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1Gas Detection

This is another option for an overview using transitions to advance through several slides. 2New Employee OrientationIn the great majority and toxic gases or vapors, have no color or odor, which will never be recommended to rely only on our senses to determine the quality of air in a confined space

3" All substances are poisons ... is the dose that differentiates between poisons and medicines .

The important environmental analysis of a hazardous atmosphere is considered to relate the existing concentration or the minimum dose from which the product becomes dangerous1 ) Concentration or quantity of product;2 ) Exposure ;3 ) State of dispersion (particle size or physical state );4) Affinity with the tissue of the human body;5 ) Solubility in fluids of human tissues ;6 ) Sensitivity of the organs or tissues of the human body.three possible dangers following ( inthis order ) :Oxygen deficiency or enrichment ;explosion , andToxic atmospheres .ANY PREPARATION FOR AN ENTRY SHOULD FOLLOW THREE GUIDELINES First - the atmosphere should be evaluated to determine if it is acceptable for an entry permit ; Second - the atmosphere should be assessed upon entry to verify that the conditions are still maintained at an acceptable level ;Third - in some situations , it will be necessary to assess the exposure of workers to contaminants possibly generated by processes during entry .

DENSITYThe gas density greater than 1 are heavier than air and therefore tends to decline. Are considered the most dangerous , for example : Propane ( 1.56 ) , Butane ( 2.05) . The gas density less than 1 are lighter than air and therefore tends to rise. Are considered less dangerous , for example : Ammonia ( 0.59 ) and carbon monoxide ( 0.97 ) .Why this is importante?This is an important criterion to determine the positioning of gas detection devices in order to have a qualitative and quantitative analysis needsATMOSPHERICThis pressure can vary, because as we saw in the definition of density, the weight of the gas column that rises is determined because of the altitude level that we are relative to our atmosphere . Therefore , in higher places the pressure is lower , and in places the sea level is higher.

Besides temperature , atmospheric pressure also influences the change in state. The lower the pressure on the surface of a liquid , the vaporization is easier because the liquid molecules are less resistant to abandon it and turn into steam .ELASTICITYThe gases are elastic , that is they are compressible and extensible. Can either be compressed , as may be extended when it is spun by a pulling force . Therefore, we believe that the same quantity of a gas can occupy a small or large volume. In short , elasticity is the property that a gas has to compress or stretch under pressure and the space available on which it acts .EXPANDABILITYIt is the ability of a gas to spread or expand the space , occupying an increasing volume. An important detail here is that when a gas expands occupying an increasing space , the number of its molecules does not increase. They only become increasingly distant from each other . A practical example is one that occurs with ammonia , for example, when we open the container in which it is packaged quickly realized his presence by the strong odor.

This occurs because the particles of ammonia rapidly expanding space.FLASH POINTIt is the lowest temperature at which a fuel vapor releases sufficient to form a flammable mixture quantity. For classification purposes flammable liquids having flash point < 60 C. Are identified Petrol : - 38 ;Alcohol : + 22 ;Diesel : + 43.3 .In general, products which have a low flash point are potentially explosive atmosphere to generate more easily.AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATUREIt is the lowest temperature at which the gases given off from a fuel body form a concentration of flammable gas that explodes on contact with the oxygen in the air ,regardless of the existence of an external source of heat.Methane :+ 595 ;Kerosene : + 210 ;Acetylene : +305 ;Hydrogen : +560 ;Propane: + 470 ;Carbon Monoxide :+605 .EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

Evaluated at confined spaceThe confined space must be evaluated at the top, middle and bottom, because of the stratification of gases and vapors .

It is very important to know the density of the gas in order to identify their behavior , ie , if he , the leak will rise or will be deposited in the lower layers of the site.Long horizontal confined spaces must also be fully evaluated for its entire length.OSHA determines that the readings are made at least every 4 feet apart.

Some confined spaces can be adequately assessed from the same manhole used for input. Opening other manholes If this is not possible, will be required.

