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Nucleorhabdovirus

Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories

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Contributing authors

Bennington JMA Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity

Hammond NE Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity

Poole MC Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity

Shan F Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity

Wood CE Technical Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity

Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, December 2016

Document citation

DAFWA 2016, Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.

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For further information or additional copies of this document, please contact:

Marc Poole Plant Biosecurity Biosecurity and Regulation Department of Agriculture and Food 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth WA 6151 Telephone: +61 8 9368 3224 Email: [email protected] Post: Locked Bag 4 Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983

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Contents

Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1

Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4

Determining an organisms quarantine pest status .......................................................... 4

Association with potato production in Australia .......................................................... 4

Association with the washed ware potato pathway .................................................... 5

Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia .............................................. 5

Potential for economic consequences ....................................................................... 5

Final determination .................................................................................................... 6

Consultation ................................................................................................................... 6

Pest categorisation of invertebrates ................................................................................... 7

Pest categorisation of pathogens ..................................................................................... 27

References ...................................................................................................................... 79

Tables

Table 1: Pest categorisation summary .............................................................................. 2

Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes ...................... 3

Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production ................ 7

Table 4: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (invertebrates) ..........................................................................................21

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production ...................27

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) ..............................................................................................63

Plant B iosecu r i t y Po l i cy | W ashed W are Pota toes Po l icy Review - Draf t Pes t Ca tegor isa t ion

1

Summary

The Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) has prepared this draft pest categorisation as the first step in the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The purpose of the pest categorisation is to determine what quarantine pests are potentially associated with the washed ware potato pathway.

Washed ware potatoes from interstate are currently permitted entry into Western Australia under strict quarantine conditions for specific pests and diseases. This policy has been in place for many years and is being reviewed to ensure it provides an appropriate level of protection for the state.

The policy review is being undertaken via a pest risk analysis (PRA) process. A PRA is one mechanism by which DAFWA’s Plant Biosecurity Policy Group determines the biosecurity risks associated with commodities imported from other Australian states and territories, and provides scientific justification for any recommended phytosanitary measures. Any recommended phytosanitary measures are required to be compliant with international and national agreements.

The draft pest categorisation (this document) identifies invertebrate and pathogen pests that are:

associated with the washed ware potato pathway,

absent from Western Australia,

have the potential to establish in Western Australia, and

be of economic concern should they establish in Western Australia.

This report has assessed 430 candidate organisms potentially associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia (Table 1). Of these candidate organisms, 6 invertebrates and 31 pathogens (Table 2) were identified as pests of quarantine concern associated with the washed ware potato pathway that satisfy the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) definition of a quarantine pest:

‘A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM 5 2016).

At the conclusion of the consultation period for this draft pest categorisation, DAFWA will consider stakeholder submissions and incorporate relevant information into the draft policy review.

The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will undergo further assessment in the draft policy review to:

determine the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pests in Western Australia, and

determine the extent where necessary of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia.


2

Table 1: Pest categorisation summary1

Organism group Associated with Australian potato production

Absent from Western Australia or of regional concern

Potential presence on the washed ware potato pathway

Potential to establish

Potential for economic consequences

Quarantine pest species

Mites 7 2 1 1 1 1

Insects 158 35 9 9 5 5

Total invertebrates 165 37 10 10 6 6

No data in this row

Bacteria 25 6 5 5 3 3

Phytoplasmas 5 1 0 0 0 0

Fungi 167 61 23 22 16 16

Nematodes 47 24 6 6 6 6

Protozoa 2 0 0 0 0 0

Viruses & Viroids 19 6 6 6 6 6

Total pathogens 265 98 40 39 31 31

No data in this row

Total organisms 430 135 50 49 37 37

1Numbers include organisms with incomplete categorisation.


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Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes

Scientific name Common name

Invertebrate

Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) potato scarab

Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 potato wireworm

Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 bulb mite

Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 rhopaea canegrub

Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 pruinose scarab

Pathogen

Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 early blight

Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 gangrene

Carlavirus Potato virus M Potato virus M (PVM)

Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 black-foot (grapevine)

Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, 1972 brown-eye

Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 bacterial soft rot

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 stem nematode

Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 dry rot

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940

dry rot

Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 dry rot

Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 potato cyst nematodes (PCN)

Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 root rot (vegetables)

Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 microdochium blight (cucurbits)

Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV)

Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Foster) B. Sutton, 1980 dry, corky stem-end rot

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 late blight

Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)

Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV)

Potyvirus Potato virus A Potato virus A (PVA)

Potyvirus Potato virus Y biological strains D and N, and phylogenetic group NTN

Potato virus Y (PVY)

Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 root lesion nematode

Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 1983 root lesion nematode

Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 root lesion nematode

Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filip'jev, 1936 root lesion nematode

Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 soft rot

Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 soft rot

Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 watery wound rot or shell rot

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1996 bacterial wilt

Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, 2011 black bundle disease (corn)

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 Verticillium wilt

Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 (VCGs not present) Verticillium wilt


4

Methodology

Introduction

Candidate organisms are pests2 that are identified as possible candidates for phytosanitary measures in association with a pathway. The pest categorisation of candidate organisms (this document) is the first step in the process for the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The categorisation process examines whether a pest satisfies the criteria of a quarantine pest.

The identification of quarantine pests potentially associated with washed ware potatoes in other states and territories is done in accordance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 2 Framework for pest risk analysis (2016) and ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis of quarantine pests (2016).The methodology outlined in this document also aligns with current Commonwealth methodology for plant based pest risk analyses.

The internationally accepted criterion of a quarantine pest has been defined by the International Plant Protection Convention as:

‘a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM 5 2016), where:

area is defined as an ‘officially defined country, part of a country or all or parts of several countries’ (ISPM 5 2016),

potential economic importance is determined by ‘clear indications that the pest is likely to have an unacceptable economic impact (including environmental impact) in the PRA area’ (ISPM 11 2016), and

endangered area is defined as ‘an area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss’ (ISPM 5 2016).

The categorisation of candidate organisms also establishes their association with the washed ware potato pathway.

The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will be assessed in the policy review to determine:

the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pest into Western Australia, and

the extent where necessary, of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia.

Determining an organisms quarantine pest status

Association with potato production in Australia

A list of candidate organisms associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production was compiled based on information obtained from:

a review of Commonwealth, state, scientific, industry and other literature

a review of relevant internet sources

2 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (ISPM 5 2016).


5

a review of invertebrate and pathogen specimens residing in collections within Australia

expert consultation.

The candidate organism list details:

the current accepted name where possible

a substantiating reference indicating a potential association with commercial or non-commercial potato production

a substantiating reference establishing presence or absence in Western Australia. - If a candidate organism is found to be present in Western Australia, and is not

under official control, then it does not satisfy the criteria of a quarantine pest and further evaluation is not required.

- Where a candidate organism’s presence in Western Australia cannot be substantiated, then it may satisfy the criteria of a quarantine pest and is evaluated further.

The list of candidate organisms associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia is presented in Table 3 for invertebrates and Table 5 for pathogens.

Association with the washed ware potato pathway

A candidate organism’s association with the washed ware potato pathway is evaluated in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. The evaluation includes a statement to substantiate the association.

Any candidate organism is absent from Western Australia and found to be associated with the washed ware potato pathway are assessed further for their potential to establish and spread, and have an unacceptable economic consequence (including environmental impact) in Western Australia.

Any candidate organisms evaluated as not having a credible pathway association are not considered further in the pest categorisation process. In some instances a candidate organism are not considered as having a pathway association if the reference is considered unreliable such as being is old with no recent records, or where only single pathway associated records were found.

In the absence of sufficient information, uncertainties are identified and the process continues (ISPM 11 2016) to assess the organisms potential to establish, spread and be of economic concern in Western Australia.

Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia

A candidate organism’s potential to establish and spread within an endangered area of Western Australia is evaluated and presented in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. An assumption is made that if a host plant is present in Western Australia then the potential exists for candidate organism to establish and spread. If the potential to establish and spread within endangered areas in Western Australia cannot be established, the candidate organism is not considered further.

Potential for economic consequences

A candidate organism’s potential economic consequence should it establish within an endangered area of Western Australia is evaluated and presented in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. If the potential for economic consequences cannot be determined then the candidate organism does not meet the definition of a quarantine pest and is not considered further.


6

Final determination

A candidate organism that does not meet all of the criteria assessed in the pest categorisation phase is not considered a quarantine pest associated with the washed ware potato pathway. Candidate species meeting all criteria for a quarantine pest are eligible for further evaluation through the pest risk assessment process and are presented in Table 2.

Once the quarantine pest status has been validated for a candidate species they undergo pest risk assessment and comparison with the Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP). For organisms with an unrestricted risk exceeding the ALOP, DAFWA proposes phytosanitary measures that are the least restrictive to trade. This work is undertaken in the pest risk analysis report.

Consultation

On 22 February 2016 the department notified stakeholders of the formal commencement of a policy review for washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported into Western Australia from other states and territories.

This draft pest categorisation provides stakeholders the opportunity for advance consideration of quarantine pests, prior to the formal release of the draft report, and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors.

The department will consider submissions received and revise the draft policy review as appropriate. Stakeholders will then be provided an opportunity to provide comments to the draft policy review.


7

Pest categorisation of invertebrates

Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production

Higher classification Organism Solanum tuberosum association Present in Australia

Present in Western Australian Assess further

ARACHNIDA

Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae

Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin, 1868) bulb mite

APPD (2016) Yes (Fan & Zhang 2003) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae (Riley, 1874) ASCU (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 bulb mite

Fan and Zhang (2003) Yes (Fan & Zhang 2003) Absent: no pest records yes

Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae

Aculops lycopersici (Tryon, 1917) tomato russet mite

DPIF (2014) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Trombidiformes: Penthaleidae

Halotydeus destructor (Tucker, 1925) redlegged earth mite

Dillard et al. (1993) Yes (Robinson & Hoffmann 2001; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

Trombidiformes: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) broad mite

Brough et al. (1994) Yes (Goodwin et al. 2000; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae

Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1835 twospotted mite

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Stenoderus concolor Macleay, 1826 Recorded as Stenocentrus concolor

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Sybra centurio Pascoe, 1866 Recorded as Ichthyodes centurio

APPD (2016) Yes APPD (2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808) Also recorded as Haltica ignea

metallic flea beetle

APPD (2016) Yes (Reid & Beatson 2015)

Yes (Reid & Beatson 2015)

no


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Arsipoda quadrimaculata (Bryant, 1942) Also recorded as Crepidodera quadrimaculata

APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009) Absent: no pest records yes


Aulacophora hilaris (Boisduval, 1835) pumpkin beetle



Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) cowpea weevil



Colaspoides haemorrhoidalis Lea, 1915 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Lema (Quasilema) daturaphila Kogan & Goeden, 1970 threelined potato beetle, Datura leaf beetle



Monolepta australis (Jacoby, 1882)

redshouldered leaf beetle, monolepta beetle APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Nisotra submetallica Blackburn, 1894 submetallic flea beetle



Phyllotreta undulata (Kutschera, 1860) striped flea beetle, brassica flea beetle

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (L Halling 2014, pers. comm.)

no


Psylliodes scutellatus (Waterhouse, 1838) Recorded as Psylliodes scutellata potato flea beetle

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016). Absent: no pest records yes


Xenidia picticornis Blackburn, 1896

potato flea beetle Hely et al. (1982) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Cleobora mellyi (Mulsant, 1850)

southern ladybird APPD (2016) Yes (Pope 1988) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781 transverse ladybird

Horne et al. (2002) Yes (Pope 1988) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758 eleven-spotted ladybird

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Pope (1988) no


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Diomus notescens (Blackburn, 1889) Also recorded as Scymnus notescens & Diomus nitiescens minute two-spotted ladybird

Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Epilachna guttatopustulata (Fabricius, 1775) Recorded as Henosepilachna guttatopustulata

large leafeating ladybird



Epilachna sumbana Bielawski, 1959 Recorded as Henosepilachna cucurbitae curcubit ladybird

APPD (2016) Yes (Li 1993) Yes (Li 1993) no


Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775) Twentyeight-spotted potato ladybird

DPIF (2014) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Epilachna vigintisexpunctata (Boisduval, 1835) Recorded as Henosepilachna vigintisexpunctata Twentysix-spotted potato ladybird

Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Li 1993) no


Harmonia conformis (Boisduval, 1835)

common spotted ladybird Horne et al. (2002) Yes (Pope 1988) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) spotted amber ladybird

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Loch (2004, March) no

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Atrichonotus minimus Blanchard, 1851 Recorded as Atrichonotus taeniatulus small lucerne weevil

Allsopp and Hitchcock (1987)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Listroderes foveatus (Lea, 1928) Recorded as Listroderes costirostris



Listroderes delaiguei Germain, 1895 subterranean clover weevil

Wilson and Wearne (1962) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Listroderes difficilis Germain, 1895

vegetable weevil APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Listroderes obliquus Klug, 1829 Wilson and Wearne (1962) Yes (Wilson & Wearne 1962)

Yes (Wilson & Wearne 1962)

no


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Naupactus cervinus Boheman, 1840 Recorded as Asynonychus cervinus Fuller's rose weevil

Learmonth and Matthiessen (1990)



Naupactus leucoloma Boheman, 1840 Recorded as Graphognathus leucoloma whitefringed weevil

Matthiessen and Learmonth (1995)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Loch 2006; APPD 2016)

no


Otiorhynchus cribricollis Gyllenhal, 1834 apple weevil

Learmonth (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Phlyctinus callosus (Schöenherr, 1826)

garden weevil Walker (1980) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Steriphus caudatus (Pascoe, 1870) Also recorded as Desiantha caudate spinetailed weevil

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records (Bellati et al. 2012)

yes

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 potato wireworm

Horne and Horne (1991) Yes (Neboiss 1957; APPD 2016)

