Upload
haki-kola
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
1/12
Novoberdopilotprojectforrehabilitationofdegradedcoppice
forestHakiKOLA
August2012
IntroductionVegetationtypesdominatedbyoakcoppiceforesttreescoverabout115800hectaresinKosovo,from
totally464800
ha
forest
area,
or
roughly
25
%
of
the
Kosovo
Forest
area.
These
extensive
oak
woodlands serve a number of important ecological functions. Oak woodlands play a critical role in
protecting soils from erosion and land sliding, regulatingwater flow inwatersheds, andmaintaining
waterqualityinstreamsandrivers.
Coppiceforest115800haisforestthatduringalongperiodoftimehavebeensubjecttoharvestingof
firewoodusingveryshortcuttingcycle,oftenasshortas57years.Thisintensiveharvesting,givinglittle
possibilitiesforthestandstorecover,hasresultedinmanydegradedforestswithlowstockingandslow
growthrates(average27.2m3/ha,growth1.3m3perhaandyear(FAO2003).
Theneed
for
oak
woodland
restoration
is
aconsequence
of
past
and
current
management
practices
that
havedegradedordestroyed theseecosystems.Thus, restorationandmanagementofoakwoodlands
are inseparably linked. For either oak woodland restoration or sustainable management of existing
woodlands,wemustanswerthefollowingquestions:
1. Whatdoyouhave?What istheconditionoftheexistingecosystemandhowdid itcometo itscurrentstate?
2. What do you want?What outcomes for the ecosystem are both attainable and ecologicallyappropriate?
3. How do you get what you want? What inputs and techniques can be applied to achieverestoration/managementgoals?
4. Areyou
getting
what
you
want?
How
do
we
assess
the
success
of
restoration
/
management
efforts?
NovoberdoLLabjanipilotprojectVillagedescription,socioeconomiccontest
Llabjani, part of Novoberdo etnic mix municipality, is one of Kosovo's 1298 villages with 210
families.Thepopulationofthisareamainlydealswithagriculture,livestockandforestry.Itisestimated
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
2/12
that thewood is themain sourcematerial for heating, ie the only source of heat and other family
needs.Needsoffamilies living inthesevillagesforthewoodmatter iscalculatedtobeabout1470m
per year.Unemployment is quite large and 24 families were identified that do not have any
employees.Agriculturelandisverylimited.Theforest coveredareais416 with oakandhornbeam, as
wellasothertypesthatoccur ingroupsoras individualas different maple, WildApples,hazelnuts,
hawthornetc.
LLabjaniPublic Forestshasbeing for long timenonmanagedand illegally intensive selective cuts,
followedby grazinglivestock,especiallygoats. Previouslyundercoppicemanagement,thelasttimeof
coppice intervention was 1976. Actually these forests despite the favorable natural conditions, are
completely degraded with very
minimalannual increment .It isworth
mentioningthatalthoughforestageof
nearly 47 years, the diameter and
height of forest trees is below any
minimumtowards
this
age,
and
ecologicalconditions. Managedunder
proper coppice regime the neighbor
private forest has annual increment
1015timeshigher.
The most of village families survive
throughcharcoalproduction,generally from
spontaneous illegal cutting in public forest.
Charcoalisproducedinsimple earthenkilns.
Seasoned pieces of hardwood about 2m
long1mheightand1mwide arepiled in
mounds of as much 2 stacked cubic meter
producing 180200 kg charcoal from each
burn.Wheator rye straw,earthandwaste
from the used kiln is mounded over the
woodtogiveafirmenclosure,butisnottoo
tightly packed to prevent air from leaking
through to the wood. About 48 hours are
needed to coalawoodkilnby thismethod.
Theproblemsfamilyproducersfaceare: the
legal source of firewood; high pollution in
each house yard from burning all the day,
and difficulties on organizing burning,
bagging, marketing /sales distribution. This
means that inpracticeonly thehalfof time
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
3/12
theirtime isavailableforburning.Actuallytherearenotpollutioncontrols,butinthefirstviewduring
carbonization looks that there are high emissions to atmosphere, nuisance to the family member
childrenandneighbors
What isactually LlabjaniForest? Pastandpresentvegetationand
management
Restoration logically begins with an understanding of the condition of the resource and the
managementhistorythathasbroughtittoitscurrentstate.
1. Whatisthecurrentcompositionofthevegetation?Currentvegetationisthestartingmaterialofa restorationprojectandmay includedesirable species tobe favored aswellasundesirable
speciestobesuppressedoreradicated.