GAS DETECTION EQUIPMENTThere is a variety of equipment identification and measurement of gases and vapors. Can be fixed or portable reading providing two types : direct and indirect , each with itsadvantages and disadvantages . In gas detection for confined spaces will use portableequipment as a complete analysis , at all levels , to be stepped into the compartment isrequired.MULTI - GASAre read directly used to detect more than one substance at the same time equipment. NR -33 requires that the detector is intrinsically safe, is normally used to detect gases at least 4 ( in the oil & gas industry are applied to the most oxygen , carbon monoxide and H2S gases or vapors ) and can get up to 5 gases , as in the last generation where there is a recognition of flammable gases or vapors in inert equipment areas . Work with two or three types of sensors installed.The intelligent sensors are electrochemical sensors ( for each individual substance) where a gas is diffused inside the sensor and responds by producing a current that results in information indicated concentration . Are inexpensive , can be replaced and are interchangeable depending on model of equipment . Are indicated for most of the chemical, CO , H2S , O2 , SO2 , NH3 , Cl2 , HCN , HCl and organic vapors . The disadvantages of these sensors are sensitive to changes in humidity and at high concentrations of calibration easy .

CERTIFICATIONThe certification of equipment is mandatory by Order No. 83 of INMETRO. Must be certified, tested for its performance by the agency responsible and accompanied by a Certificate of ComplianceTEST ANSWER

The equipment must have their tested with a standard gas to maintain its response due to the presence of the gas sensors. It is only safe way to ensure that your sensors are working perfectly.

PERSONAL DETECTORAs the name already indicates are for personal use and therefore should not be used for gas analysis. As it is a requirement that the atmosphere be continuously evaluated during the execution of work in confined spaces due to the possibility of developing dangerous products generated by the service itself running, the use of these devices allows employees themselves can receive accurate and immediate information on the atmospheric conditions of the environment in which they are inserted.

PIPE BOMB COLORIMETRIC + ACCURO

Are indirect readout equipment. Inside the tube there is a mixture of reactive substances, in contact with a contaminated atmosphere, if use of the principle that the chemical reaction causes a color change to a precise indication of the concentration of contaminant.

The advantages of this device are:Low cost;Large range of measurement (allows measurements of high concentrations);Increased number of possible substances to be recognized (more than 5 different substances);RESPIRATORYPROTECTIONCONFINED SPACERESPIRATORYPROTECTIONCONFINED SPACE

This is another option for an overview using transitions to advance through several slides. 29RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONIn many activities in confined spaces always exist a potential for emergence of an oxygen deficient atmosphere and the presence of numerous and tiny airborne contaminants . Changes in temperature and pressure can also be dangerous .

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF AN EPR (respiratoryprotective equipment)User activity : occupation , type of work , shift work , exposure time in the area of risk, etc. ; Disclaimer equipment : Equipment characteristics, use of time constraints and physical conditions of the environment ;Location of the risk area : Determine safe areas for planning abandonment of the area or to the presence of people responsible for repairs and redemptions ;Job characteristics : Environmental conditions and the level of effort required for a user of an EPR can drastically reduce the life of the equipment ;Facial hair: Beard , mustache , sideburns and hair may interfere with or damage the valve sealing the contact area of the gum with the skin.Communication : It should be taken into account using accessories enabling clear communication between staff working still user that the equipment is in use ;Overview : If user needs the use of corrective lenses , safety goggles , face shield , goggles, welding or other types of eye or facial protection they should not harm the seal of the equipment ;Sealing : Must not be used , caps , helmets or masks welder that interfere with face piece seal .IDENTIFICATION OF RISKDetermine which contaminants in the workplace ; Determine the concentration of the contaminants identified ;Check the limits of existing tolerance for contaminants identified . Check if the site is one IDLH atmosphere;Evaluate the existing level of oxygen in place there is a potential risk of oxygen deficiency ; determine the physical condition of the contaminant ;Check if the contaminant can be absorbed through the skin , producing skin sensitization and is irritating or corrosive to skin and eyes ;Determine if known , the concentration of the odor , taste or irritation if the contaminant is a gas or vapor ;Determine the LEL of the contaminant if flammable gas or vapor ;Check for specific regulation for contaminants identified .EPR 's;Development of a training program for users of EPR ;Periodic Health Assessment of users ;audits to verify the effectiveness of the rules applicable to the program and verify that the use of the program reflects the procedures contained therein .Duration of the program;USE OF EPR AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

