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NSW MODERN HISTORY YEAR 12 • Anne Yakoubi •

NSW MODERN HISTORY YEAR 12 - sciencepress.com.au · 1928 Russia is ruled by Stalin as dictator, after he had eradicated his opposition. 1929 October: Wall Street crashes and the Great

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Page 1: NSW MODERN HISTORY YEAR 12 - sciencepress.com.au · 1928 Russia is ruled by Stalin as dictator, after he had eradicated his opposition. 1929 October: Wall Street crashes and the Great

NSW MODERN HISTORY YEAR 12

• Anne Yakoubi •

Page 2: NSW MODERN HISTORY YEAR 12 - sciencepress.com.au · 1928 Russia is ruled by Stalin as dictator, after he had eradicated his opposition. 1929 October: Wall Street crashes and the Great

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge the help of four people in particular in the composition of this book. Rafaelo Porter and Sylvia Yakoubi, thank you for your unwavering support and encouragement. Catherine Smith and Caleb Yakoubi, thank you for your professional input and contributions.

Deo honor et gloria

© Science Press 2019First published 2019

Science PressUnit 7, 23-31 Bowden Street Alexandria NSW 2015 AustraliaTel: +61 2 9020 1840 Fax: +61 2 9020 [email protected] www.sciencepress.com.au

Page 3: NSW MODERN HISTORY YEAR 12 - sciencepress.com.au · 1928 Russia is ruled by Stalin as dictator, after he had eradicated his opposition. 1929 October: Wall Street crashes and the Great

Contents

Words to Watch iv

Introduction v

Dot Points

Section 1 Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946 vi

Section 4 Change in the Modern World: Civil Rights in the USA 1945-1968 vii

Questions

Section 1 Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946 1

Section 4 Change in the Modern World: Civil Rights in the USA 1945-1968 73

Answers

Section 1 Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946 110

Section 4 Change in the Modern World: Civil Rights in the USA 1945-1968 140

Appendix

Bibliography 160

Index 162

iii

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12 Contents

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account, account for State reasons for, report on,

give an account of, narrate a series of events or

transactions.

analyse Interpret data to reach conclusions.

annotate Add brief notes to a diagram or graph.

apply Put to use in a particular situation.

assess Make a judgement about the value of

something.

calculate Find a numerical answer.

clarify Make clear or plain.

classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

comment Give a judgement based on a given

statement or result of a calculation.

compare Estimate, measure or note how things are

similar or different.

construct Represent or develop in graphical form.

contrast Show how things are different or opposite.

create Originate or bring into existence.

deduce Reach a conclusion from given information.

define Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase or

physical quantity.

demonstrate Show by example.

derive Manipulate a mathematical relationship(s) to

give a new equation or relationship.

describe Give a detailed account.

design Produce a plan, simulation or model.

determine Find the only possible answer.

discuss Talk or write about a topic, taking into account

different issues or ideas.

distinguish Give differences between two or more

different items.

draw Represent by means of pencil lines.

estimate Find an approximate value for an unknown

quantity.

evaluate Assess the implications and limitations.

examine Inquire into.

explain Make something clear or easy to understand.

extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

extrapolate Infer from what is known.

hypothesise Suggest an explanation for a group of facts or phenomena.

identify Recognise and name.

interpret Draw meaning from.

investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.

justify Support an argument or conclusion.

label Add labels to a diagram.

list Give a sequence of names or other brief answers.

measure Find a value for a quantity.

outline Give a brief account or summary.

plan Use strategies to develop a series of steps or processes.

predict Give an expected result.

propose Put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or action.

recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

relate Tell or report about happenings, events or circumstances.

represent Use words, images or symbols to convey meaning.

select Choose in preference to another or others.

sequence Arrange in order.

show Give the steps in a calculation or derivation.

sketch Make a quick, rough drawing of something.

solve Work out the answer to a problem.

state Give a specific name, value or other brief answer.

suggest Put forward an idea for consideration.

summarise Give a brief statement of the main points.

synthesise Combine various elements to make a whole.

Words to Watch

Words to Watch iv

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12Words to Watch

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What the book includes

This book provides questions and answers for each dot point in the NSW Modern History Stage 6 Syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Modern History course:

• Section 1 Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946

• Section 4 Change in the Modern World: Civil Rights in the USA 1945-1968

Format of the book

The book has been formatted in the following way:

1.1 Subtopic from syllabus.

1.1.1 Assessment statement from syllabus.

1.1.1.1 First question for this assessment statement.

1.1.1.2 Second question for this assessment statement.

The number of lines provided for each answer gives an indication of how many marks the question might be worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth 1 mark.

