Nutrient Req

8/3/2019 Nutrient Req

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Nutrient Requirements of Buffalo ForMaintenance, Lactation & Reproduction


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Contents Ruminants

Feeding pattern

Nutrients

Energy

Daily nutrient requirements

Feeding of calf


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Ruminants

The animals which chew the cud e.g. regurgitate the

food to their mouth and chew it many times whichhelps in the breakdown.

Feeding

Ruminants utilize microbes in the rumen to digest the

food. The feed eaten by the ruminants are mainlyplant origin. They convert cellulose and fibrousmaterials to high quality milk and meat. Theirdigestive capacity is greater than monogastric

animals.


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Nutrients Chemical substances which has some nutritional

value and it must be fed in the diet for themaintenance of growth, lactation and reproduction.

Main nutrients include followings1. Proteins

2. Carbohydrates

3. Fats

4. Minerals

5. Vitamins

6. Water


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Proteins Required for growth, tissue repair, milk production, enzymatic

activity etc.

Good sources are leguminous forages, grain and oil seed cakes.

Measured in CP in kg or gram.

Almost all proteins are attacked by rumen microbes and utilizedin their metabolism leading to synthesis of MP.

MP is of high quality and absorbed as a amino acid after beingdigested by gastric enzymes in the abomasums.

Ammonia is absorbed by the rumen wall and transported to theliver for the synthesis of urea.

In case of protein deficiency urea can be utilized by the rumenmicrobes as a non-protein nitrogen source to built protein.


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By-pass protein Protein can be protected from rumen microbial

attack, it is called by-pass protein.

It is degraded only in abomasums and small intestinesame as that of monogastric animals. It iscommercially available in some readymadeconcentrates for balancing amino acid profile in the

body.


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Carbohydrates These are components of starch and fibers.

Fiber includes cell wall components like cellulose,

hemicelluloses and lignin. Starches are degraded to greater extent as compared

to fibers.

Ruminants can utilize fibers except lignin as

compared to monogastric animals. The coefficient of digestion is 5 to 8% higher than

cattle.


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Minerals Macro minerals calcium and phosphorus are most

important in milk production and also ital for theskeleton and function of nerve impulses.

P is greatly required for synthesis DNA, RNA, ATP &phospholipids.

Iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis for

respiration.


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Vitamins Most vitamins are synthesized by the animal or rumen

microbes e.g. vit B, C, K and D.

B is synthesized rumen microbes, K by intestine, C in

the tissues and D by skin. A and E are supplied in diet.

Vitamin A is found in silage, fresh grass, dark greenleaves, peas and carrots.

E is found in cereals.

To compensate vitamin and mineral deficiency,mineral and vitamin mixture is supplied in the formlick stones.


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Fats It is less required as compared to other by the

ruminants.

Every type of fat is degraded microbial attack. Unsaturated FA are converted into saturated FA.

If fat does not undergo ruminal degradation it altersthe milk fat composition unfavorably.

Too much unprotected fat in the diet depresses theability of microbes to ferment fibers leading tonegative energy utilization.


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Water Water is very important for controlling temperature, blood

plasma volume, milk production. Animal receives water in 3 ways:

1. Drinking water2. Water in the feed3. Metabolic Water

Straw, hay and cereals contain very little water. While silage andfresh grass contain more than 70%.

Water requirements of buffalo depend on following:1. Type of diet2. Conditions3. physiological state

Restricted water intake leads to restricted dry matter intake thusmilk production and growth negatively.

A salt content of up to 5g / liter of water must be supplied to


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Nutrient requirements It is very important for the best utilization of animal,

feed and economical resources.

If animal is wrongly fed this leads to diseaseproduction and economic loss. That is we must knownutrient requirements at a specific period of time.

Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance,

pregnancy and lactation for given in following tables:


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Table 2: Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance, pregnancy

and lactation forbuffalo.

Body weight(kg)

Dry feed(kg)

DCP1

(kg)ME

2

(Mcal)TDN

3

(kg)Ca

4

(g)P

5

(g)Carotene

(mg)Vitamin A(100-IU)

Maintenance of mature buffaloes

200 3.5 150 6.0 1.7 8 7 21 9

250 4.0 170 7.2 2.0 10 9 26 11

300 4.5 200 8.4 2.4 12 10 32 13

350 5.0 230 9.4 2.7 14 11 37 15

400 5.5 250 10.8 3.0 17 13 42 17

450 6.0 280 12.4 3.4 18 14 48 19

500 6.5 300 13.2 3.7 20 15 53 21

550 7.0 330 14.4 4.0 21 16 58 23

600 7.5 350 15.5 4.2 22 17 61 26

650 8.0 370 16.2 4.5 23 18 69 28

700 8.5 390 17.3 4.8 25 19 74 30

750 9.0 410 18.0 5.0 26 20 79 32

800 9.5 430 19.1 5.3 27 21 85 34


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Cont.Maintenance and pregnancy (last two months of gestation)

250 4.9 270 10.8 3.0 14 12 51 21

300 5.6 290 12.4 3.4 16 14 56 25

350 6.4 320 13.2 3.7 21 16 67 27

400 7.2 350 14.1 4.0 23 18 76 30

450 7.9 400 15.9 4.4 26 20 86 34

500 8.6 430 17.3 4.8 29 22 95 38

550 9.3 465 18.8 5.2 31 24 105 42

600 10.0 500 20.2 5.6 34 26 114 46

650 10.6 530 21.6 6.0 36 28 124 50

700 11.3 550 22.7 6.3 39 30 133 53

750 12.0 600 24.2 6.7 42 32 143 57

800 12.6 630 25.6 7.1 44 34 152 61


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Table 3: Feeding of the calf

Age(days)

Daily gain(kg)

DCP(g)

TDN (g)

ME (Mcal)

Ca(g)

p (g) Vit A(1000IU))

Vit D (IU)

0-15 0.20 80 4001.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 200

16-30 0.30 90 5001.7 3.0 2.0 1.5 250

31-60 0.30 125 800

2.4 3.5 2.5 1.7 250

61-90 0.35 150 100 3.6 4.0 3.0 2.0 260


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References:


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Acknowledgement..Special thanks to Mr. Muhammad Saeed for his

technical and moral support.


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