NPOESS P 3 I Space Demonstration of 3D wind observations using Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL)

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NPOESS P3I Space Demonstration of 3D wind observations usingDoppler Wind Lidar (DWL)

DWL Mission Definition TeamApril 18, 2005

21 April 05

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Outline

• The 3D wind mission overview• General mission description• Motivation• The Instrument Concept• The Observing Plan• The Mission Strategy

• NPOESS P3I opportunity• Vital national needs and data requirements• Meeting the requirements with DWLs (the future)• The NPOESS wind lidar mission concept

• The argument for the dual technology approach• The expectations of an adaptive targeting ops plan

• Mission challenges• Logical Next Steps• NPOESS Mission Teaming Possibilities• Summary• Backup Charts

• More on the need for wind observations• More on the DWL technology heritage and roadmaps• More on the NPOESS Adaptive Targeting Mission

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General Mission Description

• The goal is to obtain global 3D wind observations within the troposphere ( and lower stratosphere) using a Doppler Wind Lidar flown as a P3I on NPOESS.

• The initial mission would have two primary objectives:• Demonstrate performance of the first 3D horizontal vector wind

sounder in space leading to a fully operational deployment• Demonstrate data utility to civilian and military atmospheric

operations and research communities and prepare users for optimal use of the “high impact” wind data

• To optimize the return on the mission investment, the instrument would be operated in an adaptive targeting mode.

• Synergisms with other NPOESS instruments will be pursued.

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Motivation

• The NWP communities and the NPOESS program have identified 3D global tropospheric (and stratospheric) winds as having the highest priority as a new observing capability. Global tropospheric winds are NPOESS’s #1 unaccomodated EDR.

• Computer modeling studies at NCEP, NASA and ESA show that 3D tropospheric wind profiles are critical to advancing operational forecasting skills.

• Cost benefit studies show that global 3D wind observations would have significant cost/safety impacts on aviation (> $100M$/yr), severe weather preparation (evacuation cost avoidance > 100M$/yr) and military operations (>15M$/yr)

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The Achievable Instrument

• Based upon NASA/NOAA funded studies of several DWL concepts, the mission definition team has selected a dual technology approach for its initial consideration. This approach optimizes the data return given the available platform resources.

• The NPOESS P3I wind sounder would include a:• Coherent detection sub-system to provide wind data at cloud tops

and within optically thin clouds; in the boundary layer below clear regions and broken cloud decks, aerosols permitting. Primary vertical coverage: boundary layer and cloudy regions up to 20 km

• Direct detection sub-system to provide wind profiles above the boundary layer in cloud free (or thin cloud) regions, including the important tropopause region, using the return from molecules in the atmosphere. Primary vertical coverage: clear regions from 3 km to 20 km

• The instrument would scan its laser beams in a stepwise fashion, providing both components of the horizontal wind at 1 km intervals above the boundary layer and .25-.5 km within the boundary layer.

• The current design concept would require an average of ~350 - 400 watts : the coherent sub-system would be on continuously (~80 watts) and the direct subsystem would operate on a 10% duty cycle (~250 watts average; 850 peak).

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AerosolSubsystem

NPOESS 3D wind profiler system(dual DWL technologies)

+XS/C+XS/C

+YS/C+YS/C

STOWED CONFIGURATION

CMIS

SAR/ADCS-Rx

VIIRSSESS HORUS

SURVIVABILITY SMD ANTENNA

HRD ANTENNA

LRD ANTENNA

SARSAT-Tx

S-BAND (NADIR)

APS

0.25m X 0.25m

Unused Real Estate

1.0m2

72kg

0.56m2

90kg

0.19m2

47kg

0.43m2

72kg0.60m2

133kgMolecularSubsystem

Dual wavelengthScanner/mirror

CommonDWL systems

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The Plan – Adaptive Targeting

• Based upon IPO funded studies and the experience of NOAA/NCEP, adaptive targeting will be used in the initial NPOESS mission to maximize the impact of the resources available.

• Targets can be identified by several methods including• Pre-launch selection of current data voids• Near real time model-based selection of data

sensitive regions • “On-board” detection of targets of opportunity

• Given the exploratory nature of the P3I mission, the targeting will be a major component of the data utility evaluation.

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DWL Sampling Concept

• Measure vertical stack of Target Sample Volumes (TSVs)• Average shots within TSV• Fore and aft perspectives resolve horizontal wind vectors• 2 ground tracks

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Adaptive targeting withemphasis on CONUS interests ( Blue is coherent coverage Red is both coherent and direct)

Example of targeting a hurricaneas it approaches the Gulf coast.(blue segments: forward looks;Red segments: aft looks; Blue plus redProvide full horizontal wind vector)

Adaptive Targeting

Model: GEOS -2 Recon. Verification: ECMWF Nature Run

Control: - Conventional Data + Perfect TOVSCTW - Control + Cloud Tracked Winds1 m/s Wind - Control + Doppler Wind Lidar (RMSE = 1 m/s)Adaptive Targeting - Control + Adaptive Targeting of DWL Observations (~10% duty cyc le)

Add 100% duty cycle lidar


Conventional data

Add cloud winds

Better

Adaptive Targeting Experiments

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Potential Impact on Hurricane Forecasting (Example Ivan)

Current dataDivergence Profile

Lidar ImprovedTrack Prediction

Lidar ImprovedIntensity Prediction

Lidar providesthe critical

divergence profile

Based uponQuickOSSEsdone at GSFCby R. Atlas

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Steps to a NPOESS Mission

• Prepare to respond to NPOESS for flight opportunities• Develop a detailed mission plan/roadmap• Advance TRLs for critical subsystems• Pursue joint industrial and government participation