Absent: no pest records yes


Paracrepidomenus filiformis (Candèze, 1863) click beetle

APPD (2016) Yes (Calder 1996) Absent: pest records unreliable (APPD 2016)

yes


Paracrepidomenus linearis (Schwarz, 1903) click beetle


Coleoptera: Latridiidae

Corticaria japonica Reitter, 1877 Also recorded as Corticaria adelaidae minute mould beetle


Coleoptera: Melyridae

Dicranolaius bellulus (Boisduval, 1835) pollen beetle, red and blue beetle


Coleoptera: Ptinidae Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) tobacco beetle, cigarette beetle


Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Acrossidius tasmaniae Hope, 1847 blackheaded pasture cockchafer

Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Adoryphorus coulonii (Burmeister, 1847) redheaded pasture cockchafer

Learmonth (2005) Yes (Hardy 1981) Yes (APPD 2016) no


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Ataenius picinus (Harold, 1867) Learmonth (2005) Yes (Williams 2002) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Carneodon laevipennis (Blackburn, 1896) Also recorded as Neodon laevipennis

APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009) Yes Cassis and Weir (1992)

no


Carneodon pecuarius (Reiche, 1860) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) potato scarab

APPD (2016) Yes (McQuillan & Michaels 1997; APPD 2016)



Diphucephala elegans Blackburn, 1892 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Diphucephala pulchella Waterhouse, 1837 Also recorded as Diphucephala smaragdula



Heteronychus arator (Fabricius, 1775)

African black beetle Matthiessen and Learmonth (1995)



Lepidiota laevis Arrow, 1932

paspalum whitegrub Learmonth (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) yes


Metanastes vulgivagus (Olliff, 1889) black beetle

(APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Othnonius batesii Olliff, 1891 Recorded as Othnonius batesi black soil scarab

(APPD 2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD 2016)



Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 rhopaea canegrub

Hely et al. (1982) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Rhopaea verreauxii Blanchard, 1851

cocksfoot grub Learmonth (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Sericesthis consanguinea (Blackburn, 1907)

wheat root scarab APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 Pruinose scarab

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest no longer present (APPD 2016)

yes


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Sericesthis nigra (Lea, 1919)

small pasture scarab APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD

2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Sericesthis nigrolineata Boisduval, 1835 dusky pasture scarab

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest no longer present (APPD 2016)

yes

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Adelium brevicorne Blessig, 1861 bronzed field beetle


DERMAPTERA

Dermaptera: Forficulidae

Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 European earwig

APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

DIPTERA

Diptera: Anthomyiidae

Delia platura (Meigen, 1826) onion maggot


Yes (APPD 2016) no

Diptera: Syrphidae Simosyrphus grandicornis (Macquart, 1842) common hover fly


Yes (ABRS 2009) no

HEMIPTERA

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) species complex, native biotype tobacco whitefly

Carver and Reid (1996) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (ICDB 2016) no


Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) species

complex, B biotype silverleaf whitefly

APPD (2016) Yes (De Barro & Hart 2000)

Yes (P De Barro 2004, pers. comm. 14 July)

yes3


Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856) greenhouse whitefly

Carver and Reid (1996) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no

Hemiptera: Alydidae Melanacanthus scutellaris (Dallas, 1852) brown bean bug, podsucking bug

APPD (2016) Yes (Cassis & Gross 2002; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

3 Declared pest under BAM Act 2007 s.22(2)


13




Hemiptera: Aphididae

Acyrthosiphon (Acyrthosiphon) pisum (Harris, 1776)

pea aphid APPD (2016) Yes (SARDI 2015; APPD

2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Aphis (Aphis) craccivora Koch, 1854 cowpea aphid

Berlandier (1997) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Aphis (Aphis) gossypii Glover, 1877 cotton aphid, melon aphid

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no


Aphis (Aphis) spiraecola Glover, 1877 spiraea aphid



Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) solani (Kaltenbach, 1843) foxglove aphid



Brachycaudus (Brachycaudus) helichrysi

(Kaltenbach, 1843) leafcurl plum aphid

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no


Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) rumexicolens (Patch, 1917) dock aphid

Berlandier (1997) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) cabbage aphid

APPD (2016) Yes (Eastop 1966; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Capitophorus elaeagni (Del Guercio, 1894)

artichoke aphid, thistle aphid APPD (2016) Yes (Eastop 1966; APPD

2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Dysaphis (Pomaphis) aucupariae (Buckton, 1879) wild service aphid

APPD (2016) Yes (Carver & Hales 1983; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas, 1878) rusty plum aphid

APPD (2016) Yes (Carver 1976; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Macrosiphum gei (Koch, 1855) APPD (2016) Absent: pest records (APPD 2016) unreliable (InfluentialPoints 2016)

Absent: pest records (APPD 2016) unreliable (InfluentialPoints 2016)

no


Macrosiphum (Macrosiphum) euphorbiae (Thomas, 1878) potato aphid



14





Macrosiphum (Macrosiphum) rosae (Linnaeus,

1758) rose aphid

APPD (2016) Yes (Maelzer 1977; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer, 1776) green peach aphid



Rhopalosiphoninus (Myzosiphon) staphyleae (Koch, 1854) mangold aphid

Berlandier (1997) Yes (Hughes et al. 1964; APPD 2016)

Yes (De Barro et al. 2000) no


Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki, 1899)

rice root aphid Learmonth (2005) as Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis

Yes (Eastop 1966; APPD 2016)

Yes Eastop (1966) no


Smynthurodes betae Westwood, 1849 bean root aphid

Eastop (1966) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Therioaphis (Therioaphis) trifolii (Monell, 1882) spotted alfalfa aphid


Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Amrasca terraereginae (Paoli, 1936) Also recorded as Empoasca terraereginae

cotton leafhopper

Bald (1941) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Anzygina zealandica (Myers, 1923)

yellow leafhopper APPD (2016) Yes (Fletcher & Larivière

2009; APPD 2016) Yes (Moir et al. 2003) no


Austroasca viridigrisea (Paoli, 1936) vegetable leafhopper

Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Nesoclutha phryne (Evans) (Kirkaldy, 1907) Also recorded as Nesoclutha pallida Australian grass leafhopper



Orosius orientalis (Matsumura, 1914) Also recorded as Orosius argentatus

common brown leafhopper


Hemiptera: Coreidae Mictis caja Stål, 1865 squash bug



15




Hemiptera: Coreidae Mictis profana (Fabricius, 1803)

squash bug Bald (1941) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879) red scale

APPD (2016) Yes (Evans 1942; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

Nysius caledoniae Distant, 1920 Also recorded as Nysius clevelandensis grey cluster bug

APPD (2016) Yes (Malipatil 2010) Yes (Malipatil 2010) no

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

Nysius vinitor Bergroth, 1891 Rutherglen bug

Dillard et al. (1993) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Membracidae

Acanthuchus trispinifer (Fairmaire, 1846) APPD (2016) Yes (Evans 1966; Cookson & New 1980)

Yes (Evans 1966) no

Hemiptera: Miridae Campylomma liebknechti (Girault, 1934)

apple dimpling bug APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Miridae Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin, 1790) potato bug

Gross (1975) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Hemiptera: Miridae Coridromius chenopoderis Tatarnic & Cassis, 2006 Also recorded as Coridromius variegatus

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Tatarnic & Cassis 2008)

no

Hemiptera: Miridae Coridromius monotocopsis Tatarnic & Cassis, 2008 Also recorded as Coridromius variegatus


Hemiptera: Miridae Coridromius pilbarensis Tatarnic & Cassis, 2008 Also recorded as Coridromius variegatus

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Tatarnic & Cassis 2008)

no

Hemiptera: Miridae Creontiades dilutus (Stål, 1859) green mirid


Hemiptera: Miridae Sidnia kinbergi (Stål, 1859)

crop mirid APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Cassis and Gross

(1995) no

Hemiptera: Nabidae Nabis (Tropiconabis) kinbergii Reuter, 1872

damsel bug Horne et al. (2002) Yes (Woodward &

Strommer 1982; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Anaxilaus vesiculosus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840) APPD (2016) as A. vesiculosis

Yes (Gross 1976; TPPD 2016)

Yes Gross (1976) no


16





Caystrus pallidolimbatus (Stål, 1869)

small brown stink bug APPD (2016) Yes (Cassis & Gross 2002;

UQIC 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Cermatulus nasalis nasalis (Westwood, 1837) predatory shield bug Recorded as Cermatulus nasalis



Cuspicona simplex Walker, 1867 green potato bug

APPD (2016) Yes (Gross 1976; APPD 2016)

Yes (ABRS 2009) no


Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) green vegetable bug



Oechalia schellenbergii (Guérin, 1831) predatory shield bug


Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893)

pineapple mealybug APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) citrus mealybug



Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) Pacific mealybug, passionvine mealybug



Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Scutelleridae

Choerocoris paganus (Fabricius, 1775) ground shield bug

APPD (2016) Yes (Cassis & Vanags 2006; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hemiptera: Scutelleridae

Choerocoris variegatus Dallas, 1851 jewel bug


HYMENOPTERA

Hymenoptera: Braconidae

Apanteles subandinus Blanchard, 1947 parasitic wasp

Keller and Horne (1993) Yes Austin and Dangerfield (1992)

Yes Austin and Dangerfield (1992)

no


Aphidius similis Starý & Carver, 1979

parasitic wasp Starý and Carver (1980) Yes (Starý & Carver 1980) Yes Starý and Carver

(1980) no


Orgilus lepidus Muesebeck, 1967 parasitic wasp

Symington (2003) Yes (Briese 1981; Keller & Horne 1993; TPPD 2016)

Yes Horne (1998) no


17




Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae

Copidosoma desantisi Annecke & Mynhardt, 1974 Keller and Horne (1993) Yes Keller and Horne (1993)

Yes Briese (1981) no

Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae

Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard, 1940 Keller and Horne (1993) Yes Keller and Horne (1993)

Yes Waterhouse and Sands (2001)

no

LEPIDOPTERA

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Achyra affinitalis (Lederer, 1863) weed web moth, cotton webspinner


Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Sceliodes cordalis (Doubleday, 1843) eggfruit caterpillar


Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) potato moth

Symington (2003) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen, 1913) tomato stemborer


Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Oxycanus antipoda (Herrich-Schäffer, 1853) Also recorded as Oxycanus fuscomaculatus

oxycanus grassgrub

Allsopp and Hitchcock (1987)


Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae

Zizina otis labradus (Godart, [1824]) Recorded as Zizina labradus

APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis infusa (Boisduval, 1832) bogong moth, common cutworm



Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) black cutworm

Common (1990) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Agrotis munda Walker, 1857 brown cutworm



Athetis tenuis (Butler, 1886) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Chrysodeixis argentifera (Guenée, 1852)

looper caterpillar, tobacco looper APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


18





Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday, 1843)

looper caterpillar, green looper APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Chrysodeixis subsidens (Walker, 1858)

looper caterpillar APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) corn earworm, cotton bollworm, tomato grub, tobacco budworm

Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren, 1860) native budworm



Neumichtis nigerrima (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Neumichtis saliaris (Guenée, 1852)

green cutworm Common (1990) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD

2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Neumichtis sepultrix (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Neumichtis spumigera (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (ABRS 2009; APPD 2016)



Proteuxoa atra (Guenée, 1852) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) cluster caterpillar


Lepidoptera: Pieridae Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) cabbage white butterfly


NEUROPTERA

Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

Mallada signatus (Schneider, 1851) green lacewing

Horne et al. (2002) Yes (New 1996) Yes (New 1996) no

Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae

Micromus tasmaniae (Walker, 1860)

brown lacewing Horne et al. (2002) Yes (New 1996) Yes (New 1996) no


19




ORTHOPTERA

Orthoptera: Acrididae Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt, 1920)

wingless grasshopper Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Orthoptera: Gryllidae Teleogryllus commodus (Walker, 1869)

black field cricket Brough et al. (1994) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

THYSANOPTERA

Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae

Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall, 1916) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Houston et al. (1991) no

Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae

Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Haplothrips victoriensis Bagnall, 1918 tubular black thrips


Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Nesothrips propinquus (Bagnall, 1916) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Mound (1974) no

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Anaphothrips varii Moulton, 1935 APPD (2016) Yes (Mound & Masumoto 2009; APPD 2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford, 1909) APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) western flower thrips

Horne et al. (2002) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes Hoddle et al. (2006) no


Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910) tomato thrips



Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall, 1916) hairless flower thrips



Thrips imaginis Bagnall, 1926 plague thrips



20





Thrips palmi Karny, 1925

melon thrips Walsh (2011); APPD (2016)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Mound 2002) yes4


Thrips tabaci Lindemann, 1888 onion thrips

Horne et al. (2002); APPD (2016)


4 Declared pest under BAM Act 2007 s.22(2)


21

Table 4: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (invertebrates)

Organism Pathway association Potential for establishment and spread Potential economic consequence

Pathway associated quarantine pest

ARACHNIDA

Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae (Riley, 1874) [Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae]

No: Single record from 1941 (ASCU

2016). No other record of Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae from

Australia could be found.

Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 [Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae]

Yes: Associated with potato, stem and damaged root of Solanum tuberosum (Fan & Zhang 2003).

Yes: Potatoes are commercially grown

in Western Australia (ABS 2015).

Yes: Rhizoglyphus robini can damage

a variety of crops including onions, garlic, Lilium, Hyacinthus, other vegetables, cereals and ornamentals in storage, in the greenhouse and in the field (Díaz et al. 2000).

yes

COLEOPTERA

Acrossidius tasmaniae Hope, 1847 [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

No: Larvae live underground and

emerge at night to feed on grasses. High population levels do not cause tuber damage (Horne et al. 2002).


Arsipoda quadrimaculata (Bryant, 1942) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

No: Single record of adult from 1954

(ASCU 2016), no other records found. Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831)

[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

Yes: Adults feed on tubers (Allsopp &

Hitchcock 1987).