2. How havemanagementpractices and other human activities shaped current site conditions?Although
information
gaps
will
typically
exist,
historical
site
analysis
can
reveal
important
details
aboutthesuccessionofhumanimpactsthathaveshapedthecurrentlandscape.
Dendrometricdata:Sampleplotcalculationresults
D/cm. Nooftrees. Forest species Age Height Canopy density V=/m
S=100m
1 1 0.00028
2 13 Hornbeam 0.01281
3 13 Hornbeam 25 30 5.97.1 0.8 0.03315
4 5 Hornbeam 0.02525
5 12 Hornbeam 0.10344
6 8 Hornbeam 0.10424
2 Hornbeam 0.03744
54 0.3164
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
4/12
AverageDm.=3.8cm. Volumeforsampleplot=0.3164m
Averageheight.=6.4m. Volumeforhectare =31.640m
Sampleplotno2.Oak
forest,summaryofdata:
Sampleplotarea10m.x10m.=100m
Numberoftreesforsampleplotarea=54,forone
hectare =5400trees
Averageheight =4.20m.
Volumeforsampleplot=0.281m
Volumefor
hectare
=28.125
m
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
5/12
ForestmanagementinCadastralzonelevel(Llabjani)plangives:
SupporttowardsSustainableForests
Improvedforestsituations(FSCstandards)
Leadtoimprovementofmanagement
Givethebasisforworkandactivities
Complytorules®ulations,linkwithotherpolicies,strategies,plans
Involvementofstakeholdersandincreasedunderstanding
Stakeholders:
KosovoForest Agency
NovoberdaMunicipality
Llabjancommunity
AssociationofPrivateforestownersParku
LocalAction
Groups
Thefamiliesagreedtoundertaketheimplementationwork
Freelanceforestexperts
Managementplangoals
The followinggoalsareattainablebecausetheyacknowledge limitationsduetothecurrentdegreeof
ecologicaldegradation
and
our
lack
of
knowledge
about
the
pristine
ecosystem.
1.Reestablishappropriateoak species inareas thatdidor couldhave supportedoakwoodlands
previouslyandarenowcapableofsupportingthisvegetationtype.
2. Establish sustainablepopulationsofhistorically knownand likely indigenousplant speciesand
associationswithinoakwoodlands.
3. Manage remnant oak woodlands and restored stands to permit natural regeneration and
maximize the cover and dominance of indigenous plant species while minimizing the cover of
nonindigenousspecies.
4.Promotereestablishmentofnaturalbioticsystems, including interactingmicrobial, invertebrate,
andvertebratecommunities,withinrestoredwoodlands.
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
6/12
ProposedinterventionsonDegraded Forest Rehabilitation
(Resurekcionimi)
The new strategy for forestdevelopment is encouragingjoint forestmanagement of forests and
stimulatingpublicparticipation inwoodlandswhichwillprobably leadtothecreationofnewareasof
mixedcoppice thataremanaged for theirwildlife interest,suitability forcommunity involvementand
potentialtoyieldproduceforlocaluse.
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
7/12
Coppiceisaforeststandcomposedofstoolsthatproducecoppiceshootswhichformthemajor
part of the crop. The standmay be simplecoppice or coppicewithstandards. In the frame of this
rehabilitation is proposed Coppicewithstandards system, inwhich about 100 selected stems are
retainedateachfellingtoformanunevenagedoverstoreofstandardswhichareremovedselectively
onarotationwhichisamultipleofthecoppicecycle.
