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1 Introduction- Some Sketches By Boz 1. Quoted inS. Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics
(London and New York: Methuen, 1983), p. 29. 2. J. Culler, The Pursuit of Signs (London and Henley: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 5-6. 3. Rimmon-Kenan, p. 3. 4. Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry, trans. Ingram Bywater (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1920), p. 37. 5. Quoted in M. Allott (ed.), Novelists on the Novel (London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul, 1959; reprinted 1975), pp. 290-91. 6. R. Barthes, Image Music Text, trans. Stephen Heath (London: Fonta
na/Collins, 1977), p. 107. 7. Ibid., 106. 8. The Life of Charles Dickens, ed. A.J. Hoppe (London: Dent, 1966), II,
278. 9. R. Garis, The Dickens Theatre (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 68.
10. P. Collins, 'Charles Dickens', Victorian Fiction: A Second Guide to Research, ed. George H. Ford (New York: The Modem Language Association of America, 1978), pp. 65-7.
11. J. Weinsheimer, 'Theory of Character: Emma', Poetics Today, I (1979), 208-10.
12. S. Chatman, Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1978; reprinted 1980), pp. 117-18.
13. Ibid., p. 118. 14. Weinsheimer, 'Theory', op. cit., p. 195. 15. E.M. Eigner, The Metaphysical Novel in England and America (Berkeley,
Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1978), p. 69 16. Quotations are from Sketches By Boz, The Works of Charles Dickens,
Authentic edition, Vol. XVI (London and New York: Chapman & Hall, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903). 'A Parliamentary Sketch' is on pp. 118-27.
17. Ibid., pp. 2()(r9. 18. See J.H. Miller, 'The Fiction of Realism: Sketches By Boz, Oliver Twist,
and Cruikshank's Illustrations', Dickens Centennial Essays, ed. Ada Nisbet and Blake Nevius (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 87-8, for a related discussion of the use of 'we'.
19. The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence (London: Chatto & Windus, 1970; reprinted St Albans: Paladin, 1974), pp. 28-9.
20. Sketches, pp. 266-82. 21. 'On Some of the Old Actors', The Essays of Elia, World Classics
edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1951), p. 198. 22. Sketches, pp. 1-37.
171
172 Notes
2 Modifying Summaries 1. Quotations are from The Pickwick Papers, ed. James Kinsley, The
Oarendon Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). 2. B. Hardy, The Moral Art of Dickens (London: Athlone Press, 1970)
p.95. 3. J.R. Kincaid, Dickens and the Rhetoric of Laughter (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1971), p. 29. 4. C. Dickens, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, ed. Robert L.
Patten (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 24. 5. G. Stewart, Dickens and the Trials of Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. xvi-xvii. Stewart's italics. 6. Quotations are from Martin Chuzzlewit, ed. Margaret Cardwell, The
Oarendon Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982). 7. B.B. Pratt, 'Dickens and Freedom: Young Bailey in Martin Chuzzle
wit', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, XXX (1975--6), p. 197. 8. See S. Marcus, Dickens: from Pickwick to Dombey (London: Chatto &
Windus, 1965), pp. 213-68, and G. Stewart, Dickens and the Trials of Imagination, op. cit., passim.
9. A.E. Dyson, The Inimitable Dickens (London: Macmillan, 1970), p. 81. 10. Kincaid, Dickens and the Rhetoric of Laughter, op. cit., p. 160. 11. Hardy, The Moral Art of Dickens, op. cit., p. 116. 11A. J .H. Miller, Charles Dickens: the World of His Novels (Cambridge, Mass.
and London: Harvard University Press· and Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 135.
llB. H.M. Daleski, Dickens and the Art of Analogy (London: Faber & Faber, 1970), p. 98.
12. R. Barickman, 'The Subversive Methods of Dickens's Early Fiction: Martin Chuzzlewit', Charles Dickens: New Perspectives, ed. Wendall Stacy Johnson (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982), pp. 41, 46.
13. Pratt, 'Dickens and Freedom', op. cit., p. 197. 14. C. Dickens, The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, ed. P.N.
Furbank (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968; reprinted 1981), p.17.
15. Marcus, Dickens: from Pickwick to Dombey, op. cit., p. 214. 16. Pratt, 'Dickens and Freedom', op. cit., p. 190. 17. Here and in subsequent chapters, quotations are from Our Mutual
Friend, ed. Stephen Gill (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971). 18. See, e.g. R.D. McMaster, 'Birds of Prey: A Study of Our Mutual
Friend', Dalhousie Review, XL (1960--61), 372--81; R.A. Lanham, 'Our Mutual Friend: The Birds of Prey', Victorian Newsletter, XXIV (Fall, 1963), 6-11; A.M. Patterson, 'Our Mutual Friend: Dickens as the Compleat Angler', Dickens Studies Annual, ed. R.B. Partlow, Jr., I (1970), 252-64.
19. Stewart, Dickens and the Trials of Imagination, op. cit., p. 178.
3 Narrators 1. Quotations are from The Letters of Charles Dickens, Pilgrim edition,
Vol. I, ed. Madeline House and Graham Storey (Oxford: Clarendon
Notes 173
Press, 1965); The Letters of Charles Dickens, Pilgrim edition, Vol. II, ed. Madeline House and Graham Storey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969).
2. Quotations are from Bleak House, ed. Norman Page (Harmond-sworth: Penguin Books, 1971; reprinted 1980).
3. See Letters, II, 66-7 and footnotes. 4. Leigh Hunt, Selected Essays (London: Dent, 1929), pp. 339, 341. 5. M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, ed. & trans. Caryl
Emerson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 6. 6. Quotations are from Pictures from Italy, ed. David Paroissien (Lon
don: Andre Deutsch, 1973). 7. The Letters of Charles Dickens, Pilgrim edition, Vol. III, ed. Madeline
House, Graham Storey and Kathleen Tillotson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), 587.