Yes: Damaged tubers can be

unsuitable for sale (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987).

yes

Colaspoides haemorrhoidalis Lea, 1915 [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

Yes: The known larvae of Eumolpinae

are, soil-inhabiting root feeders, some of which cause commercially significant damage to crops (ABRS 2009).



No: The paucity of available literature on C. haemorrhoidalis indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

no


22




Diphucephala elegans Blackburn, 1892 [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

Yes: Larvae feed on the roots of

various plants (Hangay & Zborowski 2010).



No: The paucity of available literature on E. maculata larvae indicates a non-

pestiferous nature.

no

Diphucephala smaragdula Boisduval, 1835


Yes: Larvae live in the soil and feed

on the root systems of various plants (Hangay & Zborowski 2010).



No: The paucity of available literature

on E. maculata larvae indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

no

Epilachna guttatopustulata (Fabricius, 1775) [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae]

No: Larvae and adult feed on

Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae foliage (Li 1993).


Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 [Coleoptera: Elateridae]

Yes: Larva burrow into tubers (Horne

& Horne 1991).



Yes: An important pest of potatoes in

Victoria (Learmonth 2005), with larva found to cause considerable damage to crops (Calder 1996). Tunnels created by burrowing larvae are also entry points for fungal rots (Horne et al. 2002).

yes

Lema (Quasilema) daturaphila Kogan & Goeden, 1970 [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

No: Larvae and adults feed on foliage

(Eaton 2009). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Lepidiota laevis Arrow, 1932 Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

No: Associated with pasture and

sugarcane in the Atherton Tablelands (Qld) (Learmonth 2005). No association with potato tuber could be found.



23




Nisotra submetallica Blackburn, 1894 [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

No: Larvae of the genera are stem or

root borers (Matthews & Reid 2002). Adult Galerucinae feed on foliage while larvae can be stem, leaf or root feeders (Hangay & Zborowski 2010). No association with potato tuber could be found.


Othnonius batesii Olliff, 1891


No: Single record from 1964 (APPD

2016), no plant part recorded. No other records found.


Paracrepidomenus filiformis (Candèze, 1863) [Coleoptera: Elateridae]

No: The biology of almost all

denticolline species is poorly known (ABRS 2009). No association with potato tuber could be found.

Assessment not required No: The paucity of available literature on Paracrepidomenus larvae and Paracrepidomenus in general

indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

no

Paracrepidomenus linearis (Schwarz, 1903)

[Coleoptera: Elateridae]

No: The biology of almost all

denticolline species is poorly known (ABRS 2009). No association with potato tuber could be found.

Assessment not required No: The paucity of available literature

on Paracrepidomenus larvae and Paracrepidomenus in general indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

no

Psylliodes scutellatus (Waterhouse, 1838) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

No: Larvae of the genera are stem or

root borers (Matthews & Reid 2002). No association with potato tuber could be found.


Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

Yes: Associated with stem and tuber

damage (Hely et al. 1982).



Yes: Associated with stem and tuber

damage (Hely et al. 1982). yes


24




Rhopaea verreauxii Blanchard, 1851 [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

Yes: Although pasture is the primary host for R. verreaux, tuber damage though to be caused by R. verreaux, has been reported by (Learmonth 2005).



No: The paucity of available literature on R. verreaux indicates a non-

pestiferous nature.

no

Sericesthis consanguinea (Blackburn, 1907) [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

No: Larvae damage roots of young

cereal plants by active feeding or damaging them while foraging for soil organic matter (Bailey 2007).


Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]

Yes: recorded from potato tubers

(APPD 2016).

Yes: Pastures (DAFWA 2016a), lawns

(DAFWA 2014) and vegetables (DAFWA 2016b) are grown extensively in Western Australia.

Yes: A pest of pastures, lawns and

vegetables; larvae live in the soil, feeding on humus and the root system of various plants (Hangay & Zborowski 2010). Adults feed on leaves and can be serious defoliators (CSIRO 1991).

yes

Sericesthis nigra (Lea, 1919)


No: Single record from Tas. in 1952

(APPD 2016). Life stage not reported. No association with potato tuber could be found.


Sericesthis nigrolineata Boisduval, 1835


No: Sericesthis spp. larvae are soil-

dwelling root feeders (CSIRO 1991). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Stenoderus concolor Macleay, 1826

[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]

No: Single undated record from Vic. in

1952 (APPD 2016). Larvae tend to feed on the cambium phloem layer under bark and pupate in sapwood (Matthews 1997)



25




Steriphus caudatus (Pascoe, 1870) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]

No: Soil-dwelling larvae feed on

seeds, hypocotyls of germinating seedlings and young seedlings. Adults feed plant foliage (Allen 1973).


Sybra centurio Pascoe, 1866 [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]

No: Single record from NSW in 1941

(APPD 2016). Larvae tend to feed on the cambium phloem layer under bark and pupate in sapwood (Matthews 1997).


Xenidia picticornis Blackburn, 1896 [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]

No: Adults feed on foliage & larvae

feed within stems (Hely et al. 1982). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

HEMIPTERA

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) species complex, B biotype [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae]

No: All life stages feed and develop on

foliage (Botha et al. 2004) Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Caystrus pallidolimbatus (Stål, 1869) [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]

No: Aboreal, sap-feeding herbivore

(Cassis & Gross 2002). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin, 1790) [Hemiptera: Miridae]

No: Adults and nymphs feed on buds,

growing points, flowers and foliage of host plants (Heisswolf et al. 2010)


Coridromius monotocopsis Tatarnic & Cassis, 2008 [Hemiptera: Miridae]

No: Found almost exclusively on Monotoca elliptica buds, flowers, leaves and stems (Tatarnic & Cassis 2008)


Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae]

No: Found on aerial plant parts away

from direct sunlight (Roda et al. 2013). Assessment not required Assessment not required no


26




LEPIDOPTERA

Neumichtis saliaris (Guenée, 1852) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

No: Larvae feed on leaf material

(Berlandier & Baker 2007). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Neumichtis sepultrix (Guenée, 1852) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

No: Single record from 1955 (TPPD

2016) only; no other records found. Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Neumichtis spumigera (Guenée, 1852)

[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

No: Larvae feed on leaf material

(Berlandier & Baker 2007). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Proteuxoa atra (Guenée, 1852)

[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

No: Descriptor from TPPD (2016)

recorded as ‘found resting on soil in potato crop ‘. No association with potato tuber could be found.

Assessment not required No: The paucity of available literature

on Proteuxoa atra and Proteuxoa in general indicates a non-pestiferous nature.

no

THYSANOPTERA

Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae]

No: Presumed a predatory aboreal or

ground living species (Mound & Wells 2015).


Thrips palmi Karny, 1925

[Thysanoptera: Thripidae]

No: Thrips palmi adult & larvae feed

on leaves, stems, flowers and fruit of host plants (Girling 1992).



27

Pest categorisation of pathogens

Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production



BACTERIA

Actinomycetales: Micrococcaceae

Arthrobacter Conn and Dimmick, 1947 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes

Actinomycetales: Streptomycetaceae

Streptomyces scabiei corrig. (ex Thaxter 1892) Lambert & Loria, 1989 Also recorded as Actinomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Güssow, 1914; Streptomyces scabies (Thaxter 1891) Waksman and Henrici, 1948 common scab

Shivas (1989); Dillard et al. (1993)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no

Bacillales: Bacillaceae

Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland, 1887 Department of Health (2005)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Department of Health 2005)

no

Bacillales: Bacillaceae

Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn, 1872 Also recorded as Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Nakamura et al., 1999

Malcolmson (1960 cited in Rich 1983, p. 26)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (PathWest 2016) no

Bacillales: Paenibacillaceae

Paenibacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Ash et

al., 1994 Also recorded as Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macéacute, 1889

Jackson and Henry (1946) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (PathWest 2016) no

Burkholderiales: Burkholderiaceae

Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli (Severini 1913)

Yabuuchi et al., 1993 Also recorded as Burkholderia gladioli (Severini 1913) Yabuuchi et al., 1993; Pseudomonas gladioli Severini, 1913; Pseudomonas gladioli pv. gladioli

Severini, 1913 corm scab of gladiolus

CABI (2016b) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


28




Burkholderiales: Burkholderiaceae

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1996 Also recorded as Burkholderia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1993; Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith 1896) Smith, 1914 brown rot; bacterial wilt

Dillard et al. (1993); DAFF (2013)

Yes (Elphinstone 2005) Absent: pest eradicated5

(Elphinstone 2005) yes

Cytophagales: Cytophagaceae

Cytophaga Winogradsky, 1929 Sampson and Walker (1982b)

Yes (Sampson & Walker 1982b)

Not assessed yes

Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae

Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder, McFadden & Dimock 1953) Samson et al., 2005 Also recorded as Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder, McFadden & Dimock, 1953; Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Brenner et al., 1973 black leg

DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 Also recorded as Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet 1954) Victoria et al. 1975; Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet 1954) Young et al., 2004 soft rot; wilt

DAFF (2013) Yes (NZFUNGI 2016) Absent: no pest records6 yes


Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards, 1960

Sampson and Walker (1982b)



Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hormaeche and Edwards,1960 soft rot

Ashmawy et al. (2015) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

5 A WA isolate (APDD/DAR 65872a) of Ralstonia solanaearum was collected from Manjimup in 1967. This was isolated from a potato tuber with brown rot. The isolate was further assessed in 2008 by Dr Ric

Cother (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries) and was verified as possibly Pseudomonas solanacearum biotype II. Elphinstone (2005) asserts that previous incursions of biovar 2 (race 3) in South Australia and Western Australia have been eradicated.

6 Erwinia chrysanthemi is known to consist of several pathovars (Bull et al. 2010). Further investigation of the identity of cultures deposited as E. chrysanthemi in the Western Australian Culture Collection

(WAC) is being conducted.


29





Erwinia carotovora pv. tomato APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed7 no


Pantoea agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Gavini et al., 1989 Also recorded as Corynebacterium beticola Abdou, 1969; Enterobacter agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Ewing and Fife, 1972; Erwinia herbicola (Löhnis 1911) Dye, 1964

Cui et al. (2003) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van Hall 1902) Gardan et al., 2003 Also recorded as Erwinia atroseptica (van Hall 1902) Jennison, 1923; Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (van Hall 1902) Dye, 1969; Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum (van Hall 1902) Hauben et al., 1999 tuber soft rot; black leg; aerial stem rot


Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (WAC 2016c) no


Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones 1901) Hauben et al., 1999 emend. Gardan et al., 2003 Also recorded as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey et al., 1923 tuber soft rot; black leg; aerial stem rot

Peltzer and Sivasithamparam (1985)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Peltzer & Sivasithamparam 1985)

no

Flavobacteriales: Flavobacteriaceae

Chryseobacterium indologenes (Yabuuchi et al. 1983) Vandamme et al. 1994 emend. Montero-Calasanz et al., 2013 Also recorded as Flavobacterium indologenes Yabuuchi et al., 1983


7 Erwinia carotovora pv. tomato is not a scientifically valid name (Bull et al. 2010), and most likely refers to either Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (syn. of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.

carotovorum) or Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (syn. of Pectobacterium atrosepticum). These pathogens have been considered elsewhere in this pest categorisation.


30




Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula, 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016)8 no


Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 Also recorded as Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 soft rot

DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan 1889) Migula, 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall, 1902 Also recorded as Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica (Mukoo 1955) Dye, Bradbury, Goto,

Hayward, Lelliott & Schroth, 1980



Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Dowson, 1939 post-harvest soft rot

Macagnan et al. (2007) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al., 2001 Also recorded as Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942; A. tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend 1907) Conn, 1942

Kokošková and Klenová (2009)


Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae

Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al., 2001 Also recorded as Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Conn, 1942

Washington and Nancarrow (1983)


8 Pseudomonas fluorescens has been detected in branded bottled water (Jayasekara et al. 1998) that is widely distributed within Australia. This bacterium is likely present in all states and territories.


31




Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge 1920) Dye 1978

9

Also recorded as Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doige, 1920) Dawson, 1939; X. vesicatoria (ex Doidge

1920) Vauterin et al., 1995

Hayward and Waterston (1964)

Yes (McDougall et al. 2013)

Yes (McDougall et al. 2013)

yes

PHYTOPLASMA10

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma'

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ [16SrII - B] Paltrinieri and Bertaccini (2007); DAFF (2013)

Yes: only some strains (Davis et al. 1997; DAFF 2013)

11

Yes: only some strains (Davis et al. 1997; DAFF 2013)

no

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma'

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’ [16SrII - D] TBB phytoplasma (Australian isolates)

Conroy (1954) Yes: (White et al. 1998; Schneider et al. 1999)

Yes: (Schneider et al. 1999)

no

‘Candidatus

Phytoplasma'

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ (16SrXII-B) Australian grapevine yellows

DAFF (2013) Yes (Streten et al. 2005)12

Yes (Bayliss et al. 2005; Streten et al. 2005)

no

Mycoplasma-like organism

Potato witches' broom virus (Potato witches’ broom disease)

Biological Branch (1943) No: unreliable record (Biological Branch 1943)

Not assessed no

Mycoplasma-like organism

Purple top wilt disease Persley et al. (2010) Yes: (Persley et al. 2010) Not assessed13

no

9 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria has recently been identified as a species complex comprising of four species (Bull et al. 2010; European Food Safety Authority 2014). However, only X. vesicatoria (syn. X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria nom. inv.) has been associated with Solanum tuberosum (Hayward & Waterston 1964). The occurrence of each of the four species in Australian states hasn’t been determined and therefore in this pest categorisation the complex is considered further.

10 Phytoplasmas are classified into groups and subgroups based on the 16S rDNA and other conserved gene regions and given the designation of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma' (IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team–Phytoplasma taxonomy group 2004).

11 Numerous phytoplasma ‘species’ have been reported in association with ‘potato purple top disease’ overseas (Hosseini et al. 2011) as cited by DAFF (2013) and Santos-Cervantes et al. (2010). However, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ [16SrII] strains causing potato purple top disease have not been reported from Australia (DAFF 2013).