• Establish partnerships• Develop instrument

• Exploratory development phase (e.g. NASA Instrument Incubator Program (IIP))

• Instrument build, test, and demonstration • Airborne DWL testbed to refine instrument design and

operations plan and to provide users with precursor data sets

• Deliver a space-qualified instrument 18 months before planned launch

• Integrate onto NPOESS platform• Operate for a minimum design lifetime of 3 years

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Vital National Need

• …greatest unmet observational requirement for improving weather forecasts• NPOESS Integrated Program Office (IPO) • World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • Global Earth Observation System of Systems

(GEOSS)

• Supports missions of NOAA, NASA, DOD, FAA, EPA, FEMA, DOT, DOE, USDA, and the Department of Homeland Security

• NASA’s Weather Research Roadmap includes a global tropospheric wind observing mission

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Societal Benefits to Government, Industry,

Academia• Weather and air quality forecasting• Extreme weather forecasting (e.g. hurricane)• Military and civilian aircraft and shipping

operations• Agriculture (rainfall, frost, temperature)• Construction • Energy infrastructure demand and risk

forecasts• Homeland security• Atmospheric and climate studies• Ecosystems impacts via droughts,

productivity, fire• Meteorological data for survivability of

species

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Military Applications

• Near-real time analysis of global tropospheric winds• Environmental intelligence made available via

command and control systems aids operational decisions

• Input to numerical weather prediction models• Improves planning and execution of a broad

scale of joint military missions

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Example: Military Missions Affected by Numerical Weather Prediction

• Space Launch• Flight Planning/Aviation Ops• Dispersion Forecasts for NBC Releases• Precision Weapons Delivery/Strike Option

Planning• Precision Airdrop• Reconnaissance• Aerial Refueling• Artillery • Battle Space Awareness

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Journey from observational improvements to realized cost savings

Seeing

Understanding

Information

Believing

Behavior changes

Lower airline fuel consumption and more realistic fuel amounts stored on -board

More effective hurricane evacuation

More effective hurricane preparedness

Model output

Quality Control Flags

Information understood to be relevant for “real world”applicationsObservations

Academia JCSDA

“seeing is not exactly believing ”

A roadmap to realized benefits

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Hurricanes Cause Major Damages and Loss of Life

Storms in the last 20 years with > $5B (2002 $) damageeach add up to > $100 Billion and 400 lives

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* Cordes, 1995 “Economic benefits and costs of developing and deploying a space-based wind lidar”, Final Report to NWS** www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billionz.html *** Storm climatology and simulations for global 3D winds in NWP

Wind Lidar Will Improve Hurricane Forecasts

Total Savings ~ $200M Each Year

• Reduce preventable property damage > $2.5B over 20 years• 2.5% reduction from better preventive actions * • 9 worst US storms > $100B* damage and > 400

deaths.**• Reduce over-warnings > $1.4B over 20 years

• Assumptions• 17% less landfall warning error for average of 2

storms/year***• Now over-warn 350km of coast • 17% of the over-warned coast is 60km or 37 miles. • $1M per mile for precautionary costs would save

$37M/storm.

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• U.S. Airlines fuel (2004)• 18.7 billion gallons @ average $1.15 per gallon*• Estimated fuel savings with wind data

• 0.5% domestic• 1.0% international (less wind data) **• > $130M Savings / year

• Estimated military aviation fuel savings > $15M/yr**

* Air Transport Association, http://www.airlines.org/econ/files/fuel.xls** Cordes, 1995 “Economic benefits and costs of developing and deploying a space-based wind lidar”, Final Report to NWS

Example: Aviation Fuel Savings with Wind Data

Total Savings > $145M Each Year

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Global Wind Data Requirements

• NPOESS Integrated Operational Requirements Document (IORD) included P3I wind profile objectives:• IORD I (1996)• IORD II (2001)

• Global Tropospheric Wind Sounder (GTWS) acquisition study• Data requirement workshop attended by NASA,

NOAA and academia (2001)• WMO requirements are very similar to those vetted

within the GTWS workshop• Strategy: use the GTWS threshold requirements for

NPOESS P3I mission in adaptively targeted areas.

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NPOESS P3I 3D Wind MissionData Requirements

Wind Data Product Requirements

Mission

Threshold1

IORD II

Objective2

Depth of Regard (DOR) (km) 0-20 0-20

Vertical Target Sample Volume (TSV) Resolution (km)

Top of DOR to Tropopause

Tropopause to boundary layer top

Within boundary layer

Not Required

1

0.5

.1

(reporting interval)

Height Assignment Accuracy (km) 0.1 N/A

Horizontal TSV Dimension (km)

(maximum for averaging)

100 N/A

Horizontal Location Accuracy (km) 0.5 10

Horizontal Resolution (km)

(distance between TSVs)

350 50

Minimum X-track Regard (km)

(Number in () is number of TSVs)

+/- 400 (4) N/A

1. Based upon GTWS threshold requirements2. IORD-II did not identify wind threshold requirements

GTWS ≤ IORD GTWS ~= IORD

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Requirements (cont’d)

Data Requirement GTWS

Threshold

IORD II

ObjectiveNumber Line of Sight (LOS) perspectives in TSV

(angular separation >30 & <150)

2 2

Precision (1) LOS Horiz (LOSH) (m/s)

Above Boundary Layer

Within Boundary Layer

(number in () is S within TSV)

3 (1.2)

2 (1.2)

0.5

1

Horizontal Component Bias (m/s) 0.1 1

Maximum Horizontal Speed (m/s)

Above boundary layer

Within Boundary layer

75

50

100

100

Temporal Resolution (hours)

(revisit period)

12 1

Data Product Latency (hours) 2.75 .25

GTWS ≤ IORD GTWS ~= IORD

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DWLs can meet the requirements

• Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) at NOAA/NCEP and NASA/GSFC have consistently documented improvements in weather forecasts not attainable by current (or improved versions) space-based observing systems

• Space-based DWLs provide contiguous profiles of wind shear not achieved by scatterometers, CMV and surface networks.

