Nuclear Disposal - aec.gov.tw › webpage › UploadFiles › depnews...Nuclear Disposal Part II: Nuclear Waste Transport, Site Selection Act & Civil Participation… Seminar on regulations

TÜV SÜD TÜV SÜD

Nuclear Disposal

Part II: Nuclear Waste Transport, Site

Selection Act & Civil Participation…

Seminar on regulations and technology of waste management and disposal in Germany

March 28th, 2018 in Taipei

Dr. J. Shang

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6

Contents

Requirements for transport of nuclear waste

7 German site selection Act

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8 Repository decision and civil participation

9 Conclusion

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6

Contents



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9 Conclusion

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Requirements for safe transport of radioactive material

Remember those...

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IAEA Requirements

Specific Requirements No. SSR-6

Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material

I. General Provisions

II. Activity Limits and Classification

III. Requirements for Radioactive Material and for Packagings and Packages

IV. Test Procedures

V. Requirements and Controls for Transport

VI. Approval and Administrative Requirements

Source: Wikimedia

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Provisions and Classification

I. General Provisions

• Radiation Protection Definition Contamination

“Contamination shall mean the presence of a radioactive substance on asurface in quantities in excess of 0.4 Bq/cm²for beta and gamma emitters and lowtoxicity alpha emitters, or 0.04 Bq/cm²for all other alpha emitters”

Radiation protection programme

• Emergency Response

• Management

• Compliance Assurance

• Training

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• Radioactive material

any material containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the total

activity in the consignment exceed the values specified

Shall be assigned an UN number in accordance with the classification of the material

Provisions and Classification

Classification of Radioactive Material

II. Activity Limits and Classification

RadionuclideA1

[TBq]

A2

[TBq]

A

Activity

concentration limit

for exempt

material

[Bq/g]

A0

Activity limit for an

exempt

consignment

[Bq]

Co-60 4,0E-01 4,0E-01 1,0E+01 1,0E+05

Cs-137 2,0E+00 6,0E-01 1,0E+01 1,0E+04

U-235 Unl. Unl. 1,0E+01 1,0E+04

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Requirements and Tests

General Requirements


• Design

Easy and safe transport

Properly secured during transport

Lifting attachments

Surface

Access

Physics (Acceleration, vibration, resonance)

Radiation/Shielding

• max. radiation level on surface < 2 mSv/h

Source: GNS, Wikimedia

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Requirements for B(U) packages


• Seal

• Containment system

• Heat (generation, surface temperature, insolation, freezing) Thermal protection

• Pressure No relief system from containment

• Water Immersion

• After tests Loss of radioactive contents < 10-6 A2 per hour D < 10mSv/h in 1 m Meet requirements

-40°C to +70°C


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Requirements for B(U) packages with FISSILE material


• Maintain subcriticality

Leakage, moderator efficiency, geometrical changes, immersion

• Criticality Safety Index (CSI)

• Geometry and Temperature

Preserve outside dimensions

Prevent entry of a 10 cm cube

Ambient temperature

10280

)()(250 235

gm

Z

gmCSI

fissileU

Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia

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Demonstration of compliance with standards

IV. Test Procedures

• Methods

Substitutes for radioactive contents

Test with models of appropriate scale

Calculations

Appropriate methods of assessment

Source: Wikimedia

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Tests for Packages

IV. Test Procedures

• Preparation

According to design?

Defects?

Containment system is clearly specified?

• Integrity of containment and shielding and assessing criticality safety

To be controlled after each test

Integrity of shielding and containment still fulfils requirements?

Requirements for FISSILE material still fulfilled

Source: Wikimedia

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Tests for Packages

IV. Test Procedures

• Transport conditions test

Water spray test

Free drop test

Stacking test

Penetration test

5 cm/h rain

for 1h

5 cm/h rain

for 1h


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Tests for Packages

IV. Test Procedures

• Transport conditions test

Water spray test

Free drop test

Stacking test

Penetration test

3.2 cm

6 kg


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Tests for Packages

IV. Test Procedures

• Tests accident conditions

Mechanical test (3 drop)

• Drop I: 9 m drop

• Drop II: 1 m drop on bar

• Drop III: Dynamic crush test

Thermal test

• 30 min at 800°C

• Return to steady state conditions

Water immersion test

• 8h under a head of water of at least 15 mSource: GNS, Wikimedia

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Tests for Packages

IV. Test Procedures

• Additional test for packages containing fissile material

Water leakage test

• 2 Drop tests + thermal test + immersion of 0.9 m for at least 8 h

After the tests:

loss of radioactive contents < 10–6A2 per hour

retain sufficient shielding

radiation level at 1 m < 10 mSv/h at max load


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GNS SBoX®

IVa. Casks


Protection plate

Lid

Separate closure lids


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GNS Mosaik®

IVa. Casks


Waste containers: radiation dose rates & radiation

resistance

• External radiation dose rates of conditioned waste

packages must be in compliance with the limits for

facilities and equipment at which they will be handled

• Control may be established by limiting radionuclide

inventories or by providing supplemental shielding to

the container

• Radiation can affect the waste container, and

qualification tests may be required. Generally, effects of

irradiation are likely to be most severe for containers

constructed from polymers, less for concrete containers,

and the least for metal containers.Source: GNS

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Controls and Approval

Shipment


• Before first shipment

packaging conform with design specifications?

