery in the Twentieth Century (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2003), especially 58–173.

31. In the report of the Temporary Slavery Commission, approved during thesecond session that began on 13 July and ended on 25 July 1926, in Chapter 1, entitled ‘The state of slavery and the condition of the slave’, it reads: ‘With the exception of Abyssinia, the legality of the condition of the slaveis not actually recognised in any other Christian state, nor in any of theirterritories, nor is it recognised in their colonial dependencies nor in theterritories placed under their mandate’. However, the promulgation of vari-ous dispositions that the respective government made in order to diminishsuch situations was referred to. As the report confirmed from the outset, the abolition of slavery was a desire that was not easy to achieve. The essentialreason highlighted as a cause for its legal persistence rested in the fact that the ‘legality of such an institution to be found, among Muslims, in the holybook upon which they base their religion and, among the Abyssinians, by secular tradition’. The arguments explaining the persistence of slavery hadchanged little. ‘A escravatura e a sociedade das nações’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (October, 1925), 28–29. For the case of Abyssinia see JeanAllain, ‘Slavery and the League of Nations: Ethiopia as a Civilised Nation’, Journal of the History of International Law, vol. 8, nº 2 (2006), 213–244, espe-cially 219–223, 243–244, and Amalia Ribi, ‘“The Breath of a New Life”?’,especially 101–103. See also Joel Quirk, The Anti-Slavery Project (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 77.

32. Société des Nations, Comission Temporaire de L’Esclavage, Première Session,Première Séance (9 July 1924), 5–6.

33. Société des Nations, Comission Temporaire de L’Esclavage, Première Session,Première Séance (9 July 1924), 5–6

34. For Maurice Delafosse, who was a very important person at this time, and who was deeply involved in Charles Lavigerie’s abolitionist crusade and was also a colonial administrator in French West Africa, see Jean-Loup Amselle and Emmanuelle Sibeud, eds., Maurice Delafosse (Paris: Maisonneuve &Larose, 1998).

35. Société des Nations, Comission Temporaire de L’Esclavage, Première Session,Troisième Séance (10 July 1924), 14.

36. Société des Nations, Comission Temporaire de L’Esclavage, Première Session, Troisième Séance (10 July 1924), 15; Francisco Mantero, ‘A mão d’obra indí-gena nas colónias africanas’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional (1924), 3–11.

37. Société des Nations. La Question de L’Esclavage. Mémorandum du Secrétaire Général. A. 25. 1924. VI. Genève, 4 Août 1924, at 1.

38. La Question de L’Esclavage. Lettre du president de la delegation du Portugal et Memoire du government Portugais relatifs a la question de l’esclavage. C. 532.M.188.1924.VI.C.T.E.17. Genève, 27 Septembre 1924, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71. For the Lisbon Geographical Society see Freire de Andrade to Domingos Leite

Notes 229

Pereira, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 3rd January 1924; Vicente de Almeida d’Eça, president of the society, to Ministry of Colonies, 7th February 1924;Memorandum, 14th August 1925; all in AHU, Caixa 354, 2 G, MU-DGSC, 1923-1945. For the case of the Centro Colonial see http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/1st-february-1913/13/portuguese-methods-in-political-controversy.

39. Dispatch of the Portuguese Legation in London, 10th April 1923; Freire deAndrade to Domingos Leite Pereira, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 3rd January 1924; both in AHU, Caixa 354, 2 G, MU-DGSC, 1923–1945; M. TeixeiraGomes to Council of the League of Nations, full date illegible but from1923, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, A questão da escravatura, 1919–1924. John H. Harris, Slavery and the Obligations of the League of Nations (London: ASAPS, 1923).

40. Freire de Andrade, sd.; Secretariat of Ministry of Colonies to Directorate-general of Colonies of the East and of the West, 13th August 1923; both inAHU, Caixa 354, 2 G, MU-DGSC, 1923–1945.

41. Freire de Andrade to Domingos Leite Pereira, Minister of Foreign Affairs,18th June 1923, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71

42. La Question de L’Esclavage. Lettre du president de la delegation du Portugalet Memoire du government Portugais relatifs a la question de l’esclavage. C.532.M.188.1924.VI.C.T.E.17. Genève, 27 Septembre 1924; Lettre du president dela delegation du Portugal et Memoire du government Portugais relatifs a la question de l’esclavage (1924), pp. 5, 11, 13, both in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações,Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71.

43. Newitt, A History of Mozambique, 430.44. Lettre du president de la delegation du Portugal et Mémoire du government

Portugais relatifs a la question de l’esclavage (1924), 23–25, 31–32.45. Idem, 33–35, 39.46. Ibid., 41, 46. For the prazos case see 47–54.47. Ibidem, 54–55.48. ‘Uma campanha difamatória: A propósito do “Report on Employment of

Native Labour in Portuguese Africa”’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias,vol. 1, nº 2 (1925), 123–142. For a detailed description of the politico-diplomatic context of the period and of the negotiations with the League of Nations, see Miers, Slavery in the Twentieth-Century, 102–113.

49. Société des Nations, Comission Temporaire de L’Esclavage, Première Session,Première Séance (9 July 1924), 6.

50. Mémoire sur la question de l’esclavage soumis à la Commission par le Bureau International pour la Défense des Indigènes, 20th May 1925, in ASDN,Commission Temporaire de Esclavage (1924); Lettre du Chef de la Délégation por-tugaise à la VIème Assemblée, transmettant les observations de son Gouvernement sur la mémoire, en date du 20 Mai 1925 du Bureau International pour la Défense des Indigènes, 21st October 1925, in ASDN, R64, dossier nº23252; PortugueseDelegation at the League of Nations, confidential, to Vitorino HenriquesGodinho, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 19th September 1924, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71.

51. Société des Nations, Comission Temporaire de L’Esclavage. Procès-Verbaux de laDeuxième Session, Huitième Séance (16 July 1925).

52. Published in Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias, December 1925, under thetitle ‘Algumas observações ao relatório do professor Ross. Apresentadas como

230 Notes

elemento de informação à Comissão Temporária da Escravatura da Sociedade das Nações’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (December 1925; Januaryand February 1926), 179. This is a document that was transcribed over sev-eral issues of the Diário de Notícias and, later, in several issues of the Boletimda Agência Geral das Colónias, and was translated to English and French.

53. Huntington Gilchrist, US diplomat at the League, who considered thereport’s conclusions ‘clear and well supported by a most enormous arrayof direct evidence’, states that only 100 copies were delivered, while Rosshimself states 300. Raymond Fosdick to A. L. Warnshuis, 18th June 1925;H. Gilchrist to A. L. Warnshuis, 23rd June 1925; Edward Ross to W. L.Warnshuis, 25th May 1935; both in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

54. For brief accounts see Duffy, Portuguese Africa, 166–168; Vail and White,Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique, 222–224; Valentim Alexandre,‘Ideologia, economia e política: a questão colonial na implantação do Estado Novo’, Análise Social, XXVIII, nº 123–124 (1993), 1120; Penvenne, AfricanWorkers…, 72–77; and Eric Allina, ‘“Fallacious Mirrors”: Colonial Anxietyand Images of African Labor in Mozambique, ca. 1929’, History in Africa(1997), 9–52; Negotiating Colonialism, 292ff; Slavery by Other Name, 75–77.

55. Included in Edward Ross, Report on Employment of Native Labour in Portuguese Africa (New York: The Abbot Press, 1925), 3. See also Georges Foster Peabody, Raymond B. Fordick, E. E. Alcott and others to Temporary SlaveryCommission, 18th May and 5th June 1925, in ASDN, R66, dossier nº 23252,Treatment of Natives in Portuguese Africa. Report by Prof. E. A. Ross, concerning employment of native labour.

56. For Holt see Warren F. Kuehl, Hamilton Holt (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1960).

57. For Peabody see Louise Ware, George Foster Peabody (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009 [1951]). For the role of philanthropy in ‘black educa-tion’ see Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss, Dangerous Donations (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999). More generally see Robert F. Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism (Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress, 1980); Edward H. Berman, The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American foreign policy (New York: SUNY Press, 1983).

58. Luker, The Social Gospel..., 144–151, 181–182, 258–260.59. A. L. Warnshuis to Edward Ross, 17th April 1925; in IMC/CBMS, FBN87,

Portuguese Africa.60. A. L. Warnshuis to Joseph H. Oldham, 15th April 1924, in IMC/CBMS, Box

298 – Portuguese Africa: Labour – Report by Prof. Ross.61. Julius Weinberg, Edward Alsworth Ross and the Sociology of Progressivism

(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1972), 186.62. Note by A. L. Warnshuis, ‘Confidential. Presentation of Professor Ross’

Report to the League of Nations’, 16th July 1925, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa; Ross, Report on Employment..., 5.

63. Julius Weinberg, ‘E. A. Ross: The Progressive as Nativist’, The WisconsinMagazine of History, vol. 50, nº 3 (1967), 242–253.

64. See, for instance, Edward A. Ross, ‘Sociological Observations in Inner China’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 16, nº 6 (1911), 721–733, and his book TheChanging Chinese (New York: The Century Co., 1911).

Notes 231

65. He published three books and several articles: Edward A. Ross, Russia inUpheaval (New York: The Century Co., 1918); Idem, The Russian Bolshevik Revolution (New York: The Century Co., 1921); Ibidem, The Russian Soviet Republic (New York: The Century Co., 1923).c

66. McMahon, Social Control..., 137–139.67. Weinberg, Edward Alsworth Ross, 185ff. On Mexico see Edward A. Ross, The

Social Revolution in Mexico (New York: The Century Co., 1923).68. H. A. Grimshaw to A. L. Warnshuis, 12th December 1924; A. L. Warnshuis

to H. A. Grimshaw, 26th January 1925; H. A. Grimshaw to A. L. Warnshuis,10th February 1925; all in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

69. H. A. Grimshaw to A. L. Warnshuis, 23rd June 1925; 8th September 1925;A. L. Warnshuis to Edward Ross, 15th July 1925; all in IMC/CBMS, FBN87,Portuguese Africa.

70. Ross, Report on Employment…71. Ross, Report on Employment..., 5–58.72. Ross, Seventy Years of It, 191. See also Curto, ‘Prefácio’, 30–31.t73. Ross, Report on Employment..., 58–59.74. Ibid., 10, 13–15, 17.75. Ibid., 59–60.76. Ross, Report on Employment..., 59.77. A. Freire de Andrade, ‘Trabalho indígena e as colónias portuguesas’, Boletim

da Agência Geral das Colónias (September 1925), 8–9; Caetano, Portugal e a Internacionalização..., 191, 194–195.

78. A. L. Warnshuis to H. A. Grimshaw, 5th June 1925; J. H. Oldham to W. L. Warnshuis, 28th May 1925; Edward Ross to W. L. Warnshuis, 25th May 1935; W. L. Warnshuis, ‘strictly confidential’, to Edward Ross, 3rd September1935; Emory Ross to A. L. Warnshuis, 13 June 1935; H. S. Hollenbeck to Mabel E. Emerson, 17th June 1935; Mabel E. Emerson to A. L. Warnshuis,3rd July 1935 (for W. C. Bell); all in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa. W. L. Warnshuis to J. H. Oldham, 8th June 1925, in IMC/CBMS, Box 298 –Portuguese Africa: Labour – Report by Prof. Ross. For early negative appraisalsof these missionaries see Linda Heywood, ‘Slavery and Forced Labor in theChanging Political Economy of Central Angola, 1850–1949’, in SuzanneMiers and Richard Roberts, eds., The End of Slavery in Africa (Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), 415–436, at 426–427.

79. H. S. Hollenbeck to Mabel E. Emerson, 17th June 1935; W. C. Bell, memoran-dum, 7th January 1926; W. C. Bell, ‘Notes’, 10th November 1925; W. C. Bellto Ernest W. Riggs, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 8th January 1926; T. S. Donohugh, ‘Suggestion for missionariesin Portuguese territory’, 1st June 1926; all in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

80. Ernest W. Riggs to A. L. Warnshuis, 22nd July 1926, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87,Portuguese Africa. C. T. Loram, The Education of the South African Native(London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1917).

81. Pierre Loze to A. L. Warnshuis, 30th October 1925; in IMC/CBMS, Box 298 – Portuguese Africa: Labour – Report by Prof. Ross. Portuguese Africa; Pierre Lozeto J. H. Oldham, 13th June 1927, in IMC/CBMS, Box 1204 – Portuguese East Africa: Beira Scheme: M. Pierre Loze. See also Leon P. Spencer, Toward an AfricanChurch in Mozambique (Luwinga: Mzuni Press, 2013).

232 Notes

82. Ernest W. Riggs to A. L. Warnshuis, 22nd July 1926, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87,Portuguese Africa.

83. Warnshuis also noticed the different impacts of the report in Angola and Mozambique. E. W. Riggs, ‘The missionaries serving in Portuguese territo-ries in Africa’, 3rd February 1926; A. L. Warnshuis to H. H. Oldham, 11thFebruary 1926; A. L. Warnshuis to P. Loze, 11th February 1926; Undated and unsigned, ‘Suggested paragraphs that may be included in letters to the missionaries in Portuguese colonies’; all in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

84. Ernest W. Riggs to A. L. Warnshuis, 22nd July 1926, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87,Portuguese Africa.

85. William C. Terril to T. S. Donohugh, 11th December 1925 (extracts); inIMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

86. James R. Angell to Viscount d’Alte, Portuguese Legation in the United States of America (Washington), 15th October 1925; Viscount d’Alte, confidential, to Vasco Borges, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 16th and 26thSeptember and 19th October 1925; AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71, Relatório Ross.

87. W. C. Bell, ‘Notes’, 10 November 1925; Robert Shields to Edwards, 16th August 1926 (includes interview, translated); both in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

88. John T. Tucker was originally appointed as member of the Jesse JonesCommission and collaborated in its organisation. Given personal circum-stances (his wife illness), he resigned. He was the author of the important Angola, the land of the blacksmith prince (London: World Dominion Press, 1933). John T. Tucker to the American Board and the Canadian Board of Missions, 23rd September 1925; ‘Note of Interview with Rev. J. T. Tucker’,17th March 1926; both in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa. See alsoLinda Heywood, Contested Power in Angola, 52 ff.,

89. U. J. Minto to Ernest Riggs, 1st May 1925; D. A. Hastings, 28th April 1926;both in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

90. For Ross’s explanations about this text, which was translated into Englishwithin the IMC, see ‘Comment of Professor Ross upon the Observations of the Portuguese colonial office upon the Report on the Employment of native Labour in Portuguese Africa’; T. S. Donohugh to A. L. Warnshuis,17th December 1926; A. L. Warnshuis to T. S. Donohugh, 28th December1926; all in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

91. AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço71, A Conferência internacional das missões cristãs em África realizada emZoute-sur-mer (Bélgica) e o castigo, em angola, de vários pretos suspeitos de terem fornecidos elementos para o relatório Ross (1926).

92. Alberto de Oliveira to António Bettencourt Rodrigues, 22nd September 1926, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28,maço 71, A Conferência internacional das missões cristãs em África realizada emZoute-sur-mer (Bélgica) e o castigo, em Angola, de vários pretos suspeitos de teremfornecidos elementos para o relatório Ross (1926). For Anet’s trip to Portugalsee also Leon P. Spencer, Toward an African Church in Mozambique, 44–45.Henri Anet was the author of Quelques resultats pratiques de la ConferenceMissionaire Internationale du Zoute (Bruxelles: L. Lignier, 1926) and ‘Protestant

Notes 233

missions in Belgian Congo’, International Review of Mission, vol. 28 (1939),pp. 415–425. See also his short biography in Academie Royale des Sciencesd’Outre-Mer Belge d’Outre-Mer, T. VII-A, 1973, col. 9-14.r

93. Henri Anet, ‘Report on a journey to Portugal’, 3rd June 1926; in IMC/CBMS, Box 298 – Portuguese Africa: Anet visit to Portugal, 1926–1930.

