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Nr. 1 POWER PRODUCT LINE
DEWETRON - Power Product Line
PQ System installation and evaluation of Wind Power Plants in
Europe
Seoul 2009 09
Dr. Werner Schoeffer
DEWETRON GmbH
Parkring 4, A-8074 Grambach
E-mail: [email protected], Phone: +43 316 3070 125
Nr. 2 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Quality characteristics of Power
1. 230 V (220 V, 110V or different)
2. AC - sinewave
3. 50 (60) Hz
5. Availability
4. 3 phases
Nr. 3 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Reasons for PQM
• Electrical energy is an open
market and the quality of the
product has to be defined
• TQM (total quality monitoring) must also be done for this product.
• The user has the right to get a product which fits to the standard (EN50160)
• The supplier has to guarantee the quality.• In judicial proceedings the prosecutor has to present the
facts.
Nr. 4 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Situation Today
• Energy has been monitored since electrical energy has been distributed.
• The flow of active power and reactive power is known very well in most of the substations.
• Faults have been recorded by the use of paper recorders or in protection relays.
• Power quality has been measured in case of troubles.
Nr. 5 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Renewables are coming
• “Renewable Energy” are a lot of small power plants feeding into the grid.
• Sometimes they can control the voltage level.
• Voltage variations and Harmonics are coming up more and more because of electronic loads and decentralized power generation.
Nr. 6 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Standards and Regulations
• EN50160 Voltage levels in public power grids
• IEC 61000-4-7 harmonics measurement• IEC 61000-4-15 flicker measurement• IEC 61000-4-30 PQ measurement methods
• IEC 61400-21 Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines
Nr. 7 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160EC-directive 85/374 – standardization of the EC-directive 85/374 – standardization of the product liabilty lawsproduct liabilty laws
Electricity became a productElectricity became a product
Quality characteristics for the product Quality characteristics for the product Electricity (voltage) have been usedElectricity (voltage) have been used
EN 50160EN 50160
Customers can be sure, that the quality of their voltage supply is in any point of the supply grid, under normal conditions, at least conform to the EN 50160
Nr. 8 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 in details
Nr. 9 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (1)
10sec-avg value, 99,5% of a year: 50Hz, +/- 1% (stand alone: +/- 2%@95% of a week) 100 % of a year: +4%/-6% (stand alone : +/- 15%@100%)
frequency
Nr. 10 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (2)
phase voltage (line to earth, lower voltage grid)
230 V~
(attention: until 2006: 220 V)
transmission grid: 1 kV to 35 kV line to line voltage(must be defined)
Nr. 11 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (3)
MV+LV:95% of the 10min-avg values have to be in the range of +/-10% U
slow voltage variations
LV:100% of the 10min-avg values have to be in the range of +10/-15% U
Nr. 12 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (4)
Flicker:
PLT=1 in 95% of a week
fast voltage fluctuations and flicker
Voltage fluctuations:
Low voltage:<5% 10ms (up tp 10%)
Medium voltage:<4% 10ms (up to 6%)
Nr. 13 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (5)
dips: <60% , 10-1000 per year
Voltage dips
Nr. 14 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (6)
short: < 1sec, 10-100 per yearlong: < 3 min (30% of counted short)
interruptions
Nr. 15 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (7)
Very long interruptions: > 3 min, 10-50 per year
voltage drop out
Proclaimed (in case of service): always
Nr. 16 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (8)
net frequent over voltages:LV: <440V@5sec; < 1,5 kV short circuitMV: <1,7 – 2*Uc
Nr. 17 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (9)
TransientsLower voltage: <6kV
Nr. 18 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (10)
unsymmetry
%2pos
neg
U
U
in 95% of a week
Nr. 19 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (11)
Harmonics @95% of a week
THD < 8%
harmonics in detailH3: 5%H5: 6%H7: 5%H9: 1,5%H11: 3,5%H13: 5%H15: 0,5%H17: 2%H19: 1,5%H21: 0,5%H23: 1,5%H25: 1,5%
H2: 2%H4: 1%Others (up to 25): 0,5%
Nr. 20 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (12)
interharmonics
not defined
But: flicker
Nr. 21 POWER PRODUCT LINE
EN 50160 (13)
frequency depending limit curve
Telegram voltages
Nr. 22 POWER PRODUCT LINE
When and where is EN 50160 valid ?
