November 2, 2001MARJiS Program1 U.S. Educational Instructional Technology: Past, Present and Future University of Maryland Educational Technology Outreach

November 2, 2001 MARJiS Program 1

U.S. Educational Instructional Technology: U.S. Educational Instructional Technology: Past, Present and FuturePast, Present and Future

University of Maryland

Educational Technology OutreachDirector: Davina Pruitt-Mentle

Mid-Atlantic Region Japan-in-the-Schools Mid-Atlantic Region Japan-in-the-Schools (MARJiS) Program(MARJiS) Program


U.S. Educational Instructional U.S. Educational Instructional Technology: Past, Present and FutureTechnology: Past, Present and Future

• Statistics

• Trends in Educational Technology

• Teacher Training Trends

• Standards

• Current Issues in Educational Technology

• New Challenges

• Current K-12 Trends

• Activities for you to explore


Educational Technology DriversEducational Technology Drivers

• Equal Access

• Technology– At home– At school

• Training

• Usage


Digital DivideDigital Divide

• Differences in access between “haves” and “have-nots”

• Gap still exists but is narrowing

• Studies focus on socio-economic condition, race, gender, and education– Access highest for

• Upper income brackets

• White

• Male

• College degree


Internet UsageInternet Usage

2000 Percentage

All adults 56

Men 58

Women 54

Whites 57

Blacks 43

Hispanics 47

18-29 75

30-49 65

50-64 51

65+ 15

2000 Percentage

Under $30,000 38

$30K – $50K 64

$50K – $75K 72

$75K+ 82

High School or less 39

Some College 71

College Degree or more 82

Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project surveys, Nov-Dec 2000. Margin of error is ±3%.


Maryland TrendsMaryland Trends

Source: Maryland Business Roundtable


Teacher Training Leads to Teacher Training Leads to EffectivenessEffectiveness

• Report to the President on the Use of Technology to Strengthen Education (2000)

– Only 62% of teachers with one or more computers systems in the classroom use the computer for instruction

– “Teachers commonly report that they have not received adequate preparation in the effective use of computers within the classroom.”

– “The more ambitious and promising applications of computers call for considerably more skill from the teacher, who must … effectively integrate technology into the curriculum and devise ways of assessing student work based on individual and group projects.”

• Technology effectiveness requires teacher training


Characteristics of Teachers Who Characteristics of Teachers Who Successfully Integrate TechnologySuccessfully Integrate Technology

• Experienced (median age = 44)

• Technology savvy (upper quintile of skills)

• Instructional leaders, not fringe innovators

• Access to multiple networked computers in classroom

• Have online computer at home (74%)

• Spend over $100 of personal funds on project (63%)

Source: 3Com (2000) Preparing Teachers to Use IT in the Classroom


What do teachers need to be ready What do teachers need to be ready for technology?for technology?

• Develop a philosophy

• Purchase products

• Identify and solve problems

• Speak the language

• See where technology fits in educational integration

Do computers make a difference?

Do pencils make a difference?


Technology in EducationTechnology in Education

• Since 1920- emphasis on radio and television

• Current – Internet

• 20 years from now

– Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction (ICAI)• Monitor student performance

• Create personal profile for each student

• Automatically tailor instruction to particular needs

• Update profile as progress is made

– Virtual Reality (VR)• Simulation


Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Definition by Roblyer & Edwards:

Educational technology is a combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.

Roblyer, M.D., and Edwards, J. (2000). Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching. (2nd Edition) Merrill Publishing


Four Perspectives That Shaped Four Perspectives That Shaped Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Four HistoricalPerspectives

Origins CurrentOrganization

Media and AVCommunications

Higher Education Instructors, 1930s AECT

Instructional Systems Military/industrial trainers; later,university R&D, 1960s-1970s

ISPI

Vocational training(technology education)

Industry trainers, vocational educators,1980s

ITEA

Computer systems(educational computing)

Programmers, systems analysts; later,university R&D, 1960s

ISTE


Various Approaches to Various Approaches to Technology in EducationTechnology in Education


Integrating Educational TechnologyIntegrating Educational Technology

Process of determining which electronic tools and which methods for implementing them are appropriate for given classroom situations and problems


Milestones and Trends in Educational Computing Milestones and Trends in Educational Computing TechnologyTechnology

The Era Before Microcomputers

• 1950 - First instructional computer use: computerized flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT

• 1959 - First computer use in schools: IBM 650

• 1966 - IBM offers the 1500 system: Dedicated instructional mainframe

• 1967 - CCC offers first minicomputer-based instructional system (DEC PDP/1); Mitre Corporation offers TICCIT system

• 1970s - CDC offers the Plato instructional delivery system

The Microcomputer Era and Beyond

• 1977 - First microcomputers enter schools

• 1980 - Seymore Papert writes Mindstorms: The Logo movement begins

• 1980s – MECC offers microcomputer software;

educational materials publishers begin courseware development and marketing

– The courseware evaluation is emphasized: MicroSIFT, EPIE, others

– The computer literacy movement begins, then wanes after 1988

• 1990s - Use of ILS and other networked systems increases; multimedia use and development increases

The Internet Era

•1994 - Widespread use of the Internet begins

•2000 - Virtual reality systems and other virtual environments are emphasized


What have we learned from the past?What have we learned from the past?

