NSDC Skill Gap Study of the North East - Meghalaya · Shillong, is also known as the Scotland of the East for its scenic beauty. Meghalaya . ... Part II concentrates on the diagnostic

NSDC Skill Gap Study of the North East - Meghalaya

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Disclaimer: National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) engaged ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) to prepare this report, which is based on independent research and analysis done by IMaCS. This report is not based or derived from any other report or research paper. Any similarity with any other paper may purely be a coincidence.

All rights reserved. All copyright in this report and related works is solely and exclusively owned by NSDC. The same may not be reproduced, wholly or in part in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this presentation), modified or in any manner communicated to any third party except with the written approval of NSDC.

This report is for information purposes only. While due care has been taken during the compilation of this report to ensure that the information is accurate to the best of IMaCSs’ and NSDC’s knowledge and belief, the content is not to be construed in any manner whatsoever as a substitute for professional advice.

IMaCS and NSDC neither recommend nor endorse any specific products or services that may have been mentioned in this report and nor do they assume any liability or responsibility for the outcome of decisions taken as a result of any reliance placed in this report.

Neither IMaCS nor NSDC shall be liable for any direct or indirect damages that may arise due to any act or omission on the part of the user due to any reliance placed or guidance taken from any portion of this report.


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About National Skill Development Corporation

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) is a pioneering Public Private Partnership (PPP), set up

under the aegis of the Ministry of Finance, in July 2008, with a mandate to skill 150 million persons by

2022.

NSDC‟s mission is as follows:

Upgrade skills to international standards through significant industry involvement and develop

necessary frameworks for standards, curriculum and quality assurance.

Enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives for skill development through appropriate

PPP models; strive for significant operational and financial involvement from the private sector.

Focus on underprivileged sections of society and backward regions of the country thereby enabling a

move out of poverty; similarly, focus significantly on the unorganised or informal sector workforce.

Play the role of a „market-maker‟ by bringing financing or viability gap funding, particularly in

sectors where market mechanisms are ineffective or missing.

Prioritise initiatives that can have multiplier or catalytic effect as opposed to one-off impact.

Globally, NSDC is a unique PPP in the area of skill development. NSDC‟s key differentiators are as

follows:

Funds as well as provides strategic support to the skill development activities of stakeholders and

potential partners.

Monitors implementation over entire life of the project.

Enables skill development in high growth and unorganised sectors.

Facilitates creation of „Train the Trainer‟, centres

Accountable for raising skills to international standards through sector specific industry involvement

and setting systems and frameworks for standards, curriculum and quality assurance.

Set up Sector Skill Councils

Commissions periodic reports including skill gap surveys

Support of industry associations, hence access to the best industry data enabling creation of industry

specific curriculum, employability, etc.

Facilitates creation of Labour Market Information Systems (LMIS)


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Foreword

The North Eastern States comprise Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,

Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.

The eight States located in India‟s North-East cover an area of 2,62,179 sq. km. constituting 7.9 per cent

of the country‟s total geographical area, and 46million people or about 4 per cent of the total population

of the country (Census 2011).

Most North Eastern States have remained one of the under developed and untapped regions of the

country. Some of the reasons are as follows:

Remoteness and isolation because of being mostly landlocked

Lack of access to markets

Limited connectivity to the rest of India

Limited infrastructure

Challenges in land acquisition

Widespread use of traditional cultivation methods that are inefficient

Lack of facilities such as cold storage for warehousing fruits and transporting to market

Inadequate infrastructure that could help transport goods from the region

Difficulty in accessing bank credit for enterprises

Lack of confidence in seeking credit by small and tiny sector enterprises


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Poor awareness of markets, changing demand patterns, raw material sourcing, technology, branding

and quality standards

High and widespread dependence on Governments‟ programmes for market access, subsidy and

training

Educated seeking, mostly, Government jobs or relocating out of the region

Stigma against labour oriented jobs

Dependence on, mainly, local market for selling products from small and tiny sector

Inadequate telecommunications connectivity

Despite these disadvantages, there are success stories of entrepreneurs who have started on small scale,

overcome the difficulties and have grown in the last 15-20 years to make a name for themselves in the

region. Though small now, their number is likely to grow as more people travel outside the region, attain

education, training and skills, investing is made attractive by the States, markets linkages are developed,

substantial buyers are attracted to the products from the region and, trained and skilled persons can be

gainfully employed within the region.

It is in this context that the North Eastern Council (NEC) and the Ministry of Development of North

Eastern Region (DoNER) have prepared Vision 2020 for the North Eastern Region.

The Vision 2020 envisages the following targets by 2020:

Overall GSDP growth at a CAGR of 11.64 per cent between 2007-09 and 2019-20.

Overall per capita income growth of 12.95 per cent between 2007-09 and 2019-20.

To support this vision, the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region has formulated a Strategic

Plan 2010-16 focusing on three broad dimensions:

(A) Rapid socio-economic development:

Facilitating preparation of Strategic Plans for key sectors such as Agriculture, Road, Civil Aviation,

Railways, Inland Water Transport, Power, Tele-Communication & IT, HRD, Health and Handloom &

Handicrafts and implementation of the Plans so prepared by the line-Ministries and North Eastern

States.

Facilitating formulation of Projects, Schemes and Programmes by major Central Ministries in

consonance with the requirement of the North-Eastern Region.


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Increasing the effectiveness of developmental expenditure in the North-East Region through higher

levels of transparency, systemic improvements and independent monitoring mechanism.

Creating an in-house database on important socio-economic indicators in the Region and its periodic

assessment.

Facilitating preparation of Regional Plan by the NEC.

Providing critical support to the NEC for identification of appropriate regional projects and their

implementation.

Facilitating funding by External Agencies in critical Sectors in the North Eastern States.

Undertaking pilot or demonstration projects in the North-East Region in certain sectors to provide

fillip to these sectors.

(B) Building capacities and competencies in critical sectors in the North Eastern States

Preparation of a Plan of Action for building capacities and competencies in critical sectors in the

North Eastern States.

Identifying institutes and organizations for imparting training and building capacities in the North

Eastern Region.

Setting up of Training Institutes in the Region in important fields through line Ministries, NEC or

States.

Augmenting the capacity of the existing training institutes in the North Eastern States.

Use of IT as a tool to upgrade skills.

(C)Promote the strengths of the Region

Preparation of a „Plan of Action‟ for projecting and promoting key strengths of the Region.

Promoting student and cultural exchanges among the States of the Region on one hand and between

the Region and the rest of the country.

Organizing business summits, exhibitions and cultural festivals to promote the Region.

Undertaking well-conceived promotional campaigns in the print and electronic media for projecting a

positive image of the Region.

Arranging festivals and cultural exchanges between the Region and the neighbouring countries.

Highlighting the achievements and success stories from the Region in mainstream media.

Instituting an Award Scheme to honour and showcase the achievements of talented people of the

Region.


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While this requires substantial investment, implementation of Action Agenda outlined in the Vision and

Strategic Plan, it also requires imparting of skills at all levels.

The North Eastern States, clubbed together, have some common attributes. But they also have significant

variations related to culture, language, values, work preferences and ethics, and overall environment

related to Government, infrastructure, terrain, proximity to or availability of markets and services. Hence,

the skilling interventions may vary across states and districts despite, similarities of activities.

Given the above background, ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) has been

mandated by the NSDC to assist in identifying development and employment potential of districts of

North Eastern States.

Meghalaya emerged as a full-fledged state within the Union of India on 21st January 1972. „Meghalaya‟

meaning „abode of clouds‟ reflects its salubrious climate. The State has an area of 22,429 sq km. and is

located between 24°57‟ and 26°10‟ North latitudes and 89°46‟ and 92°53‟ East longitudes. It has

predominantly hilly terrain with foothills as plains and flood-prone areas.

Meghalaya is bounded by the Brahmaputra valley of Assam in the North and Northwest and Cachar area

of Assam in the East; the Surma valley (Bangladesh) borders in the South and partly in the Southwest.

Meghalaya has about 443 km of international border with Bangladesh. The capital of Meghalaya,

Shillong, is also known as the Scotland of the East for its scenic beauty.

Meghalaya


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This report has been structured in three parts:

Part I includes Foreword, Acknowledgements, Approach and Methodology, and Study Limitations.

Part II concentrates on the diagnostic analysis of Meghalaya, human resources requirement, skill gaps

assessed for Meghalaya.

Part III presents a detailed set of recommendation for Meghalaya.


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Acknowledgements

Carrying out a large scale survey is always a challenge. However, this task was made easy for the team by

the support that they received from various stakeholders. The team acknowledges, with grateful thanks,

useful information, references and support provided by NSDC and Ministry of Development of North

Eastern Region.

IMaCS team has travelled extensively through the districts of the eight North Eastern States to conduct

the surveys for this study. The team has interacted with cross-section of stakeholders. The team has

interacted with cross-section of stakeholders. This survey exercise would not have been possible without

the support of key stakeholders some of whom we have listed below.

Mr. N. S. Samant, Principal Secretary

Mr. I Jyrwa, Director, Directorate of Employment & Craftsmen

Mr. G. Lyngdoh, Director, Department of Industries

Dr. C. O. Rangad, Director, Department of Horticulture

In addition, there are many persons or organisations who have contributed greatly towards the successful

completion of this study. The team conveys sincere thanks to all of them for their generous support and

contribution.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

About National Skill Development Corporation ....................................................................................... 3

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 4

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 9

PART – I: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 18

1. Report Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 19

2. Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................................... 19

3. Study Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 21

PART – II (a): Diagnostic Analysis of Meghalaya ................................................................................. 22

4.1 Macro-Economic Overview ....................................................................................................... 23

4.2 Industrial Activity Overview ...................................................................................................... 27

4.3 Demography and Employment Overview ................................................................................... 35

4.4 Infrastructure Overview ............................................................................................................. 37

4.5 Key Findings from the Diagnostic Analysis................................................................................ 46

4.6 SWOT Analysis of Meghalaya ................................................................................................... 48

PART – II (b): Identification of growth sectors ...................................................................................... 49

5.1 Criteria for selecting growth sectors ........................................................................................... 50

5.2 Framework for identifying growth engines ................................................................................. 50

5.3 Identified sectors for livelihood opportunities ............................................................................. 51

5.4 Identified sectors for migration .................................................................................................. 52

5.5 Type of skilling required in identified sectors ............................................................................. 53

5.6 Type of skilling required in sectors identified for migration ........................................................ 54

PART – II (c): District level Analysis of Meghalaya .............................................................................. 55

6.1. East Garo Hills ............................................................................................................................... 56

6.1.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 56

6.1.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 56

6.1.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 56

6.1.4Employment Pattern ...................................................................................................................... 57

6.1.5Potential sectors in district ............................................................................................................. 58

6.2. East Khasi Hills .............................................................................................................................. 59

6.2.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 59

6.2.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 59


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6.2.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 59



6.3.Jaintia Hills ..................................................................................................................................... 62

6.3.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 62

6.3.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 63

6.3.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 63


6.3. 5Potential sectors in district ............................................................................................................ 65

6.4.Ri Bhoi ............................................................................................................................................ 65

6.4.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 66

6.4.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 66

6.4.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 66



6.5.South Garo Hills .............................................................................................................................. 69

6.5.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 69

6.5.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 69

6.5.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 69



6.6.West Khasi Hills .............................................................................................................................. 71

6.6.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 71

6.6.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 72

6.6.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 72



6.7.West Garo Hills ............................................................................................................................... 74

6.7.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 74

6.7.2Demography .................................................................................................................................. 74

6.7.3 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 75



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PART – II (d): Skill Gap Analysis ......................................................................................................... 78

6.1 Tourism ..................................................................................................................................... 79

6.1(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Tourism sector ........................................................................... 82

6.2 Mining ....................................................................................................................................... 83

6.2(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Mining ....................................................................................... 86

6.3 Horticulture ............................................................................................................................... 87

6.3(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Horticulture ............................................................................... 90

6.4 Handloom and Handicraft .......................................................................................................... 91

6.4(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Handloom and Handicraft .......................................................... 94

6.5 Forest based industry ................................................................................................................. 95

6.5(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Forest based industry ................................................................. 97

6.6 Construction .............................................................................................................................. 98

6.6(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Construction .............................................................................. 99

6.7 IT/ITES ..................................................................................................................................... 99

6.7(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: IT/ITES ................................................................................... 100

PART – II (c): Forecasting of Human Resource Requirement .............................................................. 101

7.1 Human resource forecasting model ................................................................................................ 102

7.2 Incremental demand in Meghalaya ................................................................................................. 103

7.3 District-wise human resource requirement in Meghalaya – 2011-21 ............................................... 105

7.4 Stakeholder feedback ..................................................................................................................... 107

PART – III: Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 110

8.1 Interventions for human resource demand-supply gap management................................................ 111

8.2 Areas for skilling within state – 2011-21 ........................................................................................ 112

8.3 Skilling for migration..................................................................................................................... 115

8.4 Capacity creation within State ........................................................................................................ 116

8.5 Private sector skilling opportunities at district level ........................................................................ 117

8.5.1 East Khasi Hills .......................................................................................................................... 117

8.5.2 East Garo Hills ........................................................................................................................... 119

8.5.3 Jaintia Hills ................................................................................................................................. 120

8.5.4 Ri Bhoi ....................................................................................................................................... 122

8.5.5 South Garo Hills ......................................................................................................................... 123


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8.5.6 West Garo Hills .......................................................................................................................... 125

8.5.7 West Khasi Hills ......................................................................................................................... 126

8.5.8Meghalaya- Skilling interventions in sectors across all districts .................................................... 128

8.6 Key interventions for Meghalaya ................................................................................................... 129

Annexure ............................................................................................................................................ 130

1. Methodology used for Demand projections .................................................................................. 131

2. List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 131

3. List of Stakeholders met .............................................................................................................. 132

4. Training Capacity for Vocational Education in Meghalaya ........................................................... 134

5. Meghalaya – List of Handicrafts Clusters ..................................................................................... 135

About ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited ...................................................................... 136


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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: MEGHALAYA‟S GSDP VS REGIONAL AND NATIONAL AGGREGATE......................................................... 23

TABLE 2: PER CAPITA INCOME - MEGHALAYA Vs NER & NATIONAL AVERAGE ..................................................... 26

TABLE 3: INVESTMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY TYPE ........................................................................... 28

TABLE 4: EMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT IN SSI UNITS .......................................................................................... 30

TABLE 5: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT IN MEGHALAYA ..................................................................................... 31

TABLE 6: MEGHALAYA‟S DISTRICT DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE .................................................................................... 35

TABLE 7: AGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION .................................................................................................. 36

TABLE 8: DISTRICT WISE WORKER PROFILE ................................................................................................................. 36

TABLE 9: JOB PREFERENCES BY EDUCATED IN MEGHALAYA ................................................................................... 37

TABLE 10: DISTRICT-WISE ROAD LENGTH AND DENSITY ........................................................................................... 38

TABLE 11: INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MEGHALAYA...................................................................................................... 39

TABLE 12: BSNL MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS BY DISTRICT ................................................................................................. 40

TABLE 13: TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS IN MEGHALAYA ............................................................................................. 40

TABLE 14: MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN MEGHALAYA .................................................................................................. 40

TABLE 15: KEY HEALTH INDICATORS............................................................................................................................. 41

TABLE 16: TEACHER-PUPIL RATIO .................................................................................................................................. 42

TABLE 17: STATUS OF HIGHER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION ........................................................................................ 42

TABLE 18: SELECT INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE STATE................................................................... 43

TABLE 19: COURSES OFFERED BY SHILLONG POLYTECHNIC..................................................................................... 44

TABLE 20: COURSES OFFERED BY TURA POLYTECHNIC ............................................................................................. 44

TABLE 21: COURSES OFFERED BY JOWAI POLYTECHNIC ............................................................................................ 44

TABLE 22: DETAILS OF COURSES OFFERED BY ITI‟S IN MEGHALAYA ...................................................................... 45

TABLE 23: COURSES OFFERED BY RVTI, TURA ............................................................................................................. 45

TABLE 24: SECTORS FOR LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES AND DOMESTIC DEMAND ............................................... 51

TABLE 25: SECTORS FOR MIGRATION ............................................................................................................................. 52

TABLE 26: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED IN IDENTIFIED SECTORS........................................................................... 53

TABLE 27: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED FOR MIGRATION ........................................................................................ 54

TABLE 28: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST GARO HILLS ................................................. 57

TABLE 29: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - EAST GARO HILLS. .......................................................................... 57

TABLE 30: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST KHASI HILLS ................................................ 60

TABLE 31: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- EAST KHASI HILLS ........................................................................... 60

TABLE 32: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - JAINTIA HILLS ........................................................ 63

TABLE 33: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- JAINTIA HILLS ................................................................................... 64

TABLE 34: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - RI BHOI .................................................................... 66

TABLE 35: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- RI BHOI ............................................................................................... 67