12 “This pathogen is present in Australia, but is not known to infect potatoes (Liefting et al. 2009; Liefting et al. 2011) as cited by DAFF (2013).

13 There is anecdotal evidence that Phytoplasma TBB caused ‘purple top wilt of potato in some Australian states including; ACT (Commonwealth of Australia 1950), New South Wales (Conroy 1954), Queensland (Simmonds 1966), South Australia (Feddersen 1959), and Victoria (Anderson 1959; Washington & Nancarrow 1983). Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’ [16SrII - D] (TBB phytoplasma (Australian isolates)), has been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.


32




FUNGI AND CHROMISTA

Ascomycota Stachylidium bicolor Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Ascomycota: Apiosporaceae

Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M.B. Ellis, 1965 CABI (2016a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Ascomycota: Leotiomycetes

Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum Also recorded as Geomyces pannorum [as 'pannorus'] (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich., 1976; Geomyces vulgaris Traaen, 1914


Ascomycota: Plectosphaerellaceae

Gibellulopsis nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare, W. Gams & Summerb., 2007 Also recorded as Verticillium nigrescens Pethybr.,

1919

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


Verticillium Nees, 1817 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed14

no


Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 Also recorded as Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 (orthographic variant) Verticillium wilt

DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable (Walker 1990)

yes


Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 Also recorded as Verticillium dahia (misspelling) Verticillium wilt

DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes: only some strains15

(APPD 2016)

yes


Verticillium tricorpus I. Isaac, 1953 Nair et al. (2015) Yes (Nair et al. 2015) Absent: pest records unreliable

16

yes

14

Five species of Verticillium are reported on potato, V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae, V. tricorpus, V. nubilum, and V. nonalfalfae (Inderbitzin et al. 2011). Of these V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae, and V. tricorpus are considered separately in this pest categorisation. V. nubilum and V. nonalfalfae are not known to occur in Australia and not included in this pest categorisation.

15 Verticillium dahliae VCG 1A Kleb., 1913, also known as the ‘defoliating strain’ infecting cotton, is declared as Prohibited (s. 12) under the BAM Act 2007.


33




Agaricales: Physalacriaceae

Armillaria (Fr.) Staude, 1857 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed17

no


Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile, 1978 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., 1871 root rot

Simmonds (1966) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

18

(Coetzee et al. 2000; Coetzee et al. 2001)

no

Atheliales: Atheliaceae

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr., 1978 Also recorded as Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bres., 1903; Corticium rolfsii Curzi, 1932; Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) E. West, 1947; Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., 1911 stem rot

de Icochea (2001b) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae

Macrophomina Petr., 1923 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed no

Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., 1947 Also recorded as Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) S.F. Ashby, 1927 charcoal rot


16

Verticillium tricorpus has only ever been isolated once in Western Australia, from Dianthus caryophyllus in 1986 (Herb I.M.I. 2016). This isolate has not been retained in (WAC 2016a) and could not be validated.

17 Historically, Armillaria mellea has been reported as a pathogen of potato tubers in the Northern hemisphere and Australia (Simmonds 1966; Farr & Rossman 2016). Coetzee et al. (2000) states that the name A. mellea has been arbitrarily applied to all species of Armillaria causing Armillaria root disease. Five species in A. mellea sensu lato are known in Australia; A. fumosa, A. hinnulea, A. novae-zelandiae, A. pallidula and A. luteobubalina (Coetzee et al. 2001). Of these only A. luteobubalina has been reported in association with potatoes (APPD 2016), and has been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.

18 Research into the geographical distribution of Armillaria species has shown that A. mellea is a Northern Hemisphere fungus and that Armillaria species found in Australia are molecularly distinct from A. mellea (Coetzee et al. 2001; Coetzee 2003).


34




Calosphaeriales: Calosphaeriaceae

Togninia parasitica L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous, 2006 Also recorded as Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Ajello, Georg & C.J. Wang) W. Gams, Rous & M.J. Wingf., 1996; Phialophora parasitica Ajello, Georg & C.J.K. Wang, 1974

Thanassoulopoulos and Giapanoglou (1994)

Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Gramaje et al. 2014) no

Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk, 1956 Also recorded as Corticium microsclerotium (Matz) G.F. Weber, 1939; Corticium solani (Prill. & Delacr.) Bourdot & Galzin, 1911; Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) D.P. Rogers, 1943; Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn, 1858 Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf


Capnodiales: Davidiellaceae

Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke, 1878 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae

Cercospora Fresen., 1863 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed19

no


Cercospora physalidis Ellis, 1882 Groenewald et al. (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Passalora concors (Casp.) U. Braun & Crous, 2003 Also recorded as Cercospora concors (Casp.) Sacc., 1886; Mycovellosiella concors (Casp.)

Deighton, 1974 Cercospora leaf blotch


19

A single record of Cercospora unidentified species was isolated from potato leaf in the Northern Territory (APPD 2016). There are several Cercospora species that have been reported on potato, Passalora concors (as C. concors), Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (as C. atromarginalis), C. solani, C. solanicola, C. solani-tuberosi, Alternaria crassa (as C. crassa var. solani-nigri) and C. physalidis (DAFF 2013; Farr & Rossman 2016). Of these only P. concors, Ps. atromarginalis, A. crassa and C. physalidis are reported from Australia; these species have been dealt with under their current names in this pest categorisation.


35





Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (G.F. Atk.) Deighton, 1976 Also recorded as Cercospora atromarginalis G.F. Atk., 1892


Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae

Erysiphe cichoracearum DC., 1805 Also recorded as Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta, 1988; Golovinomyces cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P.

Heluta, 1988 powdery mildew

Johnson and Rowe (2001) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Erysiphe orontii Castagne, 1851 Also recorded as Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne)

V.P. Heluta, 1988

Cunnington et al. (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud, 1921 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Oidium Link, 1824 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed20

no

Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae

Aspergillus niger Tiegh., 1867 Also recorded as Aspergillus niger var. niger Tiegh., 1867

CABI (2016a) Yes (Leong et al. 2007) Yes (Leong et al. 2007) no


Aspergillus ustus (Bainier) Thom & Cherch, 1926 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no


Eupenicillium senticosum D.B. Scott, 1968 Also recorded as Penicillium senticosum D.B. Scott,

1968


20

Oidium (unidentified species) are not assessed further in this pest categorisation as the three known powdery mildews associated with potatoes have been assessed separately. These include Erysiphe cichoracearum, Golovinomyces orontii and Leveillula taurica.


36





Penicillium expansum Link, 1809 Also recorded as Penicillium glaucum Stoll, 1809

Dem rc et al. (2011 Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes, 1958 Also recorded as Colletotrichum atramentarium

(Berk. & Broome) Taubenh., 1916 black dot

Dillard et al. (1993); Lees and Hilton (2003); APPD (2016)


Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove, 1918 Damm et al. (2009) Yes (Damm et al. 2009) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

21

yes

Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidiaceae

Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 Also recorded as Helicobasidium brebissonii (Desm.) Donk, 1958; Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC., 1815 violet root rot

DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable (Shivas 1989)

yes

Helotiales: Bulgariaceae

Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Foster) B. Sutton, 1980 Also recorded as Phomopsis tuberivora Güssow &

W.R. Foster, 1932 stem-end hard rot, dry rot, or corky rot of potatoes

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

22

yes

Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae

Botrytis cinerea Pers., 1794 Also recorded as Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary)

Whetzel, 1945 gray mold

Dillard et al. (1993); APPD (2016)



Sclerotinia minor Jagger, 1920 white mold



Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, 1884 white mold

Dillard et al. (1993); APPD (2016)


21

Presence of Colletotrichum dematium in Western Australia was based on a single isolate from Iris leaves, IMI 124766 (WAC 7298) (Herb I.M.I. 2016). This isolate has since been retested and identified as Colletotrichum tofieldiae (Pat.) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous 2009 by Shivas et al. (2016).

22 A single record of Phacidiopycnis tuberivora collected from Banksia saligna in Western Australia in 1990 has been reported (Herb I.M.I. 2016), this record could not be verified.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerellales


https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/organisms?search_string=Helotiales

https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/organisms?search_string=Helotiales


37




Hypocreales Acremonium Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed23

no

Hypocreales Acremonium alternatum Link, 1809 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Hypocreales Acremonium cereale (P. Karst.) W. Gams, 1971 Also recorded as Fusarium cerealis (P. Karst.) Gruyter & J.H.M. Schneid., 1991; Gliomastix cerealis (P. Karst.) C.H. Dickinson, 1968


Hypocreales Acremonium curvulum W. Gams, 1971 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hypocreales Acremonium implicatum (J.C. Gilman & E.V.

Abbott) W. Gams, 1975 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Hypocreales Acremonium persicinum (Nicot) W. Gams, 1971 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Hypocreales Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W. Gams, 1999 Also recorded as Gliocladium roseum Bainier, 1907


Hypocreales Clonostachys rosea f. rosea Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no

Hypocreales Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) Summerell, 2011 Also recorded as Acremonium kiliense Grütz, 1925

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (MacNish 1986) Yes (MacNish 1986) no

Hypocreales Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, 2011 Also recorded as Acremonium strictum W. Gams, 1971; Cephalosporium acremonium Corda, 1839

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

23

A single record of unidentified Acremonium species has been isolated from stem and tuber of potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). The following species of Acremonium have been associated with potato overseas; A. curvulum, A. implicatum, A. kiliense, A. persicinum, A. sclerotigenum, and A. strictum (Herb I.M.I. 2016), and A. album, A. alternatum, A. cereale, A. psammosporum, A. roseum, and A. vitellinum (Farr & Rossman 2016). Acremonium psammosporum, A. roseum, A. sclerotigenum and A. vitellinum are not recorded in Australia. Acremonium album (current name Aphanocladium album), A. alternatum, A. cereale, A. curvulum, A. implicatum, A. kiliense (currnet name Sarocladium kiliense), A. persicinum and A. strictum (current name Sarocladium strictum) are reported from Australia and have been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.

http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/namesrecord.asp?RecordId=308180





38




Hypocreales Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link, 1809 Also recorded as Cephalothecium roseum Corda, 1838

Somani (2004) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae

Acrostalagmus luteoalbus (Link) Zare, W. Gams &

Schroers, 2004 Also recorded as Verticillium cinnabarinum (Corda) Reinke & Berthold, 1879; Verticillium lateritium (Ehrenb.) Rabenh., 1844; Verticillium tenerum

Nees, 1817



Gliocladium Corda, 1840 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed24

no


Trichoderma deliquescens (Sopp) Jaklitsch, 2011 Also recorded as Gliocladium deliquescens Sopp, 1912



Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, 1969 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no


Trichoderma viride Pers., 1794 Also recorded as Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz, 1871

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Hypocreales: Nectriaceae

Aphanocladium W. Gams, 1971 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed25

no


Aphanocladium album (Preuss) W. Gams, 1971 Also recorded as Acremonium album Preuss, 1848

Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

24

There are three unidentified species records of Gliocladium on potato tubers in Australia (APPD 2016). Gliocladium species that have been reported in association with potatoes overseas or in Australia, and are known to occur in Australia inlcude; G. deliquescens (current name Trichoderma deliquescens); G. roseum (syn. Clonostachys rosea); C. rosea f. rosea (Gliocladium state is debated); and G. virens (current name Trichoderma virens). These have all been assessed separately in this pest categorisation.

25 A single record of unidentified Aphanocladium species has been isolated from stem and tuber of potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). No reports of Aphanocladium species infecting potatoes could be found except for A. album (reported as Acremonium album (Farr & Rossman 2016) which has been considered separately in the pest categorisation.


39





Calonectria ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950 Also recorded as Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas, 1993

Crous (2002) Yes (Dann et al. 2010) Absent: no pest records yes


Calonectria morganii Crous, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf.,

1993 Also recorded as Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan, 1892

Crous (2002) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable (Crous 2002; Lombard et al. 2010)

Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

26

no


Cylindrocarpon Wollenw., 1913 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed27

no


Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten, 1964 Also recorded as Cylindrocarpon radicicola Wollenw., 1928; Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Chaverri & C. Salgado, 2011; Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels, 2001



Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 Also recorded as Fusarium obtusisporum Cooke & Harkn., 1884; Neonectria obtusispora (Cooke &

Harkness) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, 2014

Cabral et al. (2012) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, 1972

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

26

Although Solanum tuberosum is a host of Cylindrocladium scoparium (Crous 2002), Australian isolates identified as this pathogen are invalid and most likely to be C. pauciramosum (Crous 2002) which is not reported in association with potatoes.

27 Unidentified Cylindrocarpon records have been identified on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). The following species of Cylindrocarpon that occur in Australia have also been reported in association with potatoes; C. destructans (APPD 2016), C. obtusisporum (Cabral et al. 2012), and C. olidum (syn. Thelonectria olida) (APPD 2016). These species have been assessed separately in this pest categorisation.


40





Fusarium Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed28

no


Fusarium anguioides Sherb., 1915 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no records found yes


Fusarium anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenw., 1916 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no records found yes


Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherb.,1915 (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium chlamydosporum Wollenw. & Reinking,

1925 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium concolor Reinking, 1934 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium crookwellense L.W. Burgess, P.E. Nelson & Toussoun, 1982 Also recorded as Fusarium cerealis (Cooke) Sacc., 1886

APPD (2016); Farr and Rossman (2016)



Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc., 1895 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium dimerum Penz., 1882 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

28

Numerous records of unidentified Fusarium species on potatoes in Australia were found (APPD 2016). Species of Fusarium associated with potatoes (in Australia and overseas) that are also reported from Australia have been assessed separately in the pest categorisation.


41





Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc., 1886 Also recorded as Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc., 1886; Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, 1875

Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., 1824 DAFF (2013); APPD (2016)

Yes: only some formae speciales (Summerell et al. 2011b; APPD 2016)

Yes: only some formae speciales (APPD 2016)

29

no


Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Wollenw.)