8. Ibid., 162. 9. Ibid., vii.
10. M. Praz, The Hero in Eclipse in Victorian Fiction, trans. Angus Davidson (London: Oxford University Press, 1956), p. 446.
11. J. Carey, The Violent Effigy (London: Faber & Faber, 1973), p. 152. 12. A. Wilson, The World of Charles Dickens (Harmondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1972), pp. 184ff. 13. W. Burgam, 'Little Dorrit in Italy', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, XXIX
(1974-5), 393-411. 14. F. Kaplan, Dickens and Mesmerism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Universi
ty Press, 1975), pp. 216ff. 15. Quotations are from The Christmas Books, Vol. I, ed. Michael Slater
(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971; reprinted 1976). 16. The coloured illustrations and the woodcuts, superbly reproduced,
are most conveniently found in Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol: a facsimile of the manuscript in The Pierpont Morgan Library (New York: James H. Heineman, 1967).
17. R. Browning, Poetical Works 1833-1864, ed. Ian Jack (London: Oxford University Press, 1970; reprinted 1975), pp. 645, 568, 373.
18. A. Sinfield, Dramatic Monologue (London: Methuen, 1977), p. 7. 19. G.K. Chesterton, Charles Dickens (London: Methuen, 1906), p. 170. 20. E. Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, Revised &
Abridged edition (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1986), p. 256. 21. C. Dickens, Selected Short Fiction, ed. Deborah A. Thomas (Harmond-
sworth: Penguin Books, 1976), p. 23. , 22. G. Holderness, 'Imagination in A Christmas Carol', Etudes Anglaises,
XXX (1979), p. 40. 23. Ibid., p. 44. 24. Quotations are from Bleak House, ed. Norman Page (Harmond
sworth: Penguin Books, 1971; reprinted 1980). 25. Bleak House (London: Edward Arnold, 1974), p. 13. 26. R. Donovan, 'Structure and Idea in Bleak House', ELH, XXIX (1962),
175-201. 27. K. Flint, Dickens (Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1986), p. 53. 28. C.A. Senf, 'Bleak House: Dickens, Esther, and the Androgynous
174 Notes
Mind', The Victorian Newsletter, No. 64 (Fall, 1983), 21-7. 29. Flint, Dickens, op. cit., p. 55. 30. III, ii, 46. 31. Proverbs 13:12. 32. Quotations are from Great Expectations, ed. Angus Calder (Harmond
sworth: Penguin Books, 1965; reprinted 1985). 33. R.B. Partlow, Jr., 'The Moving 1: A Study of the Point of View in
Great Expectations'; Hard Times, Great Expectations, and Our Mutual Friend: A Casebook, ed. Norman Page (London: Macmillan, 1979), p.l19.
34. John 0. Jordan, 'The Medium of Great Expectations', Dickens Studies Annual, II (1983), 78.
4 Two Re-readers 1. W. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction (Chicago and London: University of
Chicago Press, 1961; reprinted 1975). 2. W. Iser, The Implied Reader (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1974), passim. 3. See, e.g., S. Fish, 'Literature in the reader: affective stylistics', New
Literary History, II (1970), 123--62. 4. G. Smith, Dickens, Money and Society (Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1968). 5. Wilson, The World of Charles Dickens, op. cit., p. 280. 6. Quotations are from The Mystery of Edwin Drood, ed. Margaret
Cardwell, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). This edition has good reproductions of all the relevant illustrative material.
7. Hoppe (ed.), The Life of Charles Dickens, op. cit., II, 366. 8. The Mystery of Edwin Drood, ed. Cardwell, p. xx. 9. The Mystery of Edwin Drood, ed. A. Cox, intro. Angus Wilson
(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974; reprinted 1976), p. 21. 10. 'The Mystery of Edwin Drood: the solution', The Times Literary Supple
ment (11 November 1983), pp. 1246, 1259. For subsequent correspondence: TLS (25 November 1983), p. 1321; (2 December 1983), p. 1347; (9 December 1983), p. 1372; (30 December 1983), 1457; (20 January 1984), p. 61.
11. The Mystery of Edwin Drood, ed. Cardwell, p. xx. 12. Macbeth, III, ii, 46-7.
5 Characterisation and Ideas in Little Dorrit: Clennam and Calvinism 1. Quotations are from Little Dorrit, ed. Harvey Peter Sucksmith, The
Oarendon Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). 2. L. Trilling, 'Little Dorrit', Charles Dickens: A Critical Anthology, ed.
Stephen Wall (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 371. 3. Ibid., p. 371. 4. F.R. and Q.D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist (Harmondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1972), p. 285.
Notes 175
5. Miller, Charles Dickens: The World of His Novels, op. cit., p. 238. 6. Daleski, Dickens and the Art of Analogy, op. cit., p. 219. 7. Ibid., pp. 232-3. 8. Stewart, Dickens and the Trials of Imagination, op. cit., pp. 184-5. 9. Trilling, 'Little Dorrit', op. cit., p. 375.
10. Miller, Charles Dickens: The World of His Novels, op. cit., p. 247. 11. Daleski, Dickens and the Art of Analogy, op. cit., p. 235. 12. F.R. and Q.D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, op. cit., p. 323. 13. R. Barickman, 'The Spiritual Journey of Amy Dorrit and Arthur
Clennam: "A Way Wherein There Is No Ecstasy"', Dickens Studies Annual, ed. R.B. Partlow, Jr., VII (1978), p. 163.