TABLE 36: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - SOUTH GARO HILLS .............................................. 69

TABLE 37: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- SOUTH GARO HILLS ......................................................................... 70

TABLE 38: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST KHASI HILLS................................................ 72

TABLE 39: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- WEST KHASI HILLS........................................................................... 72

TABLE 40: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST GARO HILLS ................................................ 75

TABLE 41: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - WEST GARO HILLS .......................................................................... 75

TABLE 42: LIST OF PROJECTS ANNOUNCED ................................................................................................................... 86

TABLE 43: PRODUCTION OF COCOONS AND SILK IN MEGHALAYA ........................................................................... 94

TABLE 44: PLANNED PROJECTS IN MEGHALAYA ......................................................................................................... 98

TABLE 45: STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK .......................................................................................................................... 107

TABLE 46: AREAS FOR SKILLING WITHIN STATE BETWEEN 2011 AND 2021 ........................................................... 113

TABLE 47: LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN MEGHALAYA FOR SKILL UP-GRADATION .............................................. 114

TABLE 48: AREAS FOR SKILLING FOR MIGRATION TO OTHER STATES OR OVERSEAS ........................................ 115

TABLE 49: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST KHASI HILLS ................................................................................... 117


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TABLE 50: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – EAST KHASI HILLS....... 118

TABLE 51: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST GARO HILLS ................................................................................... 119

TABLE 52: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – EAST GARO HILLS ....... 120

TABLE 53: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN JAINTIA HILLS .......................................................................................... 120

TABLE 54: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – JAINTIA HILLS .............. 121

TABLE 55: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN RI-BHOI ...................................................................................................... 122

TABLE 56: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – RI BHOI .......................... 123

TABLE 57: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN SOUTH GARO HILLS ................................................................................ 123

TABLE 58: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – SOUTH GARO HILLS .... 124

TABLE 59: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST GARO HILLS ................................................................................... 125

TABLE 60: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – WEST GARO HILLS....... 126

TABLE 61: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST KHASI HILLS .................................................................................. 126

TABLE 62: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT – WEST KHASI HILLS ...... 128


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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: GSDP GROWTH OF MEGHALAYA .................................................................................................................. 23

FIGURE 2: GSDP DISTRIBUTION ACROSS PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY SECTORS .................................... 24

FIGURE 3: CHANGE IN GSDP SHARES ACROSS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES .................................................................... 25

FIGURE 4: GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT ........................................................................................................ 26

FIGURE 5: DISTRICT-WISE PER CAPITA INCOME ........................................................................................................... 27

FIGURE 6: COMPOSITION OF LARGE & MEDIUM SCALE UNITS .................................................................................. 28

FIGURE 7: REGISTERED SSI UNITS IN DISTRICTS .......................................................................................................... 29

FIGURE 8: SNAPSHOT OF OAE‟S AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN MEGHALAYA .............................................................. 30

FIGURE 9: KVIC PERFORMANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 32

FIGURE 10: THRUST AREAS UNDER STATE INDUSTRIAL POLICY, 1997 ..................................................................... 34

FIGURE 11: ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEGHALAYA ................................................................................................ 38

FIGURE 12: PER CAPITA POWER CONSUMPTION ........................................................................................................... 39

FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF SCHOOLS................................................................................................................................... 41

FIGURE 14: NUMBER OF STUDENTS ................................................................................................................................ 42

FIGURE 15: DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF COLLEGES..................................................................................................... 43

FIGURE 16 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST GARO HILLS ....................................................................................... 58

FIGURE 17 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST KHASI HILLS ...................................................................................... 61

FIGURE 18 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN JAINTIA HILLS .............................................................................................. 64

FIGURE 19: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN RI BHOI ........................................................................................................... 67

FIGURE 20: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN SOUTH GARO HILLS ..................................................................................... 70

FIGURE 21: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST KHASI HILLS ...................................................................................... 73

FIGURE 22: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST GARO HILLS ....................................................................................... 76

FIGURE 23: DOMESTIC TOURIST ARRIVALS ................................................................................................................... 79

FIGURE 24: FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS ...................................................................................................................... 80

FIGURE 25: LIMESTONE PRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 83

FIGURE 26: DISTRICT-WISE LIMESTONE PRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 84

FIGURE 27: EXPORTS TO BANGLADESH ......................................................................................................................... 84

FIGURE 28: COAL PRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 85

FIGURE 29: DISTRICT-WISE COAL PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 85

FIGURE 30: AREA HARVESTED ......................................................................................................................................... 87

FIGURE 31: HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 88

FIGURE 32: DISTRICT-WISE PRODUCTION OF KEY FRUITS IN MEGHALAYA ............................................................ 88

FIGURE 33: SSIS IN HANDLOOM ....................................................................................................................................... 92

FIGURE 34: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDLOOM SSIS ............................................................................... 92

FIGURE 35: SSIS IN HANDICRAFT ..................................................................................................................................... 93

FIGURE 36: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDICRAFTSSIS.............................................................................. 93

FIGURE 37: SSI - CANE AND BAMBOO ............................................................................................................................. 95

FIGURE 38: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO AND CANE SSI‟S ............................................................... 96

FIGURE 39: SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN WOODEN FURNITURE ................................................................................ 96

FIGURE 40: SSI SAW MILLING UNITS ............................................................................................................................... 97

FIGURE 41: HUMAN RESOURCES FORECASTING MODEL........................................................................................... 102

FIGURE 42: HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA ............................................................................ 103

FIGURE 43: HUMAN RESOURCES DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO IN MEGHALAYA ................................................. 105

FIGURE 44: DISTRICT-WISE INCREMENTAL HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA .................. 106

FIGURE 45: DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO FOR HUMAN RESOURCES IN MEGHALAYA ......................................... 111

FIGURE 46: DEMAND SCENARIO - SKILL PYRAMID .................................................................................................... 112

FIGURE 47: INTERVENTION FOR CAPACITY CREATION WITHIN THE STATE ......................................................... 116


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PART – I: Introduction


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1. Report Objectives

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has mandated ICRA Management Consulting Services

Limited (IMaCS) to assess the development and employment generation potential of eight North Eastern

states of India. As per the Terms of Reference, the report objectives are as follows:

i. Review the socio-economic profile of the North Eastern Region

ii. Identify developmental opportunities keeping in mind factor endowments and stakeholder

perspectives

iii. Identify specific developmental initiatives/projects which also have impact on employment

generation

iv. Assess skills required to aid in such employment generation

v. Suggest suitable interventions/recommendations to achieve the same at a regional level

2. Approach and Methodology

The study has been conducted in three phases:

Phase – 1: Diagnostic Phase

The objective of this phase was to understand the socio-economic profile of the North Eastern Region.

The focus was on analysing the economic and social position of the Region based on evolution of the

level and type of economic activity and social development in each State. The factor advantages,

constraints facing the Region either due to Regional factors or common among the states, and the

challenges going forward have been analysed. We have thus identified the factor endowments of the State

and the potential it holds. At the end of this stage, we have presented a snapshot of the State on economic

and social aspects and a SWOT analysis of the State.

Phase – 2: Synthesis Phase

This was carried-out in two modules:

Module 1: Assessment of Development Potential

Module 2: Assessment of Employment Potential and Gaps

Module 1: Assessment of Development Potential:

The objective of this phase was to identify development opportunities across formal and informal sectors

which provide livelihood opportunities for employment. We have also kept in mind the opportunities for


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employment/livelihood generation identified as per the Vision 2020. This leads to the framework for

identification of formal and informal sector employment/skilling opportunities

For this exercise, we have interacted with a cross-section of stakeholders of the Government/Industry to

understand the following:

What are the key developmental areas to focus?

What needs to be done to leverage key strengths and factor endowments?

How can bottlenecks to development be cleared?

What various stakeholders need to do for development?

Based on the factor endowments and primary surveys conducted, we have identified potential and high

growth opportunities for North Eastern States.

Module 2: Assessment of Employment Potential

For the developmental opportunities identified, we have assessed the following:

Employment potential in the Region and on account of these identified developmental opportunities

Skills required to be developed among the North Eastern Region workforce to tap into the same.

This phase has been executed by: Profiling skills required sustaining traditional skills and tapping into

factor endowments, especially in the informal sector (wherever scalable) and Interacting with industry

(small, medium and large) and groups engaged in formal and informal sectors.

Phase – 3: Recommendations

Our interventions focus on various measures/potential ideas/projects required to be pursued for

Development and Employment Generation. These interventions focus on the following:

What is the enabling environment to be created to further development and employment

generation?

What are the interventions to enhance employment generation/job creation?

What are the potential opportunities that can be tapped thereof and structured for private sector

investment and NSDC interventions?

The report derives content for analyses from both, primary survey and secondary sources.

The surveys were undertaken by visiting several districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura and meeting key stakeholders identified with


21

the help of State/District Government Departments of Labour, Planning or Industries and using

internal research and databases.

Significant secondary research was also carried out in order to validate the findings of primary

survey.

3. Study Limitations

While care has been taken to ensure correctness of information, the report outcomes for entire North East

are affected by the following circumstances:

While the field survey has been conducted keeping in mind maximum coverage, the survey has been

constrained by factors such as - weather: a major part of the survey was conducted in the rainy season

with landslides and flooding; availability of transportation; proper road connectivity; availability of

persons to interview at select locations and offices; lack of documented and latest information; and

inaccessible distances from within a State.

While some states had updated statistics, for others approximations have been made because of dated

or non-existent data, particularly, for industries and institutions that have come up in recent years.

Approximations include use of past growth rates for projections, regional average, national average,

productivity growth, benchmarks with other states and others.


22

PART – II (a): Diagnostic Analysis of Meghalaya


23

4.1 Macro-Economic Overview

Meghalaya‟s GSDP was Rs 10,259 crore in 2010-11. It has increased at a CAGR of 7.7 per cent since

2004-05. The growth in state GSDP is mainly driven by the secondary and tertiary sectors.

FIGURE 1: GSDP GROWTH OF MEGHALAYA

(Rs Crore)

Source: Central Statistical Organisation; IMaCS Analysis

In terms of GSDP growth rates during the period, 2004-2011, Meghalaya has outpaced the regional

growth which stood at 6.3 per cent. However, it is still behind the national average growth of 8.6 per cent.

TABLE 1: MEGHALAYA‟S GSDP VS REGIONAL AND NATIONAL AGGREGATE

Country / Region/

State GSDP, 2010-11

Rs Crore GSDP Growth

Rate, 2004-2011

India 4,877,842 8.6%

North East Region 126,649 6.3%

Meghalaya 10,259 7.7%

Source: CSO; IMaCS Analysis

Tertiary sector has the biggest share in GSDP, at 54 per cent in 2010-11. The shares of secondary and

tertiary sectors have grown consistently over the years. However, the share of primary sector has declined

from 33 per cent in 2004-05 to 25 per cent in 2010-11.

6,5597,078

7,626 7,9878,663

9,42310,259

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11


24

During the period, 2004-2011, the secondary sector has grown rapidly at CAGR of 12 per cent indicating

increasing manufacturing activity in the state. Tertiary sector has also registered significant growth in the

same period at 8.9 per cent.

FIGURE 2: GSDP DISTRIBUTION ACROSS PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY

SECTORS (Rs Crore)


Agriculture, construction and public administration are the key contributors to the primary, secondary and

tertiary sectors, respectively. In 2009-2010, agriculture was the biggest contributor to GSDP, at 18 per

cent. It was followed by construction at 15 per cent, public administration at 12 per cent and trade, hotels

and restaurants at 11 per cent. In the secondary sector, biggest contribution was made by construction,

followed by mining and quarrying. Share of construction has had the biggest increase of 5 percentage

points in the five years to 2009-2010. It was followed by registered manufacturing, which increased by 3

percentage points. Forestry and logging, fishing, unregistered manufacturing, storage and communication

made little contribution to GSDP.


25

FIGURE 3: CHANGE IN GSDP SHARES ACROSS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (%)


^Other services include education, medical and health, religious and other community services, legal services and

entertainment service

East Khasi hills district of Meghalaya, which is home to the state capital, is the major economic centre in

the state. The district alone contributes over 40 per cent of state domestic product. East Khasi, West Garo

and Jaintia Hills together contribute over 72 per cent of the state‟s GSDP.

23

9

3

11361

10

3

11

13

7

18

7

6

12

253

11

3

8

15

8

2004-05

2009-2010

Agriculture & Allied

Mining &

quarrying

Construction

Electricity

Transport by other means

Trade, hotels & restaurant

Banking & insurance

Real estate

Public Administration

Others^

Communication

Manufacturing


26

FIGURE 4: GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT

(2007-08, Rs Lakh)

At current prices

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Meghalaya

Meghalaya‟s per capita income in 2010-11 stood at Rs 48,383 which was greater than the regional

average. However, it still was behind the national per capita income of Rs. 54,835 in 2010-11.

TABLE 2: PER CAPITA INCOME - MEGHALAYA Vs NER & NATIONAL AVERAGE

Country / Region/ State Per capita income, Rs

(2010-11)

India 54,835

North East Region 46,359

Meghalaya 48,383

At current prices


In 2007-08, East Khasi district had the highest per capita income in the state, at Rs. 42,419. It was

followed by South Garo Hills, at Rs 39,473.

43,543

54,882

55,093

57,516

118,488

126,375

304,630

- 100,000 200,000 300,000

South Garo Hills

West Khasi Hills

Ri Bhoi

East Garo Hills

Jaintia Hills

West Garo Hills

East Khasi Hills


27

FIGURE 5: DISTRICT-WISE PER CAPITA INCOME

(2007-08, Rs)

At current prices

Source: Central Statistical Organisation

4.2 Industrial Activity Overview

The state‟s industrial scenario is dominated by medium and small scale industries. There are about 116

large and medium manufacturing enterprises operating in the district. About 41 per cent of the

manufacturing enterprises are steel units, mainly, in Ri-Bhoi district. It is followed by food units at 10.3

per cent and cement units at 8.6 per cent.

17,108

21,115

22,454

26,314

36,551

39,473

42,419

- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

West Khasi Hills

East Garo Hills

West Garo Hills

Ri Bhoi

Jaintia Hills

South Garo Hills

East Khasi Hills


28

FIGURE 6: COMPOSITION OF LARGE & MEDIUM SCALE UNITS

Sources: State Development Report of Meghalaya, 2008-09; IMaCS Analysis

Coal and Limestone mining is one of the key industries in the state. Cement industry attracts the

largest investments in the state with presence of big players like Lafarge, Star cements. Coal mining

is mostly carried out illegally using age old rat-hole method posing serious environmental and safety

concerns. Maximum investment at 48.9 per cent is in cement industry, mainly, in Jaintia Hills district,

followed by steel at 20.4 per cent and foods at 5.2 per cent.

TABLE 3: INVESTMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY TYPE

Type of industry

Investments

(Rs Lakh)

Employment

generated

Cement 36,067 1,311

Steel units 15,074 1,925

Limestone, Mining & Crushing Plant 1,796 336

Foods 3,831 373

IMFL 490 99

Steel Units, 41.4%

Foods, 10.3%Cement, 8.6%

Limestone, Mining & Crushing Plant, 3.4%

HDPE Bags, 3.4%

IMFL, 2.6%

Coke, 1.7%

IT, 1.7%

Others, 26.7%


29

Type of industry

Investments

(Rs Lakh)

Employment

generated

Coke 756 70

IT 283 85

HDPE bags 1,373 135

Others 14,088 1,140

Total 73,759 5,474

Steel units include fabrication, ferro -alloys, products, smelters, and integrated unit.

IMFL-Indian Made Foreign Liquor, HDPE-High Density Poly Ethylene

Source: State Development Report of Meghalaya 2008-09

Meghalaya had 6,511 small scale industrial (SSI) units. These units grew at a CAGR of 8 per cent

between 2000-01 and 2007-08 and employed 36,193 persons at an investment of Rs 102.83 crore. About

14 per cent were involved in tailoring, followed by 9 per cent each in wooden furniture and betel nut

preservation. Other key industries included cane and bamboo, bakery, weaving and handloom, steel

based industries, motor repairing and servicing. Most of the SSIs are concentrated in East Khasi Hills.

FIGURE 7: REGISTERED SSI UNITS IN DISTRICTS

(2007-08)

Source: Statistical Abstract Meghalaya 2009

163

314

549

676

816

1,154

2,839

- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

South Garo Hills

Ri Bhoi

West Garo Hills

East Garo Hills

Jaintia Hills

West Khasi Hills

East Khasi Hills


30

TABLE 4: EMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT IN SSI UNITS

(2007-08)

Source: Statistical Abstract Meghalaya, 2009

Meghalaya had about 83,000 OAE‟s and Establishments, which provided employment to about 2.4 lakh

people as compared to 100.9 lakh people in India. Most of these were employed in public administration,

retail trade and manufacturing activities.

