Nuclear Ammonia – a “green” transportation fuel

Nuclear Ammonia

Thoriumrsquos Killer App

Robert Hargraves Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College

with

Darryl Siemer Idaho National Lab (retired)

Kirk Sorensen FLiBe Energy

iTheo Columbia University 11 Oct 2011

hellipin the last episode of Aim High

Check global warming

httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable63xls

Install one 100 MW LFTR each day worldwide to

replace all coal power

2020 2058

10 billion

tons CO2

Annual emissions

from world coal

power plants

1400 GWY

Aim High

2011 2016 2021

Develop Scale up Produce

$ 1 B $ 5 B $ 70 B per year industry

Export

Cut 10 billion tonsyear CO2 emissions to zero by 2058

Avoid carbon taxes

Improve world prosperity and check overpopulation

Reduce radiotoxic waste consume world fissile stocks

Use inexhaustible thorium fuel available in all nations

Walk-away safe

A large US refinery is 40 GW

We get more energy from oil than coal

EIA Annual Energy Review 2009

httpenwikipediaorgwikiFossil Fuel

CO2 from petroleum overtook coal

CO2 is forcing global warming

Ocean pH is becoming more

acidic

90 of all the stuff we use is fuel

Material M tonnes per year

aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984

sum fuels total 9012

STUFF RESOURCE in resource TONS

CHx Coal + oil + gas gt75 10E+13

Cox

limestone 12 20E+15

Si sand sandstone 45 12E+16

Ca limestone 40 50E+15

Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15

Mg seawater 0012 10E+15

N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15

Fuel is mankindrsquos only limited resource

Goeller H E and Weinberg A M ldquoThe Age of Substitutabilityrdquo Science 20 February 1976 (also OSTI 5045860)

World oil reserves are concentrated

httpwwwphysicsotagoacnzemanThe20End20of20Oil20essay201pdf

US consumes 755 per year

US oil use is costly

The US produces just 35 of the 260 billion

gallons used annually

We pay $400 billion per year for imported oil

We spent $7 trillion thrugh 2007 to maintain a US

presence in the Persian Gulf

httpwwwforeignpolicycomarticles20100805the_ministry_of_oil_defense

$

httpcossofwarorg

Pentagon studies conclude the greatest

danger posed by climate change is not the

degradation of ecosystems per se

but rather the disintegration of entire

human societies producing wholesale

starvation mass migrations and recurring

conflict over resources

Energy competition is rising

httpwwweiagovforecastsieoworldcfm

Liquid fuels dominate energy


Oil will run out

bull Proven world oil reserves = 243 GT

bull At current consumption rate 53 years

bull At +25 per year 2045

2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010

Shale oil will run out

500 GT

Total world kerogen reserve ~500 GT

Even coal will run out

bull Proven world coal reserves = 843 GT


bull At +25 increase per year 2065

843 GT

2065

Natural gas will run out

US natural gas extraction TCF

10

20

0

httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediaencc0US_Natural_Gas_Production_1900-2005png