H. Daleski, Dickens and the Art of Analogy, op. cit., p. 235. 15. D. Walder, Dickens and Religion (London: George Allen & Unwin,
1981), p. 184. 16. J.L. Larsen, Dickens and the Broken Scripture (Athens, Georgia: Uni
versity of Georgia Press, 1985), pp. 177-279 passim. 17. See Walder, Dickens and Religion, op. cit., and Larsen, Dickens and the
Broken Scripture, op. cit. See also e.g. Dianne F. Sadoff, 'Storytelling and the Figure of the Father in Little Dorrit', PMLA, XCV (1980), 234-45.
18. W. Iser, The Act of Reading (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), p.118.
6 Character and Structure
1. There is too much to be listed here. Two standard accounts, Daleski (Dickens and the Art of Analogy, op cit., pp. 330-36) and J.H. Miller (Charles Dickens: The World of His Novels, op. cit., Chapter 11, passim), are of particular interest.
2. Respectively: R. Garis, The Dickens Theatre (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 247, and A.E. Dyson, The Inimitable Dickens, p. 254.
3. J. Gribble, 'Depth and Surface in Our Mutual Friend'. Essays in Criticism, XXV (1975), 197.
4. T.S. Eliot, 'Burnt Norton', The Complete Poems and Plays (London: Faber & Faber, 1970), p. 174.
5. Such a list makes it difficult to agree with Richard D. Altick's comment that 'In Our Mutual Friend ... the paper that is thematically and dramatically important is both printed and public' ('Education, Print, and Paper in Our Mutual Friend; Nineteenth-Century Literary Perspectives, ed. Clyde de L. Ryals (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974, pp. 252-3). Harmon's Wills are the most important and obvious exceptions to that statement.
6. Altick (p. 247) describes both the police-station and public house as having 'the air of a schoolroom', a comment applicable to several other 'desk-work' scenes. His article, in relating some of the references also used in this present essay to the novel's treatment of education and literacy, offers a complementary and absorbing account of Our Mutual Friend that deepens our sense both of the novel's complexity and Dickens's unifying powers.
176 The Textual Life of Dickens's Characters
7. R. Golding, Idiolects in Dickens (London: Macmi1lan, 1985), pp. 184-99.
7 Story and Text 1. Williams, The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence, op. cit., pp. 28--9. 2. See above, p. 11. 3. Dombey and Son, ed. A. Horsman, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974), xlvii, 620. 4. Williams, The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence, op. cit, pp.
29-30. 5. Flint, Dickens, op. cit., p. 71. 6. Ibid., p. 82. 7. Ibid., p. 84. 8. The Life of Charles Dickens, ed. Hoppe, op cit., II, 272. 9. See above, pp. 107ff.
10. Flint, Dickens, op. cit., p. 5. 11. Rirnmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, op. cit., p. 59.
Select Bibliography
1. EDITIONS OF DICKENS Sketches By Boz, The Works of Charles Dickens, Authentic edition, Vol. XVI
(London and New York: Chapman & Hall, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903).
The Pickwick Papers, ed. James Kinsley, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, ed. Robert L. Patten (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972).
Martin Chuzzlewit, ed. Margaret Cardwell, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, ed. P.N. Furbank (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968; reprinted 1981).
The Christmas Books, ed. Michael Slater, Vol. I (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971; reprinted 1976).
A Christmas Carol: a facsimile of the manuscript in The Pierpont Morgan Library (New York: James H. Heineman, 1967).
Pictures from Italy, ed. David Paroissien (London: Andre Deutsch, 1973). Dombey and Son, ed. A. Horsman, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974). David Copperfield, ed. Nina Burgis, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1981). Bleak House, ed. Norman Page (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971;
reprinted 1980). Little Dorrit, ed. Harvey Peter Sucksmith, The Clarendon Dickens (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1979). Great Expectations, ed. Angus Calder (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books,
1965; reprinted 1985). Our Mutual Friend, ed. Stephen Gill (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books,
1971). The Mystery of Edwin Drood, ed. Margaret Cardwell, The Clarendon
Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). The Mystery of Edwin Drood, ed. A. Cox, intro. Angus Wilson (Harmond
sworth: Penguin Books, 1974; reprinted 1976). Selected Short Fiction, ed. Deborah A. Thomas (Harmondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1976). The Letters of Charles Dickens, Pilgrim edition, ed. Madeline House, Graham
Storey, Kathleen Tillotson, etc. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965ff).
2. DICKENS: SECONDARY MATERIAL This section is restricted to works wholly on Dickens and directly relevant to this present study. Altick, Richard D., 'Education, Print, and Paper in Our Mutual Friend',
Nineteenth-Century Literary Perspectives, ed. Clyde de L. Ryals (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974), pp. 337-54.
177
178 Select Bibliography
Axton, William F., 'Great Expectations Yet Again', Dickens Studies Annual, ed. Robert B. Partlow, Jr., II (1972), 278-93.
Barickman, Richard, 'The Spiritual Journey of Amy Dorrit and Arthur Clennam: "A Way Wherein There is No Ecstasy"', Dickens Studies Annual, ed. Robert D. Partlow, Jr., VII (1978), 163-189.
Barickman, Richard, 'The Subersive Methods of Dickens's Early Fiction: Martin Chuzzlewit', Charles Dickens: New Perspectives, ed. Wendall Stacy Johnson (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982), pp. 37-50.
Baumgarten, Murray, 'Calligraphy and Code: Writing in Great Expectations, Dickens Studies Annual, ed. Robert B. Partlow, Jr., XI (1983), 61-72.
Blain, Virginia, 'Double Vision and the Double Standard in Bleak House: A Feminist Perspective', Literature and History, XI (1985), 31-46.
Breslow, Julian W., 'The Narrator in Sketches By Boz', English Literary History, XLIV (1977), 127-49.