FIGURE 8: SNAPSHOT OF OAE‟S AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN MEGHALAYA

Source: Fifth Economic Census, 2005

Most of the enterprises are „establishments‟ as compared to own account enterprises, indicating increasing

trend of hired employment. Over 70 per cent of enterprises are involved in activities related to

manufacturing, retail trade and public administration.

District Employment

Generated

Investment

(Rs lakh) East Khasi Hills 17,314 4,762

West Khasi Hills 4,806 416

Jaintia Hills 3,154 1,240

East Garo Hills 3,556 310

West Garo Hills 3,598 545

Ri Bhoi 3,169 2,963

South Garo Hills 596 47

Meghalaya 36,193 10,283


31

TABLE 5: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT IN MEGHALAYA

Enterprises Employment

Major activity group OAE Estt. Total OAE Estt. Total

Farming of animals 1,356 947 2,303 2,561 2,885 5,446

Agriculture services, forestry etc 656 159 815 1,017 520 1,537

Fishing 183 71 254 238 201 439

Mining & quarrying 218 1,193 1,411 330 7,103 7,433

Manufacturing 2,682 4,004 6,686 3,553 18,376 21,929

Electricity, gas & water supply 9 75 84 9 1,010 1,019

Construction 426 1,252 1,678 477 7,990 8,467

Sale, maint. & repair 201 1,001 1,202 237 4,813 5,050

Wholesale trade 838 937 1,775 1,000 3,398 4,398

Retail trade 22,528 11,412 33,940 26,631 27,754 54,385

Restaurants & hotels 3,005 5,116 8,121 5,074 16,950 22,024

Transport & storage 1,591 1,747 3,338 1,680 4,499 6,179

Post & telecommunication 320 474 794 353 1,727 2,080

Financial intermediation 5 308 313 8 2,454 2,462

Real estate, banking & service 341 390 731 382 1,244 1,626

Public admin, defence & social serv. 19 1,904 1,923 24 41,997 42,021

Education 185 7,999 8,184 239 33,723 33,962

Health & social work 333 1,312 1,645 373 7,001 7,374

Other community & personal serv. 2,182 5,920 8,102 2,497 11,977 14,474

Other Activities 1 2 3 1 34 35

Total 37,079 46,223 83,302 46,684 195,656 242,340

Estt.-establishments: Source: Fifth Economic Census 2005

In 2006-07, about 101 Khadi and Village Industry projects were started in Meghalaya. Of these, 44 per

cent were concentrated in East Khasi Hills, followed by 32 per cent in Jaintia Hills and the remaining in

other districts. At 39.4 per cent, the highest investment was made in services, followed by 31.8 per cent in

mineral based industry and 23.5 per cent in agro based and food processing industry. Remaining

investment was made in rural engineering and biotechnology, chemicals and forest based industries. In

2006-07, Rs 4.4 crore was invested and employment generated for 1,063 persons.


32

FIGURE 9: KVIC PERFORMANCE

(2006-07)

Source: Statistical Handbook Meghalaya 2008-09

The objectives of the State Industrial Policy, 1997 are listed below:

Generate employment opportunities for the local people in industrial and allied sectors.

Promote industries in the sectors where the state has comparative advantage.

Promotion of village and small scale industries.

Creation of basic infrastructural facilities and setting up of industrial areas, growth centre and

export-promotion industrial park.

Encourage the setting up of selective medium and large industries.

Provide preference to local entrepreneurship in setting up of large, medium and small-scale units.

2

17

44

196

336

468

1

8

14

104

141

174

- 100 200 300 400 500

Forest based

Chemical based

Rural engineering and bio-tech

Agro based & food processing

Mineral based

Service / textile

Sales, Rs Lakh Employment


33

Promote local interests through joint ventures with external investors.

Encourage need based development of local entrepreneurial skills.

Simplify rules and procedures by providing a single-window clearance facility, etc.

Some of the salient features of the policy are:

State Government to welcome the advent of advanced technologies and external investments,

preferably in the joint sector.

To provide budgetary support for rapid industrialisation, wherever required.

Emphasis on improvement in roads, construction, up gradation of airport construction of

ropeways, communications, power supply, export promotion industrial centres etc.

To expedite suitable approval under the Meghalaya Land Transfer Act, 1971.

Single-window agency to provide time bound decisions and clearances.

Meghalaya Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) to provide escort services for the large

and medium scale industries.

To develop human resources through up gradation of skills; training institutions to receive

attention, etc.


34

FIGURE 10: THRUST AREAS UNDER STATE INDUSTRIAL POLICY, 1997

Source: www.megindustry.gov.in

However few sectors, except cement, have benefitted significantly because of inadequate infrastructure

and market linkages, low level of skill up-gradation, use of old tools and techniques, low mechanisation,

ownership of private lands, poor post-harvest management facilities, lack of credit facilities and shortage

of skilled workforce.

Horticulture Bio-technologyTissue culture -

orchidSpices and

Essential oils

Medicinal Plants, Tea and

Rubber

Animal husbandry and

meat processingCoal Limestone

Other minerals * Electronics and IT


35

4.3 Demography and Employment Overview

Meghalaya population is predominantly tribal; the main tribes are the Khasi, the Jaintia and the Garo

besides other plain tribes such as Koch, Rabhas and Bodos. The Khasis and the Jaintias predominantly

inhabit the eastern districts of Meghalaya. The western part of the State, the Garo Hills, is predominantly

inhabited by the Garos who are also called Achiks. The Garo, Khasi and Jaintia societies follow a

matrilineal system.

West Khasi Hills is the biggest district in Meghalaya in terms of area share (23.4 per cent). However, East

Khasi Hills has the largest population share (27.8 per cent). The latter also has the maximum number of

towns. Over 80 per cent of the population is rural and close to 86 per cent is tribal. About 98 per cent of

the population in West Khasi Hills is tribal, while it is 76.6 per cent in West Garo Hills.

TABLE 6: MEGHALAYA‟S DISTRICT DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Sources: Census 2001 and Census 2011; Statistical Abstract Meghalaya, 2009

At 53 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively, the State has a high share of working age population and

young population (0 to 14 years), which will be joining the working age population in the next 10 years.

As percentage of the working-age group of 15-59 years in all districts, the maximum share is in East

Khasi Hills (31 per cent), followed by West Garo Hills (23 per cent). East Khasi has the highest


36

proportion of working age population, at 57.2 per cent. However, it also has the lowest proportion of

workers as a percentage of total population, at 38.8 per cent.

TABLE 7: AGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

Age group

District 0-14 15-59 60+ Others1 Total 0-14 15-59 60+ Others

Jaintia Hills 138,501 148,424 11,754 429 299,108 46.30% 49.60% 3.90% 0.10%

East Khasi Hills 250,704 377,828 31,677 714 660,923 37.90% 57.20% 4.80% 0.10%

Ri Bhoi 86,179 98,497 7,823 291 192,790 44.70% 51.10% 4.10% 0.20%

West Khasi Hills 140,566 142,692 12,365 426 296,049 47.50% 48.20% 4.20% 0.10%

East Garo Hills 107,547 132,281 10,459 295 250,582 42.90% 52.80% 4.20% 0.10%

West Garo Hills 214,101 277,118 26,385 786 518,390 41.30% 53.50% 5.10% 0.20%

South Garo Hills 43,279 52,219 5,263 219 100,980 42.90% 51.70% 5.20% 0.20%

Meghalaya 980,877 1,229,059 105,726 3,160 2,318,822 42.30% 53.00% 4.60% 0.10%

Sources: Census 2001; Statistical Abstract Meghalaya, 2009

Almost 50 per cent of the main workers are cultivators and another 12.5 per cent are agricultural

labourers, indicating that Meghalaya is predominantly an agrarian economy. East Khasi Hills has the

smallest percentage of cultivator indicating a shift towards services sector in the district. Similarly, East

Garo Hills has the highest percentage of cultivators indicating agriculture is the mainstay of its economy.

TABLE 8: DISTRICT WISE WORKER PROFILE

District Cultivators

Agricultural

labourers

Workers in

household industry Other workers

Jaintia Hills 54.6 17.9 2.0 25.5

East Khasi Hills 24.1 10.3 1.4 64.2

Ri Bhoi 59.3 14.7 1.4 24.6

West Khasi Hills 67.1 15.4 1.4 16.1

East Garo Hills 70.7 8.8 1.9 18.7

West Garo Hills 56.4 12.2 2.8 28.7

South Garo Hills 63.1 9.2 1.9 25.8

Meghalaya 50.2 12.5 1.8 35.4 Source: Directorate of Employment and Statistics, Meghalaya

1Others: non-respondents


37

According to a survey conducted by Institute of Applied Manpower Research (2003), the regular salaried

jobs in government is the most sought after work by the unemployed, followed by self-employment in

business or trade. The finding has been corroborated by IMaCS survey in Meghalaya.

TABLE 9: JOB PREFERENCES BY EDUCATED IN MEGHALAYA

Type of work desired Rural Urban

by the unemployed Male Female Total Male Female Total

Self-employment- business / trade 30.1 14 22.6 11.8 7.7 9.5

Self-employment- agriculture 8.3 12.5 10.2 0.8 0.7 0.7

Salaried job in government sector 46.3 63.2 54.2 71.4 77.4 74.8

Salaried job in private sector 4.6 2.6 3.7 4.2 7.1 5.8

Agricultural wage labour 3.8 3.8 3.8 - - -

Non -agricultural wage labour 4.6 2.6 3.7 0.8 0 0.4

Any other 2.3 1.3 1.8 10.9 7.1 8.8

Source: Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008

Work force participation is higher for males at 48.3 per cent, as compared to females at 35.2 per cent.

Meghalaya being an agrarian economy, over 62 per cent of all workers are engaged in agricultural

activities. There is high level of youth unemployment, especially in urban areas. In 2004-05,

unemployment rate was 8.01 per cent for graduates, higher than those with little formal education.

As of 2006, Meghalaya had 12 employment exchanges. There were 32,386 applicants on the live register.

However, only 1,849 vacancies were notified. Of the total applicants, 41.2 per cent were of minimal

education, i.e., below matriculation. Only 12.9 per cent were graduates and above.

4.4 Infrastructure Overview

Road transport in the state is the key form of transportation that connects the state with the rest of the

country. Its growth has almost been stagnant over the last decade. As of 2008-09, the total road length

was 8,568 km. Of this, 65 per cent were surfaced and 35 per cent un-surfaced roads. Road density was

38.2 km per 100 sq. km.

The three district headquarters in Garo Hills are yet to be connected by double lane roads with the capital

city Shillong. The state is connected to its neighbouring states and other parts of India through four


38

National Highways (NH): NH-40, NH-44, NH-51 and NH-62.Presently, there is no railway line in the

state. There are two airports, viz., Umroi Airport and Baljek Airport. The latter is yet to be made fully

operational. Helicopter services are available from Guwahati to Tura and Shillong. The Meghalaya

Transport Corporation provides bus transport services across the state.

FIGURE 11: ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEGHALAYA

(Km)

Source: State Development Report of Meghalaya 2008-09

TABLE 10: DISTRICT-WISE ROAD LENGTH AND DENSITY

District Total road length, km

Road density, kmper

100 sq. km.

East Garo Hills 603 23.2

West Garo Hills 1,494 40.6

South Garo Hills 538 28.5

East Khasi Hills 1,890 68.8

Ri-Bhoi 951 38.9

West Khasi Hills 1,415 27.0

Jaintia 1,677 43.9

Meghalaya 8,568 38.2

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics

Meghalaya has hydroelectric power potential of about 3,000 MW. However, only about 6 per cent of it

has been tapped so far. To tap its actual potential, the state has a power policy in place, which will enable

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

National Highway State Highway

Major Districts Roads Other Districts Roads

Total


39

implementation of power projects under PPP mode. The state currently has 189.1 MW of its own installed

capacity (mainly hydro) and is dependent on Central sector plants for another 100 MW. The state usually

buys more power through bilateral agreements. At 57 per cent, industrial users are the largest consumers,

followed by domestic (24 per cent) and others (19 per cent).

As of March 2011, the state has achieved 66 per cent rural electrification. According to the Census 2001,

at 74 per cent, East Khasi Hills had the highest electrification rate, while lowest (20 per cent) was in

South Garo Hills district. The Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited (MECL) is responsible for

development of Meghalaya‟s power sector.

TABLE 11: INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MEGHALAYA

(MW, As of June 2011)

Sector Thermal Hydro Total

State sector 2.1 187.0 189.1

Central sector 26.0 74.6 100.5

Total 28.0 261.6 289.6

Source: Central Electricity Authority

FIGURE 12: PER CAPITA POWER CONSUMPTION

(kWh)

Source: Central Electricity Authority

As of 2007, Meghalaya had 117 telephone exchanges. Of these, 97 were rural and remaining were urban

exchanges. Mobile connectivity was low, with total mobile density being only 3.0 per cent. There were

also 7,360 internet connections in the state, along with 1,621 broadband connections. Virtual private

network (VPN) over broadband line is also available in the state to enable business communications.

367.8 317.8 337.6

387.4

0

100

200

300

400

500

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08


40

TABLE 12: BSNL MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS BY DISTRICT

District 2006-07 2007-08

Mobile penetration rate,

2007-08

East Khasi Hills 36,391 49,557 6.0%

West Khasi Hills 2,756 3,089 0.8%

Ri Bhoi 2,244 2,950 1.1%

Jaintia Hills 6,427 7,193 1.8%

East Garo Hills 5,648 11,574 3.6%

West Garo Hills 8,336 15,297 2.4%

South Garo Hills - 5 0.0%

Meghalaya 61,802 89,665 3.0%

Sources: State Development Report 2008

TABLE 13: TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS IN MEGHALAYA

Telephone connections, as of 2007

Landline connections 66,809

WLL connections 11,205

Mobile connections 62,678

Total 140,692

Sources: State Development Report 2008, Statistical Handbook 2008-09, IMaCS Analysis

Health infrastructure

While East Khasi Hills District has two government hospitals, all other districts have one government

hospital each. Total number of beds in government hospitals was about 3,726 in 2008-09.About 56 per

cent of the medical institutions are concentrated in West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills

Districts only. South Garo Hills has the least health infrastructure in place.

TABLE 14: MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN MEGHALAYA

Medical institutions in Meghalaya,

2008-09

Government hospitals 8

Community Health Centres 36

Government dispensaries 14

Primary Health Centres 111

Sub-Centres 399



41

Meghalaya‟s birth rate stands at 24.4 which is higher than the national average of 22.5. As compared to

national level aggregate of 50, the infant mortality rate of Meghalayais 59 indicating deficiency of health

infrastructure in the state.

TABLE 15: KEY HEALTH INDICATORS

Key health indicators, as of 2009

Meghalaya India

Birth Rate (per 1,000 persons) 24.4 22.5

Death Rate (per 1,000 persons) 8.1 7.5

Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) 59 50 Source: http://mohfw.nic.in/

Education infrastructure

As of 2007, Meghalaya had 9,384 schools. About 60 per cent of these were concentrated in West Garo

Hills, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills. Ri Bhoi and South Garo Hills Districts have the least school

infrastructure. Of the total schools in the state, 68 per cent are Primary Junior Basic Schools, 24 per cent

are Middle and Senior Basic Schools and the remaining 8 per cent are High and Higher Secondary

Schools. As per Census 2011, the literacy rate in the state was 73.8 per cent. East Khasi Hills had the

highest rate of 84.2 per cent and West Garo Hills the lowest at 63.3 per cent.

FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF SCHOOLS

(As of March 2007)

Sources: District Level Statistics from Directorate of Economics and Statistics

644

793

1,075

1,196

1,725

1,928

2,023

- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

South Garo Hills

Ri Bhoi

Jaintia Hills

East Garo Hills

West Khasi Hills

East Khasi Hills

West Garo Hills


42

FIGURE 14: NUMBER OF STUDENTS

(As of March 2007)

Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics

TABLE 16: TEACHER-PUPIL RATIO

Teacher pupil ratio, 2006-07

Primary Junior Basic School 35

Middle & Senior Basic School 21

High / Higher Secondary Schools 16


For higher education, there is one Central University, the North Eastern Hill University, in Meghalaya.

There are 66 colleges, three teacher-training institutes, three polytechnics and six industrial training

institutes (ITI). Over 50 per cent of the colleges at 35 are concentrated in East Khasi Hills, while South

Garo Hills have one college.

TABLE 17: STATUS OF HIGHER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Type of institute Number of

institutions

Number of

students

University 1 1,835

College for General Education 66 38,048

Basic and non-basic training schools 12 486

Teachers training college 3 510

Polytechnic 3 884

ITI 6 -

40,245

44,012

80,845

100,954

117,220

205,362

208,840

- 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

Ri Bhoi

South Garo Hills

Jaintia Hills

West Khasi Hills

East Garo Hills

East Khasi Hills

West Garo Hills


43

Type of institute Number of

institutions

Number of

students

DIET 6 -

Sources: Directorate of Higher and Technical Education

Most of the higher education infrastructure is concentrated in East Khasi Hills district.

FIGURE 15: DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF COLLEGES

Sources: Directorate of Higher and Technical Education

TABLE 18: SELECT INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE STATE

Institutions for Higher Education

North Eastern Hill University William Carey University

The North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical

Science (NEIGRIMS) Martin Luther University

Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Central Agricultural University College of Home

Science, Tura

National Institute of Fashion Design (NIFT) ICFAI

Indian Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM) NIIT

Central Institute of English & Foreign Languages (CIEFL) National Institute of Technology (NIT)

Shillong Engineering and Management College Jorabad, Ri Bhoi

District Regional Institute of Science Technology (RIST)

There are three polytechnic institutes in Meghalaya located at Shillong, Jowai and Tura. Shillong

polytechnic offers courses in six disciplines and has annual intake of more than 200 students which is

higher than that of other two polytechnic‟s combined.

1

3

4

4

7

12

35

- 10 20 30 40

South Garo Hills

Ri Bhoi

West Khasi Hills

East Garo Hills

Jaintia Hills

West Garo Hills

East Khasi Hills


44

TABLE 19: COURSES OFFERED BY SHILLONG POLYTECHNIC

Courses

Annual intake

of students

Duration of

course, years

Civil Engineering 60 3

Electrical Engineering 30 3

Mechanical Engineering 30 3

Electronics Engineering 30 3

Computer Science & Engineering 30 3

Information Technology 20 2

TABLE 20: COURSES OFFERED BY TURA POLYTECHNIC

Courses

Annual intake of

students

Duration of

course, years

Medical Electronics 30 3

Computer Application 30 3

Food Processing & Preservation 30 3

TABLE 21: COURSES OFFERED BY JOWAI POLYTECHNIC

Courses

Annual intake of

students

Duration of

course - years

Automobile Engineering 30 3

Architectural Assistantship 30 3

Costume Design & Garment

Technology

30 3

Source: Directorate of Higher and Technical Education, Meghalaya

There are six ITIs in Meghalaya, located in Shillong, Tura, Baghmara, Jowai, Nongpoh and William

Nagar.


45

TABLE 22: DETAILS OF COURSES OFFERED BY ITI‟S IN MEGHALAYA

Course ITI No. of seats

Electrician Shillong, Tura, Jowai 20 in Tura, 16 in Jowai

Fitter Shillong, Tura 20 in Tura

Welder

Shillong, Jowai, Nongpoh and

Tura

15 in Tura, 12 in Jowai and 12 in

Nongpoh

Plumber Shillong, Nongpoh and Tura 20 in Tura and 16 in Nongpoh

Mechanic Motor Vehicle Shillong, Tura 20 in Tura

Mechanic Radio & TV Shillong, Jowai and Tura 20 in Tura and 16 in Jowai

Fruit & Vegetable

Preservation Tura 20

IT & ESM Tura 20

Stenography Shillong, Tura and William Nagar 20 in Tura and 20 in William Nagar

Typewriting Tura 10

Carpentry Tura 20

Wireman

Shillong, William Nagar,

Baghmara and Nongpoh

20 in William Nagar, 20 in Bahgmara

and 16 in Nongpoh

Surveyor Shillong -

Civil Draughtsman Shillong -

Source: respective ITIs

There is a Regional Vocational Training Institute (RVTI) in Tura for women. The institute caters to the

vocational training requirements of women in the North Eastern Region. It is spread over 2.40 acres

which includes the institute building, the 50 bedded Girls Hostel-cum-Guest House and staff quarters.

The institute has requisite up-to-date technology, machines and infrastructure for vocational training.

TABLE 23: COURSES OFFERED BY RVTI, TURA

Course No. of seats

Secretarial Practice 16


46

Course No. of seats

Hair & Skin Care 32

Dress Making 32

Computer Operator & Programming Assistant 40

Fashion Technology 16

Travel & Tour Assistant 16

Beauty Culture 20

Secretarial Practice, Advanced course 20*

Dress Making, Advanced course 20*

Catering & Hospitality, Advanced course 20*

Cutting & Sewing, Advanced course 20*

Training Methodology/ Instructor & Advanced course 30*

* Courses not yet started as they are waiting for training officers

Source: RVTI Tura

4.5 Key Findings from the Diagnostic Analysis

Macro-economic:

Meghalaya‟s GSDP was Rs 10,259 crore in 2010-11. It increased at a CAGR of 7.7 per cent since 2004-

05. The growth was mainly driven by secondary and tertiary sectors. Tertiary sector has the biggest share

in GSDP, at 54 per cent. Major contribution to tertiary sector was from public administration followed by

trade, hotels & restaurants. Manufacturing activity is increasing in the state. Share of manufacturing

stands at 6.4 per cent of GSDP. East Khasi hills district of Meghalaya, which is home to the state capital,

contributes over 40 per cent to GSDP.

Industrial Activity:

Meghalaya had about 6,511 SSI units which have grown at a CAGR of 8 per cent between 2000-01 and

2007-08. The state‟s industrial scenario is dominated by medium and small scale industries. Majority of

the manufacturing enterprises are steel units, mainly, in Ri-Bhoi district. Coal and Limestone mining are

among the key industries in the state. In fact, Meghalaya is the only state in the North Eastern Region

with a thriving mining industry. Cement industry attracts the largest investments in the state with

presence of big players like Lafarge, Star cements. Coal mining is mostly carried out using age old rat-

hole method, posing environmental and safety concerns.

SSI units employed 36,193 persons and had an investment of Rs 102.83 crore. Most of these SSI units are

concentrated in East Khasi hills district. Establishments and OAE‟s provide employment to about 2.4 lakh


47

people. Most of these are employed in public administration, trade, education and small manufacturing

activities.

Demography:

Over 80 per cent of the population is rural and close to 86 per cent is tribal. About 98 per cent of the

population in West Khasi Hills and 76.6 per cent in West Garo Hills is tribal. The State has 53 per cent of

population in the working-age group of 15-59 years and 42 per cent in the 0-14 year group. Meghalaya

has a literacy rate of almost 74 per cent.

Government Policy:

Thrust areas in the State Industrial Policy, 1997, included horticulture, coal, limestone, electronics & IT,

bio-technology, animal husbandry, spices and essential oils, medicinal plants, tea and rubber. However,

few sectors have benefitted significantly because of inadequate infrastructure and market linkages, use of

old tools and techniques, low mechanisation levels, acquisition of private land, poor post-harvest

management facilities, lack of credit facilities and shortage of skilled workforce.

Infrastructure:

Meghalaya‟s infrastructure has remained almost stagnant over the years. Roads are the major link. There

is an operational airport, but serviced by few airlines. Road infrastructure within the state is poor with

some district headquarters yet to be connected by double lane roads.

As of 2007, Meghalaya had a total of 9,384 schools, around 60 per cent of which were concentrated in

West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills. The current educational/vocational infrastructure

in the state needs to be ramped-up to support the industrial growth in the state as well as for skilling

migrant workforce. Employability of students passing out is a concern because of the gap observed

between their skill sets and required industry standards. Also, absence of linkages between educational

institutions, employment exchanges and industry makes it difficult for them to attract quality students.

About 56 per cent of the medical institutions are concentrated in West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and

Jaintia Hills districts only.


48

4.6 SWOT Analysis of Meghalaya

Source: IMaCS Analysis


49

PART – II (b): Identification of growth sectors


50

5.1 Criteria for selecting growth sectors

Resident skills that will continue to be a source of employment generation in next 10 years – skill

development required for enhancing competitiveness.

Sectors with policy support from Central and State Government for expansion, training and

marketing.

Product is unique to the region or occurs abundantly because of factor advantages, but has just

started to be exploited as an economic activity.

Infrastructure investment required to support industrial and economic growth; investment which has

started or is planned.

Common service trades such as electricians, plumbers and repair mechanics – those which require

service quality enhancement.

5.2 Framework for identifying growth engines



51

The above framework has been used to identify potential sectors where economic activities will create

employment between 2011 and 2021.The growth engines for a state‟s economy are driven by the factor

advantages within the state, market conditions, industry value chain available and Government policy

support. These factors lead to growth in economic output which in turn determines the annual incremental

employment opportunities within the state.

5.3 Identified sectors for livelihood opportunities

Based on the framework mentioned above, sectors have been identified for skilling and upgrading skills.

These sectors are expected to provide employment opportunities in the coming 10 years. Sectors for

domestic demand have been identified based on factor endowments, policy thrust, market potential,

historical presence, availability of trained manpower, availability and quality of training centre, time

taken to train and employment opportunities.

TABLE 24: SECTORS FOR LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES AND DOMESTIC DEMAND

Sector

Factor

endowments

Policy

Thrust

Market

Potential

Historical

Presence

Availability and

quality of

training Centre

Time

taken to

train*

Employment

opportunities**

Livelihood Opportunities

Agriculture √ √ √ √ × Low -

Fishery √ × √ √ × Low -

Animal

Husbandry √ √ √ √ × Low -

Sectors for domestic demand

Sericulture √ √ √ √ √ Medium High

Handicrafts √ √ √ √ √ Medium Medium

Horticulture √ √ √ √ × High High

Tea √ √ √ √ √ High High

Food

Processing √ √ √ × × Low High

Hospitality √ √ √ √ √ Medium Low

IT/ITES × √ √ × × High Medium

Forest based,

bamboo √ √ √ √ × Low High

Oil, gas and

plastic √ √ √ √ × High High

Construction √ √ √ √ ×

Low to

Medium High


52

Sector

Factor

endowments

Policy

Thrust

Market

Potential

Historical

Presence

Availability and

quality of

training Centre

Time

taken to

train*

Employment

opportunities**

Healthcare √ √ √ × ×

Medium to

High Low

Other services: Motor Repair √ × √ × × Low Low to High

*Low: Up to one year; Medium: One to two years; High: More than two years. ** Low: Incremental employment

potential of 0 to 1,500 persons; Medium: 1500 to 3,000 persons; High: More than 3,000 persons


5.4 Identified sectors for migration

Sectors for migration have been identified based on natural aptitude, youth aspiration, market potential,

availability of trained manpower, availability and quality of training centre and time taken to train.

TABLE 25: SECTORS FOR MIGRATION

Sector

Natural

aptitude

Youth

aspiration

Market

Potential

Availability and quality of

training Centre

Time taken to

train*

Sectors for Migration

Beauty and

Wellness √ √ √ √ Low to Medium

Hospitality √ √ √ × Medium to High

IT / ITES × √ √ × Medium to High

Retail Services √ √ √ × Low

Music √ √ √ × Medium to High

Sports √ √ √ × Medium to High

Fashion Designing √ √ √ × High

Flight attendants × √ √ × Medium to High

Ground staff at the

airports × √ √ × Low to Medium

Healthcare × √ √ × Medium to High

Language Skills √ √ √ × Low to Medium

Trainers × √ √ × Medium to High

* Low: Up to one year; Medium: One to two years; High: More than two years.



53

5.5 Type of skilling required in identified sectors

Skilling requirements have been classified into speciality skills, new skills and skill up-gradation for each

of the sectors identified.

TABLE 26: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED IN IDENTIFIED SECTORS

Sectors Specialty skills New skills Skill up-gradation

Livelihood opportunities

Agriculture

Fishery

Animal Husbandry

Sectors for domestic demand

Handloom and Handicraft

Horticulture

Food Processing

Hospitality

IT/ITES

Forest based products

Mining

Construction

Healthcare

Others including motor repair and

beauty culture Specialty skills: technical or specific knowledge base essential

New skills: training centres largely non-existent

Skill-up-gradation: outdated techniques and knowledge base



54

5.6 Type of skilling required in sectors identified for migration

For migration related skills as well, skilling requirements have been classified into speciality skills, new

skills and skill up-gradation for the identified sectors.

TABLE 27: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED FOR MIGRATION

Sectors Specialty skills New skills Skill up-gradation

Sectors for migration

Beauty and Wellness

Hospitality

IT / ITES

Retail Services

Fashion Designing

Flight attendants

Ground staff at the airports

Healthcare

Language Skills

Trainers

Specialty skills: technical or specific knowledge base essential

New skills: training centres largely non-existent Skill-up-gradation: outdated techniques and knowledge base



55

PART – II (c): District level Analysis of Meghalaya


56

6.1. East Garo Hills

East Garo Hills District was upgraded from a sub-division to a full-fledged district in 1976. The district is

bounded by South Garo Hills on the south, West Garo Hills on the west, East Khasi Hills on the East and

the state of Assam on the north. The district headquarters are located at Williamnagar. Commonly used

languages in the district are English, Hindi and Garo

6.1.1 Economy

The GDDP of the East Garo Hills district was Rs 57,516 lakh (as of 2007-08). The per capita DDP of

East Garo Hills is Rs 21,115. The economy of the East Garo Hills district is basically agrarian and rural

based. Agriculture is the mainstay of about 90 percent of the population of East Garo Hills and most earn

their livings directly or indirectly from agriculture.

6.1.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 2603 km². According to the 2011 census East Garo Hills has a

population of 250,582 and literacy of 60.6 per cent. The Garos constitute the majority in the East Garo

Hills district as is evident from the name of the district. The district also is home for a sizeable

population of Rabhas, Hajongs, Koches, Dalus, Banais and Boros.

6.1.3 Infrastructure

Being a land-locked district with hilly terrain and sparse population, means of communication in the

district have not developed much. There are no railway heads and airports within the district and the

rivers here are also not navigable. The road network too is quite under-developed.


57

TABLE 28: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST GARO HILLS

Facilities Number of villages

Drinking water facilities 862

Safe Drinking water 727

Electricity (Power Supply) 287

Electricity (domestic) 283

Electricity (Agriculture) -

Source: Census 2001

Total inhibited villages in East Garo Hills are 864 of which 862 of them have drinking water facilities.

However, power supply is available in only 287 villages which indicate the poor power situation

prevailing in the district.

Education Infrastructure:

The educational infrastructure of the district is inadequate. About 716 villages in the district have primary

schooling facilities. None of the villages have any colleges.

TABLE 29: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - EAST GARO HILLS.

Education Infrastructure in East Garo Hills

Primary school 716

Middle schools 134

Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 40

College -

Source: Census 2001

6.1.4Employment Pattern

There are 111,996 workers in the district. About 70 per cent of them are main workers. The number of

non-workers stands at 138,586. About 70.7 per cent of the main workers are cultivators which is highest

in the district. About 8.8 per cent of the main workers are agricultural labourers.


58

FIGURE 16 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST GARO HILLS

Source: Census 2001

6.1.5Potential sectors in district

Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling:

Handloom:

• Garos are well-known for their handlooms products in North-East India. They produce only for

local consumption and not in large scale.

• In absence of significant economic activity and with establishment of more Handloom Weavers‟

Cooperative Societies in the district, large scale production can be undertaken to for

commercialisation.

Horticulture:

• Fruits like papaya, pineapple, orange, pomelo, jack-fruit, litchi, mango, pears, sapota,

cashewnuts, bananas, coconut and areca nut are grown widely in the district.

• District produces more than 20 per cent of papaya, banana and pine-apples in the district.

• Conducive climate and increasing government focus providing impetus to horticulture growth in

the district.

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers

78,806

33,190

138,586


59

Fruit Processing:

• Significant fruit production in the district to support fruit processing industries.

• Both national and international market (Bangladesh) available for processed products.

• Government policy support to horticulture and fruit processing industries.

6.2. East Khasi Hills

The East Khasi Hills district was carved out of the erstwhile Khasi Hills district, which was divided into

East and West Khasi Hills districts. The district is home to the state capital, Shillong. The northern

portion of the district is bounded by the plain of Ri-Bhoi District, by the Jaintia Hills District to the east

and the West Khasi Hills District to the west. The East Khasi Hills District is mostly hilly with deep

gorges and ravines on the southern portion.

6.2.1 Economy

The GDDP of the East Khasi Hills district was Rs 304,630 lakh , as of 2007-08 contributing over 40 per

cent of state‟s GSDP. The per capita DDP of East Khasi Hills district was Rs 42,419 (as of 2007-08). The

East Khasi Hills district is the major economic centre of the state.

6.2.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 2752 km². According to the 2011 census East Khasi Hills has a

population of 660,923 and literacy of 76.07 per cent.


The district headquarter, Shillong is connected to Guwahati and Silchar by NH 44 of 103 km. and 240

km. respectively. The nearest rail head and airport are situated at Guwahati. There is an airstrip suitable

for small aircrafts at Umroi which is 35 km. from Shillong. The agricultural and other products are

transported by trucks, jeeps and tractors. Shillong is well connected with other parts of the State by

motorable road.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_Hills_district


60

TABLE 30: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST KHASI HILLS






Electricity (Agriculture) 15

Source: Census 2001

About 920 villages in East Khasi Hills have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available

in only 682 villages. Total number of villages where electricity is available for agricultural use is only 15

indicating power shortage situation in the district.


About 758 villages in the district have primary schooling facilities. The number of villages with

secondary/senior secondary schools is 65.

TABLE 31: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- EAST KHASI HILLS

Education Infrastructure in East Khasi Hills

Primary school 758

Middle schools 186


College 1

Source: Census 2001


There are 256,562 workers in the district. About 85 per cent of them are main workers. The number of

non-workers stands at 404,361. Only 24.1 per cent of the main workers are cultivators indicating shifting

of district economy towards services sector.


61

FIGURE 17 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST KHASI HILLS

Source: Census 2001



Hotels:

• Shillong, also known as “Scotland of the East” attracts a large number of tourists every year.

• The district is well connected to Guwahati by all-weather roads.

• „Mesmerizing Meghalaya‟ – branding of Meghalaya tourism.

• Improving perception regarding security in the state in mainland India.

Horticulture:

• Fruits like papaya, pineapple, orange, jack-fruit, litchi, mango, pears, sapota, etc. grown in

abundance in the district.

• District produces more than 50 per cent of citrus fruits in the state.


the district.

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000


219,190

37,372

404,361


62

Fruit Processing:



• Well connected with Guwahati which is the major economic hub in the north-east region.

• Government policy support to horticulture and fruit processing industries.

Mining:

• Contributed almost 60 per cent to the state‟s limestone production in 2009-10.

• Almost 70 per cent cement based small scale industries (SSI) are located in East Khasi Hills.

• Many mining projects in the pipeline.

Handicrafts:

• About 83 per cent of the handicraft SSIs is concentrated in Khasi Hills only.

• Since the district is well connected to Guwahati and attracts a large number of tourists, it could

provide a nodal point for the handicrafts industry in the state.

6.3.Jaintia Hills

Jaintia Hills district came into existence on 22 February 1972. The district headquarters are located at

Jowai. The whole District is full of rugged and undulating terrains with the exception of the deep gorges,

steep precipice and narrow valleys carved out by the rivers of Umngot, Myntdu, Lukha, Myntang and a

good number of other turbulent streams that drain out all over the District. The Jaintia Hills is richly

endowed with natural resources.

6.3.1 Economy

The GDDP of the Jaintia Hills district was Rs 118,488 lakh (as of 2007-08). The per capita DDP of

Jaintia Hills district was Rs 36,511(as of 2007-08). The district is very rich in natural resources. Coal and

Limestone mining is the major economic activity in the district. A large number of cement companies are

operating in the district.


63

6.3.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 3819 km². According to the 2011 census Jaintia Hills has a population

of 299,108 and literacy rate of 51.87 per cent.


Jowai the Headquarter of the District is connected with Shillong and Silchar by NH-44. All five block

Headquarters in the district have also been connected by roads. Important places connected by metalled

roads are Khanduli, Garampani and Dawki. Recently, Jowai-Amlarem-Dawki road has been declared as

National Highway. Jowai town is well connected with the rest of the country by the S.T.D. facilities

availed by the telecom company BSNL.

TABLE 32: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - JAINTIA HILLS







Source: Census 2001

Total inhibited villages in the district are 467 out of which about 462 villages have drinking water

facilities. Power supply is available in only 291 villages.


There are 383 villages with primary schooling facilities in the district. The number of villages with

college is three.

http://shillong.meg.nic.in/


64

TABLE 33: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- JAINTIA HILLS

Education Infrastructure in Jaintia Hills

Primary school 383

Middle schools 124


College 3

Source: Census 2001


There are 126,877 workers in the district with nearly 75 per cent of them main workers. The number of

non-workers stands at 172,231. About 54.6 per cent of the main workers are cultivators and 17.9 per cent

are agricultural labourers.

FIGURE 18 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN JAINTIA HILLS

Source: Census 2001

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000


95,635

31,242

172,231


65

6.3. 5Potential sectors in district


Hotels:

• Significant mining activity in the district will attract business tourists.

• Presence of plenty of tourists spots in and around the district.



Horticulture:

• Major producer of citrus fruits after East Khasi Hills district.


the district.

Mining:

• Contributed almost 39 per cent to the state‟s limestone production in 2009-10.

• Almost 40 per cent of installed capacity of cement plants concentrated in Jaintia Hills district.

• Many mining projects in the pipeline.

• Contributed about 65 per cent to the state‟s coal production in 2009-10. However most of it is

done illegally.

6.4.Ri Bhoi

Ri Bhoi district is one of the youngest districts of Meghalaya which came into existence on the 4th June

1992. The district was carved out from the erstwhile East Khasi Hills district. The district is bounded on

the North by the Kamrup, Morigoan and Nagoan districts of Assam, on the East by the Karbi Anglong

district of Assam, on the South by East Khasi Hills & West Khasi Hills districts and on the West by the

West Khasi district. Nongpoh is the district headquarters.


66

6.4.1 Economy

The GDDP of the Ri Bhoi district was Rs 55,093 lakh (as of 2007-08). The per capita DDP of Ri Bhoi

district is Rs 26,314(as of 2007-08). In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Ri Bhoi one of the

country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).

6.4.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 2448 km². According to the 2011 census Ri Bhoi has a population of

192,790 and literacy of 65.73 per cent.


The headquarters of the District, Nongpoh is located 53 km away from the state capital Shillong and 50

km from Guwahati. This district is characterized by rugged and irregular land surface. The nearest Rail

head and airport are situated at Guwahati. There is an airstrip suitable for small aircrafts at Umroi. The

agricultural and other products are transported by trucks, jeeps and tractors. Ri Bhoi is well connected

with other parts of the State by motorable road.

TABLE 34: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - RI BHOI

Facilities Number of

villages





Electricity (Agriculture) -

Source: Census 2001

All inhibited villages in Ri Bhoi have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in

only 455 villages.


About 457 villages in the district have primary schools, 99 villages have middle schools and 23 villages

have secondary/senior secondary schools in the district.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillong


67

TABLE 35: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- RI BHOI

Education Infrastructure in Ri Bhoi

Primary school 457

Middle schools 99


College 1

Source: Census 2001


There are 89,407 workers in the district. Almost 80 per cent of them are main workers. The number of

non-workers stands at 103,383. Almost 60 per cent of the main workers are cultivators indicating that

agriculture is the mainstay of the district economy.

FIGURE 19: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN RI BHOI

Source: Census 2001

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000


71,237

18,170

103,383


68



Horticulture:

• Strawberry cultivation becoming popular in the district.

• Abundance and variety of fruits produced in the district.

• Favourable climate and diverse agro climatic situations suitable for tropical and temperate

flowers

• Greenhouse floriculture units for development of floriculture established with the aid of

Directorate of Horticulture.

Fruit Processing:



• Well connected with Guwahati which is the major economic hub in the north-east region.

Bamboo based industry:

• Market connectivity.

• Umiam Industrial Area housing other forest based industries.

Handicrafts:

• Traditional activity in the district.

• Good connectivity with Guwahati.


69

6.5.South Garo Hills

The South Garo Hills district lies in the southern part of the state of Meghalaya, and was created on 18th

June, 1992. The district is hilly with difficult terrain with its headquarter at Baghmara, the only town in

the district.

6.5.1 Economy

The GDDP of the South Garo Hills district was Rs 43,543 lakh (as of 2007-08), minimal contribution by

any district in Meghalaya‟s GSDP. The per capita DDP of South Garo Hills district is Rs 39,473(as of

2007-08), second highest after East Khasi Hills district. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named

South Garo one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).

6.5.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 1850 km². According to the Census 2011, South Garo Hill district has a

population of 100,980 and literacy rate of 55 per cent. The Garos constitute the majority in the East

Garo Hills district as is evident from the name of the district. The Garos have a matrilineal society

where children adopt their mother clan.


The headquarters of the District, Baghmara is located 350 km away from from Guwahati. The nearest

Rail head and airport is situated at Guwahati. The agricultural and other products are transported by

trucks, jeeps and tractors.

TABLE 36: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - SOUTH GARO HILLS


villages






Source: Census 2001


70

All inhibited villages in South Garo Hills district have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is

available in only 363 villages.


Out of total 595 inhibited villages, there are about 416 villages with primary schooling facilities in the

district.

TABLE 37: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- SOUTH GARO HILLS

Education Infrastructure in South Garo Hills

Primary school 416

Middle schools 71


College -

Source: Census 2001


There are 47,848 workers in the district. Almost 65 per cent of them are main workers. There are 53,132

non-workers in the district. About 63 per cent of the main workers are cultivators indicating that it is a

predominantly agrarian economy.

FIGURE 20: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN SOUTH GARO HILLS

Source: Census 2001

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000


31,351

16,497

53,132


71



Horticulture:

• Favourable climate.


Handloom:





commercialisation.

6.6.West Khasi Hills

West Khasi Hills, presently the largest district of Meghalaya, was carved out of the erstwhile

Khasi Hills District on the 28th October, 1976. It lies in the central part of Meghalaya. It is bounded on

the north-west by Kamrup district of Assam, on the north-east by Ri Bhoi district, on the east by East

Khasi Hills district, on the south by Bangladesh, on the west by East Garo and South Garo Hills

districts. Nongstoin is the Headquarter of the District.

6.6.1 Economy

The GDDP of the West Khasi Hills district was Rs 54,882 lakh (as of 2007-08). The per capita DDP of

West Khasi Hills district is Rs 17,108(as of 2007-08), lowest in the state. The economy is predominantly

agrarian.


72

6.6.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 5247 km² which is about 23 per cent of the area of the state. According

to the 2011 census West Khasi Hill district has a population of 296,049 and literacy rate of 65.1 per

cent. The people of the District have their distinct dialects of about 23 in number. Majority of these

dialectical groups, understand Khasi, which is common or link language of the people.


The nearest Rail head and airport are situated at Guwahati.

TABLE 38: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST KHASI HILLS


villages






Source: Census 2001

Almost all inhibited villages in West Khasi Hills district have drinking water facilities. However, power

supply is available in about only one-third of villages.


About 877 villages in the district have primary schooling facilities. Secondary/senior secondary schools

are present in 59 villages.

TABLE 39: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- WEST KHASI HILLS

Education Infrastructure in West Khasi Hills

Primary school 877

Middle schools 185


College 1

Source: Census 2001


73


There are 129,095 workers in the district. More than 75 per cent of them are main workers. There are

166,954 non-workers in the district. Almost 67 per cent of the main workers are cultivators.

FIGURE 21: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST KHASI HILLS

Source: Census 2001



Bamboo and Cane:

• Bamboo and cane available in abundance from forest.

Horticulture:

• Fruit production in abundance in the district.


the district.

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000


97,784

31,311

166,954


74

Mining:

• Very rich in mineral resources.

• Important minerals in the district are Sillimanite, Coal, limestone and Uranium

Handicrafts:

• About 83 per cent of the handicraft SSIs is concentrated in Khasi Hills only.

6.7.West Garo Hills

West Garo Hills is one of the largest districts of Meghalaya. The West Garo Hills district lies on the

western part of the state of Meghalaya bounded by the East Garo Hills district on the east, the South Garo

Hills on the south-east, the Goalpara district of Assam on the north and north-west and Bangladesh on the

south. The district headquarters of West Garo Hills is Tura, which is the second largest town in the State

after Shillong.

6.7.1 Economy

The GDDP of the West Garo Hills district was Rs 126,375 lakh (as of 2007-08), highest after East Khasi

hills district. The per capita DDP of West Garo Hills district is Rs 22,454(as of 2007-08). In 2006 the

Ministry of Panchayati Raj named West Garo one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a

total of 640).

6.7.2Demography

The district occupies an area of 3714 km². According to the 2011 census South Garo Hill district has a

population of 518,390 and literacy rate of 50.67 per cent. The population is pre-dominantly inhabited by

the Garos, a tribe with a matrilineal society belonging to the Bodo family of the Tibeto-Burman race

tribes. Other indigenous inhabitants are the Hajongs, Rabhas, Koches, Rajbansis, Meches, Kacharis and

Dalus.


75


Tura, the headquarters of the district, is well connected by road with other places in the district as well as

with the rest of the Meghalaya and Assam. The nearest railhead and airport are located in Guwahati which

is about 220 km.

TABLE 40: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST GARO HILLS


Drinking water facilities 1,465

Safe Drinking water 1,314




Source: Census 2001

Almost all inhibited villages in West Garo Hills district have drinking water facilities. However, power

supply is available in nearly 36 per cent of the villages indicating the poor state of power in the district.


There are 1,118 villages with primary schools in West Garo Hills district. About 286 of the villages have

middle schools.

TABLE 41: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - WEST GARO HILLS

Education Institutions in West Garo Hills

Primary school 1,118

Middle schools 286


College 2

Source: Census 2001


76


There are 208,361 workers in the district. About 78 per cent of them are main workers. There are 310,029

non-workers in the district. About 56 per cent of the main workers are cultivators.

FIGURE 22: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST GARO HILLS

Source: Census 2001



Horticulture:


the district.


Handloom:



0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000


163,008

45,353

310,029


77



commercialisation.

Hotels:

• Presence of plenty of tourists spots in and around the district.




78

PART – II (d): Skill Gap Analysis


79

6.1 Tourism

Tourism in Meghalaya has gained momentum in the last few years. It has immense untapped potential for

further growth. Currently, it is mainly concentrated in the East Khasi Hills. However, Garo Hills also

have huge potential.

The State Government is undertaking a number of schemes for the development of this sector for revenue

and employment generation. It has branded tourism in state by coining the term „Mesmerizing

Meghalaya’.

FIGURE 23: DOMESTIC TOURIST ARRIVALS

Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009

In 2008-09, Meghalaya attracted 554,973 tourists. Of these, 99 per cent were domestic. The tourist

arrivals have increased at a CAGR of 14 per cent between 2000 and 2009. As of 2008-09, there were 70

tourist spots in Meghalaya. Of these, almost half were located in East Khasi Hills. To boost tourism sector

in the state, a New Tourism Policy has come into effect in February 2011.

169,929 178,697

268,529

371,953 433,495

375,911 400,287 457,685

549,954

-

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000


80

FIGURE 24: FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS


Meghalaya Tourism Policy, 2011, focuses on a diverse range of services. Strategies for tourism

development identified under the policy are as under:

• To develop destinations and circuit development.

• To create and improve infrastructure along with better management of mega tourism projects.

• A well-designed plan for capacity building and manpower training will help make tourism

development successful.

• Joint venture in cases where unique products involving special proprietary information or brand

image are needed to be introduced to a location.

• To include tourism as an industry so that stake holders can take advantage of the various

incentives under the North East Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy (NEIIPP).

• To identify and promote new opportunities and products for the future development of tourism in

Meghalaya.

• To develop an effective marketing strategy so as to project a positive image for Meghalaya in the

international and national market as a unique and preferred destination to visit.

2,327 2,390 3,191

6,304

12,707

5,099 4,259

5,267 4,919

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000


81

• To upgrade visitor facilities.

Potential area for future development identified under the policy is as under:

• Adventure / sports tourism

• Wildlife / Eco-tourism

• Cultural tourism

• Meetings, Incentives, Conventions & Exhibition Tourism (MICE)

• Wellness, health and herbal tourism

• Unique lodging products

• Local souvenir tourism

• Golf tourism

• Pilgrimage tourism

• Legend tourism

• Heritage tourism

• Music tourism

• Strawberry tourism

• Premium tourist destinations

• Package tours

• Cuisine tourism

• Film tourism

• Weekend / day tourism


82

6.1(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Tourism sector

Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps

Tour

operators /

travel

guides

• Ability to create attractive local

tourist package

• Ability to network with outside (both

domestic and

abroad) tour operators

• Market understanding

• Ability to brand

• Event management

• Route planning and optimisation

• Excellent sales and marketing

• Ability to develop attractive pricing strategy

• Ability to liaison with airline, hotels and

local community

• Ability to manage tourist expectations

• Man management skills

• Customer Relationship Management

• Computer skills

• Ability to speak in English

• Lack of market

understanding

• Lack of skills on route

planning and optimisation

• Inability to develop

attractive pricing strategy

• Lack of soft skills

• Inability to network with

customers and allied

entities

• Poor customer service

quality

• Lack of computer skills

• Inability to speak in

English

Logistics

providers

• Ability to provide

uninterrupted

logistics support

• Ability to relate

with domestic and

foreign tourists

• Understanding of local and English speaking

skills

• Time management

• Route planning and optimization

• Customer relationship management

• Excellent trouble shooting skills

• Ability to follow standard operating

procedure

• Ability to maintain business etiquette

• Inability to speak in

English

• Lack of skills on route

planning and optimisation

• Lack customer relationship

management

• Inability to follow standard

operation procedures

• Inability to provide

uninterrupted support

• Lack of uniform pricing


83

Hotels

• Ability to provide

customer service

• Ability to perform

multi-functions

• Understanding of local language and English

speaking skills

• Customer relationship management

• Excellent trouble shooting skills

• Understanding of cultural differences

• Understanding of hotel functions, including

procurement of raw material, cooking etc.

• Computer skills

• Ability to maintain financial records

• Ability to maintain business etiquette

• Poor English speaking

skills

• Lack of computer skills


• Lack of customer

relationship management

and allied services

Source:IMaCS Survey and Analysis

6.2 Mining

Meghalaya has large limestone reserves estimated at 15,100 million tonnes. Of these, 63 per cent are

proven, 26 per cent are inferred and 11 per cent are indicated reserves. The types of limestone found in

the State vary from cement to chemical grade. These are suitable for steel, fertilizer and cement

industries. As of 2008, there were 10 functional cement plants in the state, having a total installed

capacity of 6,240 TPD. About 40 per cent of these were concentrated in Jaintia Hills. As of 2008, about

24 more plants were in pipeline. As of 2007-08, the state also had 166 cement based small scale industries

(SSIs). About 70 per cent of these were in East Khasi Hills.

FIGURE 25: LIMESTONE PRODUCTION

(„000 Metric Tonnes)


235 585 641 722 655

1,044

2,133 2,153

3,876 3,882

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000


84

FIGURE 26: DISTRICT-WISE LIMESTONE PRODUCTION

(2009-2010, „000 MT)

Source: Department of Mining and Geology Meghalaya

Meghalaya exports large quantities of limestone and coal to Bangladesh. There exists a complementarily

between the resources of Meghalaya and Bangladesh. For instance, a cement factory at Chhatak in

Bangladesh, fully depends on Meghalaya for limestone. Likewise, the tea gardens, jute mills, and brick

making units in Bangladesh largely depend on coal mined in Meghalaya.

FIGURE 27: EXPORTS TO BANGLADESH

(„000 MT)

Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009

East Khasi Hills, 60.4%

Jaintia Hills, 38.6%

South Garo Hills, 1.1%

241 215 181 173 135

593 550

1,517

755 768 876 907 814

704

996

737

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-082008-09 (till Jan 09)

Limestone Coal


85

Coal is available in abundance in the state. The estimated reserves are 576.48 million tonnes. Of these, 23

per cent are proven and 77 per cent are inferred reserves. The grade found in the state is sub-bituminous,

with medium to high sulphur. These are suitable as fuel for power generation, in producing iron, steel and

gas and to make coke for metallurgical purposes. Most of the coal reserves are on private lands. Private

individuals control the mining activities. Due to small scale mining activity, age-old rat-hole method is

employed for mining, which is highly unscientific. It is leading to health hazards for the labourers along

with environmental degradation.

FIGURE 28: COAL PRODUCTION

(„000 MT)


FIGURE 29: DISTRICT-WISE COAL PRODUCTION

(2009-2010, „000 MT)

Sources: Department of Mining and Geology Meghalaya

Most of the upcoming projects in Meghalaya are either coal or limestone based.

3,464

5,149 4,406

5,439 5,345 5,629 5,787 6,541

5,489 5,767

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

1991-92 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Jaintia Hills,

64.5%

Garo Hills,

27.1%

Khasi Hills, 8.4%


86

TABLE 42: LIST OF PROJECTS ANNOUNCED

Projects announced in 2011 Promoter Status

Ferro Alloys Unit, 53,000 tpa at Shallang, Nongstoin, West Khasi

Hills district

Brijraj Power &

Metallics Project underway.

Lafarge Mining Project - supply of limestone to the cement plant

at Chhatak in Bangladesh from the quarry located at Nongtrai, East

Khasi Hills.

Lafarge Umiam Mining

Private Ltd (LUMPL)

Environmental

clearance received.

500 MW East Garo Hills Coal Based Power Project NEEPCO In planning stage.

240 MW Coal Based Power Project in West Khasi Hills District NEEPCO In planning stage.

12 MW Coal Based Project in Jaintia Hills District Amrit Cement Industries

Limited

Civil work under

progress.

Ferro Alloy Production Project in West Khasi Hills Meghalaya Ferrous

Limited

Civil work under

progress.

Source: IMaCS Research

6.2(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Mining


Limestone

and coal

mining

Extraction of

limestone and

coal from the

mines

• Ability to operate mining machines like

dumpers, loaders and excavators

• Ability to drill using the drilling machine

• Blasting skills

• Skills for doing jobs of a foreman

• Ability to break coal / limestone into smaller

pieces for supplying to the industry

• Knowledge of scientific methods of mining,

especially for coal mining

• Lack knowledge of scientific

methods for mining

• Mainly using rat hole method

for coal extraction

• Locals lack specialised skills, so

personnel have to be imported

from other states.


87

Cement

plants

Plant

processing,

grinding,

packing and

transporting

• Knowledge of crushing and grinding

• Understanding of the process of

clinkerisation

• Ability to maintain quality

• Maintain corporate discipline and culture

• Quality control engineer

• Mechanical, process, chemical, electrical

and instrumentation engineers

• Packaging and transportation

• Marketing

• Maintenance: Fitters, welders, electricians,

drivers, etc.

• Most of the workers hired by

the cement plants are not

employable and have to be

trained on the job

• For higher skill set, engineers

are hired from outside the state

• Lack of corporate culture is

prevalent

• Lack of maintenance skills

Sources: IMaCS Survey and Analysis

6.3 Horticulture

Meghalaya has suitable climate for cultivation of wide variety of horticulture crops such as fruits,

vegetables, spices, aromatic and ornamental plants, medicinal plants and plantation crops. The key fruits

grown in the state are pineapple, citrus fruits, banana, papaya and strawberries. Other potential fruits

include plums, peaches, guava, mango, litchi, lemon, etc. There is lot of potential for spices like ginger,

chillies, and turmeric. The Lakadong turmeric is world famous and exported. Tea, cashew nut, areca nut

and rubber are also grown. Floriculture has immense potential with climate conducive for flowers like

orchids, bulbous plants, chrysanthemum, gerbera, gladiolus, marigold, carnations, birds of paradise, etc.

FIGURE 30: AREA HARVESTED

(HECTARES)

Sources: State Development Report of Meghalaya 2008-09

-2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

10,000 12,000

Pine-apples Citrus fruits* Banana Papaya


88

FIGURE 31: HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION

(TONNES)

Sources: State Development Report of Meghalaya 2008-09

FIGURE 32: DISTRICT-WISE PRODUCTION OF KEY FRUITS IN MEGHALAYA

(2008-09)

-20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000

100,000 120,000

Pine-apples Citrus fruits Banana Papaya

Ri Bhoi39%

West Garo Hills23%

East Garo Hills20%

South Garo Hills7%

East Khasi Hills6%

West Khasi Hills4% Jaintia Hills

1%

Pine-apples

West Garo Hills31%

East Garo Hills25%

Ri Bhoi20%

East Khasi Hills11%

West Khasi Hills6%

South Garo Hills5%

Jaintia Hills2%

Banana


89

Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Meghalaya; IMaCS Analysis

Presently, Meghalaya has three fruit processing units:

• One is at Shillong with an installed capacity of 60 metric tonnes.

• Second is at Dainadubi in East Garo Hills with an installed capacity of 40 metric tonnes.

• Third is at K.D. Industry at Chibinang Village, West Garo hills.

These processing plants produce squashes, canned fruits, juices, jams, jellies, marmalades and pickles. In

addition, there are a few Self Help Groups (SHGs) also running small processing units. Given the

horticulture abundance in the State, there is immense potential for setting up processing units. However,

the state is facing some of the constraints in development of this sector. These include:

• Inadequate infrastructure for post-harvest management

• Land use and tenure system

• Poor transport infrastructure

• Lack of a robust distribution and marketing infrastructure for horticulture produce

• Lack of well-established processing infrastructure to manage the horticultural produce, etc.

• Supply chain and branding issue.

• Credit availability is also a serious concern.

East Khasi Hills53%

Jaintia Hills17%

West Khasi Hills13%

West Garo Hills9%

Ri Bhoi4%

East Garo Hills3%

South Garo Hills

1%

Citrus fruits

East Garo Hills28%

Ri Bhoi25%

West Garo Hills25%

East Khasi Hills14%

West Khasi Hills5%

South Garo Hills

2% Jaintia Hills1%

Papaya


90

6.3(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Horticulture


Grower To grow the crop

with best

possible

productivity and

quality

• Knowledge of growing pattern of different

crops, seasons fore harvesting and planting

• Knowledge about high quality seeds

• Knowledge about pest control, which

includes management of weeds, insects /

mites, and diseases

• Good understanding of cultural practices

which include crop rotation, culling, cover

crops, intercropping, double cropping,

composting etc.

• Understanding of international standards to

ensure best quality and higher production

• Lack of knowledge about

high quality seeds

• Lack understanding of

cultural practices like crop

rotation, inter cropping,

double cropping etc.

• Lack understanding of

international standards

• Lack of knowledge on new

techniques in agriculture

• Lack of knowledge on soil

conservation / preservation

techniques

Growers /

Labourer

Harvesting and

Post harvesting

management of

the crops

• Awareness on appropriate methods and time

of harvesting

• Prevention of microbial contamination of

fresh produce

• Understanding of sanitization of vegetables

and fruits by dipping and flowers by

spraying

• Understanding of best practices of sorting,

grading and packaging

• Ensuring worker hygiene and sanitation

practices

• Cold storage

• Lack understanding of best

practices of sorting, grading

and packaging*

• Lack understanding of cold

storage system

• Lack mechanisation and

technical skills at all levels

Marketing

agents

Marketing of

crops in raw or

processed forms

• Understanding of basic processing

technologies, like processing fruits into

pulp, juice, jam, jelly, pickle etc. for sale in

local market and even outside the state

• Capability to establish market linkages

• Understanding of market demand

• Understanding of pricing methodology

• Capability to strike good bargains with the

potential buyers both in domestic and

international markets

• Ability to ensure timely transportation of

cost to prevent it from getting perished and

wasted

• Soft skills to deal with clients

• Lack the capability to

establish market linkages

• Lack understanding of market

demand

• Lack understanding of pricing

methodology

• Not capable to strike bargains

• Unable to ensure timely

transportation

• Lack of managerial skills

• Lack of report writing skills

• Lack soft skills


91


Fruit

processing

entrepreneur

Processing of

fruits and

vegetables

• Ability to visually examine fruits /

vegetables and separate rotten fruits /

vegetables

• Ability to differentiate between different

quality grades based on size and other

normative approaches

• Ability to appropriately size / dice as well as

the ability to make end produce visually

appealing

• Knowledge of latest preservation and

processing technologies

• Ability to adapt to newer storage

technologies

• Sensitisation to quality control

• Branding knowledge

• Strong negotiation skills

• Packing, selling and marketing skills

• Lack of knowledge of latest

preservation and processing

technologies

• Lack if ability to adapt to

newer storage technologies

• Lack of branding knowledge

• Lack of strong negotiation

skills

• Lack of understanding of

latest packaging techniques

• Lack of marketing skills



6.4 Handloom and Handicraft

Handloom weaving is an important rural cottage based industry in the state. The sector is basically a

women oriented activity providing self-employment. As of 2008, there were 25,000 weaver households,

working primarily with traditional looms and designs and catering to households and vicinity markets.

Over 91 per cent of handloom SSIs are concentrated in Garo Hills. As of 2008, the state had 24 weaving

training centres, 21 weaving demonstration centres, 24 handloom demonstration cum production centres,

and eight handloom production centres. There is also a state level handloom training centre at

Mendipathar in East Garo Hills.


92

FIGURE 33: SSIS IN HANDLOOM


FIGURE 34: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDLOOM SSIS


Meghalaya is also known for its traditional handicrafts. Local artisans use cane, bamboo, dry flowers,

pine corns, etc., to make handicraft products. Some SHGs and NGOs are also engaged in candle making.

Most of these products are either sold locally or in neighbouring states. As of 2008, the state had 53 SSIs

engaged in handicrafts, employing 202 persons. About 83 per cent of the handicrafts SSIs are

concentrated in Khasi Hills only.

182 254 297 327 344 362 1,041

1,417 1,662 1,863 1,975

2,081

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2000-01 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No. of SSIs No. of persons employed

East Garo Hills69%

West Garo Hills23%

West Khasi Hills3%

South Garo Hills2% Others

3%

No of SSIs


93

FIGURE 35: SSIS IN HANDICRAFT


FIGURE 36: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDICRAFTSSIS


Rearing of worms for Eri, Mulberry and Muga silk is traditionally practiced in rural areas as a cottage

industry. As of 2008, there were 1,812 villages involved in sericulture with 28,923 families engaged in it.

There are 12 sericulture farms, four mulberry silk reeling units and four muga silk reeling units. There is

also a state-level sericulture training institute at Ummulong. The sector is facing infrastructure

inadequacy. No new assets have been created in the last 10 years. The farms are ageing and under-

developed. Ancient practices are being used for rearing of cocoons and silk production. About 70 per cent

of the cocoon production is transported to Assam for conversion.

24 24 31 53 53 82 82

112

202 202

-

50

100

150

200

250

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08


East Khasi Hills72%

West Khasi Hills11%

Ri Bhoi11%

Garo Hills6%

No of SSIs


94

TABLE 43: PRODUCTION OF COCOONS AND SILK IN MEGHALAYA

Year

Mulberry, '000

kgs

Eri,

'000 kgs

Muga, lakh

numbers

Quantity of raw

silk produced,

kg

2000-01 23 322 128 270

2001-02 18 374 182 2,391

2002-03 18 361 217 13,032

2003-04 21 423 290 21,762

2004-05 22 341 254 13,032

2005-06 20 295 269 21,762

2006-07 11 252 302 13,032

2007-08 14 425 432 13,032 Sources:Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009

6.4(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Handloom and Handicraft


Handloom

weaver

Produce

quality

handloom

products

• Knowledge of pre loom processing, including

dyeing

• Knowledge of spinning and weaving

• Knowledge of post loom processing

• Knowledge of new technology

• Understanding of market developments

• Understanding of customer preferences

• Ability to create new designs

• Ability to create new product differentiation

• Ability to manufacture consistent quality

products

• Ability to reduce lead-time

• Ability to market products

• Create market oriented products

• Lack of knowledge of new

technology, market

developments, and customer

preferences

• Lack of ability to create new

designs and create new product

differentiation

• Lack of ability to manufacture

consistent quality products and

to market products

• Lack of ability to reduce lead

time

• Lack of knowledge to create

market oriented products


95


Handicraft -

craftsperson

Manufacture

handicrafts

using cane,

bamboo and

wood

• Knowledge of use of tools and materials

• Ability to perform intricate work / finishing

• Hand control to preserve intricate designs

• Knowledge and skills for design

• Ability to transfer skills to inexperienced

craftsman

• Ability to conceptualise and create new

designs

• Ability to market products and create market

oriented products

• Lack of ability to perform

intricate work / finishing

• Lack of knowledge and skills

for designs and ability to

conceptualise and create new

designs

• Inability to market products

and create market oriented

products

• Lack of packaging skills

• Lack of uniformity in products


6.5 Forest based industry

Cane and bamboo are available in abundance in Meghalaya. The coverage of natural bamboo forests in

Meghalaya has been estimated to be about 3,108 sq. km., which is about 14 per cent of State‟s

geographical area. About 36 species of bamboo are found in Meghalaya. It finds varied uses in household,

for handicrafts, as poles in the villages and cities, as raw material to the paper mills located in Assam.

As of 2008, there were 486 small scale industries making cane and bamboo products, employing 1,799

persons.Over 70 per cent of these were located in Khasi Hills only.There are also a few medium scale

industries also, manufacturing bamboo dust panels, bamboo mat boards, etc.

FIGURE 37: SSI - CANE AND BAMBOO


254 299 323 371 421 486 960 1,115 1,213 1,358 1,573 1,799

-

1,000

2,000

2000-01 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08



96

FIGURE 38: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO AND CANE SSI‟S


Meghalaya has abundant forest resources. Based on which, many large, medium and small scale

industries have come up. These include saw mills (all scales) and wooden furniture units (mainly small

scale). There are 12 saw and saw cum veneering mills in the Umiam Industrial Area (Ri-Bhoi), five saw

mills in Jaintia Hills industrial area and nine saw mills in Nongstoin industrial area.In addition, there are

87 SSIs in saw mill units. About 60 per cent of these are concentrated in Khasi Hills, followed by 19.5 per

cent in Jaintia Hills. Plywood sheets made at the saw mills are sold in neighbouring states like Nagaland,

Bihar, Kolkata and Assam. As of 2008, there are 604 SSIs manufacturing wooden furniture, employing

3,018 persons. Over 60 per cent of these are concentrated in Khasi Hills, followed by 11 per cent in Garo

Hills.

FIGURE 39: SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN WOODEN FURNITURE


East Khasi Hills, 36.6%

West Khasi Hills, 34.4%

East Garo Hills, 8.2%

West Garo Hills, 7.4%

South Garo Hills, 6.8%

Jaintia Hills, 3.9% Ri Bhoi, 2.7%

398 503 536 553 578 604

2,015 2,521 2,647 2,764 2,907 3,018

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

2000-01 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08



97

FIGURE 40: SSI SAW MILLING UNITS


6.5(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Forest based industry


Small scale

industries and

artisans

Manufacturing of

bamboo

diversified

products

• Ability to cut cane and bamboo and split

longitudinally into various sizes.

• Ability to do coiling for baskets and

weaving for mats.

• Ability to cut bamboo into sizes of desired

length with the help of cutting tools called

Dao.

• Ability to cut further as per thickness with

the help of different kinds of knives.

• Ability to make different products with

cane and bamboo.

• Ability to clean the ready items with sand

paper and polishing with varnish.

• Lack of marketing skills

• Lack of product finishing

skills

• Lack of standardisation in

process

• Lack of quality control

• Inability to do any value

addition

• Lack of pricing skills

• Lack of standard procedures

Saw mills,

labourers

Manufacturing of

wooden furniture

and ply wood

sheets

• Ability to transport logs to the saw mills

• Ability to cut logs into different shapes

and sizes for making ply wood sheets /

wooden furniture

• Ability to process wood through different

machineries

• Ability to use chemicals, adhesives and

paints for making furniture

• Ability to do finishing using sand paper

and varnish

• This doesn‟t require any

specialised skills. Some basic

skills are only required,

which are imparted on the

job

• Gaps are few, which include

lack of marketing skills and

soft skills


79 84 84 87 87 87

1,175 1,265 1,265 1,328 1,328 1,328

-

500

1,000

1,500

2000-01 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08



98

6.6 Construction

Meghalaya has many on-going construction projects in sectors like water supply, roads, schools, bridges,

etc. It also has some upcoming coal and hydro based power projects, which are expected to generate

employment for the locals.

TABLE 44: PLANNED PROJECTS IN MEGHALAYA

Project Promoter Cost,

Rs crore

132 kV Single Circuit Line on double circuit towers from

132 kV Rongkhon substation to Ampati

Meghalaya Energy 14.08

Cement Plant of 1.1 mtpa at Nongkhlei Lafarge India 1,000

Cement Unit, capacity of 0.31 mtpa, Badapani, Ri-Bhoi

district

RKB Cement Pvt Ltd -

Solid Waste Disposal Facility facility at Tura and

Nongpoh in East Garo Hills and Ri-Bhoi districts

Meghalaya Urban Devp.

Authority

1.7

Hotel with 160 rooms, at Khanapara in Ri-Bhoi district Meghalaya Infratech Pvt Ltd -

Bamboo Technology Park in Ri Bhoi district. Cane & Bamboo

Technology Centre

-

500 MW Thermal Power Plant in East Garo Hills NEEPCO -

Cement manufacturing expansion project in Upper Ballan,

Ri Bhoi

HM Cement Ltd -

Uranium Ore Mining Project in West Khasi Hills, capacity

2.200 TPD.

Uranium Corporation of

India

-

Hotel project Taj GVK Hotels & Resorts -

State Wide Area Network (SWAN) in Meghalaya Tata Consultancy Services 25

Cement unit, capacity 1.325 mtpa in East Khasi Hills. Jai Umadutt Cement Ltd 220

Bridge (165 m) along the international border in

Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills district for linking India and

Bangladesh.

Ministry of Road Transport

& Highways

23.12

900 MW Kynshi H.E. Project in West Khasi Hills district Phase 1 by Athena Energy

Ventures and Phase 2 by Jay

Pee Group

7,000

The Mawhu H.E. Project, 90 MW, in East Khasi Hills

district

NEEPCO 408

Sources: IMaCS Research


99

6.6(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Construction


Skilled

workmen

Follow standard

operating

procedure to

achieve required

productivity

• Ability to coordinate with unskilled workmen

• Ability to operate key equipment such as

cranes, and also mechanisms for loading and

unloading of cranes

• Ability to deliver quality output

• Need to be adept in their own trades – e.g.

masonry, plastering, painting, plumbing, etc.

• Need to understand machine operations and

basic machine troubleshooting

• Ability to comply with safety and quality

measures

• Need to have basic knowledge of construction

• Engineering

• Most of the workforce for

construction works is sourced

from Assam and Bihar, as

locals lack both the skills and

the inclination to work in

such projects.

Unskilled

workmen

Follow standard

operating

procedure to

achieve required

productivity

• Ability to perform the operations of

excavation, carrying, cutting, helping of

mason, mixing, spreading of stones, packing

• Ability to be involved in and perform manual

labour intensive work – thus need to be

medically fit

• Need to have an orientation towards safety

requirements and basic workplace practices

• Need to be able to move material as required

– using carts / manually, and thus also need to

be physically strong

• Ability to take instructions from skilled

workmen / supervisors / engineers and

execute them appropriately

• Material preparation / Concrete mixing

• Most of the workforce for

construction works is sourced

from Assam and Bihar, as

locals lack both the skills and

the inclination to work in

such projects

Sources:IMaCS Survey and Analysis

6.7 IT/ITES

IT services are in demand in the state, as the youth trained in IT is able to find employment outside

Meghalaya. In 2010-11, about 6,000 youth from Meghalaya moved to find jobs in IT sector in Bangalore,

Delhi, Mumbai and Pune.


100

The Department of Information Technology in Meghalaya is responsible for development of this sector.

Training is provided by the department in collaboration with the private players, like NIIT, Symantec,

SofTech Computer Centre, CADD Centre Training Services, Arctech Groups, Aptech, Tata Info Tech etc.

The Department‟s target is to train 3,000 people per annum. However, limited opportunities are available

locally, making it essential to migrate to find jobs in IT.

6.7(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: IT/ITES


IT / ITES

Executive

IT staff in hotels

/ govt depts or

private entities

• Reasonable command over English language

• Ability to learn and adhere to processes and

workflows

• Exposure to software such as Microsoft Office

• Problem solving skills

• Soft skills including willingness to work night

shifts, good listening skills, and aptitude to do

repetitive tasks

• Analytical skills

• Data entry

• Maintenance of IT infrastructure

• Lack of trouble shooting skills

• Lack of IT infrastructure

• Problem with the English

speaking accent

• Lack of analytical skills

• Lack of maintenance skills for

IT infrastructure



101

PART – II (c): Forecasting of Human Resource Requirement


102

7.1 Human resource forecasting model

IMaCS has developed a model for estimating human resources requirement for the state based on growth

of potential industries at district level.

FIGURE 41: HUMAN RESOURCES FORECASTING MODEL



103

7.2 Incremental demand in Meghalaya

Based on the above forecasting model, incremental human resource requirement in Meghalaya is

estimated to be around 2.49 lakh persons between 2011 and 2021. Another 10 per cent demand may come

from replacement of persons employed at the age of 50-60 years who would retire during this phase.

Major demand industries for human resources will be handicrafts, horticulture, construction and mining.

Some industries such as construction, IT/ITES and hospitality are expected to grow significantly over the

next decade, thus fuelling the demand for human resources in the State.

FIGURE 42: HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA



104

Total incremental supply between 2011 and 2021 will be 6.51 lakh. Domestic demand is estimated to be

2.49 lakh which indicates that domestic growth in the State will not be able to absorb the supply of human

resources. This translates into excess supply of 4.02 lakh in the state. This excess supply of human

resources has to be skilled for migration so that they look for job opportunities outside the state.

According to the IMaCS skill pyramid, the total incremental supply and demand are distributed at various

levels of skill pyramid. These skill levels and the corresponding skill profiles are defined as follows:

Specialised skills – Highly qualified and specialized personnel

Skill Category Level 2 – Engineers, Arts and Science and other professionals with some

experience

Skill Category Level 1 – Vocationally trained

Basic Skills – Minimal qualification or 5th-8

th class pass

The total demand at the basic skills level is 1.92 lakh which constitutes bulk of the demand in the next 10

years. This also indicates that most of the industrial activity in the state for the next 10 years is not

expected to be highly technology intensive. Most of the human resources required at this level will be in

handloom, handicrafts, construction and manufacturing enterprises. As compared to domestic demand of

1.92 lakh, the total supply at this level is estimated to be 1.23 lakh indicating a shortfall of about 69,301

resources.

At skill category level 1, the total supply is estimated to be 29,440 as compared to demand of about

69,431 resources indicating excess supply of about 40,000 resources. These resources need to be skilled

in the state so that they can benefit from job opportunities emerging from outside the state. Similarly, at

skill category level 2 there is excess supply of 4.06 lakh resources which needs to be skilled for migration.

Considering such huge numbers, policy interventions at the state government level are also required to

set-up infrastructure for skilling and generating employment opportunities for the youth. At the top of the

pyramid, for the specialised skill level, the excess supply is estimated at 25, 820. Human resources at this

level include master weavers, food technologist, PhDs, Designers, etc.


105

FIGURE 43: HUMAN RESOURCES DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO IN MEGHALAYA

(2011-2021)


7.3 District-wise human resource requirement in Meghalaya – 2011-21

East Khasi hills, home to the state capital and economic centre of the State. It is expected to generate

maximum share of demand for human resources in the next ten years. Most of the demand is expected to

be arising out of sectors like handicrafts, construction, horticulture and tourism & hospitality. More than

50 per cent of IT/ITES demand in the state is likely to be arising out of East Khasi Hills alone.

FIGURE 44: DISTRICT-WISE INCREMENTAL HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA

(2011-2021)

Districts / sectors

Incremental Human Resource Requirement in 2011 and 2021

Handloom Handicrafts Horticulture Food

processing Tourism & hospitality IT/ITES Healthcare Education Mining

Motor Repair

Forest based industry Construction State

East Garo Hills

3,070

1,157

8,540

75

528

335

200

958

-

931

68

897

16,757

East Khasi Hills

62

43,949

9,078

902

13,115

2,287

1,368

1,729

3,326

2,835

266

11,231

90,149

Jaintia Hills

37

-

9,154

-

2,224

335

363

1,300

17,934

1,234

79

25,152

57,813

Ri Bhoi

62

6,939

6,395

301

528

470

181

749

-

216

32

470

16,341

South Garo Hills

86

2,313

3,363

-

528

94

81

592

-

325

50

5,850

13,282

West Garo Hills

1,023

-

14,050

75

5,971

503

498

1,848

-

476

65

2,776

27,285

West Khasi Hills

123

6,939

10,277

150

528

168

315

1,578

2,438

22

220

4,569

27,327

Meghalaya

4,463

61,297

60,858

1,504

23,421

4,193

3,005

8,753

23,698

6,038

781

50,944

248,954


After East Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills is expected to be the source of major incremental demand in the

human resources in the next ten years estimated demand exceeding 90,000. Most of the demand is likely

to be arising out of sectors like mining and horticulture. Many large cement players are already operating

in Jaintia Hills and East Khasi Hills. A large number of cement projects are already in pipeline for either

for expansion of existing capacity or for setting up of new cement plants.

7.4 Stakeholder feedback

IMaCS has interacted with different stakeholders in the State, to gauge their views on skill requirements

in Meghalaya. The Stakeholder feedback is given in the table below.

TABLE 45: STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK

Stakeholder Key findings

Industry specific feedback

Handloom and

Handicrafts

• Working in cluster/SHG approach

• Training provided locally using primitive tools.

• Younger generation not interested in working in traditional

sectors.

• Better organised handloom sector in Assam impacting demand for

local products.

Horticulture and fruit

processing

• Lack of cold storage facilities.

• Interest in investors to explore area like floriculture, specially for

anthuriums, rose etc. These flowers are also getting exported to

other states.

• Need better infrastructure.

• In Ri-Bhoi, increasing households are engaging in cultivation of

strawberries.

• Lack of grading facilities.

• Market linkage missing for most horticulture products

Hotels • Infrastructure issues deterring investments in areas remote

locations which have high tourism potential

• Poor customer experience

• Majority of the tourism activity concentrated in the state capital,


108


Shillong.

IT / ITES • Lack of human resources with computer efficiency for IT / ITES

• Lack of IT infrastructure

Forestry / Bamboo

based industry

• Training provided by small entrepreneurs to the village artisans.

• Skilling required for value addition to the products.

Mining • Most of the coal mining is done illegally for which still rat hole

method is used for extraction.

• Lack of local manpower which can operate advanced machinery

in cement plants.

• Market for cement mostly limited to North-East region.

Construction • Construction activity undergoing in areas like roads, bridges,

hydro power, building construction

• Locals not interested in working in construction jobs as they

consider it inferior.

• Larger projects execution by construction companies located

outside of state.

Others • There is shortage of good quality personnel in area like healthcare,

education and motor mechanics

Industry feedback

(overall)

• Need to create infrastructure (like roads, electricity, telecom) to

attract skilled employees.

• Locals are not inclined to work in blue collared jobs as they have

a preference for government jobs only.

• Not enough skilled people available locally therefore skilled

manpower has to be imported from outside the state.

• Educational institutions and industry need to work more closely to

industry specific sets and courses to meet industry demand.

• Majority of the workforce passing out of educational/vocational

institutes not employable.

• Absenteeism in the workforce

Government feedback • Focus on factor endowments and resident skills.


109


• Strengthening of existing infrastructure facilities.

• Reclaiming private lands to provide impetus to the developmental

activities.

• Environmental concerns due to increasing mining activity.

Educational

Institutions feedback

• Absence of linkages between educational institutes, employment

exchanges and industry.

• Facilitate employment market information of other states

• Focus on providing good quality training

• Lack of trainers, thus focus on „training the trainers‟

• Need for better infrastructure

Students /

Unemployed youths

feedback

• Open to explore opportunities outside the State, as locally

opportunities are scarce

• After getting exposure outside, willingness to come back if

opportunities are presented

• Preference for Government jobs

• Lack of industrial exposure



110

PART – III: Recommendations


111

8.1 Interventions for human resource demand-supply gap management

The total domestic supply of human resources for the next ten years in Meghalaya is estimated to be 6.51

lakh as against the total demand of 2.49 lakh. The actual human resource requirement may be slightly

higher as people in the age group of 50-60 who are currently working, are expected to retire during this

period, leaving unoccupied vacancies. Overall, however, an excess human resource supply of 2.49 lakh is

expected. Since the domestic demand is expected to be insufficient to absorb the total supply of human

resources in the next 10 years, the excess manpower would have to be skilled for migration so as to

benefit from the job opportunities arising in other parts of the country or overseas.

FIGURE 45: DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO FOR HUMAN RESOURCES IN

MEGHALAYA

(2011 TO 2021)


The demand at the basic skills level outstrips the supply which indicates a need for capacity creation at

the bottommost level of skill pyramid. For the other levels of skill pyramid i.e. Skills category level I,II

and specialised skills, the total supply exceeds the total domestic demand which indicates a need to

imparting skills to people enabling them to migrate and hunt for better job opportunities outside the state.


112

8.2 Areas for skilling within state – 2011-21

This section covers the sectors which will generate domestic demand and skilling of people at various

levels to cater to the industry demand. Most of the industry demand is concentrated at the bottom of the

pyramid i.e. manpower with basic skills which needs to be addressed through capacity creation.

FIGURE 46: DEMAND SCENARIO - SKILL PYRAMID

Specialised skills include: master weavers, food technologist, PhDs, Designers, etc.



113

TABLE 46: AREAS FOR SKILLING WITHIN STATE BETWEEN 2011 AND 2021

Sector Basic Skills:

1.92 L Skill Category

Level-II: 29,440 Skill Category Level-

I: 24,584 Specialised

Skill: 2,490

Handloom Basic weaving

working with

looms

Weaving with

some experience

deciding patterns,

colours and designs

Entrepreneurship ,

managing working

capital, overseeing the

weaving process, and establishing market

linkages

Master weaver,

Designing

Handicraft Basket making,

furniture making, making different

crafts using

bamboo, cane and wood

Craftsman with

some experience in intricate and

complex designs

Entrepreneurship,

managing working capital, overseeing the

crafting process, and

establishing market linkages

Master

craftsperson

Horticulture Fruit, flower and

spices growing Farm extension

services providing,

Packaging

Co-operative

management Managing

marketing

Fruit Processing

Drying and processing of food

and fruits into

jams, jelly, juice, pickles etc.

Distributing, Packaging

SHG operations management

Food technologist,

Management

Hospitality Housekeeping,

cleaning rooms and

furnishings

Chefs, Attendants,

Computer

Operators

Hotel Management,

Entrepreneurship Tourism

package

development planning

IT / ITES - Data entry in

hotels, hospitals

and offices (govt. and private), Call

centre: customer

service and helpline

IT Entrepreneurship,

hardware maintenance

IT system

specialisation

Healthcare Housekeeping staff

in hospitals and

clinics

Paramedics Nursing, Doctors Specialisation

2.49 lakh Human resource pool required for demand sectors identified within Meghalaya


114

Sector Basic Skills:

1.92 L Skill Category

Level-II: 29,440 Skill Category Level-

I: 24,584 Specialised

Skill: 2,490

Education - - Teaching, Principals Research,

Trainer

Motor Repair Attending basic

issues

Attending complex

repair issues

Entrepreneurship ,

running the repair shop

Mining Operating

machines like Excavators,

Dumpers, Loaders,

Fitting, Driving

Technical and

supervisory skills like Foremanship,

Welding,

Electricians, Blasting, Drilling

Engineering,

contracting with mining planning skills

Quality control

management

Construction Basic construction

activities

Masonry, Welding,

Machine operating,

Electric Works

Agent, Contracting Project

Management

Forest based / Bamboo

Growing, cutting, collecting

Craftsman, bamboo mat and roof

making, packaging

Entrepreneurs, Agent Master Craftsman


In addition to the areas identified above, there will also be continued demand in livelihood activities like

agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry.