The selected equipment should be resistant to deformations and material fatigue caused by high temperatures ;Excessive heat causes thermal " stress " of the user, which is aggravated by the use of RPE ;It is recommended that the use of powered air purifying respirator , supplied air respirator in continuous flow type , respirator half face piece in place of the full face , if possible , and use full face mask with internal mascaras ;CLEANING AND SANITATION

The equipment must be cleaned and sanitized , and may only be used by a single user ;That equipment that is used by more than one user must be cleaned and sanitized before use by different users ;The emergency respirators shall be cleaned and sanitized after each use ;The cleaning and sanitizing shall all parts that are removed from the equipment manufacturer's instructions ;Use cleaners specified by the manufacturer or quaternary ammonia compounds found in the market that have bactericidal action ;Other alternatives sanitizing solutions are hypochlorite solution ( 5 ppm chlorine in 2 minutes immersion) , aqueous solution of iodine (5 ppm acid in 2 minutes immersion) ;The equipment should be thoroughly rinsed with warm water (max. 43 C) ;All water must be drained and drying must be done with dry air ;INSPECTIONBefore each use the EPR should be inspected for :appropriate hygiene conditions ;Need replacement parts , repairs or should be discarded ;leak at connections ;signs of deterioration and loss of elasticity of elastrmeros or rubbers ;Condition coverage airway , tie rods , valves , hoses , tubes , hoses , filters, electrical components and end of life ;Operation of regulators and alarms;Conditions of compressed air cylinders loaded in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and applicable regulations ;The equipment and emergency rescue should have a record with dates of each measurement . It is recommended in such cases an inspection every month .MAINTENANCEOnly people trained in maintenance and installation of equipment should make replacement parts and repairs . It is strongly recommended that the adjustment or repair of the intake valves , regulators and alarms and application of parts and repairs are carried out by the manufacturer.GUARDThe correct packaging of the EPR should obey the following recommendations :Protection against physical and chemical agents : extreme heat or cold , sunlight ,shock, vibration , humidity or corrosive chemicals ;Save so that the rubber parts or other elastrmero do not buckle ;The equipment and emergency rescue should be stored in visible , accessible locations and identified themselves and cabinets .MASK purifying AIR :According to NBR is 12,543 respirator in which the ambient air before being inhaled passes through the filter for removal of contaminants ( gases, vapors or aerosols ) . It is common to find the filters classified by color :

1 ) Grey : hydrogen sulfide gas , chlorine , etc. . 2 ) Brown : organic vapors ( those containing carbon and hydrogen in its composition eg . Hydrocarbons ) ; 3 ) Green : Ammonia ; 4) Yellow: sulfurous acid , hydrogen chloride , sulfur dioxide . The lifespan of the filters depends on several factors :

EQUIPMENT AUTONOMOUS BREATHING:RESPIRATOR ESCAPEHas been an alternative solution for those jobs with continuous monitoring of the atmosphere in which the residence was permitted in confined space without the use of respiratory protection equipment during performance of services . Being an accidental leak detected , the presence of contaminants or oxygen deficiency , workers entered those sites have access to equipment to escape this atmosphere that became IPVS .RESPIRATOR ESCAPE

