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NSF/NASA Dimensions of Biodiversity
The role of taxonomic, functional, genetic, and landscape diversity in food
web responses to a changing environment
2013-2018
Anthony R. Ives, UW-MadisonVolker C. Radeloff, UW-MadisonKerry M. Oliver, University of GeorgiaJason P. Harmon, North Dakota State University
How do species respond to environmental change?
Scale
organization
individualsfood webs
Scale
organization
individualsfood webs
spaceplants continents
Scale
organization
individualsfood webs
spaceplants continents
timeevent evolution
Project components
1. Co-evolution among insects and bacterial symbionts
2. Environmental effects on aphids and predators
3. Rapid evolution to environmental change
4. Interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics
organization
space
time
Project components
1. Co-evolution among insects and bacterial symbionts
2. Environmental effects on aphids and predators
3. Rapid evolution to environmental change
4. Interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics
organization
space
time
Aphids as a model system
Bacterial symbionts
• infect many aphid species
• heritable• part of the extended
genome of aphids
symbionts within and between aphid cells
Pea aphid model system for symbiosis
Oliver et al. (2010 Ann. Rev. Entomol.)
Pea aphid model system for symbiosis
Oliver et al. (2010 Ann. Rev. Entomol.)
Pea aphid model system for symbiosis
Oliver et al. (2010 Ann. Rev. Entomol.)
Pea aphid model system for symbiosis
Oliver et al. (2010 Ann. Rev. Entomol.)
Oliver et al. (2010 Ann. Rev. Entomol.)
Pea aphid model system for symbiosis
Heritable symbionts in aphids
Photo credit: Alex Wild
Project components
1. Co-evolution among insects and bacterial symbionts
organization
space
time
Citizen Science Project
volunteers (and their kids) throughout the USA
Citizen science collection sites
105 mailers sent46 mailers received299 samples
Aphid and plant IDs from genetic fingerprinting
50 aphid species87 plant species from
36 families
Co-evolution among insects and bacterial symbionts
1. Generate joint evolutionary trees for aphids and symbionts
2. Investigate distribution of symbionts relative to environmental conditions (temperature) using remote sensing
Project components
2. Environmental effects on aphids and predators
organization
space
time
The joint effects of light pollution and nighttime warming
Colleen Miller Brandon Barton
Nighttime warming is greater than daytime warming
1961-2010
mean
nighttime
daytime
Local warming: urban heat island
Light pollution
Night warming
Night warming only
Lightpollution
Lightpollution
Light pollution only
Lightpollution
Lightpollution
Night warmingand light pollutionNight
warming
Can the effects of both be predicted
from their separate effects?
C7Visual hunter
CmacHunts in the dark
LEDs
Black bags of water+2° C above ambient
2 x 2 x 3 designLight x Warming x Predators
96 cages for 9 days
Lightpollutio
n
Nu
mb
er
of a
ph
ids
Visual predator
Lightpollutio
n
Night warming
Nu
mb
er
of a
ph
ids
Visual predator
Lightpollutio
n
Lightpollution
Nu
mb
er
of a
ph
ids
Visual predator
Lightpollutio
n
Lightpollution
Night warming
Nu
mb
er
of a
ph
ids
PR
ED
ICT
ED
Visual predator
Lightpollutio
n
Lightpollution
Night warming
OB
SE
RV
ED
PR
ED
ICT
ED
Nu
mb
er
of a
ph
ids
Visual predator
None Light Warming L/W exp L/W0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
# of
Ap
hid
s
C7Visual hunter
CmacHunts in the dark
None Light Warming L/W exp L/W0
50
100
150
200
250
# of
Ap
hid
sN
um
be
r of
ap
hid
sN
um
be
r of
ap
hid
s
field
scaled to full moon reflectance from clouds
Full moon Total Alfalfa≥full moon 2.4% 1.1%50 - 100% 1.3 1.3
25 - 50% 2.0 2.810 - 25% 5.8 12.3
<10% 88.5 82.4
largest impact for urban gardens
Lightpollutio
n
Lightpollution
Night warming
Can we predict the joint effects of two changes from their separate effects?
It depends on the ladybeetle.
How much can we learn from small-scale experiments?
Remote sensing puts field experiments into context
Project components
1. Co-evolution among insects and bacterial symbionts
2. Environmental effects on aphids and predators
3. Rapid evolution to environmental change
4. Interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics
organization
space
time
Scale
organization
individualsfood webs
spaceplants continents
timeevent evolution
Project components
1. Co-evolution among insects and bacterial symbionts
2. Environmental effects on aphids and predators
3. Rapid evolution to environmental change
4. Interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics
organization
space
time
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