How much shale gas is there really

httpwwweiagovforecastsaeopdf0383(2011)pdf

EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF

ldquoMost shale gas wells

are only a few years old

and their long-term

productivity is untestedrdquo

httphttp20525413524analysisstudiesusshalegas )pdf

US natural gas production TCF

Technology policy lies at the core

of the climate change challenge

httpwwwsciamcomarticlecfmid=technological-keys-to-climate-

protection-extended

If we try to restrain emissions

without a fundamentally new set

of technologies we will end up

stifling economic growth

including the development

prospects for billions of people

We will need much more than a

price on carbon

ldquohelliptechnologies developed in the

rich world will need to be adopted

rapidly in poorer countries

Prof Jeffrey Sachs

Economist Columbia University

Director of The Earth Institute

Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger

Turbine and generator

Salt

LFTR makes energy cheaper than from

coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs

LFTR fuel is dissolved in liquid

Molten fluoride salt

mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form

LFTR power can make H2 from H2O

httpwwwtestiritudelftnl~kloosterreportshydro_slides_2003pdf

2006 State of Union Address ldquohellippollution-free cars that run on hydrogenrdquo

httpnewsbbccouk1hiscitech7101708stm

Hydrogen storage and distribution

is challenging

bull Hydrogen liquefaction is

costly at 15 KWH per kg

bull Storage at -423o F is

lossy

bull Compressing H to 5000

psi uses 30 more

energy

bull Metal containers embrittle

httpenwikipediaorgwikiHydrogen_economy Romm The Hype About Hydrogen

Combining H2 with C or N makes

energy-dense liquid fuels

Methanol Dimethyl ether Ammonia Hydrogen

10 17 18 21

Energy density (mega joules per liter)

H2 NH3 CH3OH H3COCH3

Aim High Add a new goal

Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total

After 2050 electrification and efficiency

US can use both CHx and NH3 synfuels

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia

Ammonia fertilizers feed the world

gt 1 of world energy used to make ammonia

Ammonia fueled Belgium motor-buses

The X-15 used ammonia fuel to set

speed and altitude records in the 1960s

Trucks can run on ammonia fuel

Ammonia flows in pipelines

10142011

Ammonia can fuel internal combustion

engines

such as this free piston alternator to

generate electricity

Ammonia can power fuel cells for

electric cars

Direct ammonia fuel cells

No need to first crack

ammonia into N2 and H2

fuel

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

proton-conducting ceramic

electrolytes

molten salt electrolytes

High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency

Ammonia can be handled safely

Vehicle pressure tanks

ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi

natural gas 3000 psi

Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air

difficult to ignite ignition temperature 650ordm C

fire extinguished with plain water

Toxicity

safety experience 2nd most common industrial chemical

inhalation of 1 NH3 for 1 hour is 1 fatal

humans and mammals process NH3 in urea cycle (not fish)

httpwwwenergyiastateeduRenewableammoniadownloadsNH3_RiskAnalysis_finalpdf

COMPARATIVE QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS

OF MOTOR GASOLINE LPG AND

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS AN AUTOMOTIVE FUEL Iowa State University and Quest Consultants June 2009

In summary the hazards and risks associated with the

truck transport storage and dispensing of refrigerated

anhydrous ammonia are similar to those of gasoline and

LPG The design and siting of the automotive fueling

stations should result in public risk levels that are

acceptable by international risk standards Previous

experience with hazardous material transportation

systems of this nature and projects of this scale would

indicate that the public risk levels associated with the

use of gasoline anhydrous ammonia and LPG as an

automotive fuel will be acceptable

A reverse fuel cell could make

ammonia from H2 N2 and electricity

Solid state ammonia synthesis can

make NH3 from H2O N2 and electricity

Like a solid oxide

fuel cell in reverse

Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages

middot Never any H2 gas

middot Low pressure

middot Modular scale-up

650ordm steam heated

by LFTR

Safer cheaper

than Haber-Bosch httpwwwenergyiastateeduRenewableammoniaammonia2008Sammes_2008pdf

~6800 kWh ton

httpwwwenergyiastateeduRenewableammoniaammonia2008Sammes_2008pdf

Making 152 quads yr of NH3 requires

566 GW of LFTR electric power

152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel

httpecencomeee57eee57ecarbon_content_in_biomass_fuelhtm

bull US has 1 billion acres

farmland

bull Farming produces 3 tons

of dry biomass per acre

bull Half of biomass is carbon

bull Could synthesize 15 GT

fuel

bull US uses 1 GT fuel a year

bull 67 of all farmland

CHx fuels can be synthesized from H2

and almost any carbon source

Green Freedom might capture its CO2

from air in a reactor cooling tower

httpwwwlanlgovnewsnewsbulletinpdfGreen_Freedom_Overviewpdf httpdatatour-solairefrOptimized-Carbon-Capture20RKR20finalpps

Making cement by heating limestone

drives off CO2 that is reabsorbed later

httpwwwstratisdemoncouklimehtm

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc

Molten salt jacketed

LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20

Darryl Siemer conceives LFTR-powered

factories for both cement and CHx fuel

Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20

The US can get 3 quads of CHx fuel while

making 390 M tonnes of cement

Cement is critical for infrastructure

construction

httpenwikipediaorgwikiCement httphttpwwwprlogorg10048173-world-asphalt-forecasts-for-2011-

2016html

Annual cement use M tonnes

US consumption 106

Use the 390 MT of cement to build

new highways bridges and

buildings

World consumption 3300

China consumption 1800

Nuclear cement can end CO2 from fired

cement kilns and asphalt

httpwwwsociorgNews~mediaFilesConference20DownloadsAsphalt20carbon20footprint20Mar2009Lancasterashx

CO2 emissions avoided M tonnes

Cement production 829

(Asphalt production 124)

Production emissions 35

Future oxidation ~400

WORLD TOTAL 1264

Making 3 quads yr of CHx requires

250 GW of LFTR thermal power

3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt

Cost recovery $002 kWh

Ops amp maint $001 kWh

Thorium fuel $000004 kWh

Electricity $003 kWh

Coal plant $240 watt



Coal fuel $002 kWh


Start with LFTR energy $003 kWh

Coal

Thorium

6910 modular LFTR units could provide

the needed 566 GWe plus 250 GWth

Capital costs for 6910 LFTR units

exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel

566 GWe LFTR $2watt $1132 billion

SSAS plants

CHx fuel

250 GWth LFTR $05watt $ 125 billion

Fuel amp cement factories

Expended over 40 years

At $003 kWh nuclear ammonia

will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas

The energy cost of nuclear ammonia is

a third that of gasoline

Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost

Ammonia 22 MJkg $020kg $001J

Gasoline 132 MJgal $4gal $003J

68 of gasoline cost is for the

petroleum energy source

$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

httpenergyalmanaccagovgasolinemarginsindexphp

$400gal

Replacing crude energy with nuclear

ammonia cuts fuel costs

$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv

We may run out of cheap thorium

and nuclear ammonia in 1002011

4 x 1017 T of mass in 1st km of

crustal landmass contains

4000 GT of thorium

Energy from Th fission

8 x 1010 J g

4000 GT Th fission energy

= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy

consumption is 500 EJ

5 x 1020 J

106 years supply


LFTR and nuclear ammonia can

end all four major CO2 sources

Aim High Liquid fuel cheaper

than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021

Develop Scale up Produce Export

Become carbon neutral

Use cement instead of asphalt

Avoid carbon taxes

Become energy independent

Use inexhaustible thorium fuel

EXTRA SLIDES

Will the Military be ldquoNuclear

Ammoniarsquosrdquo First Customer The US Armyrsquos ldquoenergy depotrdquo program

established need amp technical basis during the

1960rsquos

bullGMAllisonAllis Chalmers

established NH3rsquos utility in ICErsquos

gas turbines and fuel cells

bullPortable nuclear powered Haber

Bosch-based NH3 plants were

designed

bullProgram petered out because

the Armyrsquos tiny reactors couldnrsquot

produce enough (80 galhr)

Wersquore still fighting foreign wars contractors now charge

taxpayers $400gal for the Armyrsquos ldquofront linerdquo fuel and we now

know how to make and use ammonia more efficiently ndash which

brings us to a discussion of more appropriate nuclear reactors

Renewable energy wrecks the

environment says one scientist

httppherockefelleredujesseindexhtml

Jesse E Ausubel

bull Director Program for the Human

Environment Rockefeller University

bull Program Director Alfred P Sloan

Foundation

bull Former Director of Studies Carnegie

Commission on Science Technology

and Government

Flooding the entire province of Ontario

behind a 60 m dam would provide 80

of the power of Canadarsquos existing

nuclear electric plants

Displacing a single nuclear power plant

with biomass would require 1000

square miles of prime Iowa farm land

Wind farms on 300 square miles of land

could displace a 1 GW nuclear plant

60 square miles of photovoltaic cells

could generate 1 GW

Powering New York City would require a

wind farm the size of Connecticut

More info

bull Spark-Ignited Ammonia Engines and Gensets thollingerhydrogenenginecentercom

bull Ammonia-Powered Diesel Engines nolsoniastateedu amp vagostaoptonlinenet)