PotezeandKonopthetraditionalcoppiceforestmanagement
TraditionallyinsomepartsofKosovo,forestownershasusedoneKonopasameasurementunitof
thecoupeswide.Itisaboutninemeterlong,anditiseasyforwoodmentogetit.Itisonestandart
rope, partofthespecialsaddlehorseusedfromwoodman forthefirewoodloadsandtransportfrom
foresttohome.ThepartofwoodlandcoppicedforoneyeariscalledinsomepartofKosovoPoteze
Tocoppice,orcoppicing,describestheprocessoffellingortheproductionofnewshootsby
stools.Thepartofawoodlandcoppicediscalledacoupebutisalsoknownasasale,fell,cant,panelor
burrowdependingonlocalityThequalityofthecutismoreimportantthanthetoolused,cutsshould
becleanwithnoseparationofthebarkfromthewood.Traditionally,smalldiametercoppiceshoots
were cutwithabillhookusinga sideways stroke, finishingwithanupwardpull toavoid splitting the
woodand lettingwater intothestool.Largershootswerecutwithanaxeorsaw.Chainsawshaveno
adverseeffectsoncoppicing.Forunskilledworkersasharpbowsawisprobablythesafestandsimplest
toolto
use
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
8/12
Employmentforforestrehabilitation
Forestrehabilitationintervention,isanopportunities tocreateemploymentorthepeopleofthis
areaand
the
supply
of
raw
material
for
heating,
production
of
coal
and
other
family
needs
Biodiversityandwildlife oncoppicemanagement
The proposal tocoppice leavingabout100treesper hectareis intended:
Starttheconversionof theseneglect coppice forest tomanaged forestand in longtermaftersome
rotations to high forest the processwhich will nottake placeeasily and in ashort time,
Environmentalaspectsappearance,shelter food for wildlife and for theirproduction on oxygen
production andCO2 sequestration;Coppicinghasbeenshowntobeofgreatvaluetowildlifeandan
important tool inmaintaining thediversity.Coppicingon a rotationprovides amosaicof gradations
between light (immediatelyafter cutting)and shade (after canopy closure,410 years later) thisand
otherenvironmentalvariationsprovidehabitatsforawiderangeofplantandanimalspecies.
Forsuccessfulmanagementofcoppicestools:
Preventexcessivebrowsingdamage.
Cutcoppiceduringwinterdormancy.
Cutstoolsclosetothegroundleavingshortstumps.
Usesharp,wellmaintainedtools.
Limitshadecastbystandards.
Historyofcoppicing
TheearliestevidenceofcoppicingdatesfromtheNeolithic(Rackham,1986).ThefoundationsofBronze
Agebuildingsalsoshowevidenceofcoppicingand itcontinuedthroughthe IronAge,and intoRoman
Times. According to the Domesday book in 1086, coppicing was the most widespread form of
woodlandmanagement,
producing
material
that
was
small
and
easily
handed
(important
in
the
days
beforemachineryandhardroads)forfirewoodandwattlehurdlesforbuilding,fencingandtrackway
construction. InMedieval times, thepracticeof coppicingwith standardsbegan. In the17thand18th
centuriescoppicewoodwasalso indemand toproducecharcoal for theburgeoningandglassworks,
withoakprovidingbarkfortanning industry.However,bythemidof19thcentury,coppicingstartedto
decline as many traditional woodland product were superseded. Railways brought cheap coal to
countrysideandafterthefirstworldwarruralelectrificationandothersourcesoffuelsuchoil, largely
obviatedtheneedtocoppiceforfirewood.
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
9/12
Thevalueofcoppicewoodland
Therearemanydifferentvalueswhichcanbeplacedoncoppicewoodlands.Thesemaybeeconomic,
social,cultural
and
environmental
terms
and
can
be
listed
as
follows:
Arenewablesourceofwood
Asourceofemployment
Amenityandrecreationaluse
Wildlifeandconservationvalues
Landscapevalue
Coverforgamebirds
Heritagevalueand
Anexampleof sustainablelanduse
FirstyearinterventionFirstyearinterventionisdefined inasmallplotof18hectares
Preparatorysteps
First
step:
Municipality:
Proposedto SNVSida
project support for
the pilot project
implementation.
Second step: SNV
prepared a concept
project and shared it
with main
stakeholders.
Third
step:
Gjilani
region KFA sent a
request to the KFA
chief to approve the
project.(One of the
project activities
looks in conflict with
the forest law,
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
10/12
forbiddingtheclearcuttinginforest)
FourthstepTheforestownersassociationidentifytheinterestedfamiliestoparticipateintheproject
ThelistofinterestedfamilieswassharedwithdirectorateofagricultureinMunicipality.TheMajorwas
informedaboutproject
Fifth step: A draft agreement between families and municipality for project implementation was
preparedSixstep:finalimplementationpreparation:UsingGPS,theforestrystaffofcommunewithanfreelance
foresterandSNVstaffhassignedinthefieldthe10mewidestrips.Coordinatesoftheforestplotswere
recordedwithGPS
Foreachcoupe inthiscaseastrip10mwide,oneuserhasanagreementto implementthecoppicing
andprotectthenewsproutsfromgrazing
Thepreliminarycalculationonworksneededareprepared
Costprofit
analysis
is
calculated
Financialsupport isneededtocoverthecostofcuttingandcleaningdegradedshrubsandsmalltress
Feedstockforcharcoalproductionorgridfor woodchips,briquettes
orpelletsproduction
Actually smalldimensionwood isused for
charcoalproduction
in
very
primitive
way.