• DWLs can be designed to provide wind observations throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, even in the presence of clouds

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Why dual technologies?

• The three basic DWL options:• Direct detection of molecular motion• Direct detection of aerosol motion• Coherent detection of aerosol motion

• Basic direct-only and coherent-only instrument concepts to meet GTWS threshold requirements • Evaluated by NASA’s ISAL and IMDC in 2001• Resulting instrument size, mass, and power were

very large

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Why dual technologies (cont’)

• First proposed in 1995 as WOS/H (Wind Observing Satellite/Hybrid)

• Capitalizes on the strengths of both technologies• Coherent detection probes lower troposphere with high

accuracy below clouds and in regions of enhanced aerosols

• Direct detection provides broad coverage of mid/upper troposphere (+ stratosphere) with modest accuracy

• Reduces costs• Smaller instrument• Shared launch; platform; pointing control, data collection,

operations• Possibly sharing scanner/telescope.

• Provides redundancy, options for multi-wavelength research and opportunity for synergisms with other platform sensors.

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The Dual Technology Advantage

DWL Concept

Direct Only1

Coherent Only1

Hybrid Direct

Hybrid Coherent

Hybrid AT3

Power 6-8 KW

4 -6 KW .6-.8 KW(10X)2

.2 -.3 KW(20X)

.4 -.5 KW(20X)

Telescope size (area)

1.23 m2

.42 m2 .75 m2

(1.6X).2 m2

(2.1X).75 m2

(1.6X)

1. These numbers are for a 400 km orbiting DWL meeting GTWS threshold requirements (at 833km power draw would be ~ 5X greater for the lasers)

2. Numbers in () indicate hybrid advantage 3. Coherent (100% duty); Direct (10% duty)

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The Hybrid Instrument

• Uses two lidar subsystems• One direct detection, the other coherent• Complementary measurement properties

• Direct detection subsystem• Detects doppler shift from atmospheric molecules• Operates everywhere, 0 to 20 km altitude• Provides useful wind observations in cloud free

regions

• Coherent subsystem• Meets requirements in regions of high aerosol

backscatter (dust layers, clouds, PBL aerosols)

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Why Adaptive Targeting?

• As is the case with many observation data sets, only a fraction may be useful for a given objective. Such may be the case for wind observations needed to improve weather forecasts.

• NASA and NOAA studies suggest targeted (~ 10-20%) observations of full tropospheric winds could yield impacts close to continuous observations

• Given the NPOESS orbit altitude (824 km) and available resources (~ 400 W), the MDT considers adaptive targeting appropriate to both demonstrate highly useful data over limited areas and yield significant global impact.

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Primary Targets for Hybrid/AT*

• Significant Shear regions• Requires contiguous observations in the vertical. Thus

both direct and coherent detection technologies are needed.

• Divergent regions• Requires some cross track coverage. Identified by NCEP

adaptive targeting scheme(s)• Partly cloudy regions

• Requires measurement accuracy weakly dependent upon shot integration (i.e., coherent detection).

• Tropics• Tropical cyclones (in particular, hurricanes & typhoons).

Requires penetration of high clouds and partly cloudy scenes.

*AT: Adaptive Targeting

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Potential Impact of new space-based observations on Hurricane Track Prediction

Based on OSSEs at NASA Laboratory for Atmospheres

• Tracks• Green: actual track• Red: forecast• Blue: improved forecast for same time

period with simulated wind lidar

• Lidar in this one case• Indicates the hurricane will make

landfall

• Savings of 10’s of millions $$ in avoided evacuation costs

DWLs greatly improvehurricane track predictions

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Comparison of current rawinsonde wind sounding coveragewith that possible with the proposed NPOESS AT wind sounder

Locations for complete DWLsoundings using a 10 minute onand 90 minute off schedule(not adaptively targeted)

Rawinsondes provide nearly all directly measured vertical profiles of the wind field used by NWP

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Example of AT coverage with CONUS interests only

Red: direct detection coverage; Blue: coherent detection coverage

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Example Adaptive Targeting coverage

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Example of vertical AT coverage

With backgroundaerosol distribution

With convectivelypumped aerosoldistribution

Red: < 4 m/s errorBlue: < 1.5 m/s error

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Adaptive Targeting OSSE(performed at NASA/GSFC)

EXAMPLE TARGETED LOCATIONS FOR DWL OSSE( White symbols: full lidar coverage; Red symbols: targeted cove rage)

1999

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Forecast impact of 10% duty cycle AT





Conventional data

Add cloud winds

Bet

ter

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DWL Bonus Data and Synergisms

• DWL observations address other NPOESS EDRs (accommodated and unaccommodated) and/or enhance the usability of data from other NPOESS and GOES instruments

• Spot validation of CRIS-derived winds over the poles• Spot calibration of CMIS ocean surface winds• Provide near-surface Coastal Winds (an unaccommodated

NPOESS EDR) where scatterometers (passive & active) are ineffective

• Spot height assignment for GOES Cloud Motion Vectors • Other potential opportunities

• Multi-wavelength atmospheric chemistry • CO2 profiles (Coherent using 2 micron double pulse for DIAL operations)