CLEANING RESPIRATORSAt first , only the air line equipment , autonomous sets , facepiece , valves , rods , etc. , may undergo cleaning processes which empower workers hygiene and perfect functioning of your devices . However , cleaning will depend on the degree of contamination of components and the way in which the device will be decontaminated.Cleaning should be done soon after the partial disassembly of the machine using warm water, mild soap and biodegradable and with the aid of brushes and soft nonmetallic bristle . We should rinse thoroughly under running water , let dry and shaded sanitize with specific products indicated by each manufacturer . We should not use alcohol or solvents to withdraw stains as this may degrade the smoothness characteristics of rubber facepiece . Indicated for this purpose , the recommendations in section 6.9.1 of this manual.Never cleaning filters is recommended . It is recommended to follow closely the life specified by the manufacturer or their usage limitations according to the concentrations found in aggressive work environment for each type of filterEQUIPMENTTO WORKCONFINED SPACE

This is another option for an overview using transitions to advance through several slides. 49COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENTThe communication in confined spaces is a vital tool . Quick , clear and secure communications are essential for the protection of authorized workers . Can be through visual signals if the worker remains constantly under the sight of the watchman , or by radio , reminding that everyone should be intrinsically safe .The communications methods include:Visual ;Direct Verbal ;Tactile ;Wireless ;Solid wire .

Harness ParachuteMost of the entries , the worker should wear a harness full type parachuteattached to a cord or rope securely anchored outside the confined space . The purpose ofusing this machine include :Perform a fall or safe and less effort as possible ascent ;Perform some work positioned at some point ;Facilitate recovery rescuer through a non - entry ;Allow rescuers to a method of locating victims in the confined space ;Save an unconscious victim safely , quickly and easy as possibleThe belt must be of a type certificate ( CA ) by the competent authority . Should beinspected before and after each use and sanitized after work

The belt should be fitted with ribbons, buckles rings and quick knits, and constructed with durable material to the type of risk to which it was designed (fire, electricity, etc..).

Belts for confined space entry are equipped with hemispherical rings on the shoulders used to lift the assembly through a separator bar. Have a fused ring straps and positioned in dorsal rib.HELMET AND LIGHTING

The helmets are ideal for working at height also specially designed to meet rescue situations in confined spaces. Lighting is essential since we know that most confined spaces in industrial areas have large and poor or nonexistent lighting lanterns should be appropriate for use in potentially explosive areas.

TRIPODSTripods are positioned loosely fitted and have legs that can be adjusted to provide varying heights. Are very effective in and decide to climb, but becomes unstable if the lateral force is very strong . This happens when cables are pulled to the side, orwhen the person responsible for handling the employee withdraws out and tries to pull him to one side of the opening. So we must redouble our attention to the equipment not topple .Tripods

MONOPODOther handling equipment, the popular monopod. There are many models available, some permanently mounted, others are removable, have a free position and other properties are set, demonstrating its versatility.A key advantage of Davit Arm relative to the tripod is a reduced tendency to tip over.Care should be taken to select it are the same as indicated above for Tripods.

The NBR 14,787 provides that the lighting fixtures should also be available for confined space entries, and are appropriate for use in potentially explosive areas.Although certain confined with a small setup and receiving good natural lighting spaces may waive the use of lighting, we know that most confined spaces located in industrial areas have large and have poor or no lighting. So it should always be planned to support an artificial lighting (by wire or laptop) to facilitate the performance of tasks within the confined space and to provide a facility in place or abandonment of a possible rescue situation.LIGHTING EQUIPMENTFALLS LOCKTripods and monopods are usually equipped with cranks that contain a galvanized steel cable approximately inch in diameter, although larger diameters and stainless steel cables are also used. Are used to ascend or descend stairs where people or other means of access are not available. The devices function as fall arrest fall protection system in case of failures in the main cable or have incorporated cranks becoming rescuers.Falls Lock

PRE MOUNTED SYSTEMSManufacturers also offer pre-assembled rope systems. This provides a reduction of errors in building the systems. Examples include RPD-DBI ROOM 1 and ROLLGLISS. These systems offer ease of reduction of effort, but can not be converted into different systems. Like any drive system, a second safety device must be used.Alternatively, ropes and pulley systems for the movement of workers can be mounted. However, keep in mind that these systems are best applied to emergency situations requiring a rescue.

SYSTEMS PULLEYSAlternatively, during a rescue rope and pulley systems for the movement of workers can be mounted. NFPA 1006 defines a mechanical advantage as a force created by mechanical means including, but not limited to, a system of levers, gears, pulleys and ropes, usually creating a greater force output than the energy applied expressed as a ratio enters the energy applied and the force produced.3:1 (3 to 1 pulley rope) and 4:1 (4 rope pulleys to 1) are used This means that each system has its reach on the amount of installed size pulleys and rope.

Ateno ao utilizar o sistema de vantagem mecnica, pois voc no s estar reduzindo oesforo, como tambm estar dividindo o tamanho da sua corda pelo nmero de polias.65SOFT MATERIALIt is the soft material, or ropes, strings whether the work, safety cordim or tapes. For patterns of rescue operations NFPA strings must be of type certified and meet the requirements of NFPA 1983. The cordins and ribbons need not be of the kind certified. The strings must be of type "Kernmantle", a soul synthetic fiber wrapped with a layer of synthetic material also.MATERIAL HARDIt is applied to the metal equipment pulley or rope access system.CARABINERSConstructed of steel, aluminum or composite. For rescue operations carabiners shall be of steel. Carabiners for safety systems shall have a tensile strength of at least 27 K / N.Carabiners for systems of work must have a breaking strength of at least 40 K / N.

DESCENDERS

Are lowering control devices. For security systems must support a load test of at least 13.5 K / N without fail. To work systems must withstand a test load of at least 22 K / N.

LIFTSDevices are developed to serve as accessories for systems of ropes the ascent or blockage. As auxiliary machine must support the rise of a test load of at least 5K / N. If used as a blocker, must withstand a test load of at least 11 K / N.

PULLEYSDevices used in mechanical advantage systems (stress reduction). For safety systems should have a loading of at least 22 K / N strain without failure. To work systems must possess a tensile load of at least 36 K / N without fail.

DISTORTERSDevices used in anchored systems, so do not get tangled and even hinder its handling.

BOARDS OF ANCHORAGEDevices designed to multiply the anchor points for the systems when the appropriate equipment or the location of the incident has limitations insurance points for anchoring.

COTS / IMMOBILIZERSAre the equipment for the transport of immobilized victims.( SKED COT)Made of resin and very useful in confined spaces with limited access to input and output. Also called envelope stretcher due to his tendency to "envelop" the victim.

COT RIGIDConstructed of alloy steel and polyethylene bottom, provides limitations to its use in places with limited access to input and output.

TRIANGLE OF REDEMPTION (Peplum)Used to rescue victims devoid of seatbelts and do not require special assets.

KED OR jACKET IMMOBILIZER BACKBONE

Device designed to immobilize victims with suspected cervical spine fracture.

CERVICAL COLLAR AND PETALSAuxiliary devices for neck immobilization (suspected lesions in the cervical spine) and assets of the upper and lower limbs when there is a suspected fractures.

Resuscitators - DEFIBRILLATORElectronic device resuscitation

AMBUManual resuscitation device for use in the airways

KEY USED TYES

IACS

This is another option for an overview using transitions to advance through several slides. 86Entry SupervisorThe entry supervisor is responsible for determining if entry conditions are acceptable at a permit space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required by this procedure.

Normally, the entry supervisor is the supervisor of the crew entering the confined space. Each entry supervisor has the following responsibilities: Knows the hazards that may be encountered during entry, including information on how exposure might occur and on the signs, symptoms, and consequences of the exposure.

Verifies that the appropriate entries have been made on the entry permit.

Verifies that all tests specified by the permit have been conducted.

Briefs the entry team on the circumstances of this particular permit-required confined space.

Ensures that each member of the operation is trained in confined space work and their responsibilities.