94. Ernest W. Riggs to A. L. Warnshuis, 22nd July 1926, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.

95. Henri Anet, ‘Portuguese situation’, undated; Henri Anet to A. L. Warnshuis, 20th July 1926; Henri Anet to Freire de Andrade, 20th July 1926; Document ‘Comments on ‘Report on a journey to Portugal by Henri Anet’; all inIMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa. Henri Anet, ‘Report on a journey to Portugal’, 3rd June 1926; in IMC/CBMS, Box 298 – Portuguese Africa: Anet visit to Portugal, 1926–1930. Jesse Jones to Norton de Matos, 31st January 1921; in IMC/CBMS, Box 1002 – Portuguese West Africa: Norton de Matos, Governor of Angola, 1921/1922.

96. Freire de Andrade to Henri Anet, 14th September 1926, in IMC/CBMS, Box298 – Portuguese Africa: Anet visit to Portugal, 1926–1930.

97. Henri Anet to A. L. Warnshuis, 27th January 1927, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87,Portuguese Africa.

98. On the conference see Who’s Who. International Conference on the ChristianMission in Africa. Le Zoute, Belgium. September 14–21, 1926; Edwin Smith,The Christian mission in Africa (The International Missionary Council,1926). See also a review by Joseph H. Oldham, ‘The Christian Mission in Africa’, International Review of Mission, vol. 16, nº 1 (1927), 24–35.

99. Alberto de Oliveira to António Bettencourt Rodrigues, 22nd September1926, in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28,maço 71, A Conferência internacional das missões cristãs em África realizadaem Zoute-sur-mer (Bélgica) e o castigo, em angola, de vários pretos suspeitos deterem fornecidos elementos para o relatório Ross (1926).

100. Alberto de Oliveira to Henri Anet, 4th October 1926, in IMC/CBMS, Box 298 – Portuguese Africa: Anet visit to Portugal, 1926–1930.

101. League of Nations, ‘Response of the Portuguese Government’, 27 August,Publications de la Société des Nations. Projet de Convention sur L’Esclavage,Réponses des Gouvernements (31 August 1926), 2–3.

102. A. Galvão, ‘A mão-de-obra indígena em Angola’, Diário de Notícias, 30 March 1925; cf. A. Galvão, ‘O regime da mão-de-obra indígena em Angola’,Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (August 1925) and J. A. Lopes Galvão, ‘O regime de mão-de-obra indígena em Moçambique’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (September 1925).

103. A. Freire de Andrade, ‘Trabalho indígena e as colónias portuguesas’..., 9.104. ‘Resposta do governo português ao projecto de convenção sobre a escra-

vatura’, 27 August, included in Publications de la Société des Nation. Projet de Convention sur L’Esclavage, Réponses des Gouvernements (31 August 1926), 2–3.

105. Leite de Magalhães, ‘A farça da escravatura: O nosso depoimento’, A Gazeta das Colónias (10 September 1925), 4.

106. Instruções provisórias para o recrutamento e emprego de trabalhadores indíge-nas nas províncias, aprovadas por portaria provincial nº 4, de 16 Janeiro de1925 (Luanda: Imprensa Nacional, 1925), 5, 7–8, 11; Norton de Matos to António do Lago Cerqueira, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 16th and 25th July,

234 Notes

1st August 1925; Afonso Costa to Vasco Borges, 13th and 17th September 1925; Vasco Borges to Afonso Costa, 18th September 1925; both inAHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71. For the Kenyan example see Anthony Clayton and Donald C. Savage, Government and labour in Kenya, 1895–1963 (New York: Frank Cass, 2005),especially 134ff; and Bruce J. Berman and John M. Lonsdale, ‘Crises of accu-mulation, coercion and the colonial state: the development of the laborcontrol system in Kenya, 1919–1929’, Canadian Journal of African Studies,vol. 14, nº 1 (1980), 55–81.

107. Afonso Costa, telegram to Vasco Borges, 6th September 1925, in inAHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71.

108. ‘Algumas observações...’109. Diário de Notícias (30 September 1925 and 26 August 1925).110. Boletim Oficial de Angola, Series II, Nº 34, dated 20th, published 22nd August

1925; Edward Holmes (Baptist Missionary Society, Portuguese Congo) to C.E. Wilson, 30th September 1925, in IMC/CBMS, FBN87, Portuguese Africa.Francisco Oliveira Santos, Resposta às acusações que o americano Professor Edward Alsworth Ross fez à Administração dos Portugueses em Angola num Relatório que enviou à S. D. N. em 1925 (Loanda: Imprensa Nacional de Angola, 1926–1927).

111. Oliveira Santos, Resposta às Acusações..., 4, 11.112. ‘Algumas observações...’, 183.113. Oliveira Santos, Resposta às Acusações..., 19–21.114. ‘Algumas observações...’, part 3, 154–155.115. ‘Uma campanha difamatória’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias, 1, no.

2 (August 1925), 124–125.116. Edward Ross, Report on Employment..., 5.117. ‘Algumas observações...’, 184.118. ‘Algumas observações...’, part II, 151. Edward Ross, Report on Employment ...,t

16, 23, 25.119. Id., 11–12.120. Recall the defence Freire de Andrade made of the need to introduce the

question of ‘arms imports’ into the general framework of the discussionon slavery during the first sessions of the Temporary Slavery Commission. ‘Algumas observações...’, part II, 157.

121. ‘Uma campanha difamatória’, 128, 131–134.122. A. Galvão, ‘A mão-de-obra indígena...’.123. Resposta do Governo Português, 27 de Agosto. Publications de la Société des

Nations. Projet de Convention sur L’Esclavage, Réponses des Gouvernements (31 August 1926), 3.

124. Penvenne, African Workers…, 72–77.125. O Brado Africano, 25 July 1925, 2.126. Id., 10 April 1926.127. Ross, Report on Employment..., 40–45, 59.128. José Cabral to Artur Ivens Ferraz, confidential, 27th January 1928.123. ‘Uma campanha difamatória’, 136.130. O Brado Africano, 25 July 1925, 2.131. For a short enumeration of the ‘native’ associations in Angola, see Douglas L.

Wheeler and René Pélissier, Angola (London: Pall Mall Press, 1971), 115–120.

Notes 235

132. Their declaration was included in ‘Algumas observações...’, on the last page. João de Castro, President of the PNA, and other members, to Secretary of the League of Nations, 8th September 1925; Afonso Costa to VascoBorges, 12th and 13th September 1925; Council of the PNA to Freire de Andrade, 25th June 1926; all in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71.

133. ‘Uma campanha difamatória’..., 123–124.134. Anonymous, ‘O momento colonial’, A Gazeta das Colónias (15 December

1925), 5.135. Ross, Seventy years of it..., 199–204.136. John Harris, Slavery or ‘Sacred Trust’? (London: William and Norgate Ltd.,

1926), 45–48.137. For a list of the documents that in 1925 were submitted by ‘organisations

and individuals’ and discussed by Temporary Slavery Commission, see ‘Aescravatura e a sociedade das nações’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias(October 1925), 54–55. This issue also includes a copy of the letter sentby the commission’s chairman to the president of the League of NationsCouncil, as well as the commission’s report, 24–55.

138. See, for instance, Daniel Roger Maul, ‘The international labour organiza-tion and the struggle against forced labour from 1919 to the present’, Labor History, vol. 48, nº4 (2007), 477–500, and Susan Zimmerman, ‘“Special Circumstances” in Geneva: The ILO and the World of Non-Metropolitan Labour in the Interwar Years’, in Jasmien Van Daele et al., eds., ILO Histories. (Bern: Peter Lang, 2010), 221–250.

139. Silva Cunha, O Trabalho Indígena (Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1928), 3–6, 9–10, 39–42; Publications de la Société des Nations. Bureau International du Travail. Conférence Économique Internationale. L’Organisation Scientifique du Travail en Europe (Geneva, 4 May 1927), 5–6; Silva Cunha, eO Sistema Português, 35–41; Final report of the 1926 Convention, in ‘A escravatura e a sociedade das nações’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias(October 1925), 28–55; Almada, Apontamentos Históricos..., 114–119. For more on the 1926 convention and for the Bureau International du Travail, see Miers, Slavery in the Twentieth-Century..., 121–141; Jean Allain, The Slavery Conventions (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008), especially 31–172.

140. Response of the Portuguese government, 27 August. Publications de la Société des Nations. Projet de Convention sur L’Esclavage, Réponses des Gouvernements (31 August 1926), 1–7.

141. Document appointing the commission, 8th December 1925; Document ‘Alterações ao Regulamento de trabalho indígena’ (1926); Vasco Borges toNorton de Matos, Portuguese Legation in United Kingdom (London), 30th January 1926; Norton de Matos to Vasco Borges, 15th January and 22ndMarch 1926; Travers Buxton to Norton de Matos, 15th January, 19th March and 28th April 1926; Freire de Andrade to António Bettencourt Rodrigues, 8th July 1927; all in AHDMNE, Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso,armário 28, maço 71.

142. Publications de la Société des Nations: Convention de L’Esclavage. Rapport annuel au Conseil, 6–8.

143. Silva Cunha, O Trabalho Indígena..., 201–203.144. See Miers, Slavery in the Twentieth-Century..., 141–148.

236 Notes

145. Eduardo Marques, Minister of Colonies, confidential, to Jaime da FonsecaMonteiro, 13th December 1929.

146. To this end, it organised an international committee that would bring together, classify and conserve the publications, particularly ‘official documents’, relating to colonial administration and law, establishing the Annuaire de Documentation Coloniale Comparée and the InternationalColonial Library.

147. Report of the ICI, reproduced in Silva Cunha, O Trabalho Indígena..., 44.Penha Garcia to the Minister of the Colonies, 2nd November 1928. InstitutColonial International, Le régime et l’organisation du travail des indigènesdans les colonies tropicales (Brussels: Établissements généraux d’imprimerie,1929); Institut Colonial International, Statuts et Règlement (Brussels: Siège Administratif de L’Institut, s.d.).

148. Memorandum by Freire de Andrade, in AHDMNE, 3º piso, armário 12,maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume II – Mandatos.

149. Vasco Quevedo to Henrique Trindade Coelho, 3rdAugust 1929; Luís Sampayo,Secretary-general of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to Artur Ivens Ferraz, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 4th September 1929; both in AHDMNE, Repartição dosNegócios Políticos, maço 164, Trabalho indígena nas colónias, 1929–1937.

150. Alberto de Oliveira to Manuel Quintão Meireles, confidential, 29th June,4th July 1929; Alberto de Oliveira to Henrique Trindade Coelho, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 14th August 1929; Manuel Quintão Meireles, confiden-tial, to Aníbal de Mesquita Guimarães, Minister of Colonies, 3rd July 1929; Manuel Quintão Meireles, confidential, to Alberto de Oliveira, confidential,3rd July 1929; all in AHDMNE, Repartição dos Negócios Políticos, maço 164, Trabalho indígena nas colónias, 1929–1937. See also Jerónimo and Monteiro, ‘O império do trabalho’, 26.

151. Portuguese Legation in Belgium (Brussels) to Fernando Branco, Ministerof Foreign Affairs, 24th October 1930; Anonymous minute, s.d.; FernandoBranco to Eduardo Marques, Minister of Colonies, 22nd November 1930; all in AHDMNE, Repartição dos Negócios Políticos, maço 164, Trabalho indígena nas colónias, 1929–1937.

152. Response of the Portuguese government reproduced in Silva Cunha, O Trabalho Indígena..., 275–276; Almada, Apontamentos Históricos..., 14.

153. Note ‘Campanha da Anti-Slavery. Trabalho indígena em Angola’, 19th September 1930; Tomaz Garcia Rosado, Ambassador in London, toFernando Branco, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 17th January 1931; both inAHDMNE, Repartição dos Negócios Políticos, maço 164, Trabalho indígena nas colónias, 1929–1937. Kathleen Simon, Slavery (London: Hodder andyStoughton, 1929); R. T. Smallbones, Economic Conditions in Angola (London:H.M. Stationery Office, 1929), at 21.

154. For developments on this see Jerónimo, Livros Brancos, Almas Negras, chapterVI, ‘Argumentos velhos, métodos novos: a propaganda colonial’, 219–236.

Conclusion

1. For a comparable process see Conklin, A Mission to Civilize, 212–245.2. Apart from this volume and the references already provided see also Patrícia

Ferraz Matos, The Colours of the Empire (New York: Berghahn, 2013).

Notes 237

3. See Miers, Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade.4. For the debates on the 1920s onwards see Cooper, Decolonization and African

Society, especially 21–56.5. For a development of this argument see Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ‘A Escrita

Plural dos Impérios: Economia, Geopolítica e Religião na obra de AndrewPorter’, in Andrew Porter, Imperialismo Europeu, 1860–1914 (Lisbon: Edições 70, Coleção História&Sociedade, 2011), especially 30–48.

6. For instance, Alice Conklin states that despite all colonial powers having mobilised civilising principles and purposes, only in the French case was thiselevated to a major cornerstone of the imperial doctrine. Conklin, A Missionto Civilize, 1.

7. Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo and José Pedro Monteiro, Internacionalismo eImpério (forthcoming 2015).

238

Sources and Bibliography

1. Sources

ArchivesArquivo Histórico Diplomático, Fundo do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros

(AHDMNE), Lisbon.– Sociedade das Nações, Processo 14, 3º piso, armário 28, maço 71 (several

folders).– Repartição dos Negócios Políticos, maço 164, Trabalho indígena nas colónias,

1929–1937.– 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume I – Miscelânea– 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume II – Mandatos– 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume III – Mão-de-Obra Indígena.– 3º piso, armário 12, maço 168, Colónias em geral. Volume IV – Reforma da

Administração Colonial.– 3º piso, armário 10, maço 65.

Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU), Lisbon.– Caixa 354, 2 G, Ministério do Ultramar, Direcção Geral dos Serviços Centrais,

1923–1945.– Ministério do Ultramar, Direcção Geral da Educação, Repartição de Cultura e

Missões, maços 2243–5.

Archives de la Société des Nations (ASDN), Geneva.((– R30, dossiers nº8218, Memorandum on the subject of slavery practices and general

labour conditions in Portuguese West Africa– R64, dossier nº23252, Documents concerning the Treatment of Natives in Portuguese

East Africa.– R66, dossier nº 23252, Treatment of Natives in Portuguese Africa. Report by Prof. E.

A. Ross, concerning employment of native labour.– R589, dossier nº11787, Protestations des natifs de Sao Thome demandent protection

contre le gouverneur qui fait persecuter la population de Sao Thome.– Commission Temporaire de Esclavage (1924)– Commission Temporaire de Esclavage (1925)– Société des Nations. La Question de L’Esclavage. Mémorandum du Secrétaire Général.

A. 25. 1924. VI. Genève, 4 Août 1924.– La Question de L’Esclavage. Lettre du president de la delegation du Portugal et Memoire

du government Portugais relatifs a la question de l’esclavage. C. 532.M.188.1924.VI.C.T.E.17. Genève, 27 Septembre 1924

International Missionary Council and Conference of British Missionary Societies Joint Archive (IMC/CBMS), School of Oriental and African Studies, London.