How to use the book

Completing all questions will provide you with a summary of all the work you need to know from the syllabus. You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.

When working through the questions, write the answers you have to look up in a different colour to those you know without having to research the work. This will provide you with a quick reference for work needing further revision.

Introduction

v

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12 Introduction

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Section 1 Core Study

1.1 Power and Authority in the 7 Modern World 1919-1946

Survey

1.1.1 An overview of the peace treaties 7 which ended World War I and their consequences.

Focus of study: The rise of dictatorships 10 after World War I

1.1.2 The conditions that enabled 10 dictators to rise to power in the interwar period.

1.1.3 An overview of the features of 16 the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan.

Focus of study: The Nazi regime to 1939 17

1.1.4 The rise of the Nazi party and 17 Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic.

1.1.5 The initial consolidation of 20 Nazi power 1933-1934.

1.1.6 The nature of Nazi ideology. 27

1.1.7 The role of prominent individuals 31 in the Nazi state.

1.1.8 The various methods used by 32 the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality.

1.1.9 The impact of the Nazi regime 48 on life in Germany, including cultural expression, religion, workers, youth, women, minorities including Jews.

1.1.10 Opposition to the Nazi regime. 62

The search for peace and security 67 in the world

1.1.11 An overview of the search for 67 peace and security 1919-1946: The ambitions of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific.

1.1.12 An overview of the search for 69 peace and security 1919-1946: The intentions and authority of the League of Nations and the UN.

Answers to Section 1 Core Study 110

Dot Points Dot Points

Dot Point Page Dot Point Page

Dot Points vi

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Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12Dot Points

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Dot Points Dot Points

Dot Point Page Dot Point Page

Section 4 Change in the Modern World

4.1 Civil Rights in the USA 1945-1968 76

Survey: The position of African Americans 76 at the start of the period

4.1.1 The impact of World War II on 76 the circumstances of African Americans in the United States.

4.1.2 The extent of racial segregation 77 and various forms of discrimination.

Focus of study: Struggles for civil rights 79

4.1.3 Formation and role of groups 79 supporting civil rights and their ideas for change.

4.1.4 Efforts of Martin Luther King 82 to achieve change for African Americans.

4.1.5 The methods employed by 84 civil rights movements in the United States across the period: local and national boycotts, direct action and political agitation.

4.1.6 Martin Luther King and Malcom X: 86 beliefs, aims and methods.

4.1.7 The opposition to civil rights: 88 the Ku Klux Klan, the White Citizens’ Council.

Focus of study: Key events of the 90 civil rights movement

4.1.8 Montgomery Bus Boycott and 90 the role of Rosa Parks.

4.1.9 The desegregation of Little 92 Rock High School.

4.1.10 Freedom Rides. 94

4.1.11 March on Washington. 97

4.1.12 ‘Mississippi Freedom Summer’ 98 of 1964.

4.1.13 The assassination of Martin 101 Luther King.

Focus of study: Achievements of the 102 civil rights movement

4.1.14 The nature of social and 102 political change.

4.1.15 The significance of legislative 103 change, the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the attitudes of US presidents.

4.1.16 The influence of the US 107 civil rights movement beyond the USA.

Answers to Section 4 Change in the 140 Modern World

vii

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12 Dot Points

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DOT POINT

Science Press

Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946

1

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12

Section 1 Core Study

Section 1 Core Study

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2

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12Section 1 Core Study

Timeline

1919 January: Paris Peace Conference convenes.28 June: Treaty of Versailles signed by Germany.

11 August: The constitution of Weimar is signed into law and the Weimar Republic era begins.September: Adolf Hitler joins the German Workers’ Party.

1920 10 January: The League of Nations is established.March: The Kapp Putsch (an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic) takes place and fails.Hitler is put in charge of propaganda for the German Workers’ Party. The party is renamed the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP).

1921 July: Hitler takes over the leadership of his party.1921-1922 Russian famine.

1922 30 October: Mussolini takes over leadership of the Italian government and begins to turn it into an authoritarian government.

