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NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEIC ACID, AND HEREDITY. Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomer) of nucleic acids . Nucleic acid is a polymer composed of nucleotides Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical as well as biochemical, from generation to generation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEIC ACID, AND HEREDITY
Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomer) of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acid is a polymer composed of nucleotides
Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical as well as biochemical, from generation to generation.
SEJARAH PENEMUAN ASAM NUKLEAT
1879, Albrecht Kossel menemukan asam nukleat yang tersusun oleh suatu gugus gula, gugus fosfat, dan gugus basa
Structure of Cell
Nucleoprotein
Nucleic acid Protein
Nucleotide
NucleosidePhosphate
Base Ribose
Nuclease
Nucleotidase
Nucleosidase
Degradation of nucleic acid
Nucleus (Inti sel)
• Setiap sel makhluk hidup mempunyai nucleus (inti sel) dimana didalamnya terdapat nucleoplasma
• Nucleus berperan dalam:1. Menyimpan informasi genetik2. Duplikasi DNA3. Transkripsi dalam sintesis protein
Nucleic Acids (Asam nukleat)
• Dalam tubuh setiap makhluk hidup mengandung asam nukleat.
• Merupakan makromolekul.• Bentuknya bisa berupa DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) dan RNA (ribonucleic acid).• Beberapa organisme bersel tunggal seperti virus
tubuhnya hanya terdiri dari DNA atau RNA saja.
Structure of nucleotidesBelow is the general structure of a nucleotide. The pentose sugar, the base, and the phosphate moieties all show variations among nucleotides.
Know this!
Pyrimidine and purine
Know these!
Nucleotide bases in nucleic acids are pyrimidines or purines.
Major bases in nucleic acids
• Among the pyrimidines, C occurs in both RNA and DNA, but
• T occurs in DNA, and• U occurs in RNA
Know these!
• The bases are abbreviated by their first letters (A, G, C, T, U).
• The purines (A, G) occur in both RNA and DNA
• Gula pada asam nukleat adalah ribosa.
• Ribosa (b-D-furanosa) adalah gula pentosa (jumlah karbon 5).
• Perhatikan penomoran.
• Dalam penulisan diberi tanda prime(') untuk membedakan penomoran pada basa nitrogen
5
1
23
4
GULA RIBOSA
PERHATIKAN
• Ikatan gula ribosa dengan basa nitrogen (pada atom karbon nomor 1).
• Ikatan gula ribosa dengan gugus fosfat (pada atom karbon nomor 5).
• Gugus hidroksil pada atom karbon nomor 2
Structure of nucleotides
A phosphate group
Nucleotides have three characteristic components:
A nitrogenous base(pyrimidines or purine)
A pentose sugar
Structure of nucleosides
Remove the phosphate group, and you have a nucleoside.
H
Nucleotide nomenclature
Phosphodiester linkages in the covalent backbone of DNA and RNA
Some adenosine monophosphates
The major deoxyribonucleotides
The major ribonucleotides
Schematic representation of the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids
sugar base
sugar base
phosphate
sugar base
phosphate
sugar base
phosphate
sugar base
phosphate
nucleoside nucleotides
nucleic acids
Nucleoside, nucleotides and nucleic acids
The chemical linkage between monomer units in nucleic acidsis a phosphodiester
Ribonucleosides/RibonucleotidesTerminology(where sugar = ribose)
Base Nucleoside Nucleotide
Adenine (A) Adenosine (A)=Adenylate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Guanine (G) Guanosine (G)=Guanylate
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP)Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
Cytosine (C) Cytidine (C)= Cytidylate
Cytidine monophosphate (CMP)Cytidine diphosphate (CDP)Cytidine triphosphate (CTP)
Uracil (U) Uridine (U)=Uridylate
Uridine monophosphate (UMP)Uridine diphosphate (UDP)Uridine triphosphate (UTP)
Thymine (T) Thymidine (T)=Thymidylate
Thymidine monophosphate (TMP)Thymidine diphosphate (TDP)Thymidine triphosphate (TTP)
DeoxyNucleosides/DeoxyNucleotidesTerminologywhere sugar = deoxyribose
Base Nucleoside Nucleotide
Adenine (A) Deoxyadenosine (A)=Deoxyadenylate
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP)Deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP)Deoxyadenosine triphophate (dATP)
Guanine (G) Deoxyguanosine (G)=Deoxyguanylate
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP)Deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP)Deoxyguanosine triphophate (dGTP)
Cytosine (C) Deoxycytidine (C)=Deoxycytydylate
Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP)Deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP)Deoxycytidine triphophate (dCTP)
Uracil (U) Deoxyuridine (U)=Deoxyurydylate
Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP)Deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP)Deoxyuridine triphophate (dUTP)
Thymine (T) Deoxythymidine (T)=Deoxythymidylate
Deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)Deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP)Deoxythymidine triphophate (dTTP)