– FBN87, Portuguese Africa– Box 298 – Portuguese Africa: Anet visit to Portugal, 1926–1930.– Box 298 – Portuguese Africa: Labour – Report by Prof. Ross.

Sources and Bibliography 239

– Box 1202 – Portuguese West Africa: Dr. J. T. Tucker, 1920–1949.– Box 1202 – Portuguese West Africa: Norton de Matos. Governor of Angola,

1921/1922.– Box 1202 – Portuguese West Africa: Memoranda. General.– Box 1204 – Portuguese East Africa: Beira Scheme: M. Pierre Loze

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (SCRBC), New York– Box 46, African Education Commission, 1921–1923. Diary, 1920–1921.

PeriodicalsA Gazeta das ColóniasAfricanaBoletim da Agência Geral das ColóniasBoletim da Sociedade de Geografia de LisboaBoletim Económico e Estatístico de MoçambiqueDiário de NotíciasO AfricanoO Brado AfricanoPortugal em África

Bibliographical sources

‘A Ilha de São Thomé e o Trabalho Indigena’ Separata da Revista Portuguesa Colonial e Marítima. Lisbon: Typ. da Livraria Ferin, 1907.

Advisory Committee on Native Education in the British Tropical African Dependencies, Education Policy in British Tropical Africa. London: H.M. H.M. Stationery Office, 1925.

Aguiar, António Correia de. O Trabalho Indígena nas Ilhas de São Tomé e Principe.São Tomé: Imprensa Nacional, 1919.

Almada, José de, Comparative essay on indentured labour at St. Thomé and Príncipe.Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1913.

Almada, José de, Apontamentos Históricos sôbre a Escravatura e o Trabalho Indígena nas Colónias Portuguesas. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1932.

Almada, Vicente de Melo e, As Ilhas de São Thomé e Príncipe. Notas de uma Administração Colonial. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias, 1884.

Andrade, Augusto Freire de. Relatórios sobre Moçambique. Lourenço Marques:Imprensa Nacional, 1910.

Andrade, Augusto Freire de. A Questão dos Serviçaes de S. Thomé. Carta de A. FreireD’Andrade. Lisbon: Typografia do Anuário Comercial, 1913.

Andrade, Augusto Freire de. Relatório Feito pelo Director-Geral das Colónias acêrca do livro Portuguese Slavery Escrito pelo Sr. John H. Harris. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional,1913.

Andrade, Augusto Freire de, ‘Trabalho indígena e as colónias portuguesas’,Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (September 1925).

Anet, Henri, Quelques resultats pratiques de la Conference Missionaire Internationaledu Zoute. Bruxelles: L. Lignier, 1926.

Anet, Henri, ‘Protestant missions in Belgian Congo’, International Review of Mission, vol. 28 (1939), pp. 415–425.

240 Sources and Bibliography

‘Anet, Henri’, Biography at Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer Belge d’Outre-Mer, T. VII-A (1973), col. 9–14.r

Anonymous. Sir Travers Twiss et le Congo. Réponse à la Revue de Droit Internationalet de Législation Comparée et au Law Magazine and Review. Brussels: A.-N. Lebègue et Cie, 1884.

Anuário de Ensino da Colónia de Moçambique. Ano de 1930. Lourenço Marques:Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

Ao Povo Português em Nome da Honra, do Direito, do Interesse e do Futuro da Pátria a Comissão do Fundo Africano Criada pela Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa para Promover uma Subscrição Nacional Permanente Destinada ao Estabelecimento de Estações Civilizadoras nos Territórios Sujeitos e Adjacentes ao Domínio Português em África. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1881.

Aspe-Fleurimont, Lucien, La Colonisation française, avec des observations spéciales sur l’Afrique occidentale. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1902.

Barradas, Mário, ‘Relatório’, Boletim Económico e Estatístico. Vol. 5. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, Repartição Estatística da Colónia de Moçambique, 1928.

Bourne, H. R. Fox, ‘Agreement of European Powers as to Liquor Supply in Africa’, Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol. 1, Nº. 2 (1899), 287–92.

Bourne, H. R. Fox. Slave Traffic in Portuguese Africa. An Account of Slave-Raiding and Slave-Trading in Angola and of Slavery in the Islands of San Thome and Príncipe. London: Broadway Chambers, 1908.

Bowskill, J. S., San Salvador: Mr. Bowskill’s Letters on the Native War of 1913–4and Other Documents With a Prefatory Note, and Articles on San Salvador and theMission and the International Aspect of the Present Situation. London: Carey Press, 1914.

Burtt, Joseph. Report on the Conditions of Colored Labor Employed on the Cocoa Plantations of Sao Tome and Principe and the Methods of Procuring it in Angola. London: 1907.

Buyse, Omer. Méthodes Américaines d’Éducation Générale et Technique. Charleroi: Presses de L’Établissement Litographique de Charleroi, 1909.

Cabreira, António. O Ensino Colonial e o Congresso de Lisboa. Lisbon: Tipografia Gutemberg, 1902.

Cadbury, William. Os Serviçaes de S. Thomé. Relatório d’uma visita ás ilhas de S.Thomé e Principe e a Angola, feita em 1908, para observar as condições da mão-de-obra empregada nas roças de cacau da Africa Portugueza. Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand e Livraria Chardron, 1910.

Caetano, Marcelo, ‘António Ennes e a sua acção colonial’, Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, nº 11 and 12 (November and December 1948).

Caetano, Marcelo. Portugal e a Internacionalização dos Problemas Africanos. História duma Batalha: Da Liberdade dos Mares às Nações Unidas. Lisbon: Edições Ática, 3rd ed., 1965.

Cameron, V. L. Across Africa. London: Daldy, Isbister & Co, 1877.Cancella, J. Paulo Monteiro, ‘Impressões de uma viagem ás Ilhas de S. Thomé

e Principe’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional. Conferências preliminares. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1902.

Capelo, Guilherme Brito, ‘Relatório do governador-geral da província de Angolade 1887’, in Relatórios dos Governadores das Províncias Ultramarinas.Lisbon: Ministério da Marinha e Ultramar, 1889.

Sources and Bibliography 241

Carvalho, Jerónimo Paiva de. Alma Negra. Depoimento sobre a Questão dos Serviçais de São Tomé. Oporto: Tipografia Progresso, 1912.

Castilho, Augusto de. Memoria Ácerca da Extincção da Escravidão e do Trafico de Escravatura no Territorio Portuguez. Lisbon: Publicação do Ministério daMarinha, 1889.

Castro, António Thomaz da Silva Leitão e. A Escravatura na Europa e na Áfricaa Propósito da Conferencia de Bruxelas. Lamego: Minerva da Loja Vermelha,1892.

Cayolla, Lourenço, Sciencia de colonização. Lisboa: Typographia da CooperativaMilitar, 1912.

Chevalier, Augusto, ‘A Ilha de São Thomé’, in A Ilha de São Tomé e o Trabalho Indigena. Separata Revista Portuguesa Colonial e Marítima. Lisbon: Typ. daLivraria Ferin, 1907.

Claparède, René. L’Esclavage Portugais et le ‘Journal de Genève. Paris: Bureaux de la ‘France D’Outre-Mer’, 1913.

Claparède, René and Edouard Mercier-Glardon. Un bureau international pour ladéfense des indigènes. Geneva: Société générale d’imprimerie, 1917.

Conférence Internationale de Bruxelles. Protocoles et Acte Final. Paris: ImprimerieNationale, 1891.

Congresso Colonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões. Lisbon: A Liberal-Officina Typographica, 1902.

Congresso Colonial Nacional. Teses e Actas das Sessões. Lisbon: Tipografia América,1924.

Cordeiro, Luciano, ‘Primeiro Relatório Apresentado à Comissão de Missõesdo Ultramar’, Luciano Cordeiro, Questões Coloniais. Coimbra: Imprensa daUniversidade, 1934, pp. 109–134.

Cordeiro, Luciano, ‘Segundo Relatório Apresentado à Comissão de Missões doUltramar’, in Luciano Cordeiro, Questões Coloniais. Coimbra: Imprensa daUniversidade, 1934, pp. 135–159.

Correia, Alberto. A Exploração do Indigena no Districto de Mossamedes. Carta aberta ao Ex.mo Sr. Governador Geral de Angola, major Manuel Maria Coelho, refutando uma outra que lhe foi endereçada pela firma Viuva Bastos & Filhos, de Mossamedes.Loanda: Livraria, Papelaria e Tipografia Mondego, 1911.

Corte-Real, J. A. Resposta à Sociedade Anti-Esclavista de Londres. Lisbon: Sociedadede Geografia de Lisboa, Tipografia de Cristovão Augusto Rodrigues, 1884.

Corvo, João de Andrade. Estudos sobre as Províncias Ultramarinas. Lisbon:Imprensa Nacional, 1883.

Costa, Bernardo Botelho da, Relatório ordenado pelo Decreto numero 5706 de 10 deMaio de 1911, do Ministério das Colónias (typewritten).

Costa, Eduardo da, Estudo sobre a Administração Civil das nossas Possessões Africanas. Memória Apresentada ao Congresso Colonial. Lisbon: ImprensaNacional, 1903.

Costa, Francisco Dias da, ‘Relatório apresentado à Camara dos Deputados pelo sr. ministro da Marinha e do Ultramar ácerca das provincias da África Occidental’, Portugal em África. Revista Scientifica, nº 57 (1898).

Costa, Henrique Barahona da, ‘O problema das obras publicas nas suas relações com o progresso e desenvolvimento dos nossos dominios africanos’,In Congresso Colonial Nacional. Conferências Preliminares. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1901.

242 Sources and Bibliography

Costa, Mário, ‘Esboço histórico e estatístico da instrução na colónia deMoçambique’, Boletim Económico e Estatístico. Vol. 5. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1928.

Cunha, J. M. Silva. O Sistema Português de Política Indígena. Subsídios para o SeuEstudo. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1953.

Cunha, J. M. Silva. O Trabalho Indígena. Estudo de Direito Colonial. Lisbon: AgênciaGeral do Ultramar, 2ª ed., 1954.

Enes, António. Moçambique. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1913.‘Estatuto orgânico das Missões Católicas Portuguesas de África e Timor, Decreto

n.o 12 485 de 13 de Outubro’, in Anuário de Ensino da Colónia de Moçambique. Ano de 1930. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

Galvão, A., ‘A mão-de-obra indígena em Angola’, Diário de Notícias (March 1925).Galvão, A., ‘O regime da mão-de-obra indígena em Angola’, Boletim da Agência

Geral das Colónias (August 1925).Galvão, Henrique, ‘Um critério do povoamento europeu nas colónias portugue-

sas’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (May 1932).Galvão, J. A. Lopes, ‘O regime de mão-de-obra indígena em Moçambique’,

Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias (September 1925).Garcia, Conde de Penha, ‘Bases para a organização de um Museu Colonial como

Centro de Informações Coloniaes’, In Congresso Colonial Nacional. Actas dasSessões, 1901.

Garcia, Conde de Penha, ‘Bases para a organização do ensino colonial práticonas escolas de agricultura, do commercio e nos institutos industriaes, com largo desenvolvimento da geographia economica e estudo especial das nos-sas riquezas coloniaes e suas relações com a economia nacional’, In CongressoColonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões, 1901.

Geraldes, Carlos Mello, Instituições de Fomento Colonial Estrangeiras (Relatório de uma missão oficial). Lisboa: Tipografia Universal, 1912.

Giraud, visconde de, ‘Missões commerciaes no interior de Angola’. in Congresso Colonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões, 1901.

Guedes, A. Miranda. S. Thomé. Seis mezes de governo e administração. Relatórioofficial. Porto: Typographia da Empreza Guedes, 1911.

Harris, John H., ‘Escravatura portuguesa’, Livro Branco. Africa, nº 2 (1913). Lisbon:Centro Typographico Colonial, 1913.

Harris, John H., Slavery and the Obligations of the League of Nations. London: Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society, 1923.

Harris, John H., Slavery or ‘Sacred Trust’? London: William and Norgate Ltd., 1926.Institut Colonial International. La Main-d’oeuvre aux Colonies, Documents Officiels.

Brussels: Bibliothèque Coloniale Internationale, 1895.Institut Colonial International. Statuts et Règlement. Liste des Membres. Liste des

Publications. Brussels, Siège Administratif de L’Institut, s. ed.Institut Colonial International, Le régime et l’organisation du travail des indigènes

dans les colonies tropicales. Brussels: Établissements généraux d’imprimerie, 1929.Instruções provisórias para o recrutamento e emprego de trabalhadores indígenas nas

províncias, aprovadas por portaria provincial nº 4, de 16 Janeiro de 1925. Luanda:Imprensa Nacional, 1925.

Jesse Jones, Thomas. Negro Education, a survey of the private and higher schools for colored people in the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2vols, 1917.

Sources and Bibliography 243

Jesse Jones, Thomas, coord. Education in Africa. A Study of West, South, and Equatorial Africa by the African Education Comission, under the Auspices of the Phelps-Stokes Fund and Foreign Mission Societies of North America and Europe. New York: Phelps-Stoke Fund, 1922.

Jesse Jones, Thomas, coord. Education in Africa: a study of East, Central and South Africa by the Second African Commission under the auspices of the Phelps-Stokes Fund,in cooperation with the International Board. New York: Phelps-Stoke Fund, 1925.

Johnston, Harry. George Grenfell and the Congo. 2 vols. London: Hutchinson. 1908.

Júnior, Augusto Castro. O Problema do Ensino em Terras de Além-Mar. Lisbon: Editorial Império, 1953.

Junod, Edouard, ‘Le Bureau international pour la défense des indigènes’, RevueInternationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, vol. 4, nº 37 (1922), pp. 27–43.

Livro Branco. Africa nº 2 (1913). Lisbon: Centro Typographico Colonial, translatedby Henry W. Roberts, 1913.

Loram, Charles T., The Education of the South African Native. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1917.

Lucci, Luís Schwalbach. Emigração e Colonização. Tese para o Concurso de Lente Substituto da 2.a Cadeira da Escola Colonial. Lisbon: Typ. do Annuario Com- mercial, 1914.

Lupi, Eduardo do Couto. Relatório do Governador do Districto de Quelimane, 1907–1909. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1910.

Magalhães, Leite de, ‘A farça da escravatura. O nosso depoimento’, A Gazeta dasColónias (September 1925).

Mantero, Francisco, ‘Regimen do trabalho em S. Thomé e em Angola’, inCongresso Colonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões, 1901.

Mantero, Francisco. A Mão-de-Obra em S. Thomé e Príncipe. Lisbon: Typ. do Annuario Commercial, 1910.

Mantero, Francisco. Portuguese Planters and British Humanitarians. The Case for S.Thomé. Lisbon: Redacção da Reforma, 1911.

Mantero, Francisco, ‘A mão d’obra indígena nas colónias africanas’, in CongressoColonial Nacional, 1924.

Mantero, Francisco. Obras Completas. Lisbon, vol. I, 1954.Martins, J. P. Oliveira. O Brasil e as Colónias Portuguesas. Lisboa: Guimarães

Editores, 1978.Matos, Norton de. Memórias e Trabalhos da Minha Vida. Lisbon: Editora Marítimo-

Colonial, vol. III, 1944.Mayhew, Arthur, ‘A Comparative Survey of Educational Aims and Methods

in British India and British Tropical Africa’, Africa, vol. 6, nº 2 (1933), pp. 172–186.