Browning, Robert, 'Sketches By Boz', Dickens and the Twentieth Century, ed. John Gross and Gabriel Pearson (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962; reprinted 1966), pp. 19-34.
Burgam, William, 'Little Dorrit in Italy'. Nineteenth-Century Fiction, XXlX (1974-5), 393-411.
Butt, John and Tillotson, Kathleen, Dickens at Work (London: Methuen, 1957; reprinted 1968).
Carey, John, The Violent Effigy (London: Faber & Faber, 1973). Chesterton, G.K., Charles Dickens (London: Methuen, 1906) Collins, Philip, 'Charles Dickens', Victorian Fiction: A Second Guide to
Research, ed. George H. Ford (New York: The Modem Language Association of America, 1978), pp. 34-113.
Connor, Stephen, Charles Dickens (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985). Cox, C.B., 'Comic Viewpoints in Sketches By Boz', English, XII (1958-9),
132-5. Daleski, H.M., Dickens and the Art of Analogy (London: Faber & Faber, 1970). Davies, James A., 'Boffin's Secretary', Dickensian, lxxii (1976), 148-57. Davies, James A., 'Negative Similarity: The Fat Boy in The Pickwick Papers',
Durham University Journal, LXX (1977-8), 29-34. DeVries, Duane, Dickens's Apprentice Years: The Making of a Novelist (Has
socks & New York: Harvester Press and Barnes & Noble, 1976). Dyson, A.E., The Inimitable Dickens (London: Macmillan, 1970). Feltes, N.N., 'The Moment of Pickwick, or the Production of a Commodity
Text', Literature and History, X (1984), 203-17. Fielding, K.J., Charles Dickens: A Critical Introduction, 2nd edition (London:
Longman, 1%6). Flint, Kate, Dickens (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1986). Forster, John, The Life of Charles Dickens, ed. A.J. Hoppe, 2 vols (London:
Dent, 1966). Garis, Robert, The Dickens Theatre (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965). Gervais, David, 'The Prose and Poetry of Great Expectations', Dickens Studies
Annual, ed. Robert B. Partlow, Jr., XIII (1984), 84-114. Gilbert, Elliot L., '"In Primal Sympathy": Great Expectations and the Secret
Life', Dickens Studies Annual, ed. Robert B. Partlow, Jr., XI (1983), 89-113. Golding, Robert, Idiolects in Dickens (London: Macmillan, 1985).
Select Bibliography 179
Gribble, Jennifer, 'Depth and Surface in Our Mutual Friend', Essays in Criticism, XXV (1975), 197-214.
Grillo, Virgil, Charles Dickens's Sketches By Boz: End in the Beginning (Boulder, Colorado: Colorado Associated University Press, 1974).
Gross, John and Pearson, Gabriel (eds.), Dickens and the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962; reprinted 1966).
Hardy, Barbara, The Moral Art of Dickens (London: Athlone_Press, 1970). Holderness, Graham, 'Imagination in A Christmas Carol', Etudes Anglaises,
XXX (1979), 28-45. Hollington, Michael, Dickens and the Grotesque (London, Sydney, and
Totowa, NJ: Croom Helm and Barnes & Noble, 1984). Holloway, John, 'Dickens and the Symbol', Dickens 1970, ed. Michael
Slater (London: Chapman & Hall, 1970), pp. 53-74. House, Humphrey, The Dickens World (London: Oxford University Press,
1941; reprinted 1965). Johnson, Edgar, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, Revised and
Abridged edition (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1986). Jordan, John 0., 'The Medium of Great Expectations', Dickens Studies
Annual, ed. Robert B. Partlow, Jr., XI (1983), 73-88. Kaplan, Fred, Dickens and Mesmerism: The Hidden Springs of Fiction (Prince
ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). Kincaid, James R., Dickens and the Rhetoric of Laughter (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1971). Knoepflmacher, U.C., Laughter and Despair (Berkeley, Los Angeles and
London: University of California Press, 1971). Lanham, Richard A., 'Our Mutual Friend: The Birds of Prey', Victorian
Newsletter, No. 24 (Fall, 1963), 6-11. Larson, Janet L., Dickens and the Broken Scripture (Athens, Georgia: Uni
versity of Georgia Press, 1985). Leavis, F.R. and Q.D., Dickens the Novelist (Harmondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1972). Lucas, John, The Melancholy Man (London: Methuen, 1970). Marcus, Stephen, Dickens: from Pickwick to Dombey (London: Chatto &
Windus, 1965). McMaster, R.D., 'Birds of Prey: A Study of Our Mutual Friend', Dalhousie
Review, XL (1960-61), 372-81. Miller, J. Hillis, Charles Dickens: the World of his Novels (Cambridge, Mass.
and London: Harvard University Press and Oxford University Press, 1958).
Miller, J. Hillis, 'The Fiction of Realism: Sketches By Boz, Oliver Twist, and Cruikshank's lliustrations', Dickens Centennial Essays, ed. Ada Nisbet and Blake Nevius (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 85-153.
Mundhenk, Rosemary, 'The Education of the Reader in Our Mutual Friend', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, XXXIV (1979-80), 41-58.
Newsom, Robert, Dickens on the Romantic Side of Familiar Things: Bleak House and the Novel Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
Partlow, Jr., Robert B., 'The Moving I: A Study of the Point of View in Great Expectations', College English, XXIII (1961-2), 122-6. Reprinted in Hard
180 Select Bibliography
Times, Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend: A Casebook, ed. Norman Page (London: Macmillan, 1979), pp. 118-24.
Patterson, A.M., 'Our Mutual Friend: Dickens as the Compleat Angler', Dickens Studies Annual, ed. R.B. Partlow, Jr.
Pratt, Branwen Bailey, 'Dickens and Freedom: Young Bailey in Martin Chuzzlewir, Nineteenth-Century Fiction, XXX (1975-6), 185-99.