bull Ammonia-Gasoline and Ammonia-Ethanol Engines sbohacumichedu)

bull Ammonia-Gasoline Engine Conversions caseylasercompliancecom)

bull Solid-State Ammonia Synthesis (SSAS) jganleyhowardedu)

bull Cracked ammonia (alkaline) fuel cells (Apollo Energy Systems) httpwwwelectricautocom

bull Molten saltthorium-fueled reactors httphomeearthlinknet~bhoglund

GHGrsquos donrsquot just ldquowarmrdquo our world hellip

bull The Earthrsquos primary ldquosinkrdquo for atmospheric CO2 is the basic carbonate ion (not bicarbonate) present in its seawater

bull Normal seawater (pH ~82 28 ppm total CEIA2003) contains about ~002 millimolar CO3

= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)

bull The Earthrsquos ~12x1021 liters of seawater contains ~24x1016 gram-moles of carbonate ion

bull Current total anthropomorphic CO2 emissions (26 billion tonnesEIA2005) is ~6x1014 gram-molesyear (~ 25 of the oceansrsquo acid buffering capacityyear)

bull The acidification rate of surface water (where most sea life exists) is further enhanced by slow vertical mixing

bull Its affect is the gradual loss (death) of all creatures protected by a ldquolimerdquo shellskeleton (corals snails clams foraminfera some algae some plankton etc) along with most of the creatures (eg whales) which feed upon them

hellipthey poison it

SSAS in a nutshell

bull Solid state electrochemical process - works like a fuel cell in reverse

bull 550ordmC steam adsorbs and decomposes on a electrocatalyst at the anodic side of a proton conducting ceramic (PCC ) membrane

bull Hydrogen atoms from the decomposed steam are stripped of their electrons by an external voltage and become protons Remaining oxygen atoms recombine and volatilize and are separated from the steam loop as a separate by-product

bull The resulting protons conduct through the PCC ldquoelectrolyterdquo via defect hopping and thenhellip

bull Chemically combine with adsorbed nitrogen on the other (cathode) side to form ammonia

Green Freedomrsquos key

assumption is suspect

bull The air passing through a typical GEN III

nukersquos cooling tower would only contain 10-

15 of the carbon (CO2) required by that

conceptrsquos close-coupled synfuel plant

bull This problem is further exacerbated by the

fact that even sophisticated air scrubbing

systems usually donrsquot recover more than

about 60 of the CO2

httppeopleucalgaryca~keithMiscAC20talk20MIT20Sept20

2008pdf

___________________

Carbon capture rate 76000 tCyr

Figure 7

2005 KEITH

In the contactor CO2 is absorbed into NaOH solution forming sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) which is then sent to the causticizer where the NaOH is regenerated by addition of lime (CaO) in a batch process

The resulting CaCO3 solid is sent to the calciner where it is heated in a kiln to regenerate the CaO driving off the CO2 in the process known as calcination

The CO2 is then captured from the flue gas by conventional means (such as an amine system) compressed and sequestered for long term storage

The net result is that CO2 is concentrated from atmospheric levels to those required for compression and storage

The primary inputs are energy water and small amounts of Na2CO3 and CaCO3 to make up for losses in the regeneration process

If CO2 capture efficiency 50

as stated by the authors

Using (cooling) towers 2

Why Ammonia

bull Ammonia is the only practical (viable) liquid fuel that can be made from water air and renewable energy

bull Energy dense

bull Clean burning direct fuel no carbon

bull Excellent hydrogen carrier

bull Widespread useexperience (2 chemical)

ndash US consumes 20 million tons per year

ndash 130 million tons produced annually worldwide

bull Exists as liquid at moderate pressuretemperature Transmission and firming storage for renewables

bull Large existing market and delivery infrastructure

bull Ammonia pipelines ~3000 miles currently used

bull No corrosion or embitterment problems

bull Approximately 45 million tons of large-tank ammonia storage

2007 HOLBROOK

Concrete Carbonation

bull LimeOPC based concretes inevitably absorb

CO2 from the atmosphere

bull This process increases their strength but lowers

their pH

bull pH lowering is ldquobadrdquo only ifwhen embedded

rebar corrodes (a fundamental weakness of

todayrsquos concrete structures)

Solution

Use a more durable (amp cheaper) rebar material

httppulwellenalibabacomproduct211051519-

200709139Basalt_fiber_rebar_BFRP_rebar_composite_re

barhtml

1Higher specific strength - one ton of basalt rebar

replaces 96 tons of steel

2Far more resistant to corrosiondeterioration

3Same coefficient of thermal expansion as concrete

4No permanent deformation when bent

5Chemically inert compatible with concretes having

different pH

Basalt Fiber Concrete Rebar

MORE FACTS bull The US possesses virtually unlimited limestone

reserves

bull Assuming that it chooses to adopt a breeder-type fuel cycle for its new reactors it also possesses virtually unlimited nuclear power (amp therefore H2) reserves

bull Fuel-fired power plants amp cement kilns currently emit more CO2 that does the combustion of transport fuels (diesel oil gasoline methanol etc)

bull The processes involved in producing transport fuels from ldquosyngasrdquo (COx and H2) are all well-established

bull The Earthrsquos ldquobuffering capacityrdquo for atmospheric CO2 is already being exceeded (ldquoThe Dangers of Ocean

Acidificationrdquo Scientific American Mar 2006)

Murikami et a l Electrolytic Synthesis of Ammonia from Water and Nitrogen under

Atmospheric Pressure Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode as a

nonconsumableAnode Electrochem Solid-State Lett Vol10 (4) pp E4-E6 (2007) bull Electrolytic synthesis of ammonia with a

byproduct oxygen gas from water vapor and nitrogen gas was demonstrated in LiCl-KCl-CsCl melt containing 05 mol Li3N at 573 K under atmospheric pressure Water vapor reacted with nitride ions to form ammonia and oxide ions in the melt The consumed nitride ions were supplied by the reduction of nitrogen gas at the cathode and the formed oxide ions were oxidized to oxygen gas at a boron-doped diamond anode

Fluoride volatility is key to uranium

chemical processing


LFTR fuel would never run out

bull ~27 gcc the mass of the Earthrsquos crustal landmass to 1

km depth (the ldquoaccessiblerdquo part) asymp 42E17 tonnes

bull Total CHx (coal + shale kerogen + petroleum + natural gas) reserves = 843+500+170+125 = 1513 gigatonnes

bull Wt fraction CHx = 1513E942E17 = 00000039 (39 ppm)

bull 12 ppm Th in the same rock asymp 4655 gigatonnes

bull 200 Mevatom the fission of one gram of thorium via LFTR produces 83E10 Joules of energy and no GHG

bull Combustion of one gram of CHx produces about 37000 Joules of energy plus ~31 g of GHG

LFTRsumfossil energy = (46551513)(83E1037E4) = 68000001

Recent EIA estimates

hellipin the last episode of Aim High

Check global warming

httpwwweiadoegovpubinternationaliealftable63xls

Install one 100 MW LFTR each day worldwide to

replace all coal power

2020 2058

10 billion

tons CO2

Annual emissions

from world coal

power plants

1400 GWY

Aim High

2011 2016 2021



Export


Avoid carbon taxes




Walk-away safe








acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Aim High

2011 2016 2021



Export


Avoid carbon taxes




Walk-away safe








acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing



















acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing


















acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













acidic



aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














aluminum 3

Ammonia 22

plastics 28

steel 93

cement 100

nat gas 403

coal 858

oil 984




Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














Cox

limestone 12 20E+15



Hox

water 11 17E+17

Fe basalt 10 18E+15

Al clay 21 11E+15


N air 80 45E+15

O air 20 11E+15

S gypsum 23 11E+15













$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing






















$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing



















$

httpcossofwarorg












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing























Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Oil will run out




2045 now

243 GT

EIA 2010


500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













500 GT






843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















843 GT

2065



10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














10

20

0




EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














EIA US reserves

Apr 2011

423 to 1230 TCF

July 2011

750 TCF

(onshore lower 48)

