Nutrient Cycling and Human Impact

Vocabulary Words

• 35. Respiration• 36. Combustion• 37. Acid rain• 38.Chlorofluorocarbons• 39. Green House Effect• 40. Biomagnification• 41. Aquifer

• Read 369-372, 374, and 405-415

I. Material Cycling and Energy• Energy and compounds

can be passed through a food chain (matter)

• Energy is lost at every level of the food chain (90% lost from heat and movement)

• When chemical bonds are broken, the elements remain but the energy is released

• Successful food chains require constant addition of energy to the producers (light…food)

• Energy is brought back into food chain by the producers (autotrophs)

• THE MAJOR ELEMENTS BEING CYCLED ARE: N,C, P, O and the compound H2O

II. Biogeochemical Cycling• Material exchange between earth, atmosphere,

and living organisms

Dissolved Nutrients

Organic Material(Living Tissue)

Organic Material(Non-Living)

Death, excretion,respiration

Photosynthesis****(this is where it all begins)

decomposition

• Transpiration, evaporation, precipitation, ground water, oceans, lakes, clouds, percolation into soil, absorption

Draw this as best as you can in your notes…..

B. The Carbon Cycle

• You have a copy of a diagram of the carbon cycle in your binder…go ahead and find it and put it into your notes section.

• Add to the top of your carbon cycle diagram:

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2

***This is the balanced equation for photosynthesis

enzymes

chlorophyll and Sunlight

KNOW T

HIS D

IAGRAM F

OR THE T

EST

III. HUMAN IMPACT ON A WORLD WIDE SCALE

A. ACID RAIN– Number the following statements in the proper order, then

write a possible solution

• Acidic rain lowers the pH of land and water ecosystems

• Sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels

• Species that can't adapt to higher acidity die• Sulfur dioxide becomes sulfuric acid when it contacts

water in the clouds • SOLUTION?

(2)

(3)

(1)

(4)

Effects of Acid Rain

B. Ozone Depletion– Number the following statements in the proper order, then

write a possible solution

• More ultraviolet radiation penetrates to the earth's surface

• Ozone is destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons and forms diatomic oxygen

• The ozone layer exists and blocks some UV radiation in the upper atmosphere

• Species die and humans experience more cancers because of great UV exposure

• Solution?

(3)

(2)

(1)

(4)

With the ozone layer Without the ozone layer

Ozone absorbs 99% of the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Most of the harmful UV radiation will penetrate the atmosphere.

Effects of Ozone Depletion

C. Global WarmingIs it man-made?

– Number the following statements in the proper order, then write a possible solution

• Carbon dioxide and methane gasses act as insulation in the atmosphere and prevent escape of heat into space. "Greenhouse Effect“.

• It has been noticed that temperatures worldwide have been increasing in the oceans and on land.

• Burning fossil fuels and forests releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. More is released now than in any other time in history.

• Solutions?(1)

(2)

(3)

Effects of Global Warming…

D. Ecosystem Damage1. Biomagnification – poisons in the food

chain accumulate in the tissues of the upper level carnivores

Ex. DDT – an insecticide – caused weakening of eagle egg shells, therefore, they were crushed during incubation- because of this, many predatory birds fail to reproduce successfully- The United States attempts to regulate the use of these chemicals

***This is why we should not eat sharks or barracudas – they are top level carnivores and the toxins in their meat are magnified….

2. Extinction (loss of biodiversity)What are some of the causes of extinction?• Habitat Destruction

– Farming and Logging– Urban Sprawl– Filling in Wetlands– overfishing

• Consequences– Loss of biodiversity– Loss of soil– Loss of filtration, more

flooding

3. Pollution (terrestrial and aquatic)

• Cause– “Throw Away” Society– Overuse of Pesticides– Untreated Sewage– Oil

• Consequences– Clean Water Loss– Animals Poisoned– Diseases Spread– Plastics do not

degrade– Landfills too full

Effects of Pollution…

Pacific Gyre

Diane Cohn plastic art

E. Overpopulation – the single greatest problem facing our

Earth• 3.2 billion in 1960• 6 billion in 2000• 8.5 expected in 2025

Overpopulation – 2 Types of Problems:

1. Too many people…too little space

2. Overuse of resources and pollution generation- The fastest growth rate is in developing countries

like ASIA, AFRICA, and LATIN AMERICA- The greatest consumption in developed world…

USA, Europe, and Australia- USA – has only 5% of population, uses 40% of

energy, and is responsible for 40% of the pollution….this is VERY UNBALANCED!!!!