Robson, W.W., 'The Mystery of Edwin Drood: the solution', The Times Literary Supplement, 11 November 1983), pp. 1246, 1259. See also TLS 25 November 1983, p. 1321; 2 December 1983, p. 1347; 9 December 1983, p. 1372; 30 December 1983, p. 1457; 20 January 1984, p. 61.
Sadoff, Dianne F., 'Storytelling and the Figure of the Father in Little Dorrit', PMLA, XCV (1980), 234-45.
Sadrin, Amy, Great Expectations (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988). Senf, Carol A., 'Bleak House: Dickens, Esther, and the Androgynous Mind',
The Victorian Newsletter, No. 64 (Fall, 1983), 21-7. Schwarzbach, F.S., Dickens and the City (London: Athlone Press, 1979). Smith, Grahame, Dickens, Money and Society (Berkeley, Los Angeles and
London: University of California Press, 1968). Smith, Grahame, Charles Dickens: Bleak House (London: Edward Arnold,
1974). Stewart, Garrett, Dickens and the Trials of Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1974). Stoehr, Taylor, Dickens: The Dreamer's Stance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Universi
ty Press, 1965; reprinted 1966). Tillotson, Kathleen, 'The Middle Years from the Carol to Copperfield',
Dickens Memorial Lectures 1970 (London: The Dickens Fellowship, 1970). Tracey, Robert, 'Reading Dickens' Writing', Dickens Studies Annual, ed.
Robert B. Partlow, Jr., XI (1983), 37--60. Trilling, Lionel, 'Little Dorrit', Little Dorrit, Oxford Illustrated edition
(London: Oxford University Press, 1953), pp. v-xvi. Reprinted in Charles Dickens, ed. Stephen Wall (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), pp. 363-75.
Walder, Dennis, Dickens and Religion (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981).
Westburg, Barry, The Confessional Fiction of Charles Dickens (Dekalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977).
Wilson, Angus, The World of Charles Dickens (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972).
Woodring, Carl, 'Change in Chuzzlewit', Nineteenth-Century Literary Perspectives, ed. Clyde de L. Ryals (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974), pp. 211-18.
3. THEORETICAL AND OTHER WORKS Allott, Miriam, Novelists on the Novel (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1959; reprinted 1975). Anderson, Howard, Daghlian, Philip B., Ehrenpreis, Irvin, The Familiar
Letter in the Eighteenth Century (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1966).
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Arac, Jonathan, Commissioned Spirits (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1979).
Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry, trans. Ingram Bywater (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1920).
Bakhtin, Mikhail, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).
Barthes, Roland, Image Music Text, trans. Stephen Heath (London: Fontana/Collins, 1977).
Bayley, John, The Characters of Love (London: Constable, 1960; reprinted 1962).
Booth, Wayne C., The Rhetoric of Fiction (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1961; reprinted 1975).
Bradbury, Malcolm, 'Towards a Poetics of Fiction: An Approach Through Structure', Towards a Poetics of Fiction, ed. Mark Spilka (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1977).
Bronzwaer, W., 'Implied Author, Extradiegetic Narrator and Public Reader. Gerard Genette's Narratological Model and the Reading Version of Great Expectations', Neophilologus, LXII (1978), 1-18.
Browning, Robert, Poetical Works 1833-64, ed. Ian Jack (London: Oxford University Press, 1970; reprinted 1975).
Chatman, Seymour, Story and Discourse (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1978; reprinted 1980).
Culler, Jonathan, The Pursuit of Signs (London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981).
Docherty, Thomas, Reading (Absent) Character (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).
Eigner, Edwin M., The Metaphysical Novel in England and America (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1978).
Eliot, T.S., The Complete Poems and Plays (London: Faber & Faber, 1969; reprinted 1971).
Ferrara, Fernando, 'Theory and Model for the Structural Analysis of Fiction', New Literary History, V (1973), 245-68.
Fish, Stanley, 'Literature in the Reader: Affective Stylistics', New Literary History, II (1970-71), 123--62.
Freund, Elizabeth, The Return of the Reader (London & New York: Methuen, 1987).
Garrett, Peter K., The Victorian Multiplot Novel (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980).
Gilmour, Robin, The Idea of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981).
Harvey, W.J., Character and the Novel (London: Chatto & Windus, 1965; reprinted 1970).
Hochman, Baruch, The Test of Character (London & Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1983).
Holub, Robert C., Reception Theory: A Critical Introduction (London and New York: Methuen, 1984).
Hunt, Leigh, Poetical Works, ed. H.S. Milford (London: Oxford University Press, 1923).
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Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith, Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics (London and New York: Methuen, 1983).
Sinfield, Alan, Dramatic Monologue (London & New York: Methuen and Barnes & Noble, 1977).