W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 Also recorded as Fusarium conglutinans Wollenw., 1913



Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C.

Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex

Gerlach & Nirenberg, 1982 Merlington et al. (2014) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium redolens Wollenw., 1913 Also recorded as Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens (Wollenw.) W.L. Gordon, 1952



Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler) W. Gams, 1971 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (Summerell et al. 2011b)

Yes (WAC 2016c) no


Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, 1870 Gachango et al. (2012) Yes (Summerell et al. 2011b)

Not assessed30

no

29

Only some formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum have been recorded in Western Australia and some are listed as prohibited organisms under s. 12 of the BAM Act 2007, therefore formae speciales reported in association with potatoes have been considered separately in this pest categorisation.

30 Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, 1870 has been split into three species, F. sambucinium var. sambucinum 1870, F. torulosum and F. venenatum, of which F. venatum is not known to occur in Australia (Summerell et al. 2011b). The other two species are considered separately in this pest categorisation.


42





Fusarium scirpi Lambotte & Fautrey, 1894 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., 1915 Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusarium torulosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nirenberg, 1995 Also recorded as Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, 1870 (prior to 1995); Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum Wollenw., 1917

Gachango et al. (2012) Yes (Summerell et al. 2011b)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Fusicolla merismoides (Corda) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, 2011 Recorded as Fusarium merismoides Corda, 1838

Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Sivasithamparam & Parker 1980; Sivasithamparam et al. 1987)

no


Gibberella acuminata Wollenw., 1935 [ana. Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh., 1895]

DAFF (2013); (APPD 2016)



Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc.,1878 [ana.: Fusarium lateritium Nees, 1817]



Gibberella intricans Wollenw., 1930 [ana. Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., 1838]

DAFF (2013) Yes (Summerell et al. 2011b)

Yes (APPD 2016) no


Gibberella moniliformis Wineland, 1924 [ana. Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg, 1976] Also recorded as Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld., 1904; Gibberella fujikuroi var. fujikuroi (Mating

Population A)



Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc., 1877 [ana. Fusarium sambucinum var. sambucinum 1870] Also recorded as Fusarium sulphureum Schltdl., 1824; Fusarium trichothecioides Wollenw., 1912



43





Gibberella subglutinans (E.T. Edwards) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas, 1983 [ana. Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas, 1983]



Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman, 1999 [ana. Fusarium solani (Martius) Appel & Wollenweber emend. Synder & Hansen, 2012 ‘species complex’

31]



Thelonectria olida (Wollenw.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, 2011 Also recorded as Cylindrocarpon olidum (Wollenw.) Wollenw., 1916; Cylindrocarpon olidum var. olidum


Microascales: Microascaceae

Cephalotrichum stemonitis (Pers.) Link, 1809 Also recorded as Doratomyces stemonitis (Pers.) F.J. Morton & G. Sm., 1963

Shivas (1989) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no

Mucorales: Choanephoraceae

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt., 1903 Choanephora blight


Mucorales: Mucoraceae

Mucor racemosus f. racemosus Also recorded as Mucor varians Povah, 1917



Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., 1902 Also recorded as Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., 1821; Rhizopus stolonifer var. stolonifer (Ehrenb.)

Vuill., 1902


31

Fusarium solani is currently recognised as a large complex of speices comprised of about 50 phylogenetic species or 10 biological species (Summerell et al. 2011a; Costa et al. 2016). As Australian records of F. solani associated with potatoes are only reported at the species level, F. solani has been considered as a ‘species complex’ in this pest categorisation and includes F. coeruleum (synonym F. solani var. coeruleum) as listed by DAFF (2013).


44





Umbelopsis versiformis Amos & H.L. Barnett, 1966 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian, 1925

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no


Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff., 1919 pink rot

Erwin and Ribeiro (1996) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, 1931 pink rot

DAFF (2013) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no


Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., 1913 pink rot

Dillard et al. (1993); Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa et al. (2010); Persley et al. (2010); DAFF (2013)



Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 Also recorded as Peronospora infestans late blight

Edwards et al. (2006) Yes: only some strains (Edwards et al. 2006)

32

Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable (Edwards et al. 2006)

yes


Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler, 1931 pink rot



Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, 1896 Also recorded as Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, 1913; Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker, 1931

DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no

Phacidiales: Phacidiaceae

Phacidium lauri (Sowerby) Crous & D. Hawksw., 2014 Also recorded as Ceuthospora lauri Grev., 1826; Ceuthospora phacidioides Grev., 1827

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no

32

Some A1 strains of Phytophthora infestans are known to occur in Australia (Forbes et al. 1998; Burges et al. 2005); however A2 strains are not known to occur. Phytophthora infestans as referred to in this pest categorisation refers to the A1 type strain that has been detected in eastern Australia as described by Edwards et al. (2006).


45




Pleosporales Ascochyta Lib., 1830 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed33

no

Pleosporales Phoma Sacc., 1880 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed34

no

Pleosporales Phoma chrysanthemicola Hollós, 1907 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) no

Pleosporales Phoma destructiva Plowr., 1881 Also recorded as Diplodina destructiva (Plowr.) Petr., 1921

Obrero et al. (1968) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no

Pleosporales Phoma eupyrena Sacc., 1879 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Pleosporales Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel,

1936 Also recorded as Didymella glomerata (Corda) Q. Chen & L. Cai, 2015

de Gruyter et al. (2012) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Pleosporales Phoma herbarum Westend., 1852 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Pleosporales: Didymellaceae

Boeremia exigua var. exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp et al., 2010 Also recorded as Phoma exigua Desm., 1849; Phoma exigua var. exigua

gangrene

Chen et al. (2015) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (WAC 2016b) no

33

There is only a single record of Ascochyta on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). There are few reports of Ascochyta species associated with potatoes overseas; A. daturae (syn. Boeremia exigua var. exigua), A. lycopersici (syn. Boeremia lycopersici), and A. solanicola (Farr & Rossman 2016). Of these B. exigua var. exigua and B. lycopersici are assessed separately in this pest categorisation. Ascochyta solanicola is an exotic to Australia and is not considered in the pest categorisation.

34 There numerous records of unidentified Phoma species on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). Many Phoma species have been reported in association with potatoes in Australia and overseas (Obrero et al. 1968; de Gruyter et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2015; APPD 2016; Farr & Rossman 2016). Of those reported, P. andigena (syn.Stagonosporopsis andigena), P. andina var. crystalliniformis (syn. S. crystalliniformis), P. dulcamarina (syn. Phomopsis dulcamarina), P. flavescens (syn. Paraconiothyrium flavescens), P. humicola, P. subherbarum (syn. Didymella subherbarum) and P. terricola (syn. Pyrenochaetopsis decipiens) are not known to occur in Australia and are not considered in the pest categorisation. Species reported in Australia, including Boeremia exigua var. exigua (syn. P. exigua var. exigua), B. foveata (syn. P. exigua var. foveata), B. lycopersici (syn. P. lycopersici), Epicoccum huancayense (syn. P. huancayensis), P. chrysanthemicola, P. destructiva, P. eupyrena, P. glomerata (syn. Didymella glomerata), and P. herbarum are considered separately in this pest categorisation.


46




Pleosporales: Didymellaceae

Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 Also recorded as Phoma foveata Foister, 1940; Phoma exigua var. foveata (Foister) Boerema,

1967

Chen et al. (2015) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: pest records unreliable

35

yes

Pleosporales Didymellaceae

Boeremia lycopersici (Cooke) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 Also recorded as Phoma lycopersici Cooke, 1885


Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae

Coniothyrium Corda, 1840 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed36

no


Coniothyrium olivaceum Bonord., 1869 (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Sacc., 1875 Also recorded as Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc., 1878



Paraconiothyrium minitans (W.A. Campb.) Verkley, 2004 Also recorded as Coniothyrium minitans Sacc., 1878

Farr and Rossman (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (McCredie & Sivasithamparam 1985)

no

Pleosporales: Massarinaceae

Helminthosporium solani Durieu & Mont., 1848 Also recorded as Helminthosporium atrovirens

(Harz) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes, 1953 silver scurf

Dillard et al. (1993); Errampalli et al. (2001); DAFF (2013)


35

Herb I.M.I. (2016) lists one specimen of Boeremia foveata for WA (IMI 110889), deposited in 1964. However, this record could not be validated and is considered unreliable. 36

There is only a single record of Coniothyrium on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). There are few reports of Coniothyrium species in association with potatoes overseas; however, C. cereale, C. fuckelii, C. minitans (Farr & Rossman 2016) and C. olivaceum (Herb I.M.I. 2016) have been reported on potato. Coniothyrium cereale (orthographic variant of C. cerealis) is exotic to Australia, and has not been condisered in the pest categorisation. Coniothyrium fuckelii (as Leptosphaeria coniothyrium), C. minitans (as Paraconiothyrium minitans) and C. olivaceum are considered separately in the pest categorisation.

http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=6385&Fields=All


47




Pleosporales: Microsphaeropsidaceae

Microsphaeropsis Höhn., 1917 Shivas (1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) no

Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae

Alternaria Nees, 1817 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed37

no


Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., 1912 Also recorded as Alternaria tenuis Nees, 1822 brown spot and black pit

de Icochea (2001a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Alternaria arborescens E.G. Simmons, 1999 Also recorded as Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici Grogan, Kimble & Misaghi, 1975

Tymon et al. (2016a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., 1880 Also recorded as Alternaria macrospora (Sacc.) Sawada, 1931; Polydesmus exitiosus (J.G. Kühn) J.G. Kühn, 1858



Alternaria crassa (Sacc.) Rands, 1917 Also recorded as Cercospora crassa Sacc., 1877; Cercospora crassa var. solani-nigri C. Massal., 1900



Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.) E.W. Mason,

1928 Also recorded as Macrosporium longipes Ellis & Everh., 1892

Shoaib et al. (2014) Yes (Simmonds 1966) Yes (D Beasley 2015, pers. comm. 22 Oct.)

no

37

Two unidentified records of Alternaria have been reported from potato in Australia (APPD 2016). The following Alternaria species associated with potatoes have been assessed separately in this pest categorisation; A. alternata (syn. A. tenuis), A. arborescens, A. brassicae (syn. A. macrospora), A. crassa, A. longipes, A. protenta, A. radicina, A. solani (syn. A. porri f.sp. solani, and A. tenuissima. Alternaria porri has not been considered as it is usually reported as a disease of Allium species (Woudenberg et al. 2014). Newly described potato pathogens, including A. arbusti (Tymon et al. 2016a), A. cantlous (Amini et al. 2016), and A. grandis (Woudenberg et al. 2014) are exotic to Australia and are not considered in this pest categorisation.


48





Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 Also recorded as Alternaria pulcherrimae T.Y. Zhang & J.C. David, 1996; Alternaria hordeiseminis E.G. Simmons & G.F. Laundon, 2007

Woudenberg et al. (2014) Yes (Woudenberg et al. 2014)



Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy, 1922 Also recorded as Stemphylium radicinum (Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy) Neerg., 1937

CABI (2016a) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


Alternaria solani Sorauer, 1896 Also recorded as Alternaria porri f.sp. solani (Ellis & G. Martin) Neerg., 1945; Macrosporium solani Ellis & G. Martin, 1882 early blight

Franc and Christ (2001); DAFF (2013); Woudenberg et al. (2014)



Alternaria tenuissima (Nees) Wiltshire, 1933 Tymon et al. (2016b) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Cochliobolus australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama)

Alcorn, 1983 Also recorded as Curvularia australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, 2012; Curvularia tsudae (Tsuda & Ueyama) H. Deng, Y.P. Tan & R. G. Shivas, 2014; Drechslera australiensis Bugnic. ex M.B. Ellis, 1971; Pseudocochliobolus australiensis Tsuda & Ueyama, 1981



Cochliobolus geniculatus R.R. Nelson, 1964 Also recorded as Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn, 1933

Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


49





Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn, 1978 Also recorded as Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J.Y. Uchida & Aragaki, 1979; Curvularia hawaiiensis (Bugnic. Ex M.B. Ellis) Manamgoda, L.

Cai & K.D. Hyde, in Manamgoda, Cai, McKenzie, Crous, Madrid, Chukeatirote, Shivas, Tan & Hyde, 2012; Drechslera hawaiiensis Bugnic. ex M.B. Ellis, 1971



Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis, 1964 Also recorded as Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, 1933; Pseudocochliobolus lunatus (R.R. Nelson & F.A. Haasis) Tsuda, Ueyama & Nishih., 1978



Curvularia uncinata Bugnic., 1950 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Epicoccum huancayense (Turkensteen) Q. Chen &

L. Cai, 2015 Also recorded as Phoma huancayensis Turkenst., 1978

de Gruyter et al. (2012) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Epicoccum nigrum Link, 1816 Also recorded as Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb., 1818



Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr., 1959 Also recorded as Pseudoplea trifolii (O. Rostr.) Petr., 1921; Sphaerulina trifolii Rostr., 1889



Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh., 1854 Also recorded as Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons, 1986



Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber, 1930 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


50





Ulocladium atrum Preuss, 1852 Also recorded as Stemphylium atrum (Preuss) Sacc., 1856 Ulocladium blight


Pythiales: Pythiaceae

Globisporangium splendens (Hans Braun) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish., 2010 Also recorded as Pythium splendens Hans Braun, 1925; Pythium splendens var. hawaianum Sideris, 1932 (orthographic variant); Pythium splendens var. hawaiianum Sideris, 1932



Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish., 2010 Also recorded as Pythium ultimum Trow, 1901; Pythium ultimum var. ultimum Trow, 1901 leak

Salas and Secor (2001); DAFF (2013)



Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock,

Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque, 2014 Also recorded as Pythium vexans de Bary, 1876

CABI (1984) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (Shivas 1989) no


Pythium Pringsh., 1858 Cook and Dubé (1989) Yes (Cook & Dubé 1989) Not assessed38

no


Pythium acanthicum Drechsler, 1930 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no


Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp., 1923 DAFF (2013) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

38

There is a single unidentified Pythium species detected on potato in Australia (Cook & Dubé 1989). Salas and Secor (2001) list the Pythium species reported to cause leak as; P. ultimum var. ultimum (syn. Globisporangium ultimum), P. aphanidermatum, P. deliense, and other non-specified Pythium species. These species have been assessed elsewhere in this pest categorisation.