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DWL Bonus Data andSynergisms (continued)

• European Space Agency’s (ESA) Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM) DWL mission• Strengths

• Important demonstration of DWL technology• Global wind fields from polar orbit• Data will be assimilated into numerical models• 2007 launch schedule will provide instrument and

atmospheric knowledge for US mission

• Weaknesses • No scanning capability

• Single perspective view into Target Sample Volume

• Can’t resolve full horizontal wind vector• Limited coverage- single track• Anticipate poor boundary layer performance

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DWL Technology Readiness

• Much of critical technology is mature and ready for space qualification (some subsystems already at Technology Readiness Level 7)

• Investments within NASA, NOAA and DoD are in place to move some remaining subsystems to Technology Readiness Level > 5

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Technology Readiness (cont’)

• Coherent• Demonstrated 1J at 2 microns (LaRC)• Airborne Wind Sounder (IPO and ONR)• Ground-based DWLs (DoD, NASA, NOAA)• Use subsystems developed and tested under

SPARCLE initiative

• Direct Detection• Subsystem space-heritage in GLAS (altimetry and

backscatter)• Ground-based system demonstration (NOAA, NASA)

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Recent DWL Technology Activities

Technology Agency Activity

Lasers NASA Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP)

Detectors NASA

NOAA/UNH/MAC

LRRP

GroundWinds

BalloonWinds

Telescope and Scanner

NASA ISAL, IMDC

HOE, SHADOE

Momentum Compensation

NASA ISAL

Pointing, Jitter NASA ISAL, IMDC

Calibration, Validation

NASA, NOAA, IPO, Navy

Field campaigns, intercomparisons, TODWL

Autonomous Alignment

NOAA/UNH/MAC

NASA

BalloonWinds

LRRP

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Mission Design Team Recommends a Multi-agency, Partnership Background

• NASA and NOAA Background• GTWS partnership • Develop, demonstrate, and validate instruments• Provide data products, assimilation, processing• Conduct OSSEs to validate impacts and benefits• GroundWinds, BalloonWinds team includes government,

university and industry partners• IPO supported

• Technology and data utility risk reduction• Ground and airborne experiments and demonstrations• Calibration and validation studies

• IPO proposal (1998, 1999) to STP was not supported for instrument build from non-DoD agency

• Navy supported airborne experiments.

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NPOESS MissionTeaming Possibilities

Develop Instrument NASA, Industry

Integrate with Platform Industry, tbd

Launch, platform, up/down links

NPOESS C?

Calibration and Validation IPO, Air Force, tbd

Data Acquisition and Processing

NOAA

Impact Assessment NOAA, NASA, Universities

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Overview of Steps to a NPOESS Mission

• Prepare to respond to a future AO from NPOESS for flight opportunities

• Establish partnerships• Develop instrument• Operate for a minimum design lifetime of 3

years

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Summary

• Global wind observations are the number one unaccommodated EDR for NPOESS

• Combining coherent and direct detection technologies in a hybrid DWL instrument is the best path forward

• Adaptive targeting of observations provides the highest level of data utility, given the NPOESS platform resources available to P3I

• The Mission Definition Team is looking for partners to provide the instrument build and system integration (NPOESS is to provide the launch, platform support and data communications)

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Backup Slides

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The Needs and Requirements for Global Winds

(Additional Slides)

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Vital National Need

• Benefits Government, industry, academia, and general population

• Numerous applications, including • Weather forecasting• Military operations, targeting, plume tracking• Military and civilian aircraft and shipping operations • Hurricane forecasting• Atmospheric and climate studies• Air quality forecasting• Agriculture• Construction

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Vital National Need

• Public Law 108-360, 2004, Title II Windstorm Impact Reduction • Hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, and

thunderstorms• Significant loss of life, injury, destruction, economic and

social disruption• US sustains several $B damages annually• Actions include: improved data collection and analysis

and impact prediction methodologies• Interagency Working Group on Earth Observations

• Environmental information affects 30% of US GDP• 1o F better weather forecasts can save $1B electricity• Natural disasters cost $105B globally

• US billion dollar weather-related disasters• 62 events > $1 billion from 1980-2004• Total over $390 billion in 2002 dollars

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Vital National Need

Num

ber

of E

vent

s

D

amag

e A

mou

nts

in $

Bil

lion

s

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GTWS Wind DataRequirements

• Threshold and Desired requirements• Prepared by GTWS Science Definition Team

• Dr. Robert Atlas (NASA Team Lead)• Dr. James Yoe (NOAA Team Lead)

• Inputs from GTWS Workshop• Reconciled between NASA and NOAA users• Useful impact on weather forecasting models and

climate studies• Qualified through Observing System Simulation

Experiments (OSSEs) at NASA and NOAA

• Draft document posted for comment 2001

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GTWS Wind DataRequirements (cont’d)

GTWS Wind Data Product Requirements

Threshold Objective

Depth of Regard (DOR) (km) 0-20 0-30

Vertical Target Sample Volume (TSV) Resolution (km)

Top of DOR to Tropopause

Tropopause to boundary layer top

Within boundary layer

Not Required

1

0.5

2

0.5

0.25

Height Assignment Accuracy (km) 0.1 0.1

Horizontal TSV Dimension (km)

(maximum for averaging)

100 25

Horizontal Location Accuracy (km) 0.5 0.5

Horizontal Resolution (km)

(distance between TSVs)

350 100

Minimum X-track Regard (km)

(Number in () is number of TSVs)

+/- 400 (4) +/- 625 (12)

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GTWS Wind DataRequirements (cont’d)

Requirement Threshold Objective

Number Line of Sight (LOS) perspectives in TSV

(angular separation >30 & <150)

