Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NOTES: ‘Science Teachers for Climate Awareness’ Designed for use of science teachers in talking about low emission energy
resources. We suggest adapting this ppt to your own liking or combining with others. For suggestions for improvements please contact KB at PLEASE NOTE: This is not yet a complete presentation but is provided for ideas and
feedback. It will be updated as time allows! (Slides after about #38 are from old presentation and may be a bit repetitive.)
Be sure to look at the ‘notes’ pages below for suggestions for how to use and more detail.
This version 30 March 2010
We CAN We CAN reducereduce the CO the CO22 and other and other greenhouse gases in our atmospheregreenhouse gases in our atmosphere
What are the problems?
Emission of greenhouse gases from Generation of electric power Transport Industry Home and Commerce Land use and Agricultural emissions
What are the problems? We have to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels:Total fossil:410,000 PJ
Total non fossil:70,000 PJ(ie. 15%)
What are the problems?
Australia is even worse!
ABARE: past use and future projections
We use about 6,000 of those 410,000 PJ (ie. 1½%)
We are We are here!here!
(Our population is ~ 0.3%)
Energy units A quick word on energy units:
The basic unit of energy is the joule (J) It is about the energy of a falling apple 1 Megajoule (MJ) is 106 J 1 Gigajoule (GJ) is 109 J 1 Terajoule (TJ) is 1012 J 1 Petajoule (PJ) is 1015 J
‘Energy’ & ‘Power’ ENERGY is a quantityENERGY is a quantity
Examples:Examples: Fuel tank of a car – approx 2 GJ Fuel tank of a car – approx 2 GJ Example: Coal in Latrobe Valley – approx 300,000 PJExample: Coal in Latrobe Valley – approx 300,000 PJ
POWER is the POWER is the raterate of energy use of energy use 1 watt = 1 joule per second1 watt = 1 joule per second
1 kilowatt = 1 kilojoule per second etc.1 kilowatt = 1 kilojoule per second etc. Examples:Examples: Light bulb 15 watts = 15 joules every secondLight bulb 15 watts = 15 joules every second Power station 2000 MW = 2000 MJ every secondPower station 2000 MW = 2000 MJ every second
= 173,000 GJ each day= 173,000 GJ each day = 63 PJ per year= 63 PJ per year
Energy units
Examples Apple falling Food/day Car petrol tank Jumbo jet fuel Large City/day
UnitsTorch bulb in a few seconds Radiator in ¼ hr
Power station each second
Power station in 1½ hours
Power station in a week
joule (J) 1 J1 J 10,000,000 J 2,000,000,000 J 10,000,000,000,000 J 1000,000,000,000,000 J
Megajoule (MJ) 10^6 J (106) 0.000001 MJ 10 MJ10 MJ 2,000 MJ 10,000,000 MJ 1000,000,000 MJ
Gigajoule (GJ) 10^9 J (109) 0.000000001 GJ 0.01 GJ 2 GJ2 GJ 10,000 GJ10,000 GJ 1000,000 GJ
Petajoule (PJ) 10^15 J (1015) 0.000000000000001 PJ 0.00000001 PJ 0.000002 PJ 0.01 PJ0.01 PJ 1 PJ1 PJ
Energy units Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt.hours
(that is, a 1000 W appliance for 1 hour) 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (Megajoule) Hazelwood produces about 1600 Megawatts which
means 1600 MWh each hour or ~ 6,000,000 MJ which is 0.006 PJ each
hour or 50 PJ each
year
And 17,000,000 tonnes of COAnd 17,000,000 tonnes of CO22
(30 tonnes every minute)
Energy units
Fossil fuels are sometimes measured in ‘Quads’, a quadrillion BTU
(British Thermal Units) 1 Quad = 1055 PJ (≈ 1000 PJ) A Quad is huge! Total world fossil fuel use per
year is about 400 Quad We will try to use PJ as far as
possible
Quads
Most electricity is produced from fossil fuels:
This must This must NOTNOT be be allowed to allowed to happen!happen!
What are the problems?
Fossil Fossil fuelsfuels
PS: 20 trillion PS: 20 trillion kWhkWh= 72,000 PJ= 72,000 PJ
What are the problems? Again – we are worse!
Mostly hydro!
X!X!Wind, Solar Wind, Solar and Biomass and Biomass currently currently about 1%about 1%
The solutions !
November 2009
That’s That’s ALLALL the the WORLD’sWORLD’s
energyenergy
November 2009
NOTNOT including:including:CCS,CCS,Nuclear,Nuclear,Other Other ‘exotic’ ‘exotic’ sourcessources
The ‘WWS’ solution:WindWaterSolar
HUGE HUGE RESOURCESRESOURCESAVAILABLEAVAILABLE
AVAILABE AVAILABE TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
COST COST EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
POLITICS POLITICS BIGGEST BIGGEST
OBSTACLEOBSTACLE
Tidal turbinesGeothermal
Hydro
Wind turbinesWave converters
Roof top PVSolar thermalSolar PV large
NB: Australian NB: Australian coal cheaper coal cheaper than US power.than US power.
The REAL The REAL problem!problem!
Vested interests and Vested interests and confusion/apathy among confusion/apathy among ‘ordinary people’ ‘ordinary people’ – – leading to lack of leading to lack of political will. political will.
Australian Solutions! In the big picture:
Solar and Wind supplemented by
Hydro Geothermal Ocean (tidal and wave)
perhaps (in the short term) Gas Coal with CCS (?) Nuclear (??)
