NUCLEIC ACIDS. Below is one of the molecules that makes up DNA. What functional groups do you see in...
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NUCLEIC ACIDS. Below is one of the molecules that makes up DNA. What functional groups do you see in the molecule: 1.Hydroxyl 2.Carboxyl 3.Amino 4.Phosphate
Nucleic Acid Structure The monomer units of DNA are known as
nucleotides All nucleotides have three parts in common: a.Phosphate
backbone b.Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) c.Nitrogen
base
Slide 6
Deoxyribose Sugar (DNA) Has 5 carbons and 3 oxygens Carbon
atoms are numbered 1', 2', 3', 4', and 5' Distinguishes from the
numbering of the atoms of the purine and pyrmidine rings 5'-carbons
link to the phosphate groups 3'-carbons link to the hydroxyl
groups
Slide 7
Direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their
direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel.
Asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5 (five prime) and 3
(three prime) ends 5' end having a terminal phosphate group 3' end
having a terminal hydroxyl group
b.Purines: combination of a pentagon shaped ring and a hexagon
shaped ring 1.Adenine 2.Guanine
Slide 10
Nitrogen Base Pairing Adenine and Thymine must form two
hydrogen bonds to be stable while Guanine and Cytosine must form
three Makes the base pairing system an extremely simple: the A-T
and C-G pairs are the only ones physically possible
Slide 11
Lets Practice How to Form DNA!
Slide 12
We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide. SUGAR
PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE
Slide 13
The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using
the following letters. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine A T G
C
Slide 14
Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides
will/should bond together. Did you put your hands like this???
Slide 15
Time to find out why this is wrong!!!
Slide 16
Adenine and Guanine are larger molecules known as PURINES LOOK!
TWO RINGS!!!
Slide 17
THYMINE and CYTOSINE are smaller molecules known as PYRIMIDINES
LOOK! Only one ring!!
Slide 18
Now, when using our hands to represent the nucleotides, we must
modify the nitrogen base in order to represent these PURINES and
PYRIMIDINES. How would you represent a large PURINE? How would you
represent a small PYRIMIDINE? Full Finger Half Finger
Slide 19
In DNA, a PURINE always bonds with a PYRIMIDINE when forming a
rung of the DNA ladder. LOOK! A long finger pairs with a short
finger! In other words, a purine pairs with a pyrimidine.
Slide 20
In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen
bonds. A T
Slide 21
In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen
bonds. G C
Slide 22
Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide
structure and type. USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE USING YOUR
HAND SHOW ME ADENINE SHOW ME CYTOSINE SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND
THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER THEY DONT
Slide 23
OK Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, its
time to start building the polymer from these monomers.
Slide 24
The molecules marked W are best described as: 1.Monomers
2.Polymers 3.Isomers 4.isotopes
Slide 25
Reactions A and B are respectively known as: A B 1.Dehydration,
hydrolysis 2.Condensation, hydrolysis 3.Polymerization,
decomposition 4.Hydrolysis, dehydration
Slide 26
Molecule(s) X are most likely: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Monomers
3.Polymers 4.Water 5.Starch
Slide 27
If molecule W is a nucleotide, molecule marked Y is most
likely: 1.Protein 2.Starch 3.DNA 4.Galactose 5.Fructose
Slide 28
In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create
many rungs to the DNA ladder. Look. Many Rungs. Etc
Slide 29
What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the
DNA ladder? Etc Sugar, Phosphate. Etc
Slide 30
What makes up the RUNGS of the ladder? The Nitrogen Bases
Slide 31
Go Ahead! Stack you hand on top of your partners hands building
two rungs of the DNA ladder.
Slide 32
Why is this WRONG????
Slide 33
The sides of the DNA ladder run in opposite directions. One
side is actually flipped and the nucleotides are upside down!
Slide 34
TRY IT!!!
Slide 35
Because the sides of the DNA run in opposite directions, DNA is
said to be ANTIPARALLEL.
Slide 36
In this DNA molecule, the THUMB part or better known as the
PHOSPHATE GROUP, is said to be the 5 prime (5) end. 5 prime
Slide 37
The hand or sugar part of the DNA molecule makes up the 3 prime
(3) end of the DNA ladder. 3 Prime
Slide 38
If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule
begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the Double
Helix