1923 January: French forces begin occupation of the Ruhr.November: Hitler instigates the Beer Hall Putsch (or Munich Putsch) and fails. Hitler goes to prison and begins composing Mein Kampf.

1924 August: The Dawes Plan is implemented to reduce the strain of Germany’s reparation repayments.

1925 May: Hindenburg becomes president of Germany.July: Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.

1926 May: Germany becomes a member of the League of Nations.

1927 Second volume of Mein Kampf published.

1928 Russia is ruled by Stalin as dictator, after he had eradicated his opposition.

1929 October: Wall Street crashes and the Great Depression begins.

1931 September: Japan invades Manchuria, taking control by November.

1932 Manchuria becomes the independent state of Manchukuo that is a Japanese puppet state.31 May: Von Papen is appointed chancellor of Germany by Hindenburg.31 July: THe Nazi Party wins 230 seats in the Reichstag.

1933 30 January: Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.

The Nazi seizure of power begins:1 February: President Hindenburg dissolves the Reichstag and Germany is ruled by presidential decree.4 February: Law for the Protection of the German People is enacted.28 February: the Reichstag Fire Decree is issued following the Reichstag fire the day before.21 March: Potsdam Day.22 March: Dachau concentration camp established.23 March: The Enabling Act is passed, giving Hitler and the Nazis excessive power.1 April: National boycott of all Jewish businesses.26 April: The Gestapo is established.2 May: Trade unions are dissolved and replaced with the German Labour Front.10 May: ‘Un-German’ books are burned for the first time across Germany.June-July: SDP is dissolved. The DNVP, the DVP, and the Centre Party dissolve themselves, followed by the Law against the

Establishment of New Political Parties on 14 July. The Nazi Party becomes the only legal political party in Germany.February: Japan leaves the League of Nations.October: Germany leaves the League of Nations.

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Alliances 1914-1918

United KingdomUnited

Kingdom

FranceFrance

AlgeriaAlgeriaTunisiaTunisia

ItalyItaly

GreeceGreece

BelgiumBelgium

NetherlandsNetherlands

DenmarkDenmark

NorwayNorway

RussiaRussia

RomaniaRomania

SerbiaSerbia

MontenegroMontenegro

AlbaniaAlbania

PortugalPortugal

SpainSpain

TurkeyTurkey

SwitzerlandSwitzerland

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

LuxembourgLuxembourg

GermanyGermany

SwedenSweden

RussiaRussia

BulgariaBulgaria

Triple Entente (originally Russia, UK and France)

Central Powers (originally Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Italy left in 1915.)

Neutral countries

Europe post 1918

United Kingdom

France

Algeria Tunisia

Italy

Greece

Belgium

Albania

Portugal

Romania

Yugoslavia

RussiaPoland

E. Prussia

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

NorwayNorway

DenmarkDenmark

NetherlandsNetherlands

Spain

Turkey

Switzerland

Luxembourg

Germany

Sweden

Bulgaria

HungaryAustria

Czechoslovakia

4

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12Section 1 Core Study

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7

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12 Section 1 Core Study

1.1 Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946.

SURVEY

1.1.1 An overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences.

1.1.1.1 What was the Paris Peace Conference? (3 marks)

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1.1.1.2 Outline the terms of the Treaty of Saint Germain. (4 marks)

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1.1.1.3 Outline the terms of the Treaty of Trianon. (3 marks)

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1.1.1.4 Outline the terms of the Treaty of Neuilly. (3 marks)

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Answers

DOT POINT

Science Press

109

Science Press

Dot Point NSW Ancient History Year 12 Answers

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Section 1 Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919-1946

1.1.1.1 The Paris Peace Conference was a gathering of delegates from 27 nations. It began on 28 January 1919 and concluded on 21 January 1920. It produced six treaties that sought to produce post-war peace in Europe and internationally, including the Treaty of Versailles.

1.1.1.2 The Treaty of Saint Germain was signed by Austria on 10 September 1919. Under the terms of the treaty, the Austro-Hungarian Empire came to an end with Austria losing significant portions of land to other existing as well as new nations, such as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, reducing Austria’s population to seven million. Austria was forbidden to have any union with Germany, her army was reduced and limited to 30 000 volunteers, and her navy was dismantled. Furthermore, Austria was expected to pay reparations to the Allied powers, though the amount was never set before she went bankrupt.

