Nutrition and Food Supplies

Food and AgricultureAPES Chapter 11 Jan 2007

Goals for this Section:

Identify current food supplies Determine the status of humans and food uptake Establish basic human needs and consequences

of deficiencies Differentiate between famine and chronic under

nutrition

Identify current food supplies

State of the Food Supply State of the food supply

Global warming and food

Food choices leads to problems

Per capita food production stats

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Determine the status of humans and food uptake

Malnourished Folks

This pie chart shows the distribution of world's undernourished people among different continents.

East and Southeast Asia, and South Asia both have the most undernourished people, each taking up one-third of the pie chart.

The other third is primarily dominated by Sub-Saharan Africa, with Latin America and the Carribean, Near East and North Africa sharing equally the smallest pieces in the pie chart.

LA & C: Latin America and Caribbean1/3 SA: South Asia1/3 EA & SEA: East and Southeast Asia NE & NA: Near East and North Africa SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa

LA & C: Latin America and Caribbean SA: South Asia

EA & SEA: East and Southeast AsiaNE & NA: Near East and North Africa SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa

Malnutrition’s Effects on Kids

World Health Organization Report

If you don’t have enough food, you get sick easier. Make sense?

1 out of 2 children in Africa with severe malnutrition dies during hospital treatment due to inappropriate care

1 out of 4 preschool children suffers from under-nutrition, which can severely affect a child's mental and physical development

Under-nutrition among pregnant women in developing countries leads to 1 out of 6 infants born with low birth weight. This is not only a risk factor for neonatal deaths, but also causes learning disabilities, mental, retardation, poor health, blindness and premature death.

Inappropriate feeding of infants and young children are responsible for one-third of the cases of malnutrition.

1 out of 3 people in developing countries are affected by vitamin and mineral deficiencies and therefore more subject to infection, birth defects and impaired physical and psycho-intellectual development.

Zinc deficiencies: magnitude unknown but likely to prevail in deprived populations; associated with growth retardation, diarrhoea and immune deficiency

40 million people living with HIV/AIDS are exposed to an increased risk of food insecurity and malnutrition, espeicially in poor settings, which may further aggravate their situation.

OVERNOURiSHMENT

Obesity trends International By state

Establish basic human needs and consequences of deficiencies

Care and Feeding of a Human

Water

Micronutrients

Protein

Carbohydrates

Fats

How much?

Food guidelines by country

Sufficient calories to maintain a person's metabolic and activity needs, but not so excessive as to result in fat storage greater than roughly 12% of body mass;

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Sufficient fat, consisting mostly of mono- and polyunsaturated fats (avoiding saturated and "trans" fats) and with a balance of omega-6 and long-chain omega-3 lipids;

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Sufficient essential amino acids ("complete protein") to provide cellular replenishment and transport proteