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NSF IUCRC: CENTER FOR SOLID-STATE GREEN ELECTRIC

POWER GENERATION AND STORAGE (CEPS)

• INDUSTRY

• NATIONAL LABS

• FEDERAL/STATE

INSTITUTIONS

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Qiquan (Quinn) Qiao

Harold C. Hohbach ProfessorNSF IUCRC Planning Grant Site Director

Graduate Coordinator of Electrical EngineeringDirector For EDA University Center For Commercialization of

Sustainable Energies And Precision Agriculture Sensors Technologies

Department Of Electrical Engineering & Computer ScienceSouth Dakota State University

Brookings, SD

Innovations In Ag Series Webinar

North Central Regional Center For Rural Development (NCRCRD)

8/14/2019

OUTLINE

• Path to IUCRC CEPS-the first unique center in US

• Conventional batteries vs. solid-state batteries

• Global challenge of energy storage (examples)

• CEPS mission and benefits for the state

• CEPS University sites: mission and goals

• CEPS membership benefits

• Examples of the NSF IUCRC funded centers

• Can we stay on top of the game and solve the global

challenge?

• Potential CEPS members

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A PATH TO CEPS: BATTERY RESEARCH IN SOUTH DAKOTA

Presentation at NASA GLENN

NASA EPSCoRInitiation Grant ($50K)

SUMMER 2013-2015NASA GLENN SCHOLARSHIPs

2014-2018NASA EPSCoRInitiation Grant ($750K)

DOD NAVAIR SBIR NCI-SDSMTPhase I base and option ($150K)

DOD NAVAIR SBIR NCI-SDSMT($1M total)

CENTER SDBoR

SDSMT TRACK I

SDSMT IUCRC Planning Grant Preproposal

NSF IUCRC Planning Grant SDSMTUSDSDSUNEU

2012 2013 2014 2017 2018 2019

Unsuccessful attempts

ACS PRFSOFC $60K

SDSMT TRACK II8/15/2019 4

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ALL-SOLID STATE ENERGY STORAGE:

A NEW DIRECTION in SD ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• Flammable

• Temperature sensitive

• Limited charge/discharge

• Bad chemicals/recycling

• Poor performance

• Not reliable

BATTERIES with LIQUID ELECTROLYTES

HP Lithium-Ion Laptop 50,000 Li-ion Batteries recalled

Samsung

Galaxy 7

$10-17B

loss

Boeing

ALL-SOLID-STATE ENERGY STORAGE

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GAME-CHANGING SOLID-STATE BATTERYTECHNOLOGY

• Non-flammable

• Broad temperature range

• Unlimited charge/discharge

• High voltage & power

• Eco-friendly recycling

• Lower risks at larger scales

LIQUID

Solid-stateelectrolyte20 micron thick

Lithium metal100 micron thick

Cathode challenge requires fundamental studies

QUALITATIVELY NEW APPROACH

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Example 1: LITHIUM METAL BATTERYMARKET DISRUPTIVE APPROACH

MUCH LONGER DISTANCE ON SINGLE CHARGE

SAFE ONLY WITH SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTES

LONGER RANGE

SMA

LLER

SIZ

E

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CONVENTIONAL BATTERIES ARE NOT RELIABLE

Example 2: ELECTRIC POWER GRIDS

US LITHIUM-ION STORAGE CAPACITY: 295MW (2018) to 2.5GW (2023)US LITHIUM-ION BATTERY MARKET: 17% growth per year; $90B by 2025

PRESENT FUTURE

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NSF IUCRC CEPS MISSION and BENEFITS for the STATE

CEPS will diversify SD economy: • High tech – engineering product management and manufacturing jobs

• Improved SD status as a high-tech state

• Support existing AG, industrial power market, and advanced product

development for any products that needs battery storage

• Create technology core in Western SD

NSF-competitive research: • New classes of solid-state materials

• In-situ/operando analysis at atomic /subatomic scale

• Safe, reliable, and economically feasible technology

products BIOTourism

Precision AG

High Tech

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CEPS UNIVERSITY SITES GOALS

SDSMT

• New materials

Integration

USD

• Modelling

• Medical

applications

SDSU

• Integration

with solar

NEU

• In-situ/

operando

mechanisms

CEPS

• Each site is independent (first 5yrs.)

• Goals can be changed based on

requests from the full CEPS

members

• Planning Grant Meeting in Rapid

City (September 2019)

CAN WE STAY on TOP of this GAME and SOLVE the GLOBAL CHALLENGE?

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STRONG SD and INDUSTRIAL SUPPORT:COMPANIES COMMITED to IUCRC CEPS PROJECT

SDSMT Site SDSU Site USD Site NEU Site

1 SDBoR SDSU Research Park Aegis Technologies, Inc. Tesla

2 South Dakota GOED NanoTek, LLC Antimicrobial Materials Raven

3 VRC Metal Systems ZMI USA Corporation Hercules Technologies HBL America

4 DARCEO Army Research Laboratory Medtronic, PLC BST Systems Inc.

5 Betten System

Solutions

Brookings Economic

Development Corporation

(EDC)

Nano Tek, LLC SAFT America

6 Hexpoint Technologies Space Information

Laboratories (SIL)

NanoCoatings, Inc. Atlantic Battery

Company

7 Endlas LLC Microvast, Inc NuMat Technologies Black Hills Energy

8 SAFT, Space and

defense division

Argonne National Lab Ocean NanoTech, LLC Battelle

9 FMC Lithium

Corporation

Idaho National Lab Otter Tail Power Comp. Idaho National Lab8/15/2019 11

• Colorado State University

• Texas A&M University

• Texas A&M University-Central Texas

• University of Texas at Austin

EXAMPLES of the NSF IUCRC CENTERS CLOSELY REATED to CEPS

http://www.cehms.com/

Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems

• Virginia Tech

• Columbia University

WEBSITE: http://www.iucrc.org/center/next-generation-photovoltaics

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CEPS BENEFITS: UNMATCHED JURISDICTIONAL IMPACTS for SD

➢ In the past: no investments in high-tech energy storage in SD

SOLID-STATE ENERGY

STORAGETECHNOLOGY

• New faculty lines • Post docs• GR and UG students• New GR courses and

programs

EDUCATION HEALTHCARE

➢ Small size ➢No replacement ➢No skin erosion ➢ Less invasive➢ Life-long

deployment

SOCIETAL

AGRICULTURE

➢ Longer time of operation➢ Lower cost

TRANSPORTATION

TESLA $250K8/15/2019 13

• Industry(selling points)

• Academia

•Investment leveraging ($50K vs. $500K)

•Sector networking (no violations of anti-trust laws)

(e.g. Ford vs. GM)

•Shared center/industry facilities

•Workforce development/ access to talented students

•Elimination of the gaps in supply chains

•New research and education programs

•Student/staff recruitment

•Leverage proof-of-concept results for new funding

•Trusted relationships with industry

•Ready partners for translation of discoveries

•New industry sector relationships

•Funding directly from the governmental agencies

CEPS MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS

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POTENTIAL IUCRC CEPS MEMBERS for GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE

• Battery companies

• Automotive companies

• Lithium, cobalt, and nickel mining companies

• Electrical (e.g. Black Hills Energy)

• Manufacturers of wind and solar systems

• State and governmental agencies (DOE, NASA, DOD,

etc.)

• National laboratories

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SOLID-STATE GREEN TECHNOLOGY RACE in AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Volkswagen invest $100M in California startup QuantumScape (Stanford University spinoff)

https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/wv-quantumscape-investment

Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Panasonic partner to develop solid-state technology

https://chargedevs.com/newswire/toyota-nissan-honda-panasonic-partner-to-develop-solid-state-batteries/

Tesla/ Fisker Emotion: Thin-film solid-state technology

https://arstechnica.com/science/2011/08/new-solid-state-compound-beats-old-school-lithium-ion-batteries/

https://cleantechnica.com/2018/08/19/solid-state-battery-production-will-begin-soon-claims-henrik-fisker/

Ford

https://chargedevs.com/newswire/toyota-nissan-honda-panasonic-partner-to-develop-solid-state-batteries/

GM and Honda are partnering for ASS-LIB development

https://electrek.co/2018/06/07/gm-honda-partner-next-gen-batteries-electric-vehicles/