2 2

Accuracy (1) LOS Horiz (LOSH) (m/s)

Above Boundary Layer

Within Boundary Layer

(number in () is S within TSV)

3 (1.2)

3 (1.2)

2 (1.4)

1 (1)

Horizontal Component Bias (m/s) 0.1 0.05

Maximum Horizontal Speed (m/s)

Above boundary layer

Within Boundary layer

75

50

100

50

Temporal Resolution (hours)

(revisit period)

12 6

Data Product Latency (hours) 2.75 2.75

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GTWS Wind DataRequirements (concluded)

• Some additional requirements• Nominal cloud coverage specified• Orbit: Coverage between at least 80N and 80S• All raw data downlinked from the detector signal• Minimum 2 year Mission Lifetime

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The DWL technology Heritage(additional slides)

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Began Development of First Space Mission SPARCLE 1997 1998 First Measurement of

Sponsored SBIR Development of a 500 mJ 2-micron Laser 1995 Hurricane Eyewall Winds

2- micron Detector Calibration and Laser Characterization Facilities On-line 1995

Loaned 100 mJ 2-micron Transceiver to AF Ballistic Winds Program 1994

Co-Sponsored with LaRC, Comprehensive 2-micron LAWS Study 1993

First 2-micron Wind Profiling for a Shuttle Launch 1993 1993 AEOLUS Design Studies

Completion of CO2 LAWS Studies 1992

1991 First CO2 Wind Profiling Measurements Co-Sponsored with AF, for a Shuttle Launch

First 2-micron Wind Measurement 1990

Start of Laser Atmospheric Wind 1990 Second GLOBE Flight Series Sounder (LAWS) Studies 1989

1989 First Comprehensive GLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE)

1985 First Comprehensive Study ofFirst Atmospheric Backscatter Accommodation on Shuttle (SCALE)Model Development 1982

1982 First Comprehensive Study of Accommodation on a Free Flyer

1981 First Flight of CW System for Atmospheric Backscatter Measurement

1981 First Airborne Pulsed System for Wind Field Mapping

1974 First CW VAD Wind Measurement 1972 First Airborne Pulsed System for

1968 First Measurement of Aircraft Wake Vortices Clear Air Turbulence Measurement 1967 First Measurement of Atmospheric Winds

Coherent Doppler Lidar at MSFC

1960s1970s

1980s

1990s

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Global Lidar Wind Measurement: Key Dates

1967 First lidar measurement of wind tunnel flows (CW, CO2)1970 First lidar measurement of atmospheric winds (CW, CO2)1971 First airborne CW lidar measurement of winds (CW, CO2)1977 First pulsed lidar measurement of atmospheric winds (CO2)1978 First earth orbiting Doppler wind lidar feasibility study1984 First airborne pulsed lidar measurement of winds (CO2)1988 First solid-state pulsed lidar measurement of atmospheric winds

(Nd:YAG)1989-90 GLOBE backscatter flights1989-94 LAWS free-flyer project (pulsed, CO2)1994 2-micron pulsed laser reaches 100 mJ (Tm:YAG, FLP)1994 First airborne solid-state pulsed lidar measurement of atmospheric

winds (Tm:YAG)1995-98 MACAWS flights (pulsed, CO2)FY96 NASA earmark, global winds, $5MFY97 NASA earmark, global winds, $5M1997 2-micron pulsed laser reaches 600 mJ (Ho:Tm:YLF, DP)1997-99 SPARCLE shuttle demonstration project (pulsed,

Ho:Tm:YLF)

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Global Lidar Wind Measurement: Key Dates

FY98 NOAA earmark, $3M1998-05 ADM project (ESA, noncoherent, tripled Nd:YAG)June 1998 NASA RFIFY99 NOAA earmark, $4M1999 First airborne pulsed lidar meas. of winds with nadir conical scan (CO2)FY00 NOAA earmark, $4MSept. 00 Lidar Intercomparison Campaign, Intervale, NHFY01 NOAA earmark, $3.5MFY01 NASA earmark, data purchase, $2MFeb. 01 Science Data Requirements WorkshopSept. 01 Draft science requirements posted on internet for public comment2001-02 GSFC ISAL & IMDC designs of noncoherent (9 & 10/01) & coherent

(12/01 & 2/02) Doppler lidar wind missionsFY02 NOAA earmark, $3MFY02 Begin NASA’s Laser Risk Reduction Project (LRRP)2002-04 Develop Doppler Lidar Simulation Model (DLSM) of earth orbiting

Doppler wind lidarFY03 NOAA earmark, $4MApr. 03 2-micron pulsed laser reaches 1 J (Ho:LuLF, DP, double pulse)FY04 NOAA earmark, expect $4MFY05 NOAA earmark, expect $4M

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Direct Detection DWL – Key Dates

• 1971 - Benedetti-Michalangeili et al - First atmospheric DD "lidar" (there was no ranging) wind measurements using Fabry Perot etalon and CW argon laser1989 Chanin et - Observatorie Haute Provence in France. Stratospheric winds measured with Rayleigh "dual channel" Doppler lidar. (532 nm) 1994 - Aerosol edge technique wind profiles at GSFC. (1064 nm)1997 - Aerosol double edge wind profiles at GFSC (1064 nm)1999 - Molecular double edge wind measurements with GLOW mobile DD Doppler lidar (355 nm) 2000 - GroundWinds NH - aerosol and molecular fringe imaging DDDL at 532 nm2001 Global Tropospheric Wind Sounder (GTWS) data requirements

• 2002 – GTWS Reference Designs• 2002 - GroundWinds HI - aerosol and molecular fringe imaging

DDDL at 355 nm• 2003 – GTWS Technology Roadmap• 2003 – NASA Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP)

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Doppler lidar in general

• Obtains LOS projection of the total wind vector. Need more than one perspective to resolve total vector. Usually assume vertical velocity is zero over large (~100km) area.