51





Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse, 1974 Also recorded as Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish., 2010

39



Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 Also recorded as Pythium indicum M.S. Balakr., 1948



Pythium irregulare Buisman, 1927 Also recorded as Pythium fabae G.M. Cheney,

1932


Pythiales: Pythiogetonaceae

Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 soft rot disease of ginger

Le et al. (2014) Yes (Le et al. 2014) Absent: no pest records yes

Saccharomycetales: Dipodascaceae

Geotrichum candidum Link, 1809 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae

Chaetomium Kunze, 1817 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed40

no


Chaetomium globosum Kunze ex Fr., 1829 Also recorded as Chaetomium cochlioides Palliser, 1910; Chaetomium olivaceum Cooke & Ellis, 1878



Chaetomium trilaterale Chivers, 1912 Cook (1954) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

39

Salas and Secor (2001) note Pythium debaryanum as a synonym of P. ultimum var. ultimum. Standard taxonomic searches do not suggest these are synonymous, and hence P. ultimum var. ulitmum is assessed separately in this pest categorisation under its’ current scientific name, Globisporangium ultimum. This approach is consistent with that taken by DAFF (2013). 40

A single record of an unidentified Chaetomium species associated with potato in Australia was found (APPD 2016). In Australia, only Chaetomium globosum has been associated with potatoes (APPD 2016; Farr & Rossman 2016; Herb I.M.I. 2016). Other Chaetomium species that have been reported in association with potatoes overseas include; C. trilaterale, C. aureum and C. torulosum (Cook 1954), and Somani (2004) reported C nigricolor as a cause of potato tuber rot in India. With the exception of C. trilaterale, the overseas species have not been reported from Australia and they are not considered in this pest categorisation.


52





Thielavia Zopf, 1876 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Assessment not required41

no


Thielavia basicola Zopf, 1876 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Trichocladium asperum Harz, 1871 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes

Spizellomycetales: Olpidiaceae

Olpidium brassicae (Woronin) P.A. Dang., 1886 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

Trichosphaeriales Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds., 1963 Also recorded as Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch, 1924; Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason, 1927


Ustilaginales: Ustilaginaceae

Polyscytalum pustulans (M.N. Owen & Wakef.) M.B. Ellis, 1919 skin spot

DAFF (2013) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

42

Absent: no pest records no

Xylariales Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 Also recorded as Fusarium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams, 1968; Microdochium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma) Arx, 1984; Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Lindf.) W. Gams, 1968; Plectosporium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma) M.E. Palm, W. Gams & Nirenberg, 1995


Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, 1949 Shivas (1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) Yes (Shivas 1989) no

41

There is only a single record of Thielavia on potato in Australia (APPD 2016). Thielavia basicola is the only species reported to be associated with potato overseas (Herb I.M.I. 2016) and this species has been assessed separately in this pest categorisation.

42 DPIPWE (2013 cited in DAFF 2013, p. 45) states Polyscytalum pustulans is no longer considered present in Tasmania as there have been no recent records. This pathogen is considered exotic to Australia (DAFF 2013). It is not assessed further in this pest categorisation.


53





Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi (Thüm.) Steyaert, 1949 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Absent: no pest records yes


Pestalotiopsis steyaertii Mordue, 1985 Also recorded as Neopestalotiopsis steyaertii

(Mordue) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous, 2014

Mordue (1985) Yes (Mordue 1985) Yes (Mordue 1985) no

Xylariales: Xylariaceae

Rosellinia De Not., 1844 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed43

no

Xylariales: Xylariaceae

Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill., 1904 Milošević (2004 Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no

NEMATODES

Aphelenchida: Aphelenchidae

Aphelenchus (Aphelenchus) avenae Bastian, 1865 ABRS (2009) Yes (ABRS 2009) Yes (ABRS 2009) no

Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae

Aphelenchoides composticola Franklin, 1957 APPD (2016) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no

Dorylaimida: Longidoridae

Paralongidorus Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Not assessed44

no

Dorylaimida: Longidoridae

Paralongidorus sacchari Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963

Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes

Mononchida: Mononchidae

Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes

43

Rosellinia species have been reported as a common storage rot of tubers post-harvest in Serbia (Milošević 2004). An unidentified Rosellinia species has been isolated from potato root in Queensland (APPD 2016). Rosellinia necatrix is the only species reported in association with potatoes (Nattrass 1927; Farr & Rossman 2016) and has been assessed separately in this pest categorisation.

44.Records of Paralongidorus sacchari and an unidentified Paralongidorus species have been reported on potato in Queensland (Nobbs 2005). Extensive literature searches did not find any other Paralongidorus species to be associated with disease of potatoes. As P. sacchari is assessed separately in this pest categorisation, further assessment of the unidentified Paralongidorus species was not considered necessary.


54




Rhabditida: Cephalobidae

Cephalobus Bastian, 1863 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes

Rhabditida: Rhabditidae

Mesorhabditis Osche, 1952 Also recorded as Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes

Triplonchida: Trichodoridae

Paratrichodorus minor Colbran, 1956 Also recorded as Trichodorus minor Colbran, 1956

DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Paratrichodorus mirzai Siddiqi, 1960 Also recorded as Trichodorus mirzai Siddiqi, 1960

APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed yes


Trichodorus Cobb, 1913 Cook and Dubé (1989) Yes (Cook & Dubé 1989) Not assessed yes

Tylenchida: Anguinidae

Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 DAFF (2013) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

45 Absent: no pest records no

Tylenchida: Anguinidae

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 DAFF (2013) Yes (ABRS 2009) Absent: pest records

invalid/unreliable46

yes

Tylenchida: Heteroderidae

Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 Also recorded as Heterodera rostochiensis

Wollenweber, 1923

DAFF (2013) Yes (APDD 2016) Absent: eradicated (Collins et al. 2010)

yes

Tylenchida: Heteroderidae

Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no

Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 ABRS (2009) Yes (APDD 2016) Yes (APDD 2016) no

45

DAFF (2013) states “Ditylenchus destructor was reported as present in Australia in 1958 on the basis of misidentifications. It is now not considered to be present in Australia.” Reported records of D. destructor in Australia are now considered incorrect (Hodda & Nobbs 2008; ABRS 2009).

46McLeod et al. (1994) indicates that Ditylenchus dipsaci was detected on potato in Western Australia; however as no specimen was kept this record is considered invalid/unreliable (V Vanstone 2010, pers. comm. 2 June). Biological races of D. dipsaci are described based on their host plant preferences (Esquibet et al. 2003 cited in DAFF 2013, p. 75). That said, some populations have been found to be polyphagous and others quite host specific (Sturhan & Brzeski 1991). Ditylenchus dipsaci has been reported on alternative hosts in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria (ABRS 2009).


55





Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956

APPD (2016) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Rotylenchus (Rotylenchus) colbrani Brzeski & Choi, 1998 Also recorded as Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Colbran, 1962

Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Rotylenchus (Rotylenchus) buxophilus Golden, 1956 Also recorded as Rotylenchus sheri Jairajpuri, M.S., 1964



Scutellonema brachyurum (Steiner, 1938) Andrassy, 1958

Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no

Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae

Meloidogyne Goldi, 1877 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed47

no


Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi, 1892 Also recorded as Heterodera exigua Goeldi, 1892

Nobbs (2005) Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

48

Absent: no pest records no


Meloidogyne fallax Karssen, 1996 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs et al. 2001) Yes (Wilkinson et al. 2015) no


Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no

47

Unidentified Meloidogyne species have been reported on potatoes in the Australia (Sampson & Walker 1982a; Washington & Nancarrow 1983; Cook & Dubé 1989; APPD 2016). Meloidogyne species known to affect potatoes and that are present in Australia have been dealt with elsewhere in this pest categorisation. These include; M. arenaria, M. fallax, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Meloidogyne chitwoodii, is an exotic to Australia (DAFF 2013), and is not considered in this pest categorisation.

48Meloidogyne exigua has only been reported once in Australia, and that was on Solanum tuberosum in NSW from unspecified tissues; it is likely this is an erroneous record (Nobbs 2005). It was not considered by DAFF (2013).


56





Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 Also recorded as Meloidogyne acrita Chitwood, 1949; Meloidogyne incognita acrita Chitwood, 1949



Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 Also recorded as Heterodera javanica Treub, 1885; Meloidogyne javanica javanica


Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae

Pratylenchus Thorne, 1949 Nobbs (2005) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed49

no


Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filip'jev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Also recorded as Tylenchus brachyurus Godfrey, 1929

DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no


Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman, 1898) Filip'jev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Also recorded as Tylenchus coffeae Zimmerman, 1898



Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960 DAFF (2013) Yes (Harding & Wicks 2007)

Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 Jacobsen et al. (2009) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes


Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 198350


49

Unidentified Pratylenchus species have been reported on potato in Australia (Nobbs 2005; APPD 2016). Pratylenchus species known to affect potatoes and that are present in Australia have been dealt with elsewhere in this pest categorisation. These include; P. brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. crenatus, P. negelctus, P. penetrans, P. thornei, P. vulnus, and P. zeae (DAFF 2013).

50Inserra et al. (2005) consider Pratylenchus jordanensis to be a ‘junior synonym’ of P. zeae. As this work was based on morphological assessment of older cultures, and no Australian isolates were tested, these nematodes are treated separately in this pest categorisation. Furthermore, Subbotin et al. (2008) state that the taxonomic status of this species is under discussion.


57





Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 Akgul et al. (2010) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes


Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filip'jev & Schuurmanns Stekhoven, 1941 Also recorded as Aphelenchus neglectus Rensch, 1924

DAFF (2013) Yes (Harding & Wicks 2007)

Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no


Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filip'jev & Schuurmanns Stekhoven, 1941 Also recorded as Paratylenchus penetras Cobb, 1917 (misspelling); Tylenchus penetrans Cobb, 1917

DAFF (2013) Yes (Harding & Wicks 2007)

Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no


Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filip'jev,

1936 Also recorded as Tylenchus pratensis de Man, 1880

Gill and Krishnananda (1977)

Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes


Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner in Sherbakoff &

Stanley, 1943 DAFF (2013) Absent: pest records

invalid/unreliable Absent: pest records invalid/unreliable

51

no


Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen, 1953 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no


Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Riley & Kelly 2002) no

Tylenchida: Rotylenchulidae

Rotylenchulus parvus Williams, 1960 Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes

51

Pratylenchus scribneri is a pathogen of potato (DAFF 2013), that is now considered to be an exotic to Australia (Hodda & Nobbs 2008). Populations previously reported as P. scribneri have been re-

described as P. quasiterioides (Hodda et al. 2014) and P. jordanensis on Vitis vinifera in Victoria and Malus domestica in Queensland (ABRS 2009).


58




Tylenchida: Rotylenchulidae

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no

Tylenchida: Telotylenchidae

Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed52

no


Merlinius brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 Also recorded as Tylenchorhynchus brevidens Allen, 1955; Geocenamus brevidens Brzeski 1991

APPD (2016) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) no


Quinisulcius Siddiqi, 1973 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed53

no


Quinisulcius capitatus Allen, 1955 Also recorded as Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Allen, 1955; T. acti Hopper, 1971)

Nobbs (2005) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Yes (M Hodda 2002, pers. comm. 27 May)

no


Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937 DAFF (2013) Yes (Nobbs 2005) Absent: no pest records yes

Tylenchida: Tylenchidae

Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 APPD (2016) Yes (APPD 2016) Not assessed54

yes

PROTOZOA

Physarales: Physaraceae

Fuligo cinerea (Schwein.) Morgan, 1896 Herb I.M.I. (2016) Yes (Herb I.M.I. 2016) Yes (AVH 2016) no

52

An unidentified Merlinius species record has been found associated with potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). Only two species of Merlinius are reported in Australia, M. brevidens and M. nothus (Nobbs 2005; Hodda & Nobbs 2008; APPD 2016). Of these only M. brevidens has been associated with potato overseas (Olthof et al. 1982) and it is assessed separately in this pest categorisation.

53An unidentified Quinisulcius species record was found on potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). Several species of Quinisulcius are listed in eastern Australia including; Q. capitatus (syn. Tylenchorhynchus capitatus, Q. acti ), Q. curvus (syn. T. curvus), and Q. goodeyi (ABRS 2009). Of these species T. capitatus has been reported on potato in Queensland (Nobbs 2005) and has been assessed separately in this pest categorisation. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni has been reported in association with potato overseas (Samaliev 2011) and has also been assessed separately in this pest categorisation.

54 A single specimen of unidentified Tylenchus has been reported from the roots and soil of potato in Victoria (APPD 2016). Tylenchus species reported from Australia include; T. davainei, T. minutus, and T. stachys (ABRS 2009). An extensive literature search failed to find reports of these species in association with potatoes, hence this record has been considered at the genus level in the pest categorisation.