Sept 2011

273 TCF



and their long-term







protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















protection-extended








price on carbon




Prof Jeffrey Sachs



Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Waste

separator

Uranium

separator

Fertile

Th-232 blanket

Fissile

U-233 core

New U-233 fuel

New Th-232

n n

Heat

exchanger


Salt


coal Xe+Kr+Nobles

Soluble FPs



mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














mix LiF and BeF2

Excellent heat

transfer

Continuous chemical

processing

Atmospheric

pressure

Room temp solid

Key technology --

liquid fuel form






is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing

















is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













is challenging




lossy


psi uses 30 more

energy






10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















10 17 18 21




Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













Zero CO2

emissions from

coal power plants

Zero net CO2

emissions from

fueled vehicles

US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97

agriculture 07

military 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13

total



US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












US fuel use

2011

quads

CHx

2050

quads

CHx

2050

quads

NH3

cars 167 50 x 167

freight 71 50 x 71

aviation 34 50 x 34

industry 97 20

agriculture 07 07

military 06 06

other 13 07 06

total 30 152



Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Ammonia








10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing



















10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing

















10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












10142011


engines




electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













electric cars




fuel



electrolytes


High temperature

self cracking

High efficiency



ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














ammonia 200 psi

propane 177 psi


Spill danger

alerting odor

lighter than air



Toxicity























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing






























Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














Like a solid oxide


Proton conducting

ceramic membrane

Advantages


middot Low pressure



by LFTR

Safer cheaper


~6800 kWh ton




152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














152 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 J BTU

x 1 kg 22 MJ

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 6800 kWh ton

x 1 ton 1000 kg

= 566 GW

Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Carbofuel



farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














farmland





fuel











H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing


















H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

Methanol Gasoline

Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

CO2

CO2+H20



Water

vapor

H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












H2

2

02 byproduct

Synfuel plant

Separator

electrostatic

precipitator

~390 MT cement

Blown

plasma

arc


LFTR heat

and electricity

(limestoneclay)

3 quads of MeOH

Gasoline Diesel JP8

Steam

electrolysis

Water

vapor

CO2

CO2+H20




construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













construction


2016html


US consumption 106



buildings











WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing




















WORLD TOTAL 1264



3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














3 x 1015 BTU yr

x 1055 JCHx BTU

x 1 yr (365 x 24) h

x 1 h 3600 sec

x 1 Jth 04 JCHx

X 1 watt sec J

= 250 GWth

Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Costs

LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












LFTR cost $200 watt








Coal fuel $002 kWh



Coal

Thorium




exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













exceed $12 trillion

Ammonia fuel


SSAS plants

CHx fuel





will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













will cost $200 ton


~6800 kWh ton


Half the

current price

for NH3 from

natural gas



Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














Fuel Heat of

combustion

Price Energy

cost





$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400gal



$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














$270

crude

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining


$400 gal

$090

ammonia

$090

taxes amp other

$040 refining

$220 gal-equiv





4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















4000 GT of thorium


8 x 1010 J g


= 4 x 8 x 1025 J

World annual energy


5 x 1020 J

106 years supply





than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













than from petroleum

2011 2016 2021




Avoid carbon taxes



EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












EXTRA SLIDES




1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















1960rsquos






designed











Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















Jesse E Ausubel




Foundation



and Government











could generate 1 GW



More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












More info











= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing















= (pK2 H2CO3 =56x10-11 CRC)






SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












SSAS in a nutshell















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing





















about 60 of the CO2


2008pdf

___________________


Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













Figure 7

2005 KEITH









Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing












Why Ammonia


bull Energy dense











2007 HOLBROOK





their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing
















their pH




Solution




barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing














barhtml







different pH



reserves











chemical processing













reserves











chemical processing

















chemical processing













chemical processing






















Documents

Nuclear Ammonia – a “green” transportation fuel