• Signal comes from aerosols (cloud particles included) or molecules.

• Two basic techniques for Doppler lidar• Direct detection (molecular and aerosol) accuracy by

integration• Coherent detection (aerosol only) inherently accurate

but sensitivity challenged

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DWL Candidate Concepts

• Direct molecular only • Coherent aerosol/clouds only• Hybrid/F – meets or exceeds all

requirements• Hybrid/D – demo instrument; meets all

requirements with exception of coverage• Hybrid/A- adaptive targeting, meets

requirements when in target mode.

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Background (Cont.)

• Technology Roadmap (2003) identified risk reduction steps

• Major technology advances have been made• Lasers

• Conductive cooling• Diode pumped• Increased power and efficiency

• Receivers • Scanners and Optics

• Holographic Optical Element (HOE)• Shared Aperture Diffractive Optical Element

(SHADOE)

63

DWL HeritageGround-based DWLs

• Extensive history of ground-based wind measurement with lidar• Coherent DWL

• Since 1970• Intercomparison campaigns since 2000• Mobile lidar and test range since 2003

• Direct Detection • Since 1971• Stratospheric measurements 1989• Wind profiles since 1994• Mobile lidar since 1999• Intercomparison campaigns since 2000

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DWL Heritage (cont’d)Airborne DWLs

• Airborne missions• First airborne measurement 1971• Pulsed lidar since 1984• GLOBE backscatter flights 1989-90• Solid-state pulsed lidar since 1994• MACAWS flights 1995-98• European DLR Falcon since 1999• NOAA/ETL flights since 2002• Twin Otter DWL since 2003• Planned NOAA/UNH balloon mission in 2006

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DWL Heritage (Cont’d)Lidar Space Missions

• Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) in 1994• Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) laser

altimeter provided extensive atmospheric data from space (2004-2005)

• Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) scheduled for 2005

• European Space Agency Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM) DWL, direct detection, scheduled for 2007

• Extensive design work was completed toward shuttle missions, though missions were not flown• SPAce Readiness Coherent Lidar Experiment (SPARCLE)• Zephyr Direct Detection Lidar mission

• Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter (MOLA)• Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA)

66

Demonstrations: Ground-based

• NASA: LaRC and GSFC• Field campaigns and instrument intercomparisons• Mobile DWLs• Test range

• NOAA: ETL and UNH GroundWinds• Field campaigns and instrument intercomparisons• GroundWinds supports operational local wind data

• Industry: CTI applications in Wake Vortex and Clear Air Turbulence applications

• No ground demonstrations yet of Hybrid DWLNote: Suggest putting this slide in the Backup

section with “Heritage”.

67

Demonstrations: Airborne

• Successful airborne demonstrations• NOAA ETL• IPO/Navy Twin Otter DWL flights• European DLR Falcon

• Increased knowledge of atmosphere• Clouds• Wind shear• Aerosol distributions• Solar backscatter

• No Hybrid DWL Airborne Demonstrations yet • Preliminary planning for Hybrid

demonstration on a high altitude aircraft (e.g. Proteus)

68

Heritage Efforts for Space-based DWLs

• WINDSAT (late 1970’s) - NOAA and USAF feasibility study

• LAWS (late 1980’s) - Extensive Phase A/B instrument designs (Lockheed Martin & GE)

• SPARCLE and Zephyr (late 1990’s) – NASA, missions cancelled

• Zephyr (late 1990s) – NASA design, mission cancelled

• JEM/CDL (early 2000) - Japanese DWL for space-station. On hold during reorganization of NASDA.

• ADM (launch planned for 2007) - ESA technology demonstration (non-scanning)

69

DWL Technology Roadmap• Identified hybrid (coherent/direct) as appropriate

instrument architecture• Identified technologies needing development

• Lasers• Detectors• Low mass telescope• Scanner• Momentum compensation

• Adaptive Targeting• IPO-funded studies at NOAA/NCEP and NASA/GSFC show

10-15% duty cycle products can rival 100% duty cycle• IPO and THORPEX funded OSSEs at NCEP and GSFC

• Quantify adaptive targeting impacts • Evaluate methods of identifying targets

• Field programs (NASA’s CAMEX and NOAA’s WSR)

70

DWL Technology Roadmap (Cont.)

Data Requirements& Tradeoffs

AchieveTechnologyReadiness

Ground & Airborne

Demonstrations

ArchitectureStudies

SpaceDemonstration

DevelopOperational

MissionLaunch

71

Technology Roadmap (Cont’d)Direct Detection Subsystem 1,2

1. B. Gentry, NASA/GSFC2. For additional component / subsystem roadmaps, see Technology Roadmap for Deploying Operational

Wind Lidar, Amzajerdian, Emmitt, Gentry, Guch, Kavaya, Miller, Yoe, January 20, 2004

Component Technologies SubsystemsTunable etalon filters

Photon counting detectors

Holographic scanners

Fiber coupled telescopes

Field measurements

Doppler lidar receivers

1. Evaluate components2. Establish performance criteria/specs

1. Evaluate subsystem designs/ concepts2. Interface issues/answers3. Environmental sensitivities

1. Measurement heritage/experience2. Algorithm development 3. Evaluate atmospheric effects4. Link technology performance to science product - winds5. Develop robust instrument models

Novel receiver optics

Single frequency lasers

72

The Hybrid DWL approach(additional slides)

73

The Hybrid DWL Approach

• First proposed in 1995 as WOS/H (Wind Observing Satellite/Hybrid)• Capitalize on the strengths of both technologies• Coherent detection for probing lower troposphere with

high velocity accuracy below clouds and in regions of enhanced aerosols

• Direct detection for broad coverage of the mid/upper troposphere (+ stratosphere) with modest accuracy

• Lower total mission costs by reducing investment in “very big” individual lidars; sharing a launch; sharing a platform; sharing pointing control, data collection, mission management and science team, etc.