Ensures that the confined space has been drained and cleaned

Ensures that the permit space has been thoroughly ventilated, preferably with fans or blowers (whenever practical, vapors should be exhausted from the top of the space)

Verifies that all mechanical devices are disconnected from their power source and proper lockout procedures have been followed.

Verifies that all procedures and equipment specified by the permit are in place before endorsing the permit and allowing entry.

Terminates the entry and cancels the permit if conditions warrant.

Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for summoning them are operable.

Removes unauthorized individuals who enter or attempt to enter the permit space during operations

Verifies that entry operations remain consistent with the terms of the entry permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintainedWhen work inside the confined space has been performed, the entry supervisor will complete the following:

Be present with the individual who is to close the hatchways and/or covers to confirm that everyone is out of the confined space.

Notifies the appropriate department that the confined space is ready to be placed back intoService.

Makes a copy of the permit and returns the original to the appropriate client personnel departmentPersonal Protective Equipment

An individual who enters a confined space shall wear a chest or full-body harness with a retrieval line attached at the center of the entrants back near shoulder level or above the entrants head.

Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or full-body harness if it can be demonstrated that the chest or full-body harness is infeasible or creates a greater hazard.

The other end of the retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside of the permit space so that rescue can begin as soon as the rescuer becomes aware that rescue is necessary.

A mechanical device shall be available to retrieve personnel from vertical-type permit spaces more than 5-ft. deep.

When two or more employees are working in a confined space, the lifeline may be detached and left hanging where it is accessible, provided the conditions in the confined space have been checked and found to be okay. The lifeline must be attached to the harness in conditions where an employee is required to wear respiratory equipment or where rescue would be difficult.

Other PPE may be designated by the entry supervisor based on conditions, hazards, and knowledge of the permit being issued for that particular confined space to be enteredRescue and Emergency ServicesOnly those individuals who have been trained to perform rescue duties and in the proper use of the required PPE shall be permitted to attempt rescue procedures in a confined space. Each member of the rescue team shall practice making a permit space rescue at least once every 12 months by participating in a simulated rescue operation where they remove mannequins or actual persons from actual permit spaces or from representative permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size, configuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescues are to be performed.

NOTE: Each member of the rescue service shall be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Additional Safety Information When flammable materials are being used (coating, lining, paints, cements, or solvents), the perimeter and hatchways of the confined space must be flagged off to identify the flammable materials being used.

Electrical lighting shall be low voltage (12 volts) with an approved guard over the bulb and/or shall have properly installed ground fault circuit interrupters.

Air tools should be used whenever possible.Additional Safety InformationAny incident involving a confined space shall be reported to the Safety Department. Incidents will be investigated immediately by the Safety Department in conjunction with the Operating Department.

Where multiple companies are to occupy one confined space, appropriate controls will be defined prior to entry operations so that work activities will not create a hazard for other employees. Examples of controls include seal decks between work locations, safety nets, work practices, etc.LightingLighting used for confined space entry must be suitable for the confined space. Lighting may be 12 volt or 110 volt with ground fault circuit interrupters(GFCI). GFCIs are not approved for flammable atmospheres and must be located in an area where flammables are not present or a hot work permit must be issued.

Wiring of 110-volts inside the confined space must be protected from mechanical damage by routing the wiring inside flexible or rigid conduit from outside the confined space opening to the light fixture or by routing wiring away from areas of potential damage.DANGER DO NOT ENTER Signs

Persons opening the confined space shall place a DANGER DO NOT ENTER sign at each passageway or entryway as soon as the passageway has been opened or an entryway has been made. Passageways or entryways into potential IDLH or inert-purged confined spaces will be fitted with a protective barrier (e.g., orange construction fencing) to inhibit entry in addition to the DANGER DO NOT ENTER sign.

The entry supervisor must ensure that the DANGER - DO NOT ENTER signs remain in place until the conditions in the confined space have been tested and the permit approved and signed.

The entry supervisor must also maintain posted signs on tower skirts and similar open confined spaces.