NUTRIENTSLiving things are composed of non-living chemicals

There are six nutrient chemicals that all life requires.They are:

1. Proteins

2. Carbohydrates

3. Lipids

4. Vitamins

5. Minerals

6. Water

CARBOHYDRATES

• Body’s main source of energy• Largest component of our diet• Food examples are: potatoes, breads, corn, rice,

fruits

CARBOHYDRATES

• Simple sugars or monosaccharides are:• a) glucose • b) fructose• c) galactose• All have the formula C6H12O6

• GLUCOSE = found in all cells of the body & is used for cell respiration

• FRUCTOSE = found in fruits and tastes sweeter than glucose

• GALACTOSE = sugar found in mammalian milk

DISACCHARIDES• Disaccharides are “double

sugars”

• Maltose = glucose + glucose

• Used in making beer

• Lactose = glucose + galactose

• Milk sugar

• Sucrose = glucose + fructose

• Brown & white sugars

SUCROSE

LACTOSE

MALTOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH=

a)1000 glucose molecules joined together

b) Plant storage product

POLYSACCHARIDES

• Cellulose = component of plant cell walls

• Formed by linking 1000 glucose molecules together

• Cannot be digested by humans. Ingested as roughage. Aids in the elimination of wastes as it holds water

POLYSACCHARIDES• Glycogen = principal

storage product in animals, stored in our liver & muscles

• Chitin = forms a hard external skeleton in insects & crustaceans

LIPIDSLipids are divided into three groups:A) fats oils & waxesB) phospholipidsC) steriods

Functions are:• They can supply energy to the body but are harder to process than

carbs. • An excellent energy storage molecule• Aid in the absorption of vitamins• Serve as insulation from the cold• Components of cell membranes• Aid in the synthesis of hormones• Protect organs inside our body• Insoluble in water, float

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

• Composed of three fatty acids + glycerol

glycerol

TRIGLYCERIDE

Saturated Fats

• All C-C bonds have the max. number of hydrogen

• C-C single bonds• Usually firm, solid

fats• Found in beef,

pork, cheese, butter,palm oils

Unsaturated fats

• Have some C-C double or triple bonds have less than the max. number of hydrogen

• Usually liquid, or soft fats

• Found in olive oils, peanut oils, almonds, fish, corn oils, margarines

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Component of cell membranes

• 1 Phosphate group + glycerol + 2 fatty acids

• Part of this molecule is soluble in water, part is insoluble in water

WAXES

• Insoluble in water• Waterproofing agent

for plants, animal feathers and fur

STERIODS

• Steroids are also lipids

• Carbon based, multiple ring structure

• Estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone

CHOLESTEROL

• Used to make hormones (sex hormones)

• Part of cell membrane• Can combine with

other fats to form plaque that blocks blood vessels

PROTEINS

• Used to build cell structures & body parts• Composed of amino acids sequences• 20 amino acids are used to make proteins• Sequences of amino acids are regulated

by genes• 8 essential amino acids (have to have

these in our diet• 12 non-essential amino acids (can be

manufactured)

Amino acid Alphabet

POLYPEPTIDES

VITAMINS

• A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.

• cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet

• are classified by their biological and chemical activity

• have diverse biochemical functions, including function as hormones (e.g. vitamin D)

• antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) • mediators of cell signaling and regulators of cell

and tissue growth and differentiation

Vitamins & SourcesVitamin ANight vision, growth of bones, teeth

Vitamin B1Heart function, nerve & muscle function(cell respiration)

Vitamin B2Healthy skin, hair, growth, reproduction

Vitamin CMaintain cells & tissues

Vitamin DStrong teeth bones, growth

Vitamin E Form red blood cells

Vitamin K assist in blood clotting, healthy bones

MINERALS• Elements required by the body in small amounts• Minerals are inorganic

Calcium = growth of teeth & bones, blood clotting

Iodine = proper functioning of thyroid gland

Iron = transport of oxygen

Phosphorus = growth, maintenance of bones & teeth, cell reactions (Cell Resp.)

Potassium = needed to make proteins

Sodium = muscle contraction, movement of water between cells

WATER• The importance of water in the diet cannot be overestimated• Healthy lifestyles that include exercise and a high fiber diet require

plenty of water intake• Experts suggest that a person drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water

daily. For anyone participating in a regular exercise program, 9 to 13 glasses of water are recommended

• The body needs water to perform the following functions:

• Digest food and dissolve nutrients so they can pass through your digestive system

• Carry waste products out of the body • Send messages between cells so that your muscles can move, your

eyes can see and your brain can think • Regulate body temperature • Lubricate moving parts (eg, joints)