74

Science Synergies for the Hybrid DWL Approach

• The hybrid approach will provide full tropospheric wind observations sooner, with much of the accuracy, resolution and coverage needed by tomorrows global and regional models

• The direct detection molecular DWL sub-system would, in its first mission, provide useful wind observations in cloud free regions of the mid/upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

• The coherent DWL sub-system would immediately meet the science and operational IORD requirements throughout the troposphere in regions of high aerosol backscatter (dust layers, clouds, PBL aerosols)

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Parameter Coherent Directmol

Wavelength (microns) 2.05 .355

Energy/pulse (Joules) .250 .2 (@.355)

PRF (design) (Hz) 10 100

Optical Efficiency (total) .7 .3

Mixing Efficiency .4 N/A

Detector Efficiency .8 .8

Collector Diameter (meters)

.2 1.0 (HOE)

Integration Time (sec) 12 12

Wallplug Efficiency .03 .07 (@ 1.064)

Weight TBD TBD

Total Power (watts)(w/o scanner)

82 (peak and average)

850 Peak(250 average)

NPOESS Hybrid DWL

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Related government activities

• Technology• Laser Risk Reduction

Program (NASA)• Mission Risk Reduction

Studies(IPO)• Airborne DWL

demonstrator (IPO and ONR)

• Groundbased DWL studies (IPO, ONR,NASA, NOAA and DoD)

• Preferred Hybrid technology DWL option is currently being evaluated with funding from the IPO

• Data utility• Data impact studies:

Observing System Simulation Studies (IPO,NASA and NOAA)

• Realtime DWL data assimilation into battlefield weather models(USArmy)

• Adaptive targeting of space-based DWL observations (IPO, NOAA and NASA)

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• Tracks• Green: actual track• Red: forecast beginning 63 hours

before landfall with current data• Blue: improved forecast for same

time period with simulated wind lidar

• Lidar in this one case• Reduces landfall prediction error by

66%


78



• Tracks• Green: actual track• Red: forecast• Blue: improved forecast for same

time period with simulated wind lidar

• Lidar in this one case• Indicates the hurricane will make

landfall


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The Hybrid Instrument

• Uses two lidar subsystems• One direct detection, the other coherent• Subsystems have complementary measurement

properties

• Direct detection subsystem• Detects doppler shift from atmospheric molecules• Operates everywhere, 0 to 20 km altitude• Provide useful wind observations in cloud free

regions

• Coherent DWL subsystem• Meets requirements in regions of high aerosol

backscatter (dust layers, clouds, PBL aerosols)

80

Primary Targets for Hybrid/AT*

• Significant Shear regions• Requires contiguous observations in the vertical. Thus both

direct and coherent detection technologies are needed.• Divergent regions

• Requires some cross track coverage. Identified by NCEP adaptive targeting scheme(s)

• Partly cloudy regions• Requires measurement accuracy weakly dependent upon shot

integration (i.e., coherent detection).• Tropics

• Tropical cyclones (in particular, hurricanes & typhoons). Requires penetration of high clouds and partly cloudy scenes.

*AT: Adaptive Targeting

81

Locations for current wind profiles from rawinsondes

82

Global coverage of lower tropospheric wind profiles, clouds and elevated aerosol layers using 100% duty cycle of coherent subsystem.

Coherent sub-system coverage

83

Full tropospheric/lower stratospheric wind soundings, 10% duty cycle with direct detection subsystem combined with

coherent detection coverage of lower troposphere

Direct sub-system coverage

84

Example Adaptive Targeting coverage

85

Example of AT coverage with CONUS interests only

Red: direct detection coverage; Blue: coherent detection coverage

86

Example of vertical AT coverage

With backgroundaerosol distribution

With convectivelypumped aerosoldistribution

Red: < 4 m/s errorBlue: < 1.5 m/s error

87

Adaptive Targeting OSSE(performed at NASA/GSFC)

EXAMPLE TARGETED LOCATIONS FOR DWL OSSE( White symbols: full lidar coverage; Red symbols: targeted cove rage)

1999

88

Forecast impact of 10% duty cycle AT



89

NPOESS Mission Details(additional slides)

90

Level 1 NPOESS Mission Objectives

• Tropospheric/stratospheric wind data • Impact-quality• From a space-based platform (e.g. NPOESS

C1,C2,C3…)• Observations

• Address other NPOESS EDRs (accommodated and unaccommodated) and/or

• Enhance usability of NPOESS & GOES data products• Demonstrate a capability that could

transition to an operational status with appropriate changes to the mission/instrument profile (e.g., orbit, platform resources, instrument lifetime..)