• No technology is a panacea for education

• Computer literacy/technological literacy is a moving target

• Computer literacy/technological literacy offers a limited integration rationale

• Standalone computers and networked computers have benefits and limitations

• Teachers usually do not develop technology materials or curriculum

• Technically “possible” does not equal desirable, feasible, or inevitable

• Things change faster than teachers can keep up

• Older technologies can be useful

• Teachers always will be important


Elements of a Rationale for Using Elements of a Rationale for Using Technology in EducationTechnology in Education

• Motivation

• Unique instructional capabilities

• Support for new instructional approaches

• Increased teacher productivity

• Required skills for an information age


Elements of a Rationale for Using Elements of a Rationale for Using Technology in EducationTechnology in Education

• Motivation – Gaining learner attention

– Engaging the learner through production work

– Increasing perceptions of control (intrinsic motivation)

• Unique instructional capabilities– Linking learners to information sources

– Helping learners visualize problems and solutions

– Tracking learner progress

– Linking learners to learning tools

• Support for new instructional approaches

– Cooperative learning

– Shared Intelligence

– Problem solving and higher-level skills

• Increased teacher productivity– Freeing time to work with students by

helping with production and record keeping tasks

– Providing more accurate information more quickly

– Allowing teachers to produce better-looking more “student-friendly” materials more quickly

• Required skills for an information age– Technology literacy

– Information literacy

– Visual literacy


New Initiative:New Initiative: Educational Technology Standards Educational Technology Standards

• ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) and NCATE (National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education) have developed pre-service standards

• National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) for K-12

• Technology Standards for School Administrators (TSSA) for Principals


NCATE & ISTENCATE & ISTE

• Establish standards for teaching in education

• Increase emphasis in use of technology in teacher training


NCATE/ISTE Required Technology Competencies for NCATE/ISTE Required Technology Competencies for Educational Technology LeadersEducational Technology Leaders

• Operate a computer system to use software successfully

• Evaluate and use computers and other technologies to support instruction

• Explore, evaluate, and use technology-based applications for communications, presentations, and decision making

• Apply current instructional principles and research and appropriate assessment practices to the use of computers and related technologies

• Demonstrate knowledge of uses of computers for problem solving, data collection, information management, communications, presentations, and decision making

• Develop student learning activities that integrate computers and technology for a variety of student grouping strategies and for diverse student populations

• Evaluate, select, and integrate computer/technology-based instruction in the curriculum in a subject area and/or grade level

• Demonstrate knowledge of uses of multimedia, hypermedia, and telecommunications tools to support instruction

• Demonstrate skills in using productivity tools for professional and personal use, including word processing, database management, spreadsheet software, and print/graphic utilities

• Demonstrate knowledge of equity, ethical, legal, and human issues of computing and technology use as they relate to society, and model appropriate behavior

• Identify resources to keep current in applications of computing and related technologies in education

• use technology to access information to enhance personal and professional productivity

• Apply computers and related technologies to facilitate emerging roles of learners and educators


Standards OnlineStandards Online

• ISTE Draft: http://cnets.iste.org/review/ectlitreview2.html

• NCATE Standards: http://www.ncate.org/standard/m_stds.htm

• Joint ISTE/NCATE: http://www.iste.org/standards/ncate/

• TSSA: http://cnets.iste.org/tssa/

• NETS for Students: http://cnets.iste.org/index2.html


Today’s Big Issues in Education Today’s Big Issues in Education and Technologyand Technology

• Societal issues– pro-technology movement

– anti-technology movement

• Cultural and equity issues– economic/ethnic bias

– multi-cultural issues

– gender bias

– special needs students

• Educational issues– directed vs. constructivist debate

– interdisciplinary vs. single-subject instruction

– technical issues


New ChallengesNew Challenges

• Technology skills and standards

– New teacher and administrator requirements and assessments

– Integrate of technology within curriculum (state & national standards)

– Established student competencies

• Staying abreast of local and societal attitudes

• Using strategies to ensure equity

– Digital divide

– Assistive technology

• Matching integration strategies with needs


Current Trends in the K-12 ClassroomCurrent Trends in the K-12 Classroom

• PD activity ends with a teacher developed lesson plan– Lesson Plan “databases” for others to use

– Make use of other “on-line” activities

• Implementing educational software into daily activities– PowerPoint, Excel, Kid Pix, Inspiration, Kidspiration, StoryWeaver, etc.

• Selected Internet activities– WebQuests, Scavenger Hunts, Treasure Hunts, etc.

• Problem-Solving Courseware– Educational “Games”, Simulations, Case Studies

• E-Learning

• New Equipment Developments– Graphic Calculators and Probes

– Handheld Devices & E-Books

– Wireless & Wearable Computers

• Group Activities

• Assessment through Electronic Portfolios


Lesson Plan DatabasesLesson Plan Databases

• Kathy Schrock http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/

• AskEric Lesson Plans http://www.askeric.org/Virtual/Lessons/

• The Lesson Plans Page http://www.lessonplanspage.com/

• EdHelper http://www.edhelper.com/

• TeachersNet http://teachers.net/lessons/


Try ...Try ...

• Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching: http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/roblyer/

• Go to Try This! Tutorial

• Select Step 1


InspirationInspiration


KidspirationKidspiration


Kid PixKid Pix


Selected Internet ActivitiesSelected Internet Activities

• WebQuests (http://edweb.sdsu.edu/webquest/webquest.html)

• Scavenger Hunts (http://lserver.aea14.k12.ia.us/Scavenger.html)

• Treasure Hunts (http://www.cybersurfari.org/)


Games & SimulationsGames & Simulations


Electronic PortfoliosElectronic Portfolios

Documents

November 2, 2001MARJiS Program1 U.S. Educational Instructional Technology: Past, Present and Future University of Maryland Educational Technology Outreach