• Design pressure

• Shielding, containment, heat transfer

• Fissile: criticality safety features

• Before each shipment

Package contains neither

• Radionuclides different from those specified for package design

• Contents from those specified for package design

Lifting attachments removed

System is in equilibrium

Inspection for closures, valves and openings


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• Assign category to a package


Categories


TI 0 0 < TI < 1 1 < TI < 10

Max.

radiation

level on

surface

< 0.005 mSv/h >0.005 mSv/h

< 0.5 mSv/h

> 0.5 mSv/h

< 2.0 mSv/h


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UN number, proper shipping name, categorization, labelling and marking in accordance with

certificate of the country of origin

• Labelling

Package

• according to the appropriate category

• FISSILE

• Labelling for radioactive contents

Complete labels with:

• name of radionuclides

• activity

• TI number

• Labelling for radioactive contents

CSI


Labelling and Marking


✓

✓

U-235ActivityTI

✓

✓

✓

CSI✓Source: GNS, IAEA, Wikimedia

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Labelling and Marking


UN number, proper shipping name, categorization, labelling and marking in accordance with

certificate of the country of origin

• Marking

Package

• ID of consignor and/or consignee

• UN number, preceded by the letters “UN”

and proper shipping name

• ID mark, serial number, “Type B(U)”,

if conform with the according design

• trefoil symbol


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Consignors Responsibilities


• Particulars of consignment

Transport documents shall include vital information

UN, TI, category, activity, shipping name

• Certification or Declaration

“I hereby declare…in accordance with international and national governmental regulations”

• Information for carriers

Supplementary requirements (loading, stowing…)

Restrictions on mode of transport

Emergency arrangements

• Notification of competent authorities

Especially for Type B and C packagesSource: Wikimedia

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Approval


• Before each shipment…

Requirements

in certificate of approval fulfilled?

• General

Design approval

Shipment approval

✓

✓

✓

✓

Package design Shipment


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Certificates


Shipment Approval

Regulations

Restrictions on mode of

transport

freight, routeing

Specification

actual radioactive

contents

Emergency Arrangements

...

Design Approval

Regulations

Packaging

Description

Identification

Specification

Radioactive contents

Design

Containment

Description

Supplementary operational

controls

…Source: Wikimedia

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Goal

Final disposal

Source: GNS, IAEA, BfS

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Contents



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9 Conclusion

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Wozu Endlager?• Entsorgung vorhandener Abfälle aus Kernkraftwerken

• Schutz vor radioaktiver Strahlung über lange Zeit

• Tiefe Erdschichten können radioaktive Stoffe langfristig einschließen

Site selection act

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Site select act

Objectives:

- Unbiased, science-based and transparent site selection procedure

- Disposal within Germany

- Siting 2031

- The best possible safe storage over a million years

- Civil participation broad consensus

- Parliamentary decisions at important milestones

- Perception of responsibility by today's generation

- Commission “Disposal of HLW” (Report with recommendations, 2016)

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Commission “Disposal of HLW”

Chairman (2) Representatives:

Industry (2)

Church (2)

Environmental

organizations (2)

Unions (2)

Scientists (8)

German Federal Parliament

(8)

Federal Council (8)

memberss

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Recommendations of commission “Disposal of HLW”

Option: Repository (mine) with reversibility

The way to the site:

procedure

civil participation

criteria

Political and social recommendations:

organization structure

legislation

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Site selection act

2014 Establishment of the Commission §3

2015 Commission recommendations, evaluation of site selection act §4

2014 Federal Office for Nuclear Waste Disposal §7

2016 Start of site selection process §12

20xx Decision on sites for surface exploration §14

2023 Decision on sites for underground exploration §17

2031 Site decision §20

licensing procedure, construction, operation, decommissioning

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Options for possible repositories in Germany

Deep geological depositoriesCharacteristics

• Safety through geological stable system

• Host rock and technical barriers

• Storage of LLW, ILW & HLW

Rock salt

• Very low permeability, high thermal conductivity

• E. g. Germany, USA, Russia

Claystone

• Low permeability, low dissolution behaviour

• E. g. Switzerland, France, GB

Crystalline rock/granite

• High strength, low dissolution behaviour

• E. g. Finland, China, Korea

Source: TÜV SÜD ET

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Repository (mine) with reversibility

Step 1: - Site selection procedure

Step 2: - Mining technological development of the site

Step 3: - Disposal of radioactive waste in the repository mine

Step 4: - Observation before closure of the repository mine

Step 5: - Closure of the repository mine

Step 1: Stage I:

- Start with the white map

- Comparative analysis based on existing data

- Decision of the German Federal Parliament and Federal Council about the

on the surface exploration of possible site regions

Stage II:

- Overground exploration, comparisons and evaluation

- Decision of the German Federal Parliament and Federal Council about the

subsurface exploration of possible sites

Stage III:

- Subsurface exploration, comparisons and evaluation

- Determination of the repository site by the German Federal Parliament and

Federal Council

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6

Contents



Slide 35


9 Conclusion

TÜV SÜD

• National Accessory Committee § 8

• Conference subareas § 9

• Regional conferences § 10

• Conference Council of the Regions § 11• www.endlagersuche.de

• Residents, communities concerned and environmental

associations can appeal against the decision before the

final decision of the German Federal Parliament and Federal

Council

Civil Participation

Slide 36

http://www.endlagersuche.de/

TÜV SÜD

• National Accessory Committee1. Klaus Brunsmeier，聯邦德國環境和自然保護協會董事會成員，前核廢料最終

處置委員會成員。2. Bettina Gaebel,，民眾代表，自由職業者，市場和信息交流專家。3. Prof. Dr. Armin Grunwald，德國聯邦議院技術後果評估辦公室主任，前核廢料

最終處置委員會成員。4. Prof. Dr. Hendrik Lambrecht，民眾代表，Pforzheim大學工業生態學和定量方法

教授。5. Dr. habil. Monika C. M. Müller，基督教樓庫姆學院生態學和環境系研究主任。6. Prof. Dr. Kai Niebert，蘇黎世大學自然科學和可持續性系教育學教授，德國自

然保護聯盟主席。7. Prof. Dr. Miranda Schreurs，慕尼黑大學環境和氣候變化政策系教授，前環境專

家委員會成員。8. Jorina Suckow，民眾代表,核協會年輕一代成員，法律系學生。9. Prof. Dr. Klaus Töpfer，前聯合國環境規劃署負責人和前德國聯邦環保部部長。

民眾代表的任期為三年，可以連任兩次。民眾代表不可以是聯邦或州的立法機構成員，也不可以是聯邦或省政府成員。民眾代表不能和選址以及核廢料最終處置有經濟利益關係。

Civil Participation

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Regulation forCivilParticipation

Provisions for civil participation in accordance with AtVfV

§3 Abs.1 Nr.1&3 AtVfV: Kind and scope of the documents §4 AtVfV: Announcement of the project§5 Abs.1 AtVfV Contents of the announcement§6 Abs.1&2 AtVfV: Disclosure of the application and documents for public

inspection §7 AtVfV: Objections§8 Abs.1&2 AtVfV: Objections & public hearing§10 Abs.1 AtVfV: Cancellation of public hearing§12 Abs.1 AtVfV: Proceedings of public hearing§13 Abs.1 AtVfV: Minutes of public hearing§19b Abs.2 AtVfV: Licences pursuant to§7para.(3)of the Atomic Energy Act

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Conflict Situation: Repository

Slide 39

Civil Participation

Submission and examination of the documents to be interpreted

(Request, short-description, safety report, environmental impact study, additional

decision-significantly documents)

Public announcement of the intention

(Federal Gazette, regional press)

Display

(Federal Office for Nuclear Disposal, local room)

Objections

(Limitation, Knowledge anonymised by the applicant/expert)

Consideration date

(Public announcement, local room)

Word-protocol

(Consideration at the assessments, transmission to objectors)

Announcement and interpretation of the approval

(Federal Office for Nuclear Disposal, local room)

TÜV SÜD

Civil Participation

Slide 40

Participation

Working group

round table

environmental mediation

Public discussion

Survey

Open councilExpert´s opinion

Posting

Mail

information event

Public reference

Consultation

Information

Source: ÖI

TÜV SÜD

Civil Participation

Slide 41

Basic

evaluation

Preliminary

planning

Preliminary

design

Approval planning

Execution documentsKeep residents about progress of work to date

Site marketing: Open-door day, site visit, school tours

Object mentoring and

documentationConstruction

Award of contract

Communicate course

Plan compacted represent (pictures)

Illustrate the process, repeat message

Employees training for public hearing

Advantages and disadvantages with alternative

Represent plane and tech. documents simplified.

Understandable communication (clarify technical term)

Analysis: Who are the stakeholders, what position they

represent, what opportunities and risk issues there are?

Planing: What communication aims to combine? what issues

need to be become the focus? what are the key messages?

Source: ÖI

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• Onkalo repository for HLW (film: 6 min.)

The first repository for HWL in the world

• Repository Konrad for L/ILW (film: 12 min.)

The deepst geological repository for L/ILW in the world?

• Gorleben for HLW (film: 3 min.)

History of a possible repository for HLW

Good practice ?

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Nuclear Disposal Report:

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6

Contents



Slide 43


9 Conclusion

TÜV SÜD

• Options for possible repositories – suitability

• Internation status of repository for nuclear disposal

• Safety requirments and long-term safety case

• Repositories for nuclear waste in Germany

• Disposal conditions of the repository Konrad

• Requirements for safe transport of radioactive material

• German site selection Act

• Repository decision and civil participation

Conclusion

Slide 44

Nuclear Disposal

TÜV SÜD

Thank you for your attention

Slide 45

Documents

Nuclear Disposal - aec.gov.tw › webpage › UploadFiles › depnews...Nuclear Disposal Part II: Nuclear Waste Transport, Site Selection Act & Civil Participation… Seminar on regulations