Why is the population growth the largest in the countries who can least afford it? (the

underdeveloped countries?• No education

• No access to birth control

• No health care available

• The low status of women – women are seen as property…their body is not their own…

F. The Lust for Meat impacts the ecosystem (pg 369 in book)

• 10 times the grain is necessary to feed a human or cow instead of just eating grains as bread. (Think about the trophic levels and how energy is lost at every level…)

• Where is this grain grown? Deserts, Rainforests• Is this an efficient use of our land and water

resources?• Therefore, vegetarianism is better for our

ecosystem…. PALM OIL PRODUCTION IS NOW A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF DEFORESTATION

G. Sustainable Agriculture• Ground cover – reduces soil erosion

• Crop Rotation – keep nutrients in the soil

• Read more about this on pg. 374 in book

Test Topics….• Nutrient Cycling – carbon cycle (with photosynthesis

equation), water cycle, biogeochemical cycle• Human Impact – Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone

Depletion• Graphing – interpreting graphs• CH 18 WS (Biodiversity and Ecotourism)• CH 19 WS• All Notes and Vocab• Ecosystem Damage – extinction, biomagnification,

pollution• Predator/Prey Lab – interspecific vs. intraspecific

competition• Vegetarianism• Read 369-372, 374, 405-415• Video “Too Hot not to Handle”

Some review questions…1. How do the greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane)

increase the temp. of the earth?2. What gases destroy the ozone?3. What countries have very rapid population growth?4. When will the population reach 8.5 billion?5. Name ways to decrease dependence on fossil fuels.6. What does ozone in the atmosphere do?7. What is ground water?8. In the US, we have ___% of world population but

produce ___% of worlds carbon dioxide.9. Alaska has warmed ___ degrees in the last 50 years.10. What is the gaseous source of acid rain?11. Know the diagram of the carbon cycle.

Some review questions…1. How do the greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane) increase the

temp. of the earth? Reduce heat leaving earth2. What gases destroy the ozone? CFCs3. What countries have very rapid population growth?

Underdeveloped countries like Nigeria…4. When will the population reach 8.5 billion? 20255. Name ways to decrease dependence on fossil fuels. Recycle,

hybrids, ethanol6. What does ozone in the atmosphere do? Protect from UV

radiation7. What is ground water? Water trapped beneath soil in porous

rock8. In the US, we have _5__% of world population but produce

_25__% of worlds carbon dioxide.9. Alaska has warmed __5_ degrees in the last 50 years.10. What is the gaseous source of acid rain? Sulfur dioxide,

nitrogen dioxide (NOT CO2)11. See handout of the carbon cycle

1. Explain the process of photosynthesis. 2. What is biomagnification?3. Know all 3 “conditions” of the environment…acid

rain…ozone depletion…and global warming. Know the cause and some consequences.

4. What is the single greatest threat to the world’s future?

5. Know intra/interspecific competition6. Water loss to the environment from plant leaves

is ___________.7. What is ozone’s chemical formula?8. What did DDT do to eagle eggs?9. What are some non-renewable resources?10. What is biodiversity? What is it’s relationship

with the stability of an area?

1. Explain the process of photosynthesis. 2. What is biomagnification?increase conc. Of toxins in a food

chain3. Know all 3 “conditions” of the environment…acid rain…ozone

depletion…and global warming. Know the cause and some consequences.

4. What is the single greatest threat to the world’s future? population

5. Know intra/interspecific competition.6. Water loss to the environment from plant leaves is

______transpiration_____.7. What is ozone’s chemical formula? O3

8. What did DDT do to eagle eggs? Thinned eagle egg shells which made them more vulnerable to breaking while incubating

9. What are some non-renewable resources? Topsoil, groundwater, animal and plant species

10. What is biodiversity? What is it’s relationship with the stability of an area? the number of different species in an area…the more biodiversity the more stability of an area

And a few more questions..• 1. What is the function of ozone?• 2. What is biomagnification?• 3.What process returns carbon from fossil fuels

back into the atmosphere?• 4. Give an example of intraspecific competition.• 5. What is eco-tourism? Give an example.• 6.Describe the imbalance of the use of

resources. (Compare US to the rest of the world.• 7. What is recycled and what is lost in transfers

along a food chain in an ecosystem?• 8. What has more biodiversity, a wheat field or

deciduous forest?• 9. Name 3 developed nations.

And a few more questions..• 1. What is the function of ozone?block radiation• 2. What is biomagnification?• 3.What process returns carbon from fossil fuels back into

the atmosphere? combustion• 4. Give an example of intraspecific competition. Mouse

vs. mouse for a seed• 5. What is eco-tourism? Give an example. Visiting a

unique natural habitat like the Amazon Forest • 6.Describe the imbalance of the use of resources.

(Compare US to the rest of the world.) 5% pop. 25% waste and energy use

• 7. What is recycled and what is lost in transfers along a food chain in an ecosystem? Elements are recycled and energy is lost

• 8. What has more biodiversity, a wheat field or deciduous forest? Deciduous forest

• 9. Name 3 developed nations. USA, CANADA, ENGLAND