1.1.1.3 The Treaty of Trianon was signed by Hungary on 4 June 1920. She lost land to Czechoslovakia and Romania, had her army reduced and limited to 35 000 men who were only permitted to be lightly armed and deal with internal security, without conscription. Hungary was expected to pay reparations to the Allied powers, though the amount was never set.

1.1.1.4 The Treaty of Neuilly was signed by Bulgaria on 27 November 1919. Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. She further lost an outlet to the Aegean Sea to Greece so that her ability to engage or unite with others in battle would be limited. Her army was not permitted to grow beyond 20 000 volunteers, her navy was restricted to four torpedo boats, and she was not permitted to have an air force. She was expected to pay reparations of £100 million.

1.1.1.5 The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany on 28 June 1919. Under the terms of the treaty, Germany lost land and all colonies to the Allied powers, including Alsace-Lorraine that was returned to France. Other land was distributed and added to the winning territory of the empires, or to help create new countries such as Czechoslovakia. The German army was heavily reduced and limited to 100 000 men, and they were not permitted to have tanks or any heavy artillery. Germany was further forbidden to have an air force, and her navy was limited to smaller ships, six small battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, and twelve torpedo boats. The Rhineland was demilitarised, thus leaving Germany without a buffer zone. The famous war guilt clause meant that Germany was expected to pay £6.6 billion in reparations.

1.1.1.6 Peace was negotiated between Turkey and the Allied powers under two separate treaties: The Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920, then the Treaty of Lausanne on 23 July 1923. The Treaty of Sèvres was signed by the government of Sultan Mehmed VI who reigned at the time, but due to a revolution and subsequent overthrow of the government in Turkey, the Treaty of Sèvres became invalid. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who subsequently took control of Turkey negotiated new terms with the Allied powers under the Treaty of Lausanne, surrendering Turkey’s claims to the Ottoman Arab territories, that would come under British and French mandates. However, he managed to keep Anatolia, Constantinople and Eastern Thrace under Turkish control. The straits were required to be demilitarised, but Turkey was not expected to reduce her army or pay reparations.

1.1.1.7 The post-war treaties resulted in huge changes in the political geography of Europe in first dismantling the four major European empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottomans. With new rulers or governments in place, the treaties redistributed land that these four empires previously controlled to create nine new countries: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The former Ottoman-ruled Arab countries came under British and French mandate which strengthened their power, and Turkey became a modern state that became secular in 1928. Poland also managed to take territory east of the Curzon Line, expanding her country by 1921.

1.1.1.8 Japan’s alliance with the Entente powers meant that she benefited from the post-war treaties when land was redistributed. Japan gained control of Germany’s concessions in Shandong, China, but with ongoing negotiations and issues. Germany’s Pacific colonies were placed under Japanese mandate, including the Marianas, the Caroline and Marshall Islands. Due to this, Japan became a dominant economic power in the Pacific region. The Middle Eastern countries, Indochina, India and other smaller countries that came under French and British mandates began to stir as their nationalistic pride grew, desiring their independence, causing ongoing issues for Britain and France. The US had returned to an isolationist foreign policy, focusing on their internal politics and control over Latin America.

1.1.1.9 The post-war treaties resulted in a number of new European states being formed out of the former major empires. As land redistribution was the focus, the ethnic groups within the redistributed lands were not kept together, resulting in numerous minority groups in each new nation. Jewish community groups were amongst these minorities in each country, and had already been subject to anti-Semitic attitudes prior to World War I. As the issue of minority groups grew, Jews became targeted as a minority group that refused to integrate into the nation and greater community, particularly with their distinctive religious practices and cultural traditions. This became more deep seated as laws or declarations were made in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Romania to keep them separate or isolate them as an alien nation. Suspicion continued to grow as anti-Semitic attitudes intensified.

1.1.1.10 The post-war treaties resulted in a number of new European states being formed out of the former major empires. As land redistribution was the focus, the ethnic groups within the redistributed lands were not kept together, resulting in numerous minority groups in each new nation. Woodrow Wilson’s point on self-determination, combined with the idea that liberal democracy should define the new world order meant that the new nations and states would be defined and ruled according to the main ethnic group of the nation. This paved the way for the growth of nationalism, especially amongst the minority groups who wanted to be part of a nation that they identified with in language, culture and ethnicity. The restrictions placed on the groups that did not have this right resulted in growing nationalistic pride and agitation.

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Dot Point NSW Modern History Year 12Answers