Swinden, Patrick, Unofficial Selves (London: Macmillan, 1973). Todorov, Tzvetan, The Poetics of Prose, trans. Richard Howard (Oxford:
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Index
Altick, Richard D., 175 Arabian Nights, 68 Aristotle, 2 Austen, Jane, 4 Authorised Version, 53
Bakhtin,~ikhail,64,86-7, 102,109 BarickDlan,Richard,34,146 Barthes, Roland, 1, 2, 3 Bennett, Arnold, 2 Bentley, Richard, 64 Bernini, 70 Bible,
echoes, 94-5 see also Authorised Version; New Testa01ent; Great Expectations ('use of Gospels'); Our Mutual Friend ('use of Gospels')
Blakean,52,105 Bleak House, 86-94
Badger, Bayha01, 88; Boythom, 62; Bucket, Inspector, 87; Carstone, Richard, 87; Chadband, ~s, 87; Dedlock, Lady, 87-90; Dedlock, Sir Leicester, 87; Flite, ~ss, 87; Guppy,~, 87; Jamdyce, 62; Jellyby, ~s, 88; Joe, 88, 90; Kenge, ~, 88; Kenge and Carboys,87;Krook,87,89;Lord High Chancellor, 87, 91-3; Narrators, 86-94; Nen1o, 87, 89; Pardiggle, ~rs, 88; SkiDlpole, 62-3; SllDlDlerson, Esther, 86-94; Turveydrop, ~r, 88; Woodcourt, Allan, 87-8
Booth, Wayne, 110 Bradbury & Evans (publishers), 65 Bradley, A. C., 1 Broadstairs, 64 Browne,liablot25 Browning, Robert, 77
'Bishop Blougram'sApology', 77; 'Fra Lippo Lippi', 77; 'Incident of the French Camp', 77
Burgam, William, 65 Byron,68
Canova,70 Cardwell, ~argaret, 120 Carey, John, 65 Carlyles, 57 Chap01an and liall (publishers), 17 Chatman, Seymour, 3, 4 Chesterton, G.K., 78 Chimes, The, 65 Christmas Carol, A, 75--86
illustrations, 75-7 carol-singer, 82; Cratchit, Bob, 76, 82-3; Cratchits, 82-3, 85; Fezziwig, 75, 83; Ghost of Christmas Past, 78, 81, 83; Ghost of Christmas Present, 75-6, 82, 84; Ghost of Christmas Yet to Co01e, 81; Ignorance and Want, 75-6, 78, 80; ~arley, 75, 77, 79-81; Narrator, 75-86, 166; nephew, 80, 83-5; nephew's daughter, 83-4; niece, 84; philanthropic gentle01en, 79--80; red-faced gentleman, 82; Scrooge, 75--86; Tiny TiDl, 83; Topper, 84
Cinderella story, the, 151 Correggio, 69 Cox, Arthur, 120 Cruikshank, George, 17
George Cruikshank's Omnibus, 64 Culler, Jonathan, quoted, 1
Daleski, li.~., 34, 131, 136-7, 146 David Copperfield, 167
183
Sarkis, 167; Copperfield, David, 167; Dick,~. 167; lieep, Uriah, 165, 167; ~cawber, Mr, 167; ~cawbers, 167; Peggotty, Clara;
184 Index
David Copperfield- cont. 167; Peggottys, 167; Spenlow, Dora, 167; Spenlow, Mr, 167; Steerforth, James, 167; Strong, Dr, 167; Traddles, Tommy, 167; Trotwood, Betsy, 167; Wickfields, 167
Defoe, Daniel, 67 Dickens, Charles
use of sentimental cliche, 20; on Martin Chuzzlewit, 35; the wind as symbol, 48; inhabitants dominated by urban environment, 51; memories of Warren's Blacking warehouse, 65; mystery-solving plots, 110 see also entries for individual works
Dombey and Son, 34, 165--6 Narrator, 166; Toots, Mr, 34
Donovan, R., 86 Dyson, A. E., 34
Eigner, Edwin M., 4 Eliot, George, 4
Fildes, Luke, 120 Fish, Stanley, 110 Flint, Kate, 64, 86-7, 166-7 Forster, John, 2, 61, 65, 129, 166
on The Mystery of Edwin Drood, 119-20
Four Quartets, 158 France,66-9,71,73-4,97 Freudian, 87 Furbank, P.N., 35
Garis, Robert, 2 Goldsmith, Oliver, 66-7 Great Expectations, 103, 162
a businessman's tale, 97; use of Gospels, 53, 94-5 Biddy, 96; Clarriker, 96; Drummle, Bentley, 96; Estella, 95-7, 101-2; Gargery, Joe, 95, 101; Gargery, Mrs Joe, 95, 101; Gargerys, 95; Havisham, Miss, 95, 97--8; Hubbies, 95; Jaggers, 53, 99-101;Magwitch,94,96,98; Mike, 100; Narrator, see Pip;
Orlick, 97; Pip, 5, 94-102, 162, 166; Pirrip, Mr, see Pip; Pocket, Herbert, 95--6,98-100, 162; Pumblechook, Mr, 44, 95; Wemmick, 98-101; Wopsle, Mr, 95
Greimas, A. J ., 2, 3 Grimm's fairy-tales, 67
Hamlet, 12, 67, 105 Hard Times
Gradgrind, 165 Hardy, Barbara, 22, 26, 34 Henry IV, Part I, 58 Hogarth,Mary,57-61,64 Holderness, Graham, 78-9,85--6 Horace, 72 Hunt, Leigh, 62-3
see also Letters Iser, Wolfgang, 110, 147 Italy, 61, 65-74
Johnson, Edgar, 78 Jordan, John 0., 95
Kafkaesque, 10 Kaplan, Fred, 65 Keats, 57, 66, 68 Keatsian, 148 Kincaid, James R., 22, 26, 34 Knight, G. Wilson, 167
Lamb, Charles, 15, 20 Landor, Walter Savage, 62
see also Letters Leavis, F.R., 131, 137, 146 Letters, 57-65
Narrators, 57-65, 166 to Ainsworth, William Harrison, 58-9; to Chapman, Edward, 57, 63; to Forster, John, 64; to Hall, Basil, 63; to Hogarth, Mrs, 61; to Hunt, Leigh, 62-3; to Landor, Walter Savage, 61-2, 64; to Maclise, Daniel, 64; to Macready, Mrs, 60-61; to Mitton, Thomas, 64; to Talfourd, Mary, 60-61; to Thompson, T.J., 64; to Thomson, George, 58; to unknown correspondent, 59
Index 185
Little Dorrit, 16, 68, 131-50 new view of ending, 137; relationship between real and ideal, 169; shows link between Calvinism and capitalism, 134 Barnacle Junior, 139; Barnacle, Tite, 139; Blandois, see Rigaud; Cavaletto, John Baptist, 137, 142; Chivery, John, 142, 145; Chivery, Mrs, 142; Clennam, Arthur, 15-16, 131-50, 165, 169; Clennam, Gilbert, 132; Clennam, Mrs, 131-44, 146-50; Dorrit, Amy, 135-7, 139-43, 145-50, 169; Dorrit, Fanny, 150; Dorrit, William, 143; Doyce, Daniel, 136-9, 141, 143--4, 149; Finching, Flora, 136; Flintwinch, Affery, 133, 137--8, 142;Flintwich,Affery,133,137-8, 142; Flintwinch, Jeremiah, 133-4, 140-42; Gowan, Henry, 148; Meagles,Mr, 139, 142,149; Meagles, Mrs, 135; Meagles, Pet, 136, 139, 148, 169; Merdle, Mr, 138-9, 143;~arrato~ 133,140, 144; Pancks, 139, 142-4; Plornish, Mr, 139; Rigaud, 134-5, 137-8, 140, 142-3; Rugg, 143--5; Tattycoram, 142
London, 9, 10-11,65, 158
Macbeth, 40, 67, 91, 108, 125 see also Macready, William Charles
Macready, William Charles, 125 Marcus, St(!phen, 34-5 Martin Chuzzlewit, 32-47
disappointing sales, 65 Bailey, Young, 5, 32-47,56, 165; Chuzzlewit, Jonas, 32-3, 38-40, 44-6; Chuzzlewit, Martin, 36, 38, 45-6; Chuzzlewit, Old Martin, 34, 38,45-7;Fips,M~38;Gamp, Mrs,33-4,36,42, 44,47; Gander, 33; Graham, Mary, 45; Harris, Mrs, 42; Montague, Tigg, 33, 39-41, 43--6; ~arrator, 40, 44-5; Pecksniff, Charity, 32, 37, 40, 42-3, 45; Pecksniff, Mercy, 32-3, 37,
40-46; Pecksniff, Seth, 32-4, 36-8, 40-42, 44-6, 165; Pinch, Ruth, 38, 45; Pinch, Tom, 38-9, 45-6; Pogram, Elijah, 36, 45; reader, 36; Sweedlepipe, Poll, 33-4, 41, 44-5, 47; Tapley, Mark, 38; Tigg, Montague, see Montague, Tigg; Todgers, Mrs, 32, 36-8, 40-42, 45-6;Westlock,John,38
Master Humphrey's Clock, 168 Measure for Measure, 117, 151 MerchantofVenice, The,67 Michelangelo, 70 Miller,J.Hillis,34-5,131, 146 Moore, Thomas,64 Mystery of Edwin Drood, The, 110-11,
119-30 'Sapsea fragment', 120 Bazzard, Mr, 124-5; Bud, Rosa, 119-24, 126-9; Chinaman, 122, 125; Crisparkle, Rev. Septimus, 119-22, 124, 126-9; Datchery, Dick, 119-20; Dean, The, 127-8; Deputy, 122, 124, 128; Drood, Edwin, 119-24, 126-9; Durdles, 122, 126-8; Ferdinand, Miss, 124; Grewgious, Mr, 119, 123, 127-9; Honeythunder, Mr, 124, 126; Jasper, John, 119--29; Landless, Helen, 119-21, 124, 129; Landless, ~eville, 119, 121-4, 127--8; ~arrator, 127, 129; opiumseller, 123; Re-reader, 119-30, 165; Sapsea, 120, 126-8; Tartar, 119-21, 129;Tope,Mr,122,125, 128; Tope, Mrs, 125, 129; Twinkleton, Miss, 126, 128
~arrator, 166 ~arrators, see entries for individual
works ~ew Testament, 53, 94-5 Nicholas Nickleby, 168
Old Curiosity Shop, The, 168 Little ~ell, 61; Quilp, 165
Oliver Twist, 168-9 Fagin, 169; Maylie, Rose, 169; Twist, Oliver, 169
Othello, n7
186 Index
Our Mutual Friend, 47-56, 102-9, 110-19, 151-63, 175
Dickens's darkest novel, 56; multi-styled text, 102; mysterious indirectness, 110; Podsnappery, 51-2, 55, 109, 113, 117, 155, 165, 167; similarity to 'ShabbyGenteel People', 12; strategy to disturb, 111; use of Gospels, 53-4 Boftin,~~49,103,106, 110-11, 113-19, 151-6, 159-63; Boffin, Mrs, 103, 105, 154, 157, 159; Boffins, 103, 108, 117, 154; Dolls, Mr, 49-51; Fledgeby, Fascination, 48, 54, 115, 118, 159, 162; Handford, Julius, see Harmon, John; Harmon, John, 5, 47-9, 96, 103, 106, 108, 113-18, 151-63, 167; Headstone, Bradley, 49-50, 52, 54,103,105,107-8,118,123-4, 154,159, 163,165,167;Hexam, Charlie,47-8,50-52,55, 107-8, 159; Hexam, Gaffer, 47-56, 107-8, 111-13, 118, 159, 165, 167; Hexam, Lizzie, 47-9, 51-4, 104-7, 111, 113, 118, 154, 158, 161; Hexams, 102; Higden, Betty, 49, 105, 107, 115-16, 154; Johnny, 48-9,103;Lammle,PUfred, 104-5, 158; Lammle, Sophronia, 104-6, 159;Lammles,48,50,104, 108, 115, 117, 154, 158-60; Lightwood, ~ortime~47-8,50,54, 107-8, 154, 159-60,162;~ilvey,~~ 103, 159; Milveys, 103; Narrator, 55, 102-9, 112, 118, 166--7; Night Inspector, 152, 156, 161; Peecher, Mss, 105-6, 159; Podsnap, Georgiana, 50-51, 105, 159-60; Podsnap, Mr, 51, 54, 104, 113, 115, 118, 159, 163; Podsnap, ~rs, 49; Podsnaps, 108, 159; Potterson, ~iss Abbey, 47-8, 51-2, 56, 154, 161; reader, 118; Rereader, 110-19, 165; Riah, 54, 108, 115, 154, 159, 162; Riderhood, Pleasant, 49, 105, 107, 156, 159; Riderhood,Rogue,47-8,50-52, 54-6,102,105,107-8,111,115,