91

Proposed NPOESS DWL Mission Concept

• Acquire useful data• Demonstrate instrument architecture

• Hybrid DWL • Direct detection for molecular backscatter• Coherent detection for aerosol backscatter

• NASA SHADOE scanner• 2 tracks, biperspective• 3 m/s wind accuracy• 0-20 km altitude

• Adaptive targeting • < 100% duty cycle to maintain NPOESS P3I margins • Select high impact targets

• Hurricanes/typhoons (DoD, DOC)• Air quality “episodes” (DoD, DOC)• Mid and high latitude cyclones (DoD, DOC)• Civilian and military aircraft operations (DoD, DOT)• Stratospheric/Tropospheric Exchange (NASA, DoD, IPO)

92

Current wind profiles for NWP P3I coherent 100% duty

P3I direct 10% duty Full potential for an NPOESS orbit

Blue indicates percent of 300 x 300 km areasnot sampled by observing system

93

The Adaptive Targeting Mission

• Adaptive targeting of tropospheric wind profiles for high impact weather situations

• Hurricanes/typhoons (Navy)• Air quality “episodes” (Army)• Mid and high latitude cyclones (DoD)• Civilian and military aircraft operations (DoD)• Stratospheric/Tropospheric Exchange (USAF)

• Coherent detection sub-system (wedge scanner or HOE)• 100% duty cycle• Lower tropospheric and enhanced aerosol/cloud winds• CMV height assignment

• Reduce DAS observation error by ~2-3 m/s• Depth of PBL• Initial Condition Adaptive Targeting (ICAT) for managing direct detection

• Direct detection (molecular) sub-system (using HOE)• 10-15% duty cycle (aperiodic, i.e. adaptively targeted)• Cloud free mid-upper tropospheric/ lower stratospheric winds

94

IPO AO Mission Guidelines

• Subsystem technologies • Use highest available TRL components • Or offer advantages over traditional technologies

(e.g. HOE, SHADOE)• Within C2 constraints on power, mass, compatibility

with other instruments, etc.)• Data products

• Measurably useful to weather and climate communities

• Not technology demo only• Best effort

• Without operational demands (i.e. lifetime, coverage,…)

• Clear scaling to fully operational capability that meets the NPOESS IORD requirements

95

General Mission Profile

• Launch, platform resources, and data up/down links provided by NPOESS• 800 km orbit

• 375kg• 325 watts average

• Instrument and integration on platform provided by TBD

• Partnering between government agencies, academia, and industry to design and build instrument

96

The Mission “tall poles”

• Commitment to a space-based mission that would focus agency and industrial resources on key technology issues.

• Operation from an 833 km orbit will require most of the resource margins for the NPOESS platforms

• Scanner momentum compensation must be compatible with other instruments on board

97

DWL Bonus Data and Synergisms

• DWL observations address other NPOESS EDRs (accommodated and unaccommodated) and/or enhance the usability of data from other NPOESS and GOES instruments• Spot validation of CRIS-derived winds over the

poles• Spot calibration of CMIS ocean surface winds• Provide near-surface Coastal Winds (an

unaccommodated NPOESS EDR) where scatterometers (passive & active) are ineffective

• Spot height assignment for GOES Cloud Motion Vectors

• Multi-wavelength atmospheric chemistry • CO2 profiles (Coherent using 2 micron double pulse

for DIAL operations)

98

Mission Challenges

• Commitment to a space-based mission needs to focus agency and industrial resources on key technologies and their space qualification.

• Operation from an 833 km orbit will require most of the resource margins for the NPOESS platforms

• Scanner momentum compensation must be compatible with other instruments on board

99

DWL Technology Readiness

• Much of critical technology is mature and ready for space qualification (some subsystems already at Technology Readiness Level 7)

• Investments within NASA, NOAA and DoD are in place to move many remaining subsystems to Technology Readiness Level > 5

• Some needs are not currently funded

100

Technology Readiness (cont’)

• Coherent• Demonstrated 1J at 2 microns (LaRC)• Airborne Wind Sounder (IPO and ONR)• Groundbased DWLs (DoD, NASA, NOAA)• Use subsystems developed and tested under SPARCLE

initiative

• Direct Detection• Subsystem space-heritage in GLAS (altimetry and

backscatter)• Ground-based system demonstration (NOAA, NASA)

101

Mission Design Team Recommends a Multi-agency, Partnership Background

• NASA and NOAA Background• GTWS partnership • Develop, demonstrate, and validate instruments• Provide data products, assimilation, processing• Conduct OSSEs to validate impacts and benefits• GroundWinds, BalloonWinds team includes government,

university and industry partners• IPO supported

• Technology and data utility risk reduction• Ground and airborne experiments and demonstrations• Calibration and validation studies

• IPO proposal (1999) to STP was not supported for instrument build from non-DoD agency

• Navy supported airborne experiments.

102

NPOESS MissionTeaming Possibilities

Develop Instrument NASA, Industry

Integrate with Platform Industry, tbd

Launch, platform, up/down links

NPOESS C2

Calibration and Validation IPO, Air Force, tbd

Data Acquisition and Processing

NOAA

Impact Assessment NOAA, NASA, Universities

103

Evaluation of adaptive targeting of DWL observations

• IPO-funded studies at NOAA/NCEP and NASA/GSFC show adaptive targeting (10-15% duty cycles) products can rival 100% duty cycle

• IPO and THORPEX funded OSSEs at NCEP and GSFC • Quantify AT impacts • Evaluate methods of identifying targets

• Field programs (NASA’s CAMEX and NOAA’s WSR) demonstrated the value of adaptive targeting

• Many military needs would be met with targeted wind observations.

* OSSE: Observing System Simulation Experiment

104

IPO funded Hybrid feasibility study

• 1999-2001 Developed “reference systems” which could be used in trade studies.

• Defined a common data product as target• Scaled each technology to obtain the same

data product. (yielded very large systems)• Defined a hybrid system that would yield the

same data products; in some respects better.

Documents

NPOESS P 3 I Space Demonstration of 3D wind observations using Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL)