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(Nutrients)
Ecosystems need nutrients and energy
Nutrients are
Organisms transform nutrients
Energy flows
“Circle of Life”Organisms
Environment
Matter (Nutrients)
How do we know energy is flowing?
Why is this cycle important?
If something removed?
Water molecules enter atmosphere as water vapor (gas) by:
Evaporation-water changes to water vapor Transpiration-evaporation from the leaves
of plants
How it works:1. Sun heats up the atmosphere, water
rises up and cools 2. Water vapor condense to form
droplets then clouds3. Water droplets get bigger and return
to Earth as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet or hail)
4. Precipitation runs on land to river or stream that carries the runoff back to ocean or lake
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Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles
Nutrients-Nutrients- organisms building blocks or chemical needed to help grow/carry out essential life functions
3 nutrient cycles: Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus
Carbon Cycle:Carbon is the key ingredient in all
living organisms
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Carbon found: In atmosphere: CO2 gas In oceans: dissolved CO2
On Land: in organisms, rocks, soil
Underground: coal, petroleum, Calcium Carbonate
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4 groups of organic compounds found in living things:
1. Carbohydrates: Living things use carbs as main source of energy.
Sugar and starch molecules made of H and O animals- use in liver and muscles plants-for food and cellulose
2. Lipids: can be used to store energy. Makes biological membranes of cells and waterproof coverings.
fats, oils, waxes made of C and H atoms
Cell Membrane
3. Nucleic Acids: store and transmit hereditary information
2 kinds (RNA, DNA) made of H,O,N,C,P
atoms
RNA strand
4. Proteins: control rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form bone and muscles, transport substances in/out of cells or fight disease.
made of C,H,O atoms made of amino acids (compounds)
Protein: made of amino acid chains folded up
Amino Acid Chain
CO2 released into the atmosphere by:
volcanic activity respiration- when
consumers exhale burning of fossil fuels decomposition of
organic matter
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Terrestrial plants-remove CO2 from the atmosphere
Aquatic plants- remove CO2 from the waterProducers-convert CO2 into Carbs (Glucose)
“food”Consumers-carry out cellular respiration
breaking down glucose into CO2
Nitrogen Cycle: Organisms need nitrogen to Organisms need nitrogen to
make make amino acidsamino acids and build and build proteinsproteins
Nitrogen Gas (NNitrogen Gas (N22)) is 78% of is 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere the Earth’s atmosphere
Can’t be absorbed directlyCan’t be absorbed directly Cacteria convert NCacteria convert N2 2 into into
compounds for use:compounds for use: Nitrogen Fixation-Nitrogen Fixation- bacteria bacteria
living in soil, water or roots living in soil, water or roots of plants (legumes/bean of plants (legumes/bean plants) convert Nplants) convert N2 2 into into ammoniaammonia
Nitrification-Nitrification- 2-step process2-step processNH3 -> NO2 -> NO3 NH3 -> NO2 -> NO3
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1.NH3 Ammonia1.NH3 Ammonia in soil is in soil is converted by bacteria to converted by bacteria to Nitrite ions (NO2)Nitrite ions (NO2) but is but is toxic to plantstoxic to plants
2. Then it is converted to 2. Then it is converted to Nitrate ions (NO3Nitrate ions (NO3) which is ) which is taken up by taken up by plantsplants
3. Plants eaten by 3. Plants eaten by consumersconsumers and reuse N to make and reuse N to make proteinsproteins
4. Decomposers4. Decomposers break down break down dead and return dead and return ammonia ammonia (NH3)(NH3) to the soil to the soil
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Denitrification-Denitrification- other bacteria convert other bacteria convert nitratesnitrates into into N2 (gas)N2 (gas) to be released to be released into the atmosphere againinto the atmosphere again
Phosphorus Cycle:
Phosphorus is nutrient for plants and animals which forms DNA and RNA
Does not enter atmosphere like C,N,O
Found in land, rock, soil and ocean sediments
How it works: don’t copy
1. Phosphorus in inorganic phosphate form
2. Released by weathering/wind
3. Dissolved in soil and water
4. Taken up by plant roots in land and water
5. Plants bind into organic compounds to move through food web
*Limiting factor for plants
Limiting nutrient- when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce of cycles slowly
Consumers get phosphorus by eating producers/animals Animal wastes and decay of dead organisms return
phosphorus to soil and water Guano- manure of fish eating birds