59




Plasmodiophorales: Plasmodiophoraceae

Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh., 1892 Also recorded as Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea J.A. Toml., 1892


Yes (APPD 2016) Yes (APPD 2016) no55

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae

Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV)

Jones (2014) Yes (Tang et al. 2015)56


Picornavirales: Secoviridae

Cheravirus Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV) Jones (2014) Absent: pest records unreliable (IPPC 2016)

Absent: pest records unreliable (IPPC 2016)

no

Picornavirales: Secoviridae

Nepovirus Lucerne Australian latent virus (LALV) Also recorded as Lucerne latent virus

Büchen-Osmond et al. (1988)

Yes (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)


Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae

Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) Also recorded as Potato virus F

DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)


Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae

Potexvirus Potato virus X (PVX) strain groups 1 and 3 Also recorded as Potato latent virus; Potato mild mosaic virus

DAFF (2013) Yes (Nyalugwe et al. 2012) Yes (Wilson & Jones 1995)

57

no

Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae

Carlavirus Potato virus M (PVM) Also recorded as Potato leaf rolling mosaic virus; Potato paracrinkle virus



55

Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea is a vector of Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) which is exotic to Australia. Should PMTV establish in Australia, presence of S. subterranea f.sp. subterranea would be considered as a potential pathway for entry of this virus into Western Australia. It is currently considered as a potential pathway for entry of PMTV into Australia (DAFF 2013).

56 Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) is only known to occur in Australia as it was detected by New Zealand in PEQ Hibiscus syriacus imported from Australia (Tang et al. 2015). This report does not detail the state of origin, but this pathogen is not believed to be present in Western Australia.

57 Only Potato virus X (PVX) strain groups 1 and 3 occur in Australia, and both are known to occur in Western Australia (Wilson & Jones 1995), and as such are not considered separately in this pest categorisation.


60




Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae

Carlavirus Potato virus S (PVS) 58



no

Unassigned Sobemovirus Sowbane mosaic virus (SbMV) Also recorded as Apple latent virus 2; Chenopodium mosaic virus; Chenopodium star mottle virus



Unassigned: Bromoviridae

Alfamovirus Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) calico strain

59

Also recorded as Lucerne mosaic virus


Yes (Wilson & Jones 1990)

no

Unassigned: Bromoviridae

Cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)


no

Unassigned: Bunyaviridae

Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) DAFF (2013) Yes (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)

Yes (McLean & Price 1984)

no

Unassigned: Luteoviridae

Polerovirus Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) Also recorded as Luteovirus beet western yellows; Turnip mild yellows virus; Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)

Duffus and Johnstone

(1982)60



no

Unassigned: Luteoviridae

Polerovirus Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) Also recorded as Luteovirus potato leafroll



no

58

Potato virus S (PVS) has two recognised phylogenetic groups, PVSO (ordinary) and PVSA (Andean), of which only PVSO is known to occur in Australia (Cox & Jones 2010; Lambert et al. 2012). There are two different biological strains within the PVSO phylogenetic group, PVSO-CL (Chenopodium localised) and PVSO-CS (Chenopodium systemic) (Cox & Jones 2010; Jones 2014). Both strains are known to occur within Australia. The Chenopodium localised strain is known to occur in Western Australia and other states (Cox & Jones 2010; Lambert et al. 2012). The Chenopodium systemic strain has not yet been detected in Western Australia (Cox & Jones 2010) but has been reported from Tasmania (Lambert et al. 2012). The systemic strain only causes a marginally more severe disease than the localised strain, but not at the extent to be regulated by industry (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). Therefore, PVS strains have not been considered further in this pest categorisation.

59 Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) has calico and tuber necrosis strains in potato (Slack 2001a; Xu & Nie 2006), of which there is only evidence to support the presence of the calico strain in Australia. DAFF (2013) assessed the tuber necrosis strain as it is exotic to Australia.

60Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) does not infect potatoes. Records on potato in Tasmania cite Duffus and Johnstone (1982), which have since been deemed to be misidentified records of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) was listed in this pest categorisation to clarify that it is not a disease of potato.


61




Unassigned: Pospiviroidae

Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) Also recorded as Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber 'virus'; Tomato bunchy top virus

DAFF (2013) Yes: only in some areas of Australia (IPPC 2015)

Yes: only in some areas (IPPC 2015)

61

yes

Unassigned: Potyviridae

Potyvirus Potato virus A (PVA) Also recorded as Potato mild mosaic virus; Tamarillo mosaic virus (TamMV)


Absent: records unreliable (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)

62

yes

Unassigned: Potyviridae

Potyvirus Potato virus Y (PVY) 63

Jones (2014); Kehoe and Jones (2016)

Yes: some strains/groups only (Coutts & Jones 2015; Kehoe & Jones 2016)

Yes: some strains only (Kehoe & Jones 2011; Kehoe & Jones 2016)

yes

Unassigned: Tombusviridae

Tobamovirus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV)

Also recorded as Necrovirus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV)


64


Unassigned: Virgaviridae

Tobamovirus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) DAFF (2013) Yes: some strains only (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)

65

Yes: some strains only (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988)

no

61

Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is established in weed species in Carnarvon, Western Australia (IPPC 2015); however, it has not been detected on potato crops produced in Western Australia and remains a prohibited organism for Western Australia under the BAM Act 2007.

62Potato virus A (PVA) has not been reported from Western Australia since the 1940s (Bald 1941). PVA has not been detected in the field in Western Australia (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). This virus causes a minor disease in the few potato varieties that lack PVA resistance gene Na. It has been detected in Kipfler ware tubers grown in the eastern states (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.).

63 Some biological strains and phylogenetic groups of Potato virus Y (PVY) are present within Australia including; biological strains PVY

C, PVY

D, PVY

N, PVY

O and PVY

Z, and phylogenetic group PVY

NTN

(Coutts & Jones 2015; Kehoe & Jones 2016). The PVY biological strains PVYC and PVY

O, and phylogenetic group PVY

Z are known to occur in Western Australia (Kehoe & Jones 2011; Kehoe & Jones

2016). 64

Büchen-Osmond et al. (1988) indicates that isolates of Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) in Australia are closely related to the A and D serotypes. However, the taxonomy of TNV has been revised (Meulewaeter et al. 1990; Coutts et al. 1991 cited in DAFF 2013, p. 69), and DAFF (2013) considered TNV-A and TNV-D strains as exotic to Australia.

65DAFF (2013) considered the potato strain of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-P) to be absent from Australia. Jones (2014) stated that TMV has been reported to occur on potato in Europe and the Andean region, but in general it is rarely found in potato. Natural infection of potato has not been reported in Australia (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). TMV causes a disease of tobacco that is becoming less important world-wide as the tobacco crop declines (R Jones 2016, pers. comm 30 Nov.).


62




Unassigned: Virgaviridae

Tobamovirus Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) DAFF (2013)66



no

66

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is found in most regions of Australia on alternative hosts (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988). Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) rarely infects potato (Jones 2014). Although no state records have been found for this virus on potatoes in Australia (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.), it has been included in this pest categorisation for transparency, as DAFF (2013) did not differentiate between strains that infect potato and those that occur on tomato in Australia. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) causes a disease of tomato that has become less important world-wide as commercial varieties now have resistance genes (R Jones 2016, pers. comm 30 Nov.)


63

Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens)


Pathway associated quarantine

pest

BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS

Arthrobacter Conn and Dimmick, 1947 [Actinomycetales: Micrococcaceae]

Yes: Isolated from potato tubers and

roots (Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2014).



No: Arthrobacter species can

promote plant growth (Sessitsch et al. 2004) or show antimicrobial activity against some potato diseases (Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2014)

no

Cytophaga Winogradsky, 1929 [Cytophagales: Cytophagaceae]

Yes: Reported in association with soft

rot of tubers (Sampson & Walker 1982b).



No: Cytophaga species have

potential as a biocontrol agents and predatory bacteria (Sessitsch et al. 2004; Gumbo et al. 2008; Velicer & Mendes-Soares 2009). No evidence of association with plant disease could be found.

no

Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae]

Yes: Associated with bacterial soft rot

affecting tubers (Powelson & Franc 2001).



Yes: Diseases caused by Dickeya sp. in potato and other crops

affect the growing plant and cause post-harvest decay (Czajkowski et al. 2015).

yes

Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 [Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae]

Yes: Reported in association with

bacterial soft rot of tubers (Li et al. 2007).



Yes: Causes soft rot of root

vegetable crops, bacterial head rot of brassica crops and marginal leaf blight and soft rot of lettuce (Koike et al. 2007; Persley et al. 2010).

yes

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1996 [Burkholderiales: Burkholderiaceae]

Yes: Ralstonia solanacearum is

commonly tuber-borne (Allen et al. 2001).



Yes: One of the most destructive

potato diseases, limiting production of the crop in parts of Asia, Africa, and South and Central America (Allen et al. 2001).

yes

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge 1920) Dye, 1978 [Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae]

No: Although Hayward and Waterston (1964) lists Solanum tuberosum as one of many hosts, no evidence could be found to associate this bacterium with potato tubers.



64




pest

FUNGI AND CHROMISTA

Acremonium alternatum Link, 1809 [Hypoceales]

No: One report of A. alternatum associated with Solanum tuberosum was found (Farr & Rossman 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Acremonium cereale (P. Karst.) W. Gams, 1971 [Hypocreales]

Yes: A single record of G. cerealis

(syn.) was found from a potato tuber (APPD 2016). It has also been reported from a decaying tuber and a wound potato (Dickinson 1968), and rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil (Lenc et al. 2016).



No: Economically the genus Gliomastix (syn.) is not especially important though the ability of most species to decompose cellulose has been noted (Dickinson 1968).

no

Acremonium implicatum (J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott) W. Gams, 1975 [Hypoceales]

No: Isolated from leaves of Solanum tuberosum (Herb I.M.I. 2016). No

evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Acremonium persicinum (Nicot) W. Gams, 1971 [Hypoceales]

No: Only a few reports of A. persicinum associated with Solanum tuberosum was found (Farr & Rossman 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Alternaria crassa (Sacc.) Rands, 1917 [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

No: Mainly reported on Datura spp. in

Australia (APPD 2016) and once on Citrus aurantiacum in South Australia

(Herb I.M.I. 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.



65




pest

Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

Yes: Alternaria protenta causes early blight along with A. solani and has been reported from a potato tuber (Woudenberg et al. 2014).



Yes: Alternaria protenta is one of a

number of pathogens that cause early blight, which can cause up to 20% yield loss (Franc & Christ 2001).

yes

Aphanocladium W. Gams, 1971 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

No: A single record of Aphanocladium

has been detected on the stolon end of a potato tuber (APPD 2016). However, no evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with disease of potato tubers.

Assessment not required. Assessment not required. no

Aphanocladium album (Preuss) W. Gams, 1971 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

No: No evidence could be found to

associate this pathogen with disease of potato tubers.


Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 [Pleosporales: Didymellaceae]

Yes: Boeremia foveata causes

gangrene of tubers (Copeland 2001).



Yes: Lesions on tubers range from

small depressions on the tuber skin to large irregular shaped, sharp-edged lesions. Tuber symptoms caused by B. foveata are common in northern Europe and parts of Australia (Copeland 2001).

yes

Calonectria ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950

[Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: Reported in association with

potato (Crous 2002); however, no evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with disease of potato tubers.


Chaetomium trilaterale Chivers, 1912

[Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

No: Only reported from Durio

zibethinus in Queensland (APPD 2016). Reported to cause leaf lesions on potato (Cook 1954).



66




pest

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt., 1903 [Mucorales: Choanephoraceae]

No: Reported to infect leaves, petioles

and stems (Allen et al. 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required no

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove, 1918

[Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae]

No: The only verified record of

C. dematium on potato is from stem material (Damm et al. 2009; Herb I.M.I. 2016).


Curvularia uncinata Bugnic., 1950 [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

No: A single record in association with

potato leaves (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: There is a report of C. obtusisporum on potato tuber in Germany (Cabral et al. 2012).



Yes: Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum

has been reported to cause Black-Foot disease of grapevine (Scheck et al. 1998) and as a root pathogen of alfalfa and sweet clover (Cormack 1937).

yes

Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, 1972 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: Causal agent of brown-eye; a late

season and storage disease of potato tubers (Lopes et al. 1983a).



Yes: Causes rot of potato tubers and

roots of other economic crops such as peas, peanuts, eucalyptus, pine, soybeans (Bolkan et al. 1981; Lopes et al. 1983b; Dianese et al. 1986).

yes

Epicoccum huancayense (Turkensteen) Q. Chen & L. Cai, 2015 [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]

No: Generally associated with dead

leaves of various plants (de Gruyter et al. 1998). Isolated from a stem of Solanum sp. in Peru (Chen et al. 2015)

and only one report on barrel medic seed in Victoria (APPD 2016).




67




pest

Erysiphe orontii Castagne, 1851 [Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae]

No: Australian records of E. orontii on

potato are from leaf and stem tissue (Cunnington et al. 2005; APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Eupenicillium senticosum D.B. Scott, 1968 [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae]

No: A single record of P. senticosum

was found from a potato plant in NSW (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Fusarium anguioides Sherb., 1915 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

No: A single record of F. anguioides

was found in Queensland on Xanthorrhoea (APPD 2016). Only one report from 1915 was found for association with potato tubers (Sherbakoff 1915).


Fusarium anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenw., 1916 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: Isolated from potato tuber and

stem (APPD 2016).



No: It is not considered to be

pathogenic to plants or to pose a mycotoxigenic risk (Summerell et al. 2011b).

no

Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: It can cause potato dry rot (Niu et

al. 2011) and is associated with black rot (Summerell et al. 2011b).



Yes: Fusarium species cause potato

dry rot and wilt which lead to potato yield and quality loss (Secor & Salas 2001).

yes

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans

(Wollenw.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

No: There is only one report of this

pathogen on cabbage in Queensland and there have been no additional reports in the last 40 years (Summerell et al. 2011b).



68




pest

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: Reported as causing tuber rot in

potato (Whiteside 1966).




dry rot and wilt which lead to potato yield and quality loss (Secor & Salas 2001). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum also causes wilt in cotton (Crutcher et al. 2016) and other crops.

yes

Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: Reported as causing potato dry

rot (Lõiveke 2006).




dry rot and wilt which lead to potato yield and quality loss (Secor & Salas 2001). Fusarium poae also causes root rot in cereals and barley (Lõiveke 2006) and head blight in cereals (Summerell et al. 2011b).

yes

Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 [Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidiaceae]

Yes: Helicobasidium purpureum can

develop on potato tubers (Garrett 1946).