Top Green Energy Financiers: $1 Trillion Investment in UShttps://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/07/11/top-renewable-energy-financiers-reveal-pathway-to-1-

trillion-in-u-s-investment/#520fdb4434b0

Shell in the US and Australia: $70.23M

https://www.energy-storage.news/news/shell-invests-in-sonnen-to-drive-distributed-energy-aims-forwardBattery market reports: https://www.sdle.co.il/services/market-research-reports/8/15/2019 16

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Vacuum Pump

Radio

Frequency

Power Supply

N2

Li chip

Quartz tube

N2 plasma

Metal electrode

• Lithium chips were transferred from Ar-glove box into a quartz tube using a tightly sealed vessel.• A radio frequency power of 125W was applied with 200 sccm continuously N2 flow.• N2 plasma was created in quartz tube. • After certain plasma treatment time, lithium chips were then quickly transferred back into glovebox for

battery assembling and further characterization.

Lithium Nitride Protective Layer via Plasma

Activation for Highly Stable Lithium Metal Anodes

17Energy Storage Materials, 18, 389-396, 2019

SEM images and XRD Diffraction of flower shape

Li3N under different plasma nitriding time

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70

(00

2)

(10

0)

Kapton tape

Li

Li3N

3min

2min

1min

Bare Li

Kapton tape

Inte

nsity (

a.u

.)

2 Theta (degree)

(00

1)

Energy Storage Materials, 18, 389-396, 2019

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Cycling profiles of symmetric cells

Current 0.5 mA/cm2, capacity 1mAh/cm2

19Energy Storage Materials, 18, 389-396, 2019

Bare Li and Li/Li3N (2 min) after 10 cycles

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Bare Li

Li/Li3N (2 min)

Bare Li

Li/Li3N (2 min)

Energy Storage Materials, 18, 389-396, 2019

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Electrochemical characterization of Li/LCO full cell

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Energy Storage Materials, 18, 389-396, 2019

Ultrathin Bilayer of Graphite/SiO2 as Solid Interface for Reviving Li Metal Anode

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Nyquist plots as a function of days a) bare Li, b) graphite-SiO2 Li symmetrical cells, c) Nyquist plot after 10 cycles of plating stripping and Long-term cycling and voltage hysteresis of symmetrical cells at (d, e)0.5 mAcm-2 and (f, g) at 1 mAcm-2 respectively.

Advanced Energy Materials, 1901486, 2019

SEM images of (a, b) bare Li and (c, d) graphite-SiO2 Li after 1st and 100th plating, respectively.

Advanced Energy Materials, 1901486, 2019

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(a, b) Cycling performance and (c, d) Voltage profiles of NMC and LTO with bare Li and graphite-SiO2 Li as an anode at the 0.1C rate for first 5 cycles followed by 1C rate respectively.

0 50 100 1500

75

150

225

Spec

ific

Cap

acit

y (

mA

h/g

)

Cycle Number (N)

bare Li/NMC

graphite-SiO2 Li/NMC

a)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Coulo

mbic

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

0 100 200 300 4000

75

150

225

Sp

ecif

ic C

apac

ity

(m

Ah

/g)

Cycle Number (N)

bare Li/LTO

graphite-SiO2 Li/LTO

b)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Co

ulo

mb

ic E

ffic

ien

cy (

%)

0 50 100 150

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0 graphite-SiO2 Li/NMC

1st cycle

7th cycle

150th cycle

bare Li/NMC

1st cycle

7th cycle

150th cycle

Vo

ltag

e (V

)

Specific Capacity (mAh/g)

c)

0 50 100 1501.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5 graphite-SiO

2 Li/LTO

1st cycle

7th cycle

400th cycle

bare Li/LTO

1st cycle

7th cycle

400th cycle

Volt

age

(V)

Specific Capacity (mAh/g)

d)

Advanced Energy Materials, 1901486, 2019

https://www.greenceps.com/

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1899, Belgium

Car with a lead-acid

battery

Speed: 67 mph

2016, USA, TeslaFully electrical car with lithium-ion battery and liquid electrolyte

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

NEEDS an URGENT REPLACEMENT8/15/2019 27