Mello, Lopo Vaz de Sampayo e, Política Indígena. Oporto: Magalhães e MonizEditores, 1910.

Moura, João Carneiro de, A administração colonial portuguesa. Lisboa: A.M.Teixeira, 1910.

Murray, Albert Victor, The school in the bush: a critical study of the theory and prac-tice of native education in Africa. London: Longmans, 1929.

Negreiros, António Lobo de Almada, La Main-d’Oeuvre en Afrique: mémoire présenté au Congrès Colonial International de 1900. Paris: [s.n.], 1900.

244 Sources and Bibliography

Nevinson, Henry W. A Modern Slavery. London: Harper and Brothers, 1906.Norte, J. V. Solipa. Relatório do Inspector da Instrução Primária da Provincia de

Moçambique. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1920.O Cacau de S. Thomé. Resposta ao Relatorio da Missão Cadbury, Burtt, e Swan nas

Provincias de S. Thomé e Principe e de Angola em 1908. Lisbon: Tipografia d’AEditora, 1910.

O Trabalho Indígena nas Colonias Portuguesas. Memoria Justificativa. Lisbon:Imprensa Nacional, 1906.

Oldham, Joseph H., ‘Nationality and Missions’, International Review of Missions, nº 35, 1920.

Oldham, Joseph H., ‘The Christian Mission in Africa’, International Review of Mission, vol. 16, nº 1 (1927), pp. 24–35.

Park, Robert M., ‘Tuskegee international conference on the Negro’, The Journal of Race Development (1912), pp. 117–120.t

Park, Robert M., ‘Politics and ‘The Man Farthest Down’’, in Race and Culture, edited by E. C. Hughes, C. S. Johnson, J. Masuoka, R. Redfield, and L. Wirth(Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1950), pp. 166–176.

Portugal e o Regime do Trabalho Indigena nas suas Colonias. Memoria Justificativa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1910.

Reeves, Jesse S., ‘The Origin of the Congo Free State, Considered from theStandpoint of International Law’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, Nº. 1 (1909), 99–118.

Reinsch, Paul, Colonial Administration. New York: Macmillan & Co., 1905.Reis, J. Batalha and F. Heim, Enquête internationale sur la main-d’oeuvre agri-

cole dans les colonies et les pays tropicaux. Paris: Bureau International de l’Association, 1914.

Relatório ácerca do Estudo dos Problemas Coloniaes. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografiade Lisboa, 1913.

Representação dos Agricultores e Comerciantes de S. Tomé á Camara dos Deputadoscontra o Decreto de 1 de Outubro de 1913. São Tomé: Imprensa da ‘Voz’, 1913.

Rita, José Gonçalo Santa, ‘Ensino nas colónias. Indigenato. Colonato’, In Congresso Colonial Nacional. Teses e Actas das Sessões. Lisbon: Tipografia América, 1924.

Ross, Edward A., Foundations of Sociology. New York and London: Macmillan,1905.

Ross, Edward A., ‘Sociological Observations in Inner China’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 16, nº 6 (1911), pp. 721–733.

Ross, Edward A., The Changing Chinese: The Conflict of Oriental and Western Cultures in China. New York: The Century Co., 1911.

Ross, Edward A., Russia in Upheaval. New York: The Century Co., 1918.Ross, Edward A., The Russian Bolshevik Revolution. New York: The Century Co.,

1921.Ross, Edward A., The Russian Soviet Republic. New York: The Century Co., 1923.Ross, Edward A., The Social Revolution in Mexico. New York: The Century Co.,

1923.Ross, Edward A., The Outlines of Sociology. New York and London: The Century

Co., The Century Social Sciences Series, 1923.Ross, Edward A., Roads to Social Peace. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina

Press, 1924.

Sources and Bibliography 245

Ross, Edward A., Report on Employment of Native Labor in Portuguese Africa. NewYork and London: The Abbot Press, 1925.

Ross, Edward A., Seventy Years of It. An Autobiography. New York and London: D.Appleton-Century Company, 1936.

Rowley, Henry. Africa Unveiled. London: SPCK, 1876.Santos, Gomes dos. As Nossas Colonias. Geographia Physica e Politica. Etnografia.

Industria. Commercio. Navegação. Riqueza Colonial. Trabalho Indígena. Lisbon:Empresa do ‘Portugal em Africa’, 1903.

Santos, Francisco Oliveira. Resposta às Acusações que o Americano Professor Edward Alsworth Ross Fez à Administração dos Portugueses em Angola num Relatório que Enviou à S. D. N. em 1925, Relatório Elaborado pelo Dr. Oliveira Santos. Loanda:Imprensa Nacional de Angola, 1925.

Serviço de Emigração e Recrutamento de Operarios, Serviçaes e Trabalhadores para a Provincia de S. Thomé e Principe. Decretos de 17 e 29 de Julho de 1909, Portaria Regia de 22 de Novembro de 1909 e Decreto de 9 de Dezembro de 1909. Lisbon:Ministério dos Negócios da Marinha e do Ultramar, Direcção-Geral do Ultramar, Imprensa Nacional, 1909.

Silva, Alfredo da. O Monstro da Escravatura. A minha defeza na campanha levantada aproposito da publicação do folheto Alma Negra. Oporto: Tipografia Mendonça, 1913.

Silva, José Francisco da, ‘Emigração. Assistencia aos emigrantes’. in CongressoColonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões, 1901.

Silva, José Francisco da, ‘Ensino aos emigrantes’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões, 1901.

Simon, Kathleen, Slavery. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1929.Smallbones, R. T., Economic Conditions in Angola (Portuguese West Africa). London:

H.M. Stationery Office, 1929.Smith, Edwin William, The Christian mission in Africa: a study based on the work

of the International Conference at Le Zoute, Belgium, September 14th to 21st, 1926. The International Missionary Council, 1926.

Sociedade de Emigração para S. Tomé e Príncipe, La Main D’Oeuvre Indigène dansL’Ouest Africain. Geneva: Imprimerie du Journal de Genève, 1920.

Souza, Marnoco e. Administração Colonial. Prelecções feitas ao curso do 4.o annojuridico do anno de 1905–1906. Coimbra: Typographia França Amado, 1905.

Special report of the Anti-Slavery conference held at the Salle Herz on the twenty-sixthand twenty-seventh August 1867. London: British and Foreign Anti-SlaverySociety, 1867.

Thomson, Robert Stanley. Fondation de l’État Independent du Congo. Brussels:Office de Publicité, 1933.

Tucker, John T. Angola, the land of the blacksmith prince. London: World DominionPress, 1933.

Ulrich, Ruy Ennes, Ciência e administração colonial I. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1908.

Ulrich, Ruy Ennes. Política Colonial. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1909.Vasconcelos, Ernesto de, ‘Ensino colonial nas escolas superiores. Instituto

Colonial’, in Congresso Colonial Nacional. Actas das Sessões, 1901.Vasconcelos, Ernesto de. São Tomé e Príncipe: Estudo elementar de Geografia fisica,

economica e politica. Lisbon: Tip. da Cooperativa Militar, 1918.Vasconcelos, Ernesto de, ‘Escravatura?!...’, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias,

Vol. 1, nº 1 (1925).

246 Sources and Bibliography

Voz d’Angola clamando no deserto: offerecida aos amigos da verdade pelos naturaes. Lisbon: 1901.

Wallbank, T. Walter, ‘The Educational Renaissance in British Tropical Africa’, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31, no. 1 (1934), 105–122.

Washington, Booker T., with the collaboration of Robert E. Park, The man far-thest down: A record of observation and study in Europe. Garden City, New York:Doubleday, Page & company, 1912.

Who’s who. International Conference on the Christian Mission in Africa. Le Zoute,Belgium. September 14–21, 1926.

Wyllie, J. A., ‘Prefatory Note’, in Francisco Mantero, Portuguese Planters and British Humanitarians. The Case for S. Thomé. Lisbon: Redacção da Reforma, 1911.

Bibliography

Ageron, Charles-Robert, ‘Gambetta et la reprise de l’expansion coloniale’, RevueFrançaise d’Histoire d’Outre-Mer, vol. 59, nº215 (1972), pp. 165–204.r

Alexandre, Valentim. Origens do Colonialismo Português Moderno, 1822–1891. Lisbon: Sá da Costa Editora, 1979.

Alexandre, Valentim, ‘Ideologia, economia e política: a questão colonial na implantação do Estado Novo’, Análise Social, XXVIII, nº 123–124 (1993),pp. 1117–1136.

Alexandre, Valentim, ‘O império colonial no século XX’, in Velho Brasil, Novas Áfricas. Porto: Afrontamento, 2000.

Alexandre, Valentim, ‘Questão nacional e questão colonial em Oliveira Martins’,in Velho Brasil, Novas Áfricas. Porto: Afrontamento, 2000.

Alexandre, Valentim. A Questão Colonial no Parlamento, 1821–1910. Lisbon: Publicações Dom Quixote/Assembleia da República, 2008.

Allain, Jean, ‘Slavery and the League of Nations: Ethiopia as a Civilised Nation’, Journal of the History of International Law, vol. 8, nº 2 (2006), pp. 213–244.

Allain, Jean, The Slavery Conventions: The Travaux Préparatoires of the 1926 League of Nations Convention and the 1956 United Nations Convention. Leiden: MartinusNijhoff Publishers, 2008.

Allina, Eric, ‘“Fallacious Mirrors”: Colonial Anxiety and Images of African Labor in Mozambique, ca. 1929’, History in Africa (1997), pp. 9–52.

Allina, Eric, Negotiating Colonialism: Africans, the state, and the market in Manicadistrict, Mozambique, 1895–C. 1935. PhD diss., Yale University, 2002.

Allina, Eric, Slavery by Other Name: African Life under Company Rule in Colonial Mozambique. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012.

Amselle, Jean-Loup, and Emmanuelle Sibeud, eds., Maurice Delafosse. EntreOrientalisme et Ethnographie: L’Itinéraire d’un africaniste (1870–1926). Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 1998.

Anderson, Eric and Alfred Moss, Dangerous Donations: Northern Philanthropy and Southern Black Education, 1902–1930. Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1999.

Andrade, Mário de, Origens do nacionalismo africano: continuidade e ruptura nos movimentos unitários emergentes da luta contra a dominação colonial portuguesa,1911–1961. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1997.

Sources and Bibliography 247

Anghie, Antony. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Anstey, Roger. Britain and the Congo in the Nineteenth-Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.

Arrifes, Marco, A Primeira Grande Guerra na África Portuguesa: Angola e Moçambique(1914–1918). Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 2004.

Arnove, Robert F., ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations at Home and Abroad. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.

Audenaerde, Dirk Thys Van Den and Sony Van Hoecke, eds., Africa Museum Tervuren 1898–1998. Brussels: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1998.

Austen, Ralph A., ‘Varieties of Trusteeship: African Territories under British andFrench Mandate, 1919–1939’, in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis,France and Britain in Africa. Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1971, pp. 515–542.

Axelson, Eric. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875–1891. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1967.

Baëta, C. G., ‘Missionary and Humanitarian Interests, 1914 to 1960’ in Gann, L.H. and Peter Duignan, eds., Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960. The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1969, pp. 422–449.

Ball, Jeremy, ‘Colossal lie’: The Sociedade Agrírr cola do Cassequel and Portuguese colo-nial labor policy in Angola, 1899–1977 (Los Angeles: PhD diss., University of 7California, 2003).

Beck, Ann, ‘Colonial Policy and Education in British East Africa, 1900–1950’, The Journal of British Studies, vol. 5, nº 2 (1966), pp. 115–138.

Behal, Rana P., and Marcel van der Linden, eds., Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Bender, Gerald J. Angola under Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality. London: Heinemann, 1978.

Bennett, George, ‘Paramountcy to Partnership: J. H. Oldham and Africa’, Africa, nº 30 (1960), pp. 356–361.

Berman, Edward H., ‘American Influence on African Education: The Role of the Phelps-Stokes Fund’s Education Commissions’, Comparative Education Review, vol. 15, nº 2 (1971), pp. 132–145.

Berman, Edward H., ‘Tuskegee in Africa’, The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 41,nº 2 (1972), pp. 99–112.

Berman, Edward H., The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundationson American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy. New York: SUNY Press, 1983.

Berman, Bruce J. and John M. Lonsdale, ‘Crises of Accumulation, Coercion and the Colonial State: The Development of the Labour Control System in Kenya,1919–1929’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines, vol. 14, nº 1 (1980), pp. 55–81.

Bernardini, Jean-Marc, Le Darwinisme social en France (1859–1918): fascination et rejet d’une idéologie. Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1997.

Bolt, Christian and Seymour Drescher, eds., Anti-Slavery, Religion and Reform.Folkestone: Dawson, 1980.

Bonneuil, C. and M. Kleiche, Du jardin d’essais colonial à la station expérimentale 1880–1930: éléments pour une histoire du Cirad. Montpellier: Cirad, 1993.

248 Sources and Bibliography

Burroughs, Roberts, Travel Writing and Atrocities: Eyewitness Accounts of Colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo. New York: Routledge, 2011.

Callahan, Michael D. Mandates and Empire: The League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999.

Callahan, Michael D. A Sacred Trust: The League of Nations and Africa, 1929–1946. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2004.

Capela, José, O vinho para o preto: notas e textos sobre a exportac̈äo do vinho para cAfrica. Porto: Afrontamento, 1973.

Castelo, Cláudia, Passagens para África: o povoamento de Angola e Moçambique comnaturais da metrópole (1920–1974). Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2007.

Chernilo, Daniel, A Social Theory of the Nation State. London, Routledge, 2007.Chichava, Sérgio, ‘Unlike the Other Whites? The Swiss in Mozambique under

Colonialism’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, eds., ImperialMigrations: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 149–167.

Clarence-Smith, William. The Third Portuguese Empire (1825–1975). Manchester: Machester University Press, 1985.

Clarence-Smith, William. O Terceiro Império Português (1825–1975). Lisbon: Teorema, 1990.

Clarence-Smith, William, ‘Labour Conditions in the Plantations of São Tomé andPríncipe, 1875–1914’, in Michael Twaddle, ed., The Wages of Slavery. London: Frank Cass, 1993, pp. 149–67.

Clarence-Smith, William, Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. London: Hurst&Company, 2006.

Clarence-Smith, William ‘Église, nation et esclavage: Angola et Mozambiqueportugais, 1878–1913’, in Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier, ed., Abolir l’esclavage.Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008, pp. 149–167.

Clarence-Smith, William, ‘Religions and the abolition of slavery - a compara-tive approach’ in http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf10_ClarenceSmith.pdf

Clarence-Smith, William, ‘The British “Official Mind” and Nineteenth-centuryIslamic Debates over the Abolition of Slavery’, in Keith Hamilton and Patrick Salmon, eds., Slavery, Diplomacy and Empire. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press,2009, pp. 125–142.

Clark, Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser, eds., Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Clayton, Anthony and Donald C. Savage, Government and labour in Kenya, 1895–1963. New York: Frank Cass, 2005.

Clemens, Keith. Faith on the Frontier: A Life of J. H. Oldham. Edinburgh: T & TClark, 1999.

Cleveland, Todd, Rock Solid: African Laborers on the Diamond Mines of theCompanhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang), 1917–1975. Minneapolis: PhD diss. University of Minnesota, 2008.

Conklin, Alice, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Corrado, Jacopo, The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism:1870–1920 (Amherst, NY.: Cambria Press, 2008)

Costantini, Dino, Mission civilisatrice: Le rôle de l’histoire coloniale dans la construc-tion de l’identité politique française. Paris: La Découverte, 2008.

Sources and Bibliography 249

Cooper, Frederick, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in Frenchand British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Cooper, Frederick, ‘Modernizing Bureaucrats, Backward Africans, and the Development Concept’, in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, eds.,International Development and the Social Sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, pp. 64–92.

Cooper, Frederick, ‘Conditions Analogous to Slavery: Imperialism and FreeLabor Ideology in Africa’, in Frederick Cooper, Thomas C. Holt and RebeccaJ. Scott, eds., Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship inPostemancipation Societies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,2000, pp. 107–149.

Cooper, Frederick and Jane Burbank, Empires in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.

Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies conces-sionnaires, 1898–1930. Paris: Mouton, 1972.

Crawford, Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization,Humanitarian Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Crowe, Sybil Eyre, The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. London:Longmans, Green & Co, 1942.

Curto, Diogo Ramada, ‘Prefácio’ in Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, ed., Livros Brancos,Almas Negras. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2010, pp. 9–40.

Daughton, James P., An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Daughton, James P. and Owen White, eds., In God’s Empire: French Missionariesand the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Daviron, Benoit, ‘Mobilizing Labour in African Agriculture: The Role of theInternational Colonial Institute in the Elaboration of a Standard of ColonialAdministration, 1895–1930’, Journal of Global History, n.º 5 (2010), pp. 479–501.

Delisle, Philippe, L’anticléricalisme dans les colonies françaises sous la 3ème République, Paris, Indes Savantes, 2009.

Dellheim, Charles, ‘The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadburys, 1861–1931’,American Historical Review, vol. 92, nº 1 (1987), pp. 13–44.

Derrick, Jonathan, Africa’s ‘Agitators’: Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and theWest, 1918–1939. London: Hurst, 2008.

Deutsch, Jan Georg, Emancipation without abolition in German East Africa, c. 1884–1914. Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 2006.

Dias, Jill, ‘Uma Questão de Identidade: Respostas Intelectuais às TransformaçõesEconômicas no Seio da Elite Crioula da Angola Portuguesa entre 1870 e 1930’,Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos, nº 1 (1984), pp. 61–94.

Dores, Hugo Gonçalves, Uma Missão para o Império: A política missionária e o ‘novo imperialismo’ (1885–1926). Lisbon: PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014.

Dougall, J. W. C., ‘Thomas Jesse Jones. Crusader for Africa’, International Review of Missions, vol. 34, nº 155 (1950), pp. 311–317.

Drake, St Clair, ‘The Tuskegee Connection: Booker T. Washington and Robert E.Park’, Society, vol. 20, nº 4 (1983), pp. 82–92.

Drayton, Richard, Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the‘Improvement’ of the World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.

Drescher, Seymour, ‘Two Variants of Anti-Slavery: Religious Organizationand Social Mobilization in Britain and France, 1780–1870’, in C. Bolt and

250 Sources and Bibliography

S. Drescher, eds., Anti-Slavery, Religion and Reform. Folkestone: Dawson, 1980, pp. 43–63.

Duffy, James. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.Duffy, James. A Question of Slavery. Labour Policies in Portuguese Africa and the

British Protest, 1850–1920. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.Duignan, Peter, and Lewis H. Gann, ‘Reflections on Imperialism and the

Scramble for Africa’, in Lewis H. Gann and Peter Duignan, eds., Colonialismin Africa, 1870–1960: The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969, pp. 100–131.

Duignan Peter, and Lewis H. Gann. The United States and Africa: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Fall, Babacar, Le travail forcé en Afrique-Occidentale française 1900–1946. Paris: Karthala Editions, 1993.

Fischer-Tiné, Harald and Michael Mann, eds., Colonialism as Civilizing Mission:Cultural Ideology in British India. London: Anthem Press, 2004.

Fitzmaurice, Andrew, ‘The Justification of King Leopold II’s Congo Enterprise by Sir Travers Twiss’, in Shaunnagh Dorsett and Ian Hunter, eds., Law and Politics in British Colonial Thought: Transpositions of Empire. New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2010, pp. 109–126.

Fitzmaurice, Andrew, ‘Liberalism and Empire in Nineteenth-Century International Law’, The American Historical Review, vol. 117, nº 1 (2012), pp. 122–140.

Flint, John E., ‘Frederick Lugard: The Making of an Autocrat (1858–1943)’, inL. Gann and P. Duignan, eds., African Proconsuls: European Governors in Africa.New York: Free Press, 1978, pp. 290–312.

Förster, Stig., Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Ronald Robinson, eds., Bismarck,Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884–1885 and the Onset of Partition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Freidel, Frank and Alan Brinkley. America in the Twentieth-Century. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1982.

Gardner, Booker T., ‘The Educational Contributions of Booker T. Washington’, The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 44, nº 4 (1975), pp. 502–518.

Gardner, Leigh A., Taxing Colonial Africa: The Political Economy of British Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Golant, William, Image of Empire: The Early History of the Imperial Institute, 1887–1925. Exeter: University of Exeter, 1984.

Gong, Gerrit W., The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society. Oxford:Clarendon Press: 1984.

Grant, Kevin. A Civilized Savagery: Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884–1926. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Grant, Kevin, ‘Human Rights and Sovereign Abolitions of Slavery c. 1880–1956’,in Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine and Frank Trentmann, eds., Beyond Sovereignty:Britain, Empire and Transnationalism c. 1880–1950. Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan, 2007, pp. 80–102.

Grass, Tim, ‘Brethren and the Sao Tomé Cocoa Slavery Controversy: The Role of Charles A. Swan (1861–1934)’, Brethren Historical Review, 4 (2007), pp. 98–113.

Groves, Charles Pelham, ‘Missionary and Humanitarian Aspects of Imperialismfrom 1870 to 1914’, in L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan, eds., Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960: The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914. Vol. I.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969, pp. 462–496.

Sources and Bibliography 251

Gründer, Horst. S., ‘Christian Missionary Activities in Africa in the Age of Imperialism and the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885’, in Stig Förster, WolfgangJ. Mommsen and Ronald Robinson, Bismarck, Europe, and Africa, pp. 85–103.

Guimarães, Ângela. Uma Corrente do Colonialismo Português: A Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1875–1895. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1984.

Hall, Catherine, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Harrison, Mark, ‘Science and the British Empire’, Isis, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 56–63.Harlan, Louis R., ‘Booker T. Washington and the White Man’s Burden’, The

American Historical Review, vol. 71, nº 2 (1966), pp. 441–467.Harries, Patrick. Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Laborers in Mozam- bique and

South Africa, c. 1860–1910. London: James Currey Ltd, 1994.Harries, Patrick, Butterflies & Barbarians: Swiss Missionaries & Systems of Knowledge

in South-East Africa. Oxford: Currey, 2007.Havik, Philip, ‘Estradas sem fim: o trabalho forçado e a “politica indígena”’, in

AAVV, ed., Trabalho Forçado Africano–Experiências Coloniais Comparadas. Porto:Campo das Letras, 2006, pp. 229–247.

Headrick, Daniel R., The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 209–258.

Heisel, Donald. The Indigenous Populations of the Portuguese African Territories. Ann Harbor, Michigan: University of Wisconsin, 1966.

Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Hespanha, António Manuel, ‘Um relatório inédito sobre as violências portugue-sas na frente moçambicana da I Grande Guerra’, Africana Studia (2010), pp.163–197.

Heywood, Linda, ‘Slavery and Forced Labor in the Changing Political Economyof Central Angola, 1850–1949’, in Suzanne Miers and Richard Roberts, eds.,The End of Slavery in Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988, pp.415–436.

Heywood, Linda, Contested Power in Angola, 1840s to the Present. Rochester, NY:University of Rochester Press, 2000.

Higgs, Catherine, Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa. AthensOH: Ohio University Press, 2012.

Hogg, William Richey. Ecumenical Foundations: A History of the InternationalMissionary Council and its Nineteenth Century Background. New York: Harper, 1952.

Hopwood, Anthony, and Peter Miller. Accounting as Social and InstitutionalPractice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Hui, Ong Jin, ‘Chinese Indentured Labour: Coolies and Colonies’, in Robin Cohen, ed., The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 51–56.

Isaacman, Allen F. and Barbara Isaacman, The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique:The Zambesi Valley, 1850–1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Ishemo, Shubi, ‘Forced Labour and Migration in Portugal’s African Colonies’,in Robin Cohen, ed., The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 162–165.

Jefferson, Paul, ‘Working Notes on the Prehistory of Black Sociology: TheTuskegee Negro Conference’, in Robert Alun Jones and Henrika Kurlick,

252 Sources and Bibliography

eds., Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1981, pp. 119–151.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, Livros Brancos, Almas Negras. O ColonialismoPortuguês: Programas e Discursos (1880–1930). Lisbon: MA Thesis, Faculdade deCiências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2000.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘Os missionários do alfabeto nas colónias portuguesas(1880–1930)’, in Diogo Ramada Curto, ed., Estudos de Sociologia da Leitura em Portugal no Século XX. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2006, pp. 29–67.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira. Religion, Empire, and the Diplomacy of Colonia- lism: Portugal, Europe, and the Congo Question, c. 1820–1890. London: PhD Thesis, King’s College, 2008.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, Livros Brancos, Almas Negras: A ‘Missão Civilizadora’ do Colonialismo Português (c.1870–1930). Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2010.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘A Escrita Plural dos Impérios: Economia, Geopolíticae Religião na obra de Andrew Porter’, in Andrew Porter, Imperialismo Europeu,1860–1914. Lisbon: Edições 70, 2011, pp. 7–67.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira. A Diplomacia do Império: Política e Religião na Partilha de África. Lisbon: Edições 70, 2012.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘The “Civilization Guild”: Race and Labour in theThird Portuguese Empire c.1870–1930’, in Francisco Bethencourt and Adrian Pearce, eds., Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese Speaking World.London: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 173–199.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ed., O Império Colonial em Questão: Poderes, Saberes,Instituições. Lisbon: Edições 70, Colecção História&Sociedade, 2012.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘Portugal no mundo’, in Pedro Tavares de Almeida, ed., História Contemporânea de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Construção Nacional, 1834–1890. Madrid-Lisboa: Fundación Mapfre&Editora Objectiva, 2013, pp. 77–108.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘The States of Empire’, in Luís Trindade, org., The Making of Modern Portugal. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013, pp. 65–101.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira and José Pedro Monteiro, ‘Internationalism and the Labours of the Portuguese Colonial Empire (1945–1974)’, Portuguese Studies,vol. 29, nº2 (2013), pp. 142–163.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘Administração colonial’, in M. F. Rollo, coord., Dicionário de História da I República e do Republicanismo. Lisbon: Assembleia da República, 2013, pp. 26–31.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira and José Pedro Monteiro, ‘O império do trabalho. Portugal, as dinâmicas do internacionalismo e os mundos coloniais’, inMiguel Bandeira Jerónimo and António Costa Pinto, eds., Portugal e o fim doColonialismo: Dimensões internacionais. Lisbon: Edições 70, 2014, pp. 15–54.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, ‘Missions et Empire. Politique et religion dans lenouveaux Brésiles en Afrique (1860–1890)’, Histoire, Monde & cultures religieuses(forthcoming, 2014).

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira and José Pedro Monteiro, eds., Os passados do presente: Internacionalismo, imperialismo e a construção do mundo contemporâneo. Lisbon:Almedina, forthcoming 2014.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira and José Pedro Monteiro, Internacionalismo e Império:As Políticas da Diferença no Império Colonial Português, 1880–1975. Forthcoming 2015.

Sources and Bibliography 253

John, Angela, War, Journalism and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century: The Lifeand Times of Henry W. Nevinson. Londres: I.B. Taurus, 2006.

Johnson, Donald, ‘W. E. B. Du Bois, Thomas Jesse Jones and the Struggle for Social Education’ The Journal of Negro History, vol. 85, nº 3 (2000), 71–95.

Keck, Margaret E., and Kathryn Sikkink. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Keese, Alexander, ‘Searching for the Reluctant Hands: Obsession, Ambivalence,and the Practice of Organizing Involuntary Labour in Colonial Cuanza-Sul andMalange Districts, Angola, 1926–1945’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 41, nº 2 (2013), pp. 238–258.

King, Kenneth J., ‘Africa and the Southern States of the U.S.A: Notes on J. H.Oldham and American Negro Education for Africans’, The Journal of African History, vol. 10, nº 4 (1969), pp. 659–677.

Kliebard, Herbert M., ‘“That Evil Genius of the Negro Race”: Thomas Jesse Jones and Educational Reform’, Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, vol. 10, nº 1(1994), pp. 5–20.

Koskenniemi, Martti. The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Kuehl, Warren F., Hamilton Holt: Journalist, Internationalist, Educator. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1960.

Kuklick, Henrika, The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology,1885–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Lamberts, Emiel, ed., The Black International 1870–1878: The Holy See and Militant Catholicism in Europe. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2002.

Laqua, Daniel. ‘The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s’, The International History Review, vol. 33, nº 4 (2011),pp. 705–726.

Laqua, Daniel, ed., Internationalism Reconfigured: Transnational Ideas and Movementsbetween the World Wars. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011.

Leavell, Ullin W., ‘Trends of Philanthropy in Negro Education: A Survey’, TheJournal of Negro Education, vol. 2, nº 1 (1933), pp. 38–52.

Levine, Donald N. Visions of the Sociological Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Lindner, Ulrike. ‘The Transfer of European Social Policy Concepts to TropicalAfrica, 1900–50: The Example of Maternal and Child Welfare’, Journal of Global History, vol. 9 (2014), pp. 208–231.

Louis, William Roger, ‘African Origins of the Mandates Idea’, International Organization, vol. 19, nº 1 (1965), pp. 20–36.

Louis, William Roger, ‘Sir John Harris and “Colonial Trusteeship”’, Bulletin des Seances de l’Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, vol. 14 (1968), pp. 832–856.r

Louis, William Roger and Jean Stengers, org. E. D. Morel’s History of the Congo Reform Movement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.

Louis, William Roger, ‘The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the MandatesSystem, 1919–1922’, International Organization, vol. 23, nº1 (1969), pp. 73–96.

Louis, William Roger, ‘The Berlin Congo Conference’, in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis, eds., France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971, pp. 167–220.

Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000 [1983].

254 Sources and Bibliography

Luker, Ralph E. The Social Gospel in Black&White. American Racial Re- form, 1885–1912. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

Mackenzie, John. Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion (1880–1960). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986.

Madeira, Ana Isabel, Ler, Escrever e Orar: Uma análise histórica e comparada dos dis-cursos sobre a educação, o ensino e a escola em Moçambique, 1850–1950. Lisbon: PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, 2007.

Magubane, Zine, ‘Science, Reform, and the “Science of Reform”: Booker T Washington, Robert Park, and the Making of a “Science of Society”’, Current Sociology, vol. 62, nº 4 (2014), pp. 568–583.

Marchal, Jules, E. D. Morel contre Léopold II: L’Histoire du Congo 1900–1910. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1996.

Margarido, Alfredo, ‘Les Porteurs: forme de domination et agents de changementen Angola (XVIIe-XIXe siècles)’, Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer, vol. 65, nºr240 (1978), pp. 377–400.

Marques, João Pedro, ‘O mito do abolicionismo português’, Actas do Colóquio‘Construção e Ensino da História de África’. Lisbon: Ministério da Educação, 1995,pp. 245–257.

Marques, João Pedro, ‘Uma cosmética demorada: as cortes perante oproblema da escravidão (1836–1875)’, Análise Social, XXXVI, n.º 158–159 (2001),pp. 209–247.

Marques, João Pedro, The Sounds of Silence: Nineteenth-Century Portugal and the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2006.

Matos, Patrícia Ferraz, The Colours of the Empire: Racialized Representations during Portuguese Colonialismo. New York: Berghahn, 2013.

Matthews, W. R., ‘Religious Thought’, In The New Cambridge Modern History,The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945. Vol. XII. London: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1964.

Maul, Daniel Roger, ‘The International Labour Organization and the Struggle against Forced Labour from 1919 to the Present’, Labor History, vol. 48, nº4(2007), pp. 477–500.

Mazower, Mark, Governing the World: The History of an Idea. London: Allen Lane, 2012.

Mazower, Mark, ‘An International Civilization? Empire, Internationalism andthe Crisis of the Mid-twentieth Century’, International Affairs, vol. 82, nº3(2006), pp. 553–566.

McMahon, Sean H. Social Control & Public Intellect: The Legacy of Edward A. Ross.New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro de, ‘The Portuguese Empire’, in Robert Gerwarth andErez Manela, eds., Empires at War: 1911–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 179–196.

Miers, Suzanne. Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade. London: Longman, 1975.Miers, Suzanne. Slavery in the Twentieth-Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem.

Walnut Creek, Altamira Press, 2003.Mitchell, Michele, ‘The Black Man’s Burden: African Americans, Imperialism

and The Notions of Racial Manhood, 1890–1910’, International Review of SocialHistory, vol. 44 (1999), pp. 77–99.

Moreno, Helena Wakim, Voz d’Angola clamando no deserto: protesto e reivindicaçãoem Luanda (1881–1901). São Paulo: MA Thesis, 2014.

Sources and Bibliography 255

Mulligan, William, ‘The Anti-slave Trade Campaign in Europe, 1888–90’, in William Mulligan and Maurice Bric, eds., A Global History of Anti-Slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 149–170.

Munro, J. Forbes, Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and hisBusiness Network, 1823–1893. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003.

Nascimento, Augusto, ‘São Tomé e Príncipe’, in Valentim Alexandre and Jill Dias, O Império Africano 1825–1890. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1988, pp.269–318.

Nascimento, Augusto, ‘A “crise braçal” de 1875 em São Tomé’, Revista Crítica deCiências Sociais, nº 34 (1992), pp. 317–329.

Nascimento, Augusto. Poderes e Quotidiano nas Roças de S. Tomé e Príncipe de Finais de Oitocentos a Meados de Novecentos. Lousã: Tipografia Lousanense, 2002.

Newbury, Colin, Patrons, Clients, and Empire Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia,Africa, and the Pacific. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Newitt, Malyn, A History of Mozambique. London: Hurst & Company, 1995.Newitt, Malyn, História de Moçambique. Mem-Martins: Publicações Europa-

América, 1995.Nworah, Kenneth D., ‘The Aborigines’ Protection Society, 1889–1909: A Pressure-

Group in Colonial Policy’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadiennedes Études Africaines, vol. 5, no. 1 (1971), pp. 79–91.

Onselen, Charles Van, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900–1933. London: Pluto Press, 1980.

Opie, Redvers, ‘A Neglected English Economist: George Poulett Scrope’, TheQuarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 44, nº. 1 (1929), pp. 101–137.

Osborne, Michael A., ‘Science and the French Empire’, Isis, Vol. 96, No. 1 (2005), pp. 80–87.

Paulo, João Carlos, ‘A Honra da Bandeira’. A Educação Colonial no Sistema de EnsinoPortuguês (1926–1946). Lisbon: MA Thesis, FCSH-UNL, 1992.

Pavlakis, Dean, ‘The Development of British Overseas Humanitarianism and theCongo Reform Campaign’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, vol. 11, nº 1 (2010).

Pedersen, Susan, ‘Back to the League of Nations’, The American Historical Review,vol. 112, nº 4 (2007), pp. 1091–1117.

Pedreira, Jorge M., ‘Comércio ultramarino e integração económica’, FranciscoBethencourt and Kirti Chaudhuri, História da Expansão Portuguesa. Vol. IV. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1998, pp. 244–267.

Pélissier, Réne, História das Campanhas de Angola. Resistência e Revoltas, 1845–1941. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1986.

Pélissier, Réne, História de Moçambique: Formação e oposição, 1854–1918. Lisbon: Estampa, 1987–8.

Pélissier, Réne, Naissance de la Guiné: Portugais et Africains en Sénégambie (1841–1936). Orgeval: Éditions Pélissier, 1989.

Pélissier, Réne, Les Campagnes Coloniales du Portugal, 1844–1941. Paris: Pygmalion,2004.

Penvenne, Jeanne. African Workers and Colonial Racism. Mozambican Strategies and Struggles in Lourenço Marques, 1877–1962. London: James Currey Ltd, 1995.

Perham, Margery. Lugard: The Years of Authority, 1898–1945. London: Collins,1960.

256 Sources and Bibliography

Peterson, Patti McGill. ‘Colonialism and Education: The Case of the Afro-American’, Comparative Education Review, vol. 15, nº 2 (1971), pp. 146–157.

Pimenta, Fernando, Brancos de Angola: autonomismo e nacionalismo (1900–1961).Coimbra: Minerva, 2005.

Pinto, F. Latour da Veiga, Le Portugal et le Congo au XIXe Siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1972.

Poncelet, Marc, L’invention des sciences coloniales belges. Paris: Karthala, 2008.Porter, Andrew. European Imperialism, 1860–1914. London: MacMillan Press,

1994.Porter, Andrew, ‘Empires in the Mind’, in Peter J. Marshall, ed., The Cambridge

Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996, pp. 186–189.

Porter, Andrew, ‘Trusteeship, Anti-Slavery, and Humanitarism’, in William RogerLouis, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. III. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 198–221.

Porter, Andrew. Religion vs. Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and OverseasExpansion, 1700–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.

Porter, Andrew. O Imperialismo Europeu, 1860–1914. Lisbon: Edições 70, Coleção História&Sociedade, 2011. Prudhomme, Claude, Stratégie missionnaire du Saint-Siège sous Léon XIII (1878–1903). Paris: Boccard, École française de Rome, 1994.

Quirk, Joel, The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Ramm, Agatha. Sir Robert Morier: Envoy and Ambassador in the Age of Imperialism1876–1893. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Ranger, Terence, ‘Revolt in Portuguese East Africa: The Makombe Rising of 1917’,in St. Antony’s. Papers, Nº 15. Oxford: Chatto and Windus, 1963, pp. 54–80.

Ratcliffe, Barrie M., ‘Commerce and Empire: Manchester Merchants and WestAfrica, 1873–1895’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 7,nº 3 (1979), 293–320.

Renault, François. Lavigerie, L’Esclavage Africain et L’Europe 1868–1892, 2 vols. Paris: Boccard, 1971.

Renault, François, ‘Aux origines du Ralliement: Léon XIII et Lavigerie (1880–1890)’, Revue historique, vol. 281, nº2 (1989), pp. 381–432.

Ribeiro, Fátima, and António Sopa, org. 140 Anos de Imprensa em Moçambi- que. Maputo: Associação Moçambicana de Língua Portuguesa, 1996.

Ribi, Amalia, ‘“The Breath of a New Life”?: British Anti-Slavery Activism and theLeague of Nations’, in Daniel Laqua, ed., Internationalism Reconfigured. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 93–113.

Robinson, Ronald, ‘The Moral Disarmament of African Empire, 1919–1947’,Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 8, nº 1 (1979), pp. 86–104.

Roeykens, Auguste. Léopold II et l’Afrique (1855–1880). Brussels: Académie Royaledes Sciences Coloniales, 1958.

Ross, Dorothy. The Origins of American Social Science. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1991.

Rowland, Robert, ‘Velhos e novos Brasis’, in Francisco Bethencourt and KirtiChaudhuri, eds., História da Expansão Portuguesa, vol. 4: Do Brasil para África (1808–1930). Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1998, pp. 303–374.

Samuels, Michael. Education in Angola, 1878–1914. New York: Teachers College Press, 1970.

Sources and Bibliography 257

Satre, Lowell J. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics and the Ethics of Business. Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2005.

Schweber, Libby, ‘Progressive Reformers, Unemployment, and the Transformationof Social Inquiry in Britain and the United States, 1880–1920’, in Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds., States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 163–200.

Semmel, Bernard, The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750–1850. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1970.

Shorter, Aylward, Cross and Flag in Africa: The ‘White Fathers’ during the ColonialScramble (1892–1914). Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2006.

Sibeud, Emmanuelle. Une Science Impériale pour L’Afrique. La Construction des Savoirs Africanistes en France, 1878–1930. Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 2002.

Skocpol, Theda, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, ‘Introduction’, in DietrichRueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds., States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Slade, Ruth, L’Attitude des Missions Protestantes vis-à-vis des Puissances Européennes au Congo avant 1885. Bruxelles: Institut Royal Colonial Belge, 1954.

Slade, Ruth, English-Speaking Missions in the Congo Independent State (1878–1908).Bruxelles: Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales, 1959.

Spencer, Leon P., Toward an African Church in Mozambique: Kamba Simango and the Protestant Communtity in Manica and Sofala. Luwinga: Mzuni Press, 2013.

Stanley, Brian. The Bible and the Flag: Protestant Missions and British Impe rialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth-Centuries. Leicester: Apollos, 1990.

Stanley, Brian, ‘Church, State and the Hierarchy of “Civilization”: The Making of the “Missions and Governments” Report at the World Missionary Conference, Edimburgh 1910’, in Andrew Porter, ed., The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2003, pp. 58–84.

Stengers, Jean, ‘À Propos de l’Acte de Berlin, ou Comment Naît une Légende’, Zaire (October 1953), pp. 839–844.

Stengers, Jean, ‘Introduction’, In AAVV. La Conférence de Géographie de 1876.Recueil d’Études. Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, 1976.

Stengers, Jean, ‘Les Cinq Légendes de l’Acte de Berlin’, in Jean Stengers, Congo. Mythes et Réalités. 100 Ans d’Histoire. Paris: Éditions Duculot, 1989, pp. 79–90.

Stoecker, Holger, ‘“The Gods are Dying’: Diedrich Westerman (1875–1956)and Some Aspects of His Studies of African Religions’, in Frieder Ludwig and Afe Adogame, eds., European Traditions in the Study of Religion in Africa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004, pp. 169–174.

Stuart, John, ‘Beyond Sovereignty?: Protestant Missions, Empire andTransnationalism’, in Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine and Frank Trentmann, eds., Beyond Sovereignty: Britain, Empire and Transnationalism c. 1880–1950.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 103–125.

Swaisland, Charles H., ‘The Aborigines’ Protection Society, 1837–1909’, Slavery & Abolition, vol. 21 (2000), pp. 265–280.

Sylvest, Casper, ‘“Our Passion for Legality”: International Law and Imperialismin Late Nineteenth-century Britain’, Review of International Studies, vol. 34, nº. 3 (2008), pp. 403–423.

258 Sources and Bibliography

Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, O Ultimatum Inglês: política externa e política interna noPortugal de 1890. Lisboa: Beta-Projectos Editoriais, 1990.

Telo, António José. Economia e Império no Portugal Contemporâneo. Lisboa: EdiçõesCosmos, 1994.

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Mcmillan-Free Press, t. 13–14,1968.

Toews, Paul, ‘The Imperialism of Righteousness’, in Ronald C. White Jr. and C. Howard Hopkins, eds., The Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in Changing America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976.

Twiss, Sir Travers. International Protectorate of the Congo River. London: Fewtress&Co, 1883.

Vail, Leroy and Landeg White. Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique: A Study of Quelimane District. London: Heinemann, 1980.

Vidich, Arthur J. and Stanford M. Lyman, ‘Secular evangelism at the University of Wisconsin’, Social Research, vol. 49, nº4 (1982), pp. 1047–1072.

Vidich, Arthur J. and Stanford M. Lyman. American Sociology: Wordly Rejections of Religion and Their Directions. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Vos, Jelmer, The Kingdom of Kongo and Its Borderlands, 1880–1915. London: PhD Thesis, SOAS-UL, 2005.

Wagner, Gillian, The Chocolate Conscience. London: Chatto&Windus, 1987.Wallbank, T. Walter, ‘The Educational Renaissance in British Tropical Africa’, The

Journal of Negro Education, vol. 31, nº 1 (1934), pp. 105–122.Ware, Louise, George Foster Peabody: Banker, Philanthropist, Publicist. Athens:

University of Georgia Press, 2009 [1951].Watkin, William H., ‘Thomas Jesse Jones, Social Studies, and Race’, International

Journal of Social Education, vol. 10, nº 2 (1996), pp. 124–134.Weinberg, Julius, ‘E. A. Ross: The Progressive as Nativist’, The Wisconsin Magazine

of History, vol. 50, nº 3 (1967), pp. 242–253.Weinberg, Julius. Edward Alsworth Ross and the Sociology of Progressivism. Madison:

State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1972.Wheeler, Douglas L., and René Pélissier. Angola. London: Pall Mall Press, 1971.Wheeler, Douglas L., ‘Origins of African Nationalism in Angola: Assimilado

Protest Writing, 1859–1929’, in R. Chilcote, ed., Protest and Resistance inBrazil and Portuguese Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972,pp. 67–87.

Wheeler, Douglas L., ‘“Mais leis do que mosquitos”: a primeira república portu-guesa e o império ultramarino (1910–1926)’, in Nuno Severiano Teixeira andAntónio Costa Pinto, eds., A Primeira República Portuguesa: Entre o Liberalismo e o Autoritarismo. Lisbon: Edições Colibri, 2000, pp. 133–168.

Wheeler, Douglas, ‘The Forced Labor “System” in Angola, 1903–1947’, in AAVV, ed., Trabalho Forçado Africano–Experiências Coloniais Comparadas. Porto: Campodas Letras, 2006, pp. 367–393.

White Jr., Ronald C. and C. Howard Hopkins, eds., The Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in Changing America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976.

White, Bob W., ‘Talk about School: Education and the Colonial Project in Frenchand British Africa (1860–1960)’, Comparative Education, vol. 32, nº 1 (1996),pp. 9–25.

Whitehead, Clive, ‘Education Policy in British Tropical Africa: the 1925 WhitePaper in Retrospect’, History of Education, vol. 10, nº 3 (1981), pp. 195–203.

Sources and Bibliography 259

Whitehead, Clive, ‘The Advisory Committee on Education in the [British]Colonies, 1924–1961’, Paedagogica Historica, vol. XXVII, nº 3 (1991), pp.385–421.

Windel, Aaron, ‘British Colonial Education in Africa: Policy and Practice in theEra of Trusteeship’, History Compass, vol. 7, nº 1 (2009), pp. 1–21.

Worboys, Michael, ‘The Imperial Institute: The State and the Development of the Natural Resources of the Colonial Empire, 1887–1923’, in John M. MacKenzie, ed., Imperialism and the Natural World. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990, pp. 164–186.

Young, Crawford. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. NewHaven: Yale University Press, 1994.

Zegeye, Abebe and Shubi Ishemo, eds., Forced Labour and Migration: Patterns of Movement within Africa. London: Hans Zell Publishers, 1989.

Zimmerman, Andrew. Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South. Princeton: Princeton University Press,2010.

Zimmerman, Susan, ‘“Special Circumstances” in Geneva: The ILO and the Worldof Non-Metropolitan Labour in the Interwar Years’, in Jasmien Van Daele et al., eds., ILO Histories. Essays on the International Labour Organization and its Impact on the World during the Twentieth Century. Bern: Peter Lang, 2010, pp. 221–250.