Differentspeciesoftreeyieldcharcoalwith
different characteristics. The same for
bioenergy. Oak is more preferred
compared with hornbeam. For the
producers the reason is the physical
strengthor the friabilityof theoak is the
main reason. Ithas lead in the changeon
the forest cover from the oak to
hornbeam. (Hornbeam has not ability to
resistdisintegrationduringproductionand
transport).The feedstock isusedgenerally freshlycut
(up to100%moisture content,dryweight
bases, spending more time in conversion
andproducing lower charcoalwith higher
energy spent to drive off the moisture
contained in wood. As for charcoal or
griddingthefeedstockshouldgenerallybewellseasoned(overthanthreemonthsisrecommended)
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
11/12
Theproposedprojectwill replace the illegal spontaneous selective cutting in forest with systematic
plannedcoppicingbasedonagreementswiththeruralfamiliesonthecoupearea,timeandqualityof
coppicing,consideringandtheamountofsmalldimensionstreestobeusedforcharcoalproductionor
gridded assourceforbioenergy
Thisinterdependenceofcomponentsisespeciallyimportantwhenapplyingbioenergysystemsinarural
community setting. For example, the connections between employment, environmental impacts of
biomassproductionandbeneficiariesoftheenergyproducedcanbemadecleartoeveryoneastheyall
take place on a strictly confined local level. Therefore, an integrated participatory approach and
effectivecollaborationwithstakeholdersandgovernancestructureona local,regionalandpotentially
nationallevelisofimmenseimportance
Productionandorganizationalstructure
The annual potential rates of production for small round woods for LLabjani village is about 1200
m3/year.(40ha*30m3/ha).
Small independent household based charcoal burners have difficulty in carrying out all the steps
required to getmarkets, or producing the firewood, producing the charcoal, baggingmarketing and
distributing the charcoal. The surviving charcoal burners are those who are skillful woodsman and
charcoalproducers,burnersaswell salesman.Theycannot increase their revenuesbecause it isnot
easytobeinthesametimewoodmanburnersandwithsellingskills
A
charcoal
cooperative
For the future the options of charcoal or gridded wood cooperative would be considered. The
cooperativecouldbeeitherbeformedbyproducerswithacollectivelyownedcharcoalproductionplant
(or gridded machine) or by supplying on a quota basis a cooperative which organizes sales (and if
necessaryprocessing)
In the actual case of existing small producers a cooperative would have several benefits . The
cooperative couldestablishamoreeffectivebaggingplant fromwhere thebaggedcharcoalcouldbe
distributed.
Educationand
Raising
Awareness
We live inamarketeconomyandconsumerchoiceneed tobebalancedby informationenabling the
consumertomakeaninformedchoice.Therearetwowaysthiscanbeachievedinthecaseofcharcoal
orgriddingmaterials
1. Education and raising of awareness among producers and consumers thrugh environmental
NGOandmedia
2. Throughcertificationproducts
7/31/2019 Novoberdo Pilot Project for Rehabilitation of Degraded Coppice Forest
12/12
Educationcanbetargetedinthreeways
Generaleducationontraditionalcoppicewoodlands theirwildlifeandheritagevalues
Theimpactofrehabilitation ofdegradedcoppiceforestavoidingspontaneousillegalcutting
Thebenefitsoflocalproductionforlocalneedsasa greenideal
Certification
Independentcertificationofwoodproducts is likelytobecomemore important.Notonlydoes
this ensure the consumer and buyer that the product comes from woods managed in
sustainablemannerbutitalsomaintainstheproductquality.
Thepilotprojectasdemonstrationsite:
Theseaim todraw togetheranddemonstrate themost importantaspectsof theprojectand
comprisetherestorationofthefirst18 hectaresofhighly degradedcoppices.Theworkerswill
be identified by the Municipality and association of forest owners. The agreements will be
signedwiththe interestedfamilies.Thewoodwillbecoppicedandthewoodproducedwillbe
useforcharcoalorgriddedmaterial
Theecological effectsofthisrevivalofcoppicemanagementwillbemonitoredbyappropriate
consultants and also used to develop themost appropriate rehabilitationmethodologies for
morethan100thousanddegradedforest inKosovo.Theannualgrowthwillbemeasuredyear
byyearandcomparedwiththeincrementonactualnonmanaged coppiceregime. Inallcases
accesswillbecreatedorenhancedforthepublicwhowillbeinformedviaNationalAssociation
offorestownersnewspaper,webpage.
These siteswill be given high profile encouraging visits by schools, donors and communitygroupstoraisetheawarenessofthevalueofforestrehabilitation