• Connection point public grid – customer
• Low voltage (400V) and medium voltage (1kV to 35 kV) systems
• Under normal operation conditions
• Not after faults !
New: application guide !
Nr. 23 POWER PRODUCT LINE
IEC 61000-4-30 Classes
• Class A: This class is used where precise measurement is necessary, such as contractual applications that may require resolving disputes, verifying compliance with standards, etc. Any measurements of a parameter carried out by two different instruments complying with the requirements of class A, when measuring the same signals, will produce matching results within the specified uncertainty for that parameter.
• Class S: NEW “under construction”. This class is used for statistical applications such as surveys or power quality assessment, possibly with a limited subset of parameters. Although it uses equivalent intervals of measurement as used in class A, the class S processing requirements are much lower.
• Class B: This class may be used for quality surveys, trouble shooting applications and other applications when low uncertainty is not required.
Nr. 24 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Additional Standards
• Voltage levels in customers grids (e.g. IEC 61000-2-4)
• Emission levels of equipment (e.g. IEC 61000-3-x)• Regulations for the connection of customers to
public grids (e.g. TOR D2 in “D A CH CZ”)• Special standards for renewable energy (e.g.
61400-21 windmills)• Environment for IT
– ITIC, former CBEMA curve
• Voltage interruptions – Unipede statistics,– SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, etc.)
Nr. 25 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Europe• All EC members have a regulatory body.
• They should get the PQ data from the grid companies.• They will then summarice this data for average statistics.
• In Future grid tariffs will depend on the supply quality.
Nr. 26 POWER PRODUCT LINE
What is measured where ?
20kV (or 30kV) 110kV 380kV230 V (400 V)
Voltage variationsFlickerHarmonicsFrequencyInterharmonicsHigher Harmonics (2-9 kHz)Fault Recording
Voltage variationsFlickerHarmonicsFrequencyInterharmonicsFault Recording
Fault RecordingHarmonicsFrequency
Fault RecordingFrequency
Nr. 27 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Data to be collected (1)
• EN 50160– U rms– frequency– U harmonics
(up to 25th)– U interharmonics– THD (total harmonic
distortion up to 40)– unbalance– flicker (long term)– voltage Dips– over-voltage– signal voltage
Nr. 28 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Data to be collected (2)
• Additional for Harmonics– Harmonics up to 50 (for windmills up to 100)– Flexible grouping methods of the bins (today: +/- 1 bin,
old: only the base line)– New in 61000-4-7: Frequency groups between 2 to 9
kHz (200 Hz groups)
Nr. 29 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Data to be collected (3)
• Flicker requirements:– Pst in 10 min– Plt in 2 h– For both: sliding windows and adjustable intervals for service and
adjustment work– New: flicker emission (current flicker)– New: flicker direction
Nr. 30 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Data to be collected (4)
• Power measurement:– P, Q, S, PF– Fundamental values P_h1, Q_h1, S_h1, Phi_h1– Harmonics values– Distortion power D
• Symmetrical components:– Unbalance of the fundamental– Positive, negative and zero system of U and I
Nr. 31 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Reporting the Data (1)
Diagrams:
• Min/Max/Average of the data row• Comparing the data with limits
– (absolute and relative)• Quantile values for 95%, 99%, 100%, any other value to
be open for coming standards (e.g. EN50160)• Different limits for different quantile values• Histogram curves in different styles• Statistical values like MOD, VAR, STDDEV, etc.• Energy lines (Energy consumption as time line)• Sorted data lines (e.g. of power for energy management)• Individual mathematical analysis of data lines
Nr. 32 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Reporting the Data (2)
FFT:
• Standard FFT• FFT with limits• Limits user definable• FFT with selectable number of bins
– (e.g. old IEC 61000-4-7)
• Frequency bands (e.g. 2-9kHz@200Hz)• FFT of voltage (phase and line), current• FFT of power, reactive power incl. sign
Nr. 33 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Reporting the Data (3)
Faults:
• List of transients• Transient curves• Evaluated transients = events (duration and height)
• DISDIP statistics• CBEMA / ITIC curve• Combined diagrams and statistics• Individual mathematical analysis of transients• FFT of transients
Nr. 34 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Reporting the Data (4)
What else ?