Australian Solutions!
Australian Solutions! The yellow
square is about 125 km square
Ample for ALL of Australia’s energy. (At only 10% collection efficiency)
35 PJ per day35 PJ per dayThat is about 250 Hazelwoods!That is about 250 Hazelwoods!
Australian Solutions! “A network of land-based 2.5 MW turbines …
operating at as little as 20% of their rated capacity could supply over 40 times current worldwide consumption of electricity”
Global potential for wind-generated electricity: Xi Lua, Michael B. McElroya, and Juha Kiviluomac
Australia’sAustralia’s86 PWh = 86 PWh = 310,000 PJ310,000 PJ(per year)(per year)
Current Current totaltotal energy useenergy useis 6,000 PJis 6,000 PJ
Annual
Australian Solutions! Introducing: Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE)
Five phase study to achieve zero emissions by 2020: Transport Stationary Energy* (mostly electricity generation) Land Use (including agriculture & forestry) Industrial Processes Export (replacing coal export revenue)
* Stationary energy report available now at www.beyondzeroemissions.org
Zero Carbon Australia 2020Stationary Energy:
A plan for repowering Australia with 100% renewable energy
in ten years
Oil and Gas Coal exportersGenerators
The CAN'T DO campaign
Funded by fossil fuel industryArmy of PR consultants and lobbyistsDirect lobbying of politicians and government departments
The CAN'T DO MANTRA“Renewable energy cant supply baseload power”“Renewable energy is too expensive”“Renewable energy will wreck the economy”“Renewable energy will cost jobs”
Baseload Solar Thermal Power 24 hour Dispatchable power
Andosol 1,2 and Extrasol 3 Spain, operating now, 7.5 hours energy storage
Torresol Gemasolar Spain, coming on line 2010, 16 hours energy storagee
What’s happening in Spain?
NB 2.700means2,700 to us!
- Coming- So far (?)
ZCA-2020: Solar Thermal Power To Supply 60% of Australia’s energy Each module generates 220MW Ability to store energy and dispatch as needed, day or
night A plant or Solar Region will be made up of 19
modules and will have a capacity of 4,000MW There will be 12 plants distributed across Australia
220 MW Module 4000 MW Solar Region
ZCA-2020: Wind Power
• To Supply 40% of Australia’s Energy
• Low-cost, technologically mature, first dispatch
• 8,000 turbines
• 24 geographically diverse regions
The Solutions! – World wind powerAustralia
2008approx1,500 MW(14th place)
NB: .’s would be ,’s for us ie. 2.862 means 2,862
China : 150,000 MW wind by 2020
‘Three Gorges of Wind’ Project , under construction now, equivalent electricity output of Three Gorges Dam
ZCA Modelling: Meeting Australia’s demand
CST =Concentrated Solar Thermal
WF = Wind Farm
The Solutions! The Australian scene: UNSW PV
The Solutions! – The future?
The Solutions! – The future?“It is a remarkable fact that, in maintaining our standard of living, each Australian produces enoughcarbon dioxide (CO2) to replace the column of atmosphere above one square metre of land every year.”
The Solutions! Three extraordinarily pressing reasons to cut oil use
Greenhouse gases threaten our planet Oil comes from politically unstable parts of the world If we divide the total of the world’s oil reserves by the
rate at which WE are using them we get about 12 years (7 for USA use)
The Solutions! Fossil fuels
Cutting car use has to be a priority
ABS
The Solutions! Reduce energy use
Better forms of transport – maybe these?
The Solutions! Reduce energy use
Better forms of transport – definitely these
The Solutions! Reduce energy use
These are a problem!
The Solutions! Reduce energy
use This could be fun.
Maybe we need to be a bit more relaxed about getting places!
The Solutions! Lower CO2 options
Sequestration of CO2 from power stations - ? More efficient coal stations Combined cycle gas generators
The Solutions! Lower CO2 options
Nuclear ?
The Solutions! Sustainable options
60 kilowatt (10 year ago) Yambuk 2006 1300 kilowatt 6 MW and increasing
The Solutions! Sustainable options
We make per day about:
6 – 12 kWh
Feed in to grid about
3 – 6 kWh
Draw from grid about
2 – 4 kWh
The Solutions! Sustainable options
Gas used for hot water October to April:
NONE at allNONE at all
The Solutions! Sustainable options
Where are the solar collectors?
The Solutions! Sustainable options: This is in sunny Germany!
The Solutions! Sustainable options
The Solutions! Sustainable
options Geothermal
– ‘hot rocks’ Potentially
very large resources
The Solutions! Sustainable options – HVDC
Energy carried in transmission line is area under the V² graph
V is limited by corona discharge to ~ 800 kV (hence 500 kV AC lines)
So energy carried by DC is twice that of same value peak voltage
AC power
DC power
The Solutions! Sustainable options – HVDC
High Voltage DC transmission Basslink provides peak and stores excess
The Solutions! Sustainable options – HVDC
Making big difference to long distance transmission
Carries twice the power Can go 1000’s of km
(AC < 1000 km)
The Solutions! Sustainable options –
HVDC High power, high voltage
semiconductors have made the difference
This is not the end! There are many more sustainable options and the list is
growing every day. We must go beyond the so called ‘debate’ and move
toward a safe future.
This presentation is not yet complete. Go to www.vicphysics.org to find the latest version.