Yes: Causes violet root rot of a wide

range of vegetable crops. It is an important disease of carrot; affected roots are unsightly and can have an unpleasant flavour (Hering 1962; Koike et al. 2007).

yes

Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 [Ustilaginales: Ustilaginaceae]

Yes: Plectosphaerella cucumerina

(synonym) has been reported in potato tubers (Treikale et al. 2015).



Yes: Causes Microdochium blight

cucurbits (Zitter et al. 1996). yes

Passalora concors (Casp.) U. Braun & Crous, 2003 [Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]

No: Mycovellosiella concors (syn.)

causes leaf blotch of potatoes (Allen et al. 2001).



69




pest

Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi (Thüm.) Steyaert, 1949 [Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae]

No: A single record of P. oxyanthi

isolated from a potato plant in NSW was found (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Foster) B. Sutton, 1980 [Helotiales: Bulgariaceae]

Yes: Causes a dry, corky stem-end rot

of tubers (Foster & MacLeod 1932).



Yes: Reported to infect potato, Medicago sativa, hop, Hoya spp. and Olearia traversii (Sutton 1980; Gent et al. 2013). It causes dry, corky

stem-end rot of tubers (Foster & MacLeod 1932). Immature tubers can be completely mummified (Foster & MacLeod 1932 cited in DAFF 2013 p. 44). In hops it cause red crown rot and yield losses have been reported to be higher than 20% in Oregon (Gent et al. 2009).

yes

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876

[Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]

Yes: Can infect all parts of the potato

(Fry et al. 2001).



Yes: Causes late blight which is

probably the most important potato disease worldwide and responsible for the Irish potato famine of the late 1840s (Fry et al. 2001).

yes

Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 [Pythiales: Pythiogetonaceae]

Yes: Reported to cause soft rot of

potato tubers (Le et al. 2014).



Yes: Causes tuber decay, soft and

brown in colour and it is also pathogenic on several other economic crops such as, carrot, sweet potato, bean, capsicum and cauliflowers(Le et al. 2014). Pathogen of ginger at high temperatures (Le et al. 2015).

yes


70




pest

Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 [Pythiales: Pythiaceae]

Yes: Causal agent of watery wound rot

or shell rot on potato tubers (Salas & Secor 2001).



Yes: Significant postharvest losses to

watery wound rot or shell rot have been reported in warm conditions (Salas & Secor 2001). Pythium deliense has also been reported to cause damping-off of tomato seedlings, stem-burn of tobacco and fruit rot of okra (Waterhouse & Waterston 1966).

yes

Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, 2011 [Hypocreales]

Yes: Sarocladium strictum has been

isolated from potato roots (Lenc et al. 2016) and tubers (Cwalina-Ambroziak et al. 2015).



Yes: Sarocladium strictum (as Cephalosporium acremonium) causes black bundle disease of corn. Infected plants may be unproductive, have excessive tiller or may produce multiple ears per (White 1999). Acremonium strictum (syn.) has also been identified as a human pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, causing localised, disseminated and invasive infections (Sharma et al. 2013).

yes

Stachylidium bicolor Link, 1809

[Ascomycota]

No: Reported in association with potato

roots (APPD 2016).Generally reported from dead stems and twigs (Ellis 1971).


Thelonectria olida (Wollenw.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, 2011 [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]

Yes: Cylindrocarpon olidum (syn.) was

isolated from potato tuber polygonal blemishes (Fiers et al. 2010; Gashgari & Gherbawy 2013).



No: One occurrence isolated from

atypical skin blemishes of potato tubers (Fiers et al. 2010). No evidence of significant economic consequences has been found on other crops.

no


71




pest

Thielavia basicola Zopf, 1876 [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

No: A single record of T. basicola

isolated from a potato stem rot in NSW was found (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this pathogen with potato tubers.


Trichocladium asperum Harz, 1871 [Sordariales: Chaetomiaceae]

Yes: Trichocladium asperum has been

reported in association with rot and atypical blemishes of tubers (Fiers et al. 2010; APPD 2016).



No: One occurrence isolated from

atypical skin blemishes of potato tubers (Fiers et al. 2010). Not known as a primary plant pathogen; reported as a secondary invader or saprobe (Kirk 1994).

no

Umbelopsis versiformis Amos & H.L. Barnett, 1966 [Mucorales: Mucoraceae]

Yes: Isolated from tuber in Victoria

(APPD 2016).



No: Reported from soil and plant

debris (Amos & Barnett 1966; Wang et al. 2013). No evidence of significant economic consequences has been found.

no

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 [Plectosphaerellaceae]

Yes: Verticillium can be spread by

contaminated seed tubers (Davis & Huisman 2001).



Yes: It causes Verticillium wilt of

potato which is a widespread disease of economic importance in most production regions of the world (Davis & Huisman 2001). It is particularly severe in arid, warm climates. Both yield and quality may be affected with yield loss possibly over 40% (Davis & Huisman 2001).

yes


72




pest

Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 (VCGs not present) [Plectosphaerellaceae]

Yes: Verticillium can be spread by

contaminated seed tubers (Davis & Huisman 2001).



Yes: It causes Verticillium wilt of

potato which is a widespread disease of economic importance in most production regions of the world (Davis & Huisman 2001). It is particularly severe in arid, warm climates. Both yield and quality may be affected with yield loss possibly over 40% (Davis & Huisman 2001).

yes

Verticillium tricorpus I. Isaac, 1953 [Plectosphaerellaceae]

Yes: Can infect potato tubers

(Robinson et al. 2006).



No: Although it infects potato V. tricorpus is a weaker pathogen which has potential as an antagonist against aggressive pathogen V dahlia (Robinson et al. 2007).

no

NEMATODES

Cephalobus Bastian, 1863 [Rhabditida: Cephalobidae]

No: Cephalobus (unidentified species)

has been reported in association with roots and soil of potato of unknown origin (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.


Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 [Mononchida: Mononchidae]

No: Clarkus (unidentified species) has

been reported in association soil of a potato crop in Tasmania (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.



73




pest

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 [Tylenchina: Anguinidae]

Yes: Ditylenchus dipsaci has been

reported to cause conical pits on some infected tubers(Mwaura et al. 2015).



Yes: Ditylenchus dipsaci is an

economically important pest affecting potato production in temperate climate zones (Mwaura et al. 2015). Some D. dipsaci races have been reported to be polyphagous, infecting a wide range of crops (Janssen 1994).

yes

Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923

[Tylenchida: Heteroderidae]

Yes: Potato cyst nematodes have

been reported to infest tubers (MacGuidwin 1993; Vovlas 1996) and as contaminants of tubers (Turner & Evans 1998; Brodie 2001).



Yes: Potato cyst nematode is a major

pest of potato, causing serious losses in yield and quality of tubers (Whitehead & Turner 1998). Regulatory controls are imposed on potato cyst nematode by many countries (Brodie 2001).

yes

Mesorhabditis Osche, 1952 [Rhabditida: Rhabditidae]

No: Only one report of an unidentified species of Mesorhabditis has been associated with soil from a potato plant in Tasmania (APPD 2016). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with tubers.


Paralongidorus sacchari Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 [Dorylaimida: Longidoridae]

No: No evidence could be found to

associate this nematode with potato disease in general, or potato tubers.



74




pest

Paratrichodorus mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) Siddiqi, 1974 [Triplonchida: Trichodoridae]

No: One report of P. mirzai from soil

associated with a potato plant in NSW was found (APPD 2016). Stubby root nematodes are ecto-parasites that feed on root tips and cause little direct damage to tubers (Santo & Mojtahedi 2001). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.


Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953

[Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae]

Yes: Pratylenchus species can attack

tubers and cause small lesions on the tuber surface. Infected tubers serve as a source of inoculum (MacGuidwin 2001; Scurrah et al. 2005)



Yes: Pratylenchus species are

generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. 2005). On its main host, banana, P. goodeyi causes stunting of plants and reduction in leaf size and number and bunch weight (Gowen et al. 2005).

yes

Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 1983 [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae]


tubers and cause small lesions on the tuber surface. Infected tubers serve as a source of inoculum (MacGuidwin 2001; Scurrah et al. 2005).




generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. 2005). Reported to cause root lesions on Hippeastrum species (Stirling & Stirling 2002), affect shoot growth and productivity in apple replants (Stirling et al. 1995) and associated with grapevines (misidentified as P. scribneri) (Stirling 1976).

yes

Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae]






generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. 2005). Pratylenchus loosi is recorded as a serious pest of tea in many regions and also caused damage on vegetable crops forming disease complexes with soil-borne root fungi (Luc et al. 2005).

yes


75




pest

Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filip'jev, 1936 [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae]






generally polyphagous (Hunt et al. 2005). Pratylenchus pratensis is

associated with more serious diseases of other crops including; ginger, maize, sugarcane and tobacco (Luc et al. 2005). Also reported to cause damage to grapevines (Pearson & Goheen 1988).

yes

Rotylenchulus parvus Sher, 1961 [Tylenchida: Rotylenchulidae]

No: No evidence could be found that R. parvus is a pathogen of potato.


Rotylenchus (Rotylenchus) buxophilus Golden, 1956 [Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae]

No: Reported in association with soil

under potato crops Matute et al. (2013). However, no evidence could be found to associate R. buxophilis with potato tubers.


Trichodorus Cobb, 1913 [Triplonchida: Trichodoridae]

No: Trichodorus species are ecto-

parasites that feed on root tips and cause little direct damage to tubers (Santo & Mojtahedi 2001). Commonly associated with roots of perennial and woody plants, causing stunting of the roots (Santo & Mojtahedi 2001; Hunt et al. 2005). No evidence could be found to associate this nematode with potato tubers.



76




pest

Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937 [Tylenchida: Telotylenchidae]

No: Although there are no Australian records of T. claytoni on potatoes, this is reported to be pathogenic to potatoes overseas (DAFF 2013). Tylenchorhynchus claytoni is an ectoparasitic that feeds on roots and has not been reported to infect tubers (Anderson & Potter 1991; MacGuidwin 1993).


Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 [Tylenchida: Tylenchidae]

No: Reported in association with soil

and roots associated with potato crops (APPD 2016). However, no evidence could be found to associate Tylenchus

species with potato tubers.


VIRUSES/VIROIDS

Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) [Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae]

Yes: Eggplant mottled dwarf virus

(EMDV) affects potatoes occasionally (Jeffries 1998; Jones 2014). Infection is systemic and can be transmitted through infected potato tubers (Jackson et al. 2005).



Yes: Eggplant mottled dwarf virus

(EMDV) is highly damaging to vegetable crops. It causes severe stunting, chlorosis and wilting in primary infection (Jeffries 1998; Jackson et al. 2005). Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) is considered of quarantine concern by the South Korean NPPO (DAFF 2013).

yes

Nepovirus Lucerne Australian latent virus (LALV) [Picornavirales: Secoviridae]

No: Although LALV has been detected

on potato (tissue type not pecified) in Queensland (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988), no evidence could be found to associate this virus with potato tubers.



77




pest

Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) [Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae]

Yes: Potato aucuba mosaic virus

(PAMV) has been detected on tubers in New South Wales and Victoria (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988).


in Western Australia (ABS 2015). Transmission requires a helper virus, either PVA or PVY and the aphid Myzus persicae (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988). Strains of PVY are known to occur in Western Australia (Coutts & Jones 2015), as does M. persicae (APPD 2016).

Yes: The yield of potato crops is

affected differently between varieties and strain of the virus. Control requires choice of resistant varieties, aphid control, roguing of infected plants and removal of volunteers (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988).

yes

Carlavirus Potato virus M (PVM) [Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae]

Yes: Infected tubers are common

source of the virus (German 2001b)



Yes: Potato virus M (PVM) causes

the diseases potato leaf rolling mosaic and paracrinkle. Effects on whole plants include stunting of shoots and rolling of the tops (Jeffries 1998; German 2001b). Yield losses can be significant in some situations, ranging from 14 to 45% (Jeffries 1998; German 2001b).

yes

Sobemovirus Sowbane mosaic virus (SbMV) [Unassigned]

No: Sowbane mosaic virus (SbMV)

rarely infects potato (Jones 2014), and reports of tuber infection could not be found in the general literature. Seed transmission occurs in alternative hosts but has not been demonstrated in true potato seed (Slack & German 2001).



78




pest

Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) [Unassigned: Pospiviroidae]

Yes: Potato spindle tuber viroid

(PSTVd) can be transmitted via tubers (Slack 2001b).



Yes: Potato spindle tuber viroid

(PSTVd) causes spindle tuber disease in potato and bunchy top in tomato. Singh and Kaur (2014) reported 59% less yield when they compared the size and shape of tubers from PSTVd infected plants with healthy plants.

yes

Potyvirus Potato virus A (PVA)

[Unassigned: Potyviridae]

Yes: Potato virus A (PVA) is

transmitted from one generation to the next by planting infected tubers (German 2001a)



Yes: Potato virus A (PVA) causes a

minor disease in the few potato varieties that lack PVA resistance gene Na (R Jones 2016, pers. comm. 30 Nov.). However, PVA can act as a helper virus for transmission of PAMV (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988), and mixed infections with PVX can lead to higher yield losses (Slack 2001c).

yes

Potyvirus Potato virus Y (PVY) biological strains D and N, and phylogenetic group NTN [Unassigned: Potyviridae]

Yes: Potato virus Y (PVY) can persist

in tubers (German 2001c).



Yes: Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of

the most important diseases affecting tubers. PVY

NTN is a much more

serious disease as it can be associated with tuber ringspot necrotic symptoms (Zheng et al. 2012).

yes

Tobamovirus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) [Unassigned: Tombusviridae]

No: Jones (2014) states that TNV

infection is relatively uncomon in potato. In addition, reports of TNV in QLD and Vic are on other hosts (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988).



79

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