• Report Generator
• Topologic View
• E-Mail Support
Nr. 35 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy:
• Wind power plants• Photopholtaic• …
• Own PQ rules and needs
Nr. 36 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Wind Power Plants
• What makes wind mill measurements special ?
• 1. Parameters of EN50160: – connecting wind farms to the
public grid
• 2. Parameters of 61400-21: – type testing of wind mills
Nr. 37 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Windpark EN50160
• Example:– EN50160: wind farm monitoring
at BEWAG (Austria)
Nr. 38 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Example Bewag
• They need to monitor the Quality in their whole grid (Regulation rules)
• Different needs for different voltage levels and windparks– 110 kV: Faultrecording, voltage recording…– 20 kV: PQ according EN50160, power, …– Wind: 20 kHz bandwidth, parameters of
IEC 61400-21, Flicker, Flickeremission…
Nr. 39 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Wind: IEC 61400-21
• Testing (comissioning) of PQ parameters of a wind mill and wind farms
– Harmonics– Frequency 2-9 kHz @ 200Hz– Power pins for different windspeed– Flicker emission
Nr. 40 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Tests of 61400-21• Parameters at different Wind speed
– From cut in wind speed to 15m/s in steps of 1
– Flickeremission– Flickercoefficient
• Parameters at different Power pins– 10%,20%,…80%,90%,100% P Nenn
– Max of P, Q, PF (200ms, 1min, 10min)– Max Harmonics of currents– Max Interharmonics of currents– Max HF of currents (higher harmonics 2-9kHz@200Hz)
• Voltage Variations– Behaviour of wind mill
Nr. 41 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Wind: Online evaluation
Nr. 42 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Grid Connection
Wind farms in Austria and Europe
• Typical grid connection
Nr. 43 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Grid Connection of Wind farms
At the beginning:
• Single wind mills in MV grid• Wind power was growing
• Troubles with voltage varations and flicker came up
Solution
• Combining wind mills to wind parks• Bringing power more to „higher short circuit power“
Nr. 44 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Austria and Windfarms
Most of the wind power is here (~1 GW)
Nr. 45 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Grid Connection of Wind farms
20kV (30kV) 110kV 380kV
typical 2 MW
typical 20 MW
other Loads
typical > 80 MW
Loadbalancing
Nr. 46 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Grid Connection of Wind farms
• Typical size of Wind mill: 2 MW• Typical Wind farm: 10 mills = 20 MW• Eastern Austria: several wind farms
• Single Wind mills: directly connected to MV distribution cable (typ. 20 kV)
• Wind farms: directly on MV transformer• More Wind farms: have an own 20 kV/110kV transformer
• Load balance with hydro power pump stations on 380 kV level
Nr. 47 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Load Balancing
Hydro Power Pump Stations for Load Balancing in the mountains
380kV
Nr. 48 POWER PRODUCT LINE
DEWETRON - Power Product Line
POWER PRODUCT LINE
PMPower Measurement
PNAPower Network
Analysers
PFRPower Fault Recorders
Motor TestTrafo TestHybrid Cars400 Hz Test (US)
PQ measurement
Demand measurement
Windmill testing
Substation monitoring
HVDC Line monitoring
Railway energy supply
Nr. 49 POWER PRODUCT LINE
Conclusions• PQ monitoring is a must in the future.• It is still to define how common reports and procedures
shall look alike.• The requirements differ from case to case and different
instruments can deliver different data.• Combined instruments which can give PQ data, fault
data, energy flow, etc. seem to be the future. • Central servers that provide the data to different
departments will be used. • Completely automated data exchange between the grid
company, the regulatory body and the customer is from the technical point of view possible but requires more defined data formats and reporting types.
• Renewables require special measurements and monitoring.
• The producers of these instruments are well prepared for this challenge.
Nr. 50 POWER PRODUCT LINE
DEWETRON - Power Product Line
Thank you for your attention
Seoul 2009 09
Dr. Werner Schoeffer
DEWETRON GmbH
Parkring 4, A-8074 Grambach
E-mail: [email protected], Phone: +43 316 3070 125