260

Index

Aabolitionism (abolitionist), 3–4, 23,

24–5, 26, 29, 33, 35, 153, 194,196, 204n16, 205n26, 205n28,206n38, 228n34

Aborigenes Protection Society, 14,43, 47, 48, 56, 70, 72, 142, 184,203n9

Abyssinia, 148, 153, 228n31Africa (journal), 121, 179Africa

Eastern Africa, 19, 27, 32, 37, 112,119, 137, 138, 146, 152, 167, 222n22, 226n13, 228n29, 231n81

South Africa, 71, 112, 119, 161, 184Western Africa, 4, 43, 45, 52, 70,

71, 73, 79, 113, 142, 155, 166, 202n5, 211n62, 212n90, 221n16,221n18, 226n19, 227n20, 233n95

African Education Commission, 111,114, 119, 221n16, 221n17

African Guild (Lourenço Marques), 183African International Association, 22African League, 185African Mail, 43African National Party (Partido

Nacional Africano, PNA), 185Africano, O, 99, 114, 149, 217n74agriculture, 43, 64, 75, 80, 81, 83, 90,

105, 113, 124, 154, 219n1Aguiar, António Correia de, 62, 74,

75, 144, 155, 157, 189, 206n38,209n34, 210n36, 210n47, 211n59,212n91, 212n93, 212n95, 212n96

Alabama, 111, 125, 200n17, 220n9Albuquerque, Joaquim Mouzinho de,

96, 98Almada, José de, 194, 206n33,

211n63Almada, Vicente de Melo e, 36,

207n43Ambaca, 181, 182Ambriz, 33

American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society, 111, 112

American Board Commissionersfor Foreign Missions, 115, 172, 231n79

American Bureau of Labour, 128American Economic Association, 129American Institute of Social Service,

160American Journal of Sociology, 133,

230n64American Missionary Society, 112,

125American Sociology, 128, 129, 130Anderson, Percy, 13Andrade, Anselmo de, 85Andrade, Augusto Freire de, 208n10,

215n41,Anet, Henri, 167, 170, 232n92,

233n93, 233n95, 233n96, 233n97, 233n100

Angell, R., 168, 169, 232n86Angola, 12, 32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44,

47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 68, 71, 81, 88, 90, 98, 100, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 121, 135, 137, 140, 142, 143, 153, 155, 157, 158, 162, 166, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 185, 194, 200n7, 202n4, 206n32,207n42, 208n11, 209n22, 210n53,216n50, 218n76, 221n18, 225n5,226n13, 231n78, 232n83, 232n88,234n131

Angola Evangelical Mission, 42Annuaire de Documentation Coloniale

Comparée, 236n146anti-slavery, 3, 6, 11, 21, 77, 205n17,

220n7Anti-Slavery Society, 12, 13, 18, 19,

23, 30, 31, 32, 36, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 142,206n35

Index 261

Anti-Slavery and AborigenesProtection Society (ASAPS), 142, 143, 144, 146, 152, 189, 194, 227n28, 229n39

Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 124Aspe-Fleurimont, Lucien, 89, 215n40Association of Planters and Owners of

the Zambezi, 137Avelanoso, António Pires, 70

BBailundo, 48, 170Balfour, Arthur J., 46, 136Banco Nacional Ultramarino (BNU),

63, 210n45, 211n64Bank of S. Thomé, 55Baptist Missionary Society (BMS), 12,

202n6Barradas, António, 103, 104, 114Bebiano, José Bacelar, 191Belgian Royal Commission on Native

Affairs, 117Belgium, 114, 172, 173, 190, 192,

233n98, 236n151Belo, João, 105, 167Benguela, 42, 53, 72, 137, 169,

211n69, 225n9Bentley, Wiliam Holman, 36Berlin, 11–23, 49, 59, 201n2, 204n12Berlin Conference (1884), 11, 12, 14,

16, 17, 36–7, 67, 201n2, 202n7,203n9, 204n12, 204n13

Bible, 6, 109–33Bibliotheque Coloniale lnternationale,

219n1Bié, 48Birmingham, 208n17, 212n85Blue Books, 31, 211n76Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias,

156, 213n8, 224n1, 228n31, 229n48, 229n52, 230n52, 231n77,233n102, 234n115, 235n137,235n139

Boletim Económico e Estatístico, 103, 218n84, 218n85

Borges, Vasco, 171, 176, 188, 189, 232n86, 234n106, 234n107,235n132, 235n141

Bournville Works Magazine, 74, 212n93

Bourke, (lord Mayo) D. R. W., 35, 207n42, 215n38

Bourne, H. R. Fox, 43, 47, 50, 71, 203n9, 210n36, 210n57

Bournville, 50Bowskill, J. S., 73, 212n90Brado Africano, O, 149, 183, 185,

234n125, 234n130Branco, (lieutenant) Vieira, 69Brazil, 1, 3, 18, 30, 79, 80, 171, 174,

195, 218n76Brooks, E. W., 72Brussels, 4, 11–23, 25, 26, 27, 49, 59,

143, 144, 153, 164, 193, 202n6,236n147, 236n151

Brussels Conference (1876), 32, 203n10

Brussels Conference (1889), 19, 44, 57Bunsen, Maurice de, 48Bureau International pour la Défense

des Indigènes (BIDI), 141, 144, 146, 157, 158, 226n17, 226n18, 227n27, 229n50

Bureau International du Travail (BIT),235n139

Bureau of Education, 112Burtt, Joseph, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,

67, 71, 72, 74, 75, 194, 209n22,212n93

Buxton, Travers, 42, 43, 47, 50, 142, 146, 227n28, 235n141

Buyse, Omer, 123, 124, 188, 223n31

CCabral, A. Augusto, 177Cabral, José, 184, 234n128Cabreira, António, 100, 218n77Cadbury Brothers, Ltd., 46, 48, 52,

208n17Cadbury, George, 46, 67Cadbury, William, 46, 47, 52, 55, 63,

65, 69, 70, 71, 187, 194, 209n21,209n29, 209n30, 209n31, 210n38,212n85, 215n41

Caetano, Marcelo, 11, 39, 201n1,201n3, 205n23, 207n4, 231n77

Camacho, Manuel de Brito, 104Cameron, V. Lovett, 31, 32, 42,

206n36, 206n37

262 Index

Cancella, J. Paulo Monteiro, 63–4,209n25, 211n67

Capelo, Guilherme Brito, 11, 202n4Cape town, 179Carnegie, Lancelot, 73, 138, 177,

222n26, 225n10Carvalho, Jerónimo Paiva de, 69, 70,

212n79, 212n81Casal Ribeiro, José, 31Casement, Roger, 43, 171Castilho, Augusto, 11, 20, 24, 26, 27,

37, 205n20Castro, António Leitão e, 27, 206n37Catholic church, 17, 130Catumbela, 48Census, 62, 63, 102, 140Central Association of Portuguese

Agriculture and Industry, 75Chamberlain, Joseph, 23Chevalier, Auguste, 38, 45, 65,

208n15China, 160, 230n64chocolate manufacturers, 50, 52, 54,

65, 70, 73, 74Christian World, 73Christianity, 1, 15, 16, 26, 50, 125,

126, 130, 203n12Church Missionary Review, 113Church Missionary Society, 13, 110Cid, Francisco Paula, 53, 58cipaio, 5, 86, 88, 138, 140, 157, 173,

181, 184civilisation, 2, 3, 9–76, 85, 89, 90,

91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 105, 109–21, 147, 151, 154, 164, 169, 174, 175, 180, 187, 189, 190, 194,195, 200n9, 207, 214n29

civilisingmission, 11–37, 198, 205n27station, 20, 25, 94, 205n23

Claparede, René, 146, 157, 211n74,212n87, 226n17, 226n18

cocoa, 43, 44, 46–54, 60, 63, 64, 65,66, 72, 73, 142, 143, 146, 157,164, 186, 207–12

Coelho, Adolfo, 95Coelho, Manuel Maria, 67, 68coercion, 2, 74, 92, 234n106coffee, 60, 61, 64, 65, 140, 164

College of Overseas Missions, 102College of the Mission of Secular

Priests, 102colonial

administration, 5, 6, 7, 14, 16, 22,28–9, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41,42, 43, 44, 51, 64, 66, 67, 81, 82,84, 87, 92, 99, 115, 116, 117, 118,120, 135, 138, 139, 172, 175, 191,192, 208n15, 215n43, 216n54,236n146

Congress, 42, 83, 84, 213n16,214n20

empire, 1, 6, 7, 30, 105, 146, 154,176, 192, 195, 197, 199n6,201n20, 214n18, 215n63, 217n67

expansion, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 97labour, 2, 28, 79, 156, 158, 161,

175, 187, 189, 192, 193, 196law, 3, 82, 109, 189school, 41, 83, 153, 164science, 6, 7, 62, 84, 85, 213n17scientists, 81

Colonial Centre, 50, 63–4, 65, 75Colonial Missions Institute, 102, 105Colonial Office, 118, 232n90colonialism, 9–37, 45, 65, 107–98,

201–7, 215n37colonisation

‘effective occupation’, 3, 4, 16, 22,37, 86, 152, 204n13

colony (ies), 5, 22, 23–37, 38, 39, 40,41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50,52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71, 73, 74, 77,78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96,100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 162, 163, 165, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 208n15, 210n41,210n53, 213n4, 214n27, 218n81,219n1, 219n88, 220n6, 222n22,225n5, 226n15, 226n16, 227n25,

Index 263

229n40, 232n83, 236n145,236n147, 236n150, 236n151

Comércio de Angola, O, 169Comércio, O (Benguela), 169Comité Français d’Émancipation, 30commerce, 25, 26, 35, 50, 54, 95,

96, 97, 104, 105, 113, 124, 176,202n5, 203n12, 206n33, 215n40

‘legitimate commerce’, 206n33Commission

African Commission, 95African Education Commission,

111, 114, 119, 221n16, 221n17Belgian Royal Commission on

Native Affairs, 117Central Labour and Emigration

Commission, 58Commission for the Examination of

Colonial Problems, 83Overseas Missions Commission, 97Permanent Commission for

Statistics, 103Mandates Commission (League of

Nations), 117, 146, 188, 191, 193Slavery Commission (League of

Nations), 134, 142, 146, 148, 157,158, 168, 187, 191, 235n137

South African Native AffairsCommission, 167

Committee for Improving theIndustrial Conditions of Negroesin New York, 160

Committee on Education in TropicalAfrica, 118

Commons, John R., 132–3Companhia do Boror, 137Companhia do Caminho de Ferro de

Benguela, 137, 225n9Congo, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25,

27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 46,47, 49, 56, 71, 73, 112, 113, 168,172, 173, 177, 184, 202n6, 202n7,202n8, 203n9, 206n36, 206n37,226n17, 233n92, 234n110

see also ZaireCongo Free State, 13, 16, 20, 42, 43,

46, 47, 202n8Congo Reform Association, 46, 129,

208n18

Congregation of the Holy Spirit, 12Connecticut, 128Connecticut Bible Society, 128Contemporary Review, 71Cooley, Charles Horton, 130, 131Coolies, 46, 84, 85, 214n27Cordeiro, Luciano, 95, 217n68Correia, Alberto, 68, 212n77Corte Real, José Alberto, 36, 207n43Corvée, 89, 93Corvo, João Andrade, 27, 32–3, 80,

206n38Cosmopolitan Society of Greater

New York, 159Costa, Afonso, 135, 136, 137, 139,

141, 142, 143, 144, 157, 158,176, 177, 185, 225n4, 225n9, 226n11, 226n18, 226n19, 227n22,234n106, 234n107, 235n132

Costa, Bernardo Botelho da, 136, 137,189, 225n5

Costa, Eduardo da, 96, 98, 217n70Costa, Henrique Barahona da, 80,

213n12Costa, Mário, 103, 104, 114, 218n84,

218n86, 219n86Couceiro, Henrique de Paiva, 85, 96Cramer, R. Melville, 158, 162,

167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 178,182, 185

Croce, Benedetto, 130Cuanza (river), 179Cunha, J. M. Silva, 205n23, 205n26,

206n30, 235n139, 235n143,236n147, 236n152

Curadoria, 144curator (of serviçais), 62, 69, 76, 88

DDaily Graphic, 50, 52Daily News, 46, 52Darwin, Charles, see Social DarwinismDefeza de Angola, A, 44Delafosse, Maurice, 149, 222n26,

228n34Derby (lord), 32Dewey, John, 112, 168, 222n29Diário de Notícias, 177, 183, 230n52,

233n102, 234n109

264 Index

Donohugh, T. S., 160, 168, 170,231n79, 232n85, 232n90

Drummond-Hay, 56Drummond, James Eric, 151DuBois, W. E. B., 111Duffy, James, 199n1, 205n26, 206n31,

206n35, 206n36, 206n37, 207n39,207n41, 207n44, 208n11, 208n12,208n13, 208n19, 209n24, 209n30,210n40, 210n42, 211n75, 212n86,230n54

Durão, Higino, 59

Eeconomy

colonial economy, 28, 40, 44, 63,72, 75, 83, 86, 90, 165

plantation economy, 56, 62, 65, 71,72, 87, 110

economic development, 64, 78, 79, 96, 100, 163

educationcolonial education, 7, 95, 96, 101–4,

159, 216n64, 218n82native education, 98–100, 102, 106,

114, 119, 120, 141, 222n21Edwards, Richard H., 133, 145,

224n53, 227n26, 232n87Egypt, 24Ely, Richard, 122, 129, 131, 224n44emigration, 34, 42, 56, 58, 65, 72, 73,

77–81, 84, 86–8, 120, 184, 185,213n4

empire, 1–7, 23, 30, 34, 37, 46, 54,60, 79, 82, 109–33, 167, 176, 192,197, 199n5,n15, 226n13

England, 124, 139, 169Eugenics Club of Madison, 132Europe, 15, 17, 19, 27, 61, 75, 93,

189, 201n2, 202n7, 203n9,204n13, 205n17, 235n139

Evening Standard, 52, 71Exhibition, 81, 82, 143

FFalcão, Luís Poças, 85Federation of Churches and

Christian Workers in New York City, 128

Ferraz, Artur Ivens, 184, 234n128,236n149

Ferreira, Vicente, 171, 173Ferry, Jules, 12First World War, 75, 135, 140, 160Foreign Office (FO), 12, 13, 18, 33,

34, 35, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56, 67, 71, 72, 144

France, 12, 19, 21, 30, 63, 114, 187,190, 201n2, 203n9, 204n16

Franklin, James Henry, 112Freudemberg, Alfred Löwenstein-

Wertheim, 45

GGalvão, Henrique, 79, 213n8,

233n102, 234n122Garrett, João de Almeida, 26Geneva, 136, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145,

148, 152, 153, 157, 158, 161, 162, 175, 176, 177, 185, 186, 190, 191, 193, 212n94, 226n18, 227n20,235n138

Geographical SocietyLisbon, 36, 81, 83, 84Paris, 32

Georgia, 126, 230n57Geraldes, Carlos Mello, 82, 83,

214n22Germany, 12, 14, 19, 52, 63, 172, 186Godins, Jaime Brito, 85Gohr, Albrecht, 148Gold Coast, 52, 112, 113, 114Gomes, Manuel Teixeira, 145, 146,

227n26Gore, Charles, 130Gorjão, Rafael, 47Gosselin, Martin, 44, 48Granville (lord), 18, 35Gravier, Charles, 45Great Britain, 33, 187, 192Great Depression, 133Grémio Africano de Lourenço