TABLE 47: LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN MEGHALAYA FOR SKILL UP-GRADATION

Activity Description Skill level 2011

employment

Agriculture

(Cultivation) 81% of the population is dependent on

agriculture for livelihood. Major food crops are rice and maize.

Mostly, unscientific

methods of cultivation

used.

467,010

Fishery Fishery has been practiced in the State for a very long time largely through the

traditional methods. The State is yet to attain self-sufficiency in

fishes despite its potential.

Outdated fish farming techniques used. Modern techniques

slowly becoming

popular.

1,212

Animal

Husbandry Majority of the people in the State are non-

vegetarian. However, huge supply gap

Household activity

with primitive rearing,

5,446


115

Activity Description Skill level 2011

employment

exists. The extent of piggery, poultry or dairy as a large scale commercial activity is

currently limited. However, there is

tremendous scope for generation of stable

employment in this sector.

feeding and processing skills.

8.3 Skilling for migration

The domestic demand in the state will be inadequate to generate sufficient employment opportunities for

the people passing out of state‟s educational and vocational infrastructure. This excess supply is estimated

to be about 40,244 people per year for the next ten years. This excess supply needs to be trained across

various trades keeping mind the kind of demand arising for the local resources outside the state. Sectors

for migration have been identified based on natural aptitude, youth aspiration, market potential,

availability of trained manpower, availability and quality of training centre and time taken to train.

TABLE 48: AREAS FOR SKILLING FOR MIGRATION TO OTHER STATES OR

OVERSEAS

Sectors/Skills Areas for skilling

Beauty and

wellness Attendants in beauty salons, hair cutting and styling, dress styling, spa services,

salon / spa management, hair and skin specialisation

Hospitality Housekeeping - cleaning rooms and furnishings, Chefs, Attendants, Hotel

Management, Entrepreneurship, Tourism package development planning

IT / ITES Data entry in hotels, hospitals and offices (govt. and private), Call centre: customer service and helpline, IT Entrepreneurship, hardware maintenance, IT system

specialisation

Retail services Sales activities, customer relationship management, front desk management,

Entrepreneurship

Fashion Designing Fashion designing, fashion critic, column writing on fashion, models

40,244 per year Excess human resource pool available for employment outside state


116

Sectors/Skills Areas for skilling

Flight attendants Air hostesses , stewardship

Ground staff at the airports

Handling of baggage and cargo, aircraft cleaning, ticketing, addressing passenger needs and queries

Healthcare Housekeeping in hospitals and clinics, Paramedics, Nursing and Doctors

Language skills English speaking skills

Trainers Dance, Music and sports trainers


8.4 Capacity creation within State

The human resource needs to be skilled across the sectors which present employment opportunities and

the capacity needs to be created to achieve the same.

FIGURE 47: INTERVENTION FOR CAPACITY CREATION WITHIN THE STATE



117

8.5 Private sector skilling opportunities at district level

8.5.1 East Khasi Hills

TABLE 49: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST KHASI HILLS

Sectors Areas for skilling

Hotels

• Technical skills like housekeeping, front office management

• Soft skills like communication skills, client relationship, time management

etc.

• Culinary Skills



Mining • Knowledge of latest limestone mining techniques.

• Mining machines operators like dumpers, loaders and excavators.

• Drilling & Blasting skills.

• Quality Control

• Clinkerisation

• Developing market linkages

• Maintenance: Fitters, welders

Handicrafts • Design and development of new tools and designs


• Introduction to new technology

• Knowledge of intricate work and providing finishing to the products

Horticulture • Awareness of latest farming techniques

• Drying, Grading, Sorting and Packaging.


• Post- Harvest Management.

• Agri-entrepreneurialskills


118


Fruit

Processing

• Making jams, jelly, pickles, juices etc.

• Drying, grading, sorting and packaging

• Developing market linkage

• Creating facilities for juice and jam making co-operatives societies and units

TABLE 50: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT

– EAST KHASI HILLS



119

8.5.2 East Garo Hills

TABLE 51: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST GARO HILLS






• Agri-entrepreneurialskills

Handloom • Basic skills like Pre loom processing, spinning, weaving, dyeing and post

loom processing.



• Specialised skills like designing for contemporary designs either taught or

with support from agencies such as NIFT

• Tracking of market developments, and customer preferences

Fruit

Processing




• Creating facilities for juice and jam making co-operatives societies and units



120


– EAST GARO HILLS


8.5.3 Jaintia Hills

TABLE 53: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN JAINTIA HILLS


Mining • Knowledge of latest mining techniques.

• Mining machines operators like dumpers, loaders and excavators.


• Quality Control



• Coal Beneficiation, Clinkerisation


121


Hotels • Technical skills like housekeeping, front office management

• Soft skills like communication skills, client relationship, time management etc.

• Culinary Skills







• Agri-entrepreneurial skills



– JAINTIA HILLS



122

8.5.4 Ri Bhoi

TABLE 55: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN RI-BHOI



• Drying, Grading, Sorting, and Packaging.

• Strawberry cultivation techniques.

• Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice,

jam, jelly, pickle




Bamboo Based

Industry

• Bamboo cutting & coiling.

• Bamboo diversified products like bamboo mat, bamboo ply etc.

• Polishing skills


Food

Processing



• Ginger and turmeric processing


• Creating facilities for juice and jam making co-operatives societies and

units







123


– RI BHOI


8.5.5 South Garo Hills

TABLE 57: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN SOUTH GARO HILLS


Handloom • Basic skills like Pre loom processing, spinning, weaving, dyeing and post loom

processing.



• Specialised skills like designing for contemporary designs either taught or with

support from agencies such as NIFT



124


Horticulture

• Awareness of latest farming techniques


• Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly,

pickle






– SOUTH GARO HILLS



125

8.5.6 West Garo Hills

TABLE 59: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST GARO HILLS


Handloom • Basic skills like Pre loom processing, spinning, weaving, dyeing and post loom

processing.



• Specialised skills like designing for contemporary designs either taught or with

support from agencies such as NIFT


Horticulture



• Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly,

pickle




Hotels • Technical skills like housekeeping, front office management

• Soft skills like communication skills, client relationship, time management etc.

• Culinary Skills





126


– WEST GARO HILLS


8.5.7 West Khasi Hills

TABLE 61: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST KHASI HILLS


Bamboo and

Cane

• Bamboo cutting & coiling.

• Polishing skills

• Cane furniture making



127


Horticulture



• Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam,

jelly, pickle




Mining • Knowledge of latest coal mining techniques.

• Mining machines operators such as dumpers, loaders and excavators.


• Quality Control



• Coal Beneficiation







128


– WEST KHASI HILLS


8.5.8Meghalaya- Skilling interventions in sectors across all districts


Construction • Plumbers, Fitters, Turners, Welders, Electricians

• Foreman and Supervisors

• Quality and Process Executives

• Masonry

• Machine Experts

Health and

Education

• Para-medics, Nurses & Assistants

• Teachers

• Trainers for vocational education


129


Motor Repair

• Knowledge of various electrical and mechanical components of a car.

• Diagnostic abilities.

• Awareness of new technology in motor repair like computerised wheel

balancing and alignment.

• Soft Skills


8.6 Key interventions for Meghalaya

Existing vocational institution set-up needs to be ramped up in order to enhance employability skills

of students. Close interaction with industry is essential for its success.

Setting up of specialist institute focusing on mining operations will facilitate use of advanced

technology in existing and future mining projects thereby minimizing the damage caused to

environment and enhancing safety of the mine workers.

Local demand exceeds supply at the basic skills level. Capacity creation would be required for skill

matching with demand sectors for about 7,000 persons per year up to 2021.

Between 2011 and 2021, each year, around 1.7 lakh persons will be available for skilling for the

purpose of migration.

Areas for capacity creation for skilling of migrant workforce include Beauty and Wellness,

Hospitality, IT/ITES, Retail services, Fashion Designing, Flight attendants, Ground Staff at the

airports, Healthcare, Trainers and Language Skills.

Advanced factor conditions required

Roads connecting to the interiors of the districts and villages

Airport expansion

Increased telecom penetration.

Post-harvest management infrastructure for success of horticulture and food processing

Realising the hydroelectric potential of the state.

Last mile banking connectivity in across state.

Educating locals to orient them towards blue collar job opportunities such as construction.


130

Annexure


131

1. Methodology used for Demand projections

The following methodology has been adopted for making demand side projections of human resources:

Identification of key economic activities in each district.

Estimation of current employment numbers in each district, based on information available from

Government publications and IMaCS primary survey.

Forecasting of future employment requirements, using different assumptions (explained in the

slide on assumptions) for each industry.

Different assumptions have been used because of differences in nature, demand and growth

potential, factor endowments, commercialisation status, policy thrust, past growth trends, past and

expected investments, employment pattern and opportunities for migration of all economic

activities.

Forecasts have been done for all existing and potential industries identified by us. District wise

distribution of employment in 2021 is assumed to remain same as it was in 2011.

2. List of Abbreviations

List of Abbreviations

BRO Border Roads Organisation

BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

DDP District Domestic Product

DoNER Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GI Geographical Indication

GSDP Gross State Domestic Product

HEP Hydro-electric Power

HRD Human Resource Development

IID Integrated Infrastructure Development

IIT Indian Institute of Technology

IT Information Technology

ITI Industrial Training Institute

LMIS Labour Market Information Systems

mn Million


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List of Abbreviations

MU Million Units

NABARD National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development

NEC North Eastern Council

NEDFi North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Limited

NER North Eastern Region

NES North Eastern States

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NIT National Institute of Technology

No. Number

NSDC National Skill Development Corporation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PPP Public Private Partnership

PWD Public Works Department

SHG Self Help Group

SIDO Small Industries Development Organisation

NEEPCO North Eastern Electric Power Corporation

KVIC Khadi and Village Industries Commission

MIDC Meghalaya Industrial Development Corporation

NH National Highways

MECL Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited

VPN Virtual private network

NEHU North- Eastern Hill University

DIET District Institute of Educational Training

NEIGRIMS The North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical Science

NIFD National Institute of Fashion Design

RVTI Regional Vocational Training Institute

3. List of Stakeholders met

Name Designation Organization

Mr. Sanjay Goel Deputy Commsioner District Admiistration, West Garo Hills

District

Mr. N.W. Momin Principal ITI, Tura

Mr. D.F.R. Marak Functional Manager Directorate of Industries

Mr. P.S. Verma Principal RVTI

Dr. R.P. Singh Senior Scientist Rubber Board

Mr. J.R. Myrboh Managing Director Komorrah Limestone Mining Company

Ltd.


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Mr. Lambha Roy Registrar NEHU

Mr. I. Jyrwa Director Directorate of Employment &

Craftsmen

N.S. Samant Principal Secretary Labour, Finance and Social Welfare

H.L. Pyrtuh Secretary Agriculture

Dr. C. O. Rangad Director Horticulture Department

A. Marbaniang Director Economics & Statistics

G. Lyngdoh Director Industries

Kharlyngdoh Secretary Rural Development

Mr Vijay Kumar Principal IHM - Shillong

Mr Rajiv Kumar Chatterjee Staff IHM - Shillong

DHO Department of Horticulture

Mr Michael DHO Department of Horticulture

Mr Savio Chisin DHO Department of Horticulture

Mr James Warren DHO Department of Horticulture

Mr J R Sangma DHO Department of Horticulture



Mr B K Sohliya DHO Department of Horticulture

Mr ML Langstang GM Industries

Mr Inderpal singh Manager Timepack Private Limited

Sr Judith Shadab Head WISE

Mr Avegail Sohkhlet Head Roilang vocational Training institute

Fr Benny Alex Principal Don Bosco Technical School

Fr Joby Joseph Vice Principal St Anthony's college

Mr Devendar bansal Manager Star Cement

Mr Niroj Mohanty Manager Hotel Polo Towers

Mr Pascal Dkhar Administration officer Bosco Pnar

Mr J Dkhar DC Jaintia hills District

Ms Kara Propreiter Karas Food Processing

Vice Principal ITI Shillong

Ms Judy staff Women ITI Shillong

Mr Kumar Special officer IGNOU

Mr E Yeolekar Director NEIGRIHMS

Mr K Singh Manager Reliance call center

Ms Arkimi Sumer Instructor District handloom center-east khasi hills

Ms Momia lewai Instructor District handloom center-Jaintia

Mr A K Pran Head Sericulture department


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Ms Belores Propreiter Light Green nursery

Mr P Khongbuh Vice principal ITI Jowai

Mr M Kharmijai DC Ri Bhoi district

Mr A Lynshing Vice Principal ITI Nongpoh

Administrative officer RRTC

Manager Rapsang Group of industries

Mr Surojit Singh Manager Eastern saw Mill

4. Training Capacity for Vocational Education in Meghalaya

Type of institution No. of institutions Seating capacity District

ITI 1 44 Jaintia Hills

ITI 1 220 East Khasi Hills

ITI 1 44 Ri Bhoi

ITI 1 40 East Garo Hills

ITI 1 205 West Garo Hills

ITI 1 20 South Garo Hills

Polytechnic 1 200 East Khasi Hills

Polytechnic 1 90 Ri Bhoi

Polytechnic 1 90 West Garo Hills

RVTI 1 172 West Garo Hills

Don Bosco 1 170 Jaintia Hills

Don Bosco 1 175 East Garo Hills

Don Bosco 2 1,630 East Khasi Hills

Don Bosco 1 175 Ri-Bhoi

Engineering Colleges 2 620 Ri-Bhoi

Engineering Colleges 1 150 East Khasi Hills

Medical Colleges 2 80 East Khasi Hills

Nursing Training Institutes 3 195 East Khasi Hills

Computer Education 3 550 East Khasi Hills

Fashion 1 60 East Khasi Hills

IIM 1 180 East Khasi Hills

Hotel Management 1 49 East Khasi Hills


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5. Meghalaya – List of Handicrafts Clusters

Location District Product Details

Mendal town,

Williamnagar East Garo Hills Woodwork Idols, panels and birds figure etc

Multiple-

locations East Khasi Hills

Cane and

Bamboo craft

Basket, mats, moorahs, kurup, umbrellas,

winnowing trays, hand fans, head gear, fish traps

Shillong East Khasi Hills Clay pottery Earthern ware pottery and figures

Shillong East Khasi Hills Leather

Products Animal and bird skin stuffing

Shillong East Khasi Hills Metal craft Brass and copper artware, aluminium artware and

gift items

Shillong East Khasi Hills Traditional

embroidery Traditional dresses

Shillong East Khasi Hills Woodwork Idols, panels and birds figure etc

Mawlong Ri Bhoi Cane and

Bamboo craft



Mowkyrwat West Khasi Hill Cane and

Bamboo craft



Nongstoin town West Khasi Hill Stone carving Panels and decorative items

Sokhymphor Cane and Bamboo craft

Basket, mats, moorahs, kurup, umbrellas, winnowing trays, hand fans, head gear, fish traps


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About ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited

IMaCS - An introduction

ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) is a multi-line management consulting firm

headquartered in India. It has an established track record of 17 years in management and development

consulting across various sectors and countries. IMaCS has completed more than 1,200 consulting

assignments with about 600 clients and has worked in over 40countries across the globe. IMaCS is a

wholly-owned subsidiary of ICRA Limited (ICRA), one of India‟s leading credit rating agencies. IMaCS

operated as an independent division of ICRA till March 20051, when it was de-merged from ICRA and

became a standalone company in its present form.

Through the process of carrying out several assignments over the past 17 years, IMaCS has accumulated

considerable analytical and consulting expertise, backed by the following organisational capabilities:

An extensive and organised database on several sectors.

Knowledge of key factors of success in different projects and program.

An ability to research emerging global trends, both in specific countries as well as in different sectors,

based on primary and secondary data.

Performance benchmarking

Quantitative and financial modelling

Ability to identify the various types of risks and suggest appropriate strategies to mitigate the same

Ability to work in different geographies on its own and through affiliate partners

1 Under the name “ICRA Advisory Services”


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Documents

NSDC Skill Gap Study of the North East - Meghalaya · Shillong, is also known as the Scotland of the East for its scenic beauty. Meghalaya . ... Part II concentrates on the diagnostic