154, 160; Rokesmith, John, see Harmon, John; Sampson, George, 48-9; Sloppy, 103, 118, 154; Tippins, Lady, 104, 108; Twemlow, ~elvin, 49, 103-4, 108, 118, 159, 163; Veneering,~' 49, 103-5, 158-9; Veneering, ~s, 105, 159; Veneerings, 48-9,54, 102, 107-8; Venus,~' 50,103, 108, 116; Wegg, Silas, 48-50, 54, 103,108,115-18, 157-60;Wilfe~ Bella, 51, 96, 106--7, 113-14, 117, 151-2, 154-62;Wilfe~~s,50, 102, 159; Wilfer, R., 51, 102, 152, 160-61, 163;Wilfers,49, 102,108, 114, 151, 153; Wrayburn, Eugene, 47-50,54,104,106,108,118,124, 162-3;Wren,Jenny,48-9,51-2, 105, 108, 118, 154, 159
Pan,34 Partlow, Jr, Robert B., 95-6 pastoral motifs, 49 pastoral poetry, 66 Perugini, Kate, 120-21 Pickwick Papers, The, 22-31
Allen, Arabella, 25-6, 28; Allen, Benjamin, 24, 28-9; Bantam, Angelo Cyrus, 30; Bardell, ~rs, 28-9, 31, 165; Buzfuz, Serjeant, 27-8; Dodson, ~' 27, 31; Dowler, ~' 29; Fat Boy, 5, 22-31, 35, 56, 165; Fogg, ~, 27, 31; Jackson, 27; Jingle, PUffed, 24, 27-9, 31, 63; Lowten, ~r, 27; ~artin, Betsy, 28; ~ary, 25-6, 28; old lady, 23; Payne, Dr, 27; Perker, 25, 27; Pickwick, Samuel, 24-30; Sanders, ~s, 27, 31; Sawyer, Bob, 28-9; Slammer, Dr, 27; Snodgrass, Augustus, 23, 25-6, 28-30; Stiggins, Reverend, 31; Trotter, 27-9, 31; Tupman, Tracy, 23,25,27-30;Wardle,Emily,25-6,28;Wardle,~,22-7,30; Wardle, Rachael, 23-5,28, 30; Weller, ~s, 27, 31; Weller, Sam, 24-30;Welle~ Tony,27-8; Winkle, Nathaniel, 23, 27, 29
Index 187
Pictures from Italy, 65-74 ~arrator,65-74, 166
Pratt, Branwen Bailey, 34-5, 42 Praz, Mario, 65 Puck,34
Raphael, 70 Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith, 2, 168 Robson, W.W., 120-21 Romano, Giulio, 73 Romeo and Juliet 67
Scott, Sir Walter, 11 Senf, Carol A., 87 Shakespeare, 44
see also under individual plays Shelley,68 Sinfield, Alan, quoted 77 Sketches By Boz, 5-21, 165, 167
Bung ('Our Parish'), 19-21, 167; 'conservator of the peace' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 5, 6, 7, 8; 'county member' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 6, 7; Curate ('Our Parish'), 18; dying son ('Our Parish'), 20; 'ferociouslooking gentleman' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 6, 7; HalfPay Captain ('Our Parish'), 18; Jane ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 6, 7, 7-8; master of the workhouse ('Our Parish'), 17; Members of Parliament ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 165; ~arrator ('Our Parish'), 16-17, 19; ~arrator ('Shabby-Genteel People'), 8-12, 166; ~icholas ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 6-7; Old Lady ('Our Parish'), 18; Pauper Schoofmaster ('Our Parish'), 17; 'peer' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 7; Reader ('Shabby-Genteel
People'), 10-12, 165; Robinson, 18 ('Our Parish'); shabby-genteel person ('Shabby-Genteel People'), 8-12; Simmons the Beadle ('Our Parish'), 16-21, 165, 167; 'small gentleman' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 7; 'spare, squeaking old man' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 7; Spruggins ('Our Parish'), 19; 'stranger' ('A Parliamentary Sketch'), 5; Tuggs, Cymon, see Tuggs, Simon; Tuggs, Simon ('The Tuggses at Ramsgate'), 12-16, 165; vestry clerk ('Our Parish'), 17; Waters, Belinda ('The Tuggses at Ramsgate'), 1~ 15; Waters, Captain ('The Tuggses at Ramsgate'), 1~15; widowed mother ('Our Parish'), 20; Willises, Miss ('Our Parish'), 18-19
Slater, Michael, 78-9 Smith, Grahame, 86, 111, 115 Sterne,Laurence,38,67,84 Stewart, Garrett, 31, 34, 52, 137 Swift, Jonathan, 66-7, 82 Switzerland, 72
Tale of Two Cities, A Carton, Sydney, 165
Thomas, Deborah, 78 Tiresias, 130
Re-reader as version of, 130 Titian, 70 Twelfth Night, 15 Todorov, Tzvetan, 3 Trilling, Lionel, 131, 137
Weinsheimer, Joel, H Williams, Raymond, 11, 164-6 Wilson, Angus, 65, 111, 120