Marques, 183Grémio de Proprietários e Agricultores

da Zambezia, 137, 225n7Grenfell, George, 42, 208n11Grey, (Sir) Edward, 48, 56, 67, 88,

215n39

Index 265

Grimshaw, Harold A., 146, 161, 162,165, 227n28, 231n68

Guedes, A. Miranda, 60–2, 86, 210n53, 210n58, 215n33

Guinea, 52, 85, 153

HHall, Hall, 73, 75, 144, 155Hampton Institute, 111, 112, 124,

159Harper’s Monthly Magazine, 43Harris, John H., 56, 67, 71, 72, 142,

146, 162, 186, 187, 211n74,212n86

High Commissioner(high-commissioner)

Angola, 112, 117, 155, 171, 177Mozambique, 167

Hoadley, Horace, 160Hollenbeck, Henry S., 115, 166,

231n78Holt, Hamilton, 159, 160, 200n8,

230n56Holy See, 17Hopkins, David, 33Horton, W. Claude, 48House of commons, 19, 35, 56, 91

Iimmigration, 85, 115, 131, 132, 133Imperial institute, 81, 82, 213n18Imperialism, 3, 127

imperialism of benevolence, 15imperialism of inevitability, 15imperialism of obligation, 85

Independent, 159, 161tIndia, 65, 66, 161, 222n22, 225n5indígena (native)

política indígena, 27, 40, 100, 200n7, 205n23

trabalho indígena, 1, 70, 141, 144, 157, 205n26, 206n30, 206n33

International Colonial Institute (ICI), 83, 109, 117, 190, 191, 192, 193, 219n1

International Conference on theNegro, 111, 129, 223n41

International Congress of TropicalMedicine, 185

International Institute of AfricanLanguages (IIAL), 121, 222n26

International Labour Office, 5, 143,161, 187, 189, 190, 191

International Labour Organisation(ILO), 193, 235n138

International Law, 13, 193, 200n9,202n8, 228n31

International Missionary Council(IMC), 110, 160, 219n4, 221n16,233n98

Italy, 186

JJ. S. Fry & Sons, 48James, William, 122Japan, 160Johannesburg, 145, 184, 206n38Johnston, Harry H., 45, 47, 208n11Jones, Thomas Jesse, 7, 111, 112, 113,

115, 116, 117, 124, 125, 126, 153, 158, 160, 172, 186, 221n11

Journal de Genève, 67, 134, 142, 143,211n74, 212n94

KKatanga, 137, 138, 140, 225n9Kenya, 176, 234n106King, Joseph, 72King, Martin Luther, 125Kingsley, Mary, 45

Llabour

colonial labour, 2, 28, 79, 156, 158,161, 175

compulsory labour, 1, 57, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 150, 151, 158, 165, 174, 175, 176, 183, 188, 190

forced labour, 4, 33, 34, 55, 115,146, 147, 154, 155, 157, 170, 176, 183, 192–4, 210n41

Lara, António de Sousa, 65, 211n69Lavigerie, Charles-Martial-Allemand,

12, 17–19League of Nations, 5, 7, 74, 117, 130,

134, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 152, 153, 156, 157, 180, 185, 189, 191, 192, 201n20, 228n31

266 Index

legislation (colonial), 23, 26, 36, 120Leo XIII (Pope), 17Leopold II (king), 12Lewis, Georgina King, 72Liberia, 34, 112Ligue Suisse pour la Défense des

Indigènes du Congo, 226n17Lisbon, 33, 36, 47, 48, 55, 63, 68, 72,

83, 84, 139, 142, 172, 179, 193, 199n2

Lisbon Commercial Association, 72, 75Liverpool, 12, 50, 51, 113Liverpool Chamber of Commerce,

50, 54Livingstone East Coast Expedition, 32Livingstone, David, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33,

187, 202n6Loanda, 100, 169, 194, 212n77,

234n110London, 19, 72, 110, 143, 152, 176,

194, 199n1, 200n13, 203n9,204n14, 206n37, 208n12, 209n22

Lopes, Duarte, 233n102Lourenço Marques, 88, 99, 102, 103,

168, 183, 214n24, 218n82, 235n139Lugard, Frederick, 117, 118, 148,

149, 150, 164, 173, 191, 221n19,222n22

Luís of Portugal (king), 30, 31Lugella, 88

MMacedo, Henrique, 11, 20Machado, Bernardino, 67, 144, 171,

227n24Mackinnon, William, 12, 202n5Malanje, 179Manchester, 12, 43, 202n5, 203n11,

213n18, 214n18, 215n36Manchester Guardian, 43Mantero, Francisco, 48, 52, 55, 65, 66,

67, 93, 208n13, 209n25Martins, Joaquim P. de Oliveira, 95,

125, 175, 217n65, 225n6Masui, Théo, 45Matos, José Norton de, 70, 102, 112,

116, 117, 121, 176, 218n80,221n17, 233n95

Maugham, R., 88

Mayo (lord), see Bourke, D. R. W.Meireles, Manuel Quintão, 192, 193,

236n50Mello, Lopo Sampayoe, 40, 77, 82, 89,

90, 94, 95, 100, 101, 125, 126, 207n6

Menezes, Francisco Calheirose, 189Mexico, 160, 161, 231n66migration, 64, 87, 142, 153, 157,

209n21, 210n41Milange, 87Ministry

Ministry of Colonies, 145, 226n15, 227n23, 229n38

Ministry of Commerce, 176Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 157,

192, 225n10, 226n19, 227n23, 236n149

Ministry of Navy and Overseas, 32–3, 47, 51

Mission (religious)Catholic, 17, 32, 95, 105, 167, 168,

172, 179Protestant, 17, 30, 32, 34, 98, 99,

109, 112, 117, 120, 146, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 186, 203n11

Missionaries, 5, 12, 17, 30, 34, 42, 43, 48, 77–106, 110, 117, 121, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 179, 180, 187, 199n1

Mochico, 48Moniz, Jaime, 95Monteiro, Jaime da Fonseca, 190,

236n145Monteiro, Joachim John, 31Moreira Júnior, 95Morel, E. D., 46, 47, 50, 208n18Morier, Robert, 33, 207n39Morning Herald, 30Morton, G. A., 146, 147, 202n5Mossamedes, 68, 69, 212n77Mozambique, 11, 27, 30–2, 35, 45,

48–51, 57, 65, 75, 85, 87, 88, 94, 99, 102–4, 121, 124, 137, 141, 146, 158, 162, 176, 209n21

Mozambique Company, 141, 146, 147Mundo, O, 69, 212n85, 213n6, 226n18Murray, Gilbert, 221n11

Index 267

NNamacha, 104Natal, 33National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People, 159

National Conference on the Negro,111, 129, 159, 223n41

National League on Urban Conditionsamong Negroes, 160

National Navigation Company, 76native (indígena), 1, 27, 40, 68, 70, 85,

100, 141, 142native labour, 1–7, 13, 15, 17, 19,

21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47–9, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 62, 64, 68, 71

native policy, 5, 27, 28, 40, 54,134, 140

see also indígenaNegreiros, António Lobo Almada, 94,

216n60Netherlands, 30, 63Nevinson, Henry W., 43, 67New York, 110, 111, 122, 128, 159,

160, 161, 200n12, 202n8, 212n12Nigeria, 112, 222n26Nightingale, Arthur, 44Norte, J. V. Solipa, 102, 103, 104, 114,

218n82Nyassa, 32, 34, 137, 138, 139, 140,

141, 147, 225n6Nyassa Company, 137, 138, 139, 140,

141, 147, 225n6

OOgden, Robert, 125Oldham, Joseph H., 110, 111, 116,

118, 160, 164, 168, 220n4Ornellas, Ayres de, 54, 209n25

PParis, 19, 30–2, 45, 136, 143, 186,

192, 193, 199n3, 200n13, 201n2,204n13, 217n16, 228n34

Park, Robert Ezra, 111, 128, 223n41Partido Nacional Africano, PNA, see

African National PartyPeabody Education’s Fund, 125

Peabody, George Foster, 125, 159,230n57

Peace Conference (Paris, 1919), 192Pedro of Brazil (king), 30Pedroso, Fernando, 95Peirce, Charles S, 122Penha Garcia (conde de), 42, 81–3,

191, 193, 207n8, 213n18, 214n19,216n61, 236n147

Phelps Hall Bible School, 125Phelps Stokes, Anson, 112, 119Phelps-Stokes Fund, 111–12, 116–17,

186, 220n10, 221n13Pius IX (Pope), 18, 30, 204n16plantation, 43, 47, 48, 60, 62, 65, 71,

72, 141, 184see also roça

Plymouth Brethren, 42Portugal, 3, 11, 19, 42, 65, 70, 79, 84,

88, 97, 105, 125, 136, 151, 170, 189, 200n15, 205n23

Poullet-Scrope, Georges, 78Prazos, 87, 139, 146, 155, 158, 229n46propaganda, 38, 80, 82, 91, 94, 147,

194, 236n154Propaganda Fide, 17Protestant, 17, 30, 34, 98, 109, 112,

124, 125, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172

QQuelimane, 88, 215n36

Rrace, 6, 13, 42, 57, 62, 85, 91, 97, 116,

125, 128, 132, 144, 150, 169, 175, 185

Rand, 137, 138, 140, 184, 201n18Realidade, 68Reinsch, Paul, 93, 215n43, 216n54Reis, Jaime Batalha, 11, 143–4,

227n21religion, 61, 97, 119, 126, 170, 180,

217n67, 228n31repatriation, 51, 53, 55, 58–61, 73–5,

78, 142–4, 196Revista Portuguesa Colonial e Marítima,

44, 208n14, 216n76Rhodesia, 56, 140

268 Index

Ribeiro, Tomás, 27Riggs, Ernest W., 166, 168, 172,

231n79, 231n80, 231n83, 233n94Riis, Jacob, 122Rita, José Santa, 103, 218n83Roça, 48

see also plantationRocha, Ernesto Vieira da, 171, 188Rockefeller, John D, 159Rome, 204n16Ross Report, 6, 7, 134–67, 171, 178, t

230n55, 231n76, 234n127Ross, Edward Alsworth, 130, 230n61,

231n67, 234n110Rowley, Henry, 1, 31, 199n1Rowntree & Co., 48Royal Geographical Society, 32, 202n8Russell Sage Foundation, 159Russia, 160, 231n65

SSá da Bandeira, 26, 206n29Sagamore Sociological Conference, 159Santos, Francisco Oliveira, 177–9, 181,

234n110Santos, Gomes dos, 40, 79, 207n5,

213n9, 214n28São Januário (Viscount), 57 São Tomé e Príncipe, 70, 206n38,

207n40, 210n53, 212n94S. Thomé and Príncipe Emigration

Society, 73–4, 143Sarmento, Alexandre de Morais, 33Schieffelin, William Jay, 159–60Scotland, 113Século, O, 75, 218n75serviçais, 36, 48, 56, 61–4, 68, 71,

75–7, 86–8, 142–4, 210n53servitude, 149, 150, 163, 196settler, 40, 42, 44, 79, 80, 93, 103,

112, 115, 150, 151, 164, 175, 179,185, 188

Sheldon, Edward, 127Sierra Leoa, 112–13Silva, A. M., 209n25Silva, Alfredo da, 70, 212n82, 212n85Silva, José Francisco da, 80, 208n9,

212n1, 213n14Silva, Rodrigo Xavier da, 136, 225n4

slave, 2, 4, 11, 14, 17, 19, 24, 27, 29, 46, 66, 85, 134, 146, 149, 152, 195, 208n17, 228n31

slavery, 2, 11, 17, 21, 23, 35, 71, 89, 92, 142, 148, 150, 157, 195, 228n31, 234n120

Small, Albion W., 131Smallbones, R. T., 144, 194, 236n153social Darwinism, 85, 95, 216n47social efficiency (E. Ross), 122, 165ySocial Gospel, 121–33, 156–65,

223n37social science, 6–7, 129, 133social scientists, 121–23, 125, 133social service, 123, 126, 130Sociedad Abolicionista Espanola, 30,

205n27, 207n43, 207n4Société des Missionaires d’Alger, 12Société des Nations (SDN), see League

of NationsSousa e Faro (Count), 61South America, 160Southern Education Board, 159Souza, José Marnoco e, 85, 89, 90,

94, 101, 126, 208n10, 214n28,215n40, 216n51, 218n78

Spectator,r The, 67, 70–2, 142, 145, 151Spengler, Oswald, 130St. Germain-en-Laye, 164statistics, 66, 74, 82, 102, 114, 165Stober, M. Z., 42, 47, 50, 53, 208n11Stollwerck Brothers, 48, 52Strachey, Loe, 56, 67, 71Strong, Josiah, 127Sugar, 141, 164, 184, 186, 211n69Sullivan, G. L., 31, 206n36Swan, Charles A., 42, 52, 55, 208n11Syllabus of Biblical Sociology, 128

Ttax, 19, 73, 77, 78, 93, 183–4, 216n53Taylor, Graham, 128Times, The, 30, 43Temporary Slavery Commission, see

Commission230n55, 234n120Timor, 36, 105, 167, 218n87Toynbee, Arnold, 130trade, 19, 21, 22, 26, 33, 34, 44, 46,

51, 63, 73, 94

Index 269

slave trade, 24, 11, 13, 19, 21,29–30, 42, 151–3, 187, 195, 203n9, 205n26, 237n3

Transvaal, 39, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 65,137, 184

TreatyAnglo-Portuguese (1884), 12, 32Versailles (Peace Treaty, 1919), 143

Tucker, John T., 117, 169, 221n18,232n88

Tuileries (Jardin de), 30Tönnies, Ferdinand, 131Tuskegee Institute, 111, 126, 220n11Twiss, Travers, 13, 202n8

UUganda, 117Ulrich, Ruy Ennes, 87, 214n24,

215n35Ultimatum (1890), 19, 205n19United States of America (USA), 155,

232n86University

Chicago, 123, 199n3, 224n42Columbia, 112, 230n57Iowa, 113Lisbon, 82Michigan, 130Wisconsin, 130, 132, 209n30,

224n43, 231n78Yale, 168, 200n15, 214n23, 224n43

Vvagrancy, 89, 93, 149, 154, 188, 189Van Eetvelde, Edmond, 20Van Rees, Daniel, 150, 191Vasconcelos, Ernesto de, 61, 62, 134,

210n53, 224n1

Veblen, Thorstein, 122Viana, Manuel da Terra, 53, 59Vilaça, Eduardo, 39Vilhena, Ernesto de, 75Vilhena, Júlio, 25Villiers, Francis, 54, 68Virginia, 124–5, 200n7Viúva Bastos & Filhos, 68–9Vivian (lord), 20Voz de Angola, 68, 100, 215n34,

218n76

WWard, Lester Frank, 122, 220n7Warnshuis, A. Livingston, 110, 117,

161, 220n6, 221n17, 230n53,230n62

Washington, Booker T., 101, 111, 119, 124–9, 159, 163–4, 168, 220n8,223n34, 223n41

Wesleyan Mission School, 113, 167

White books, 67Wilson, Woodrow, 192, 234n110Witwatersrand Native Labour

Association, 72, 143, 206n38Wright, Carroll D., 128, 223n39Wyllie, J. A., 65–7, 211n70

YYoung, Edward D., 31, 32, 200n15,

206n36

ZZaire, 14, 204n13

see also CongoZambezia, 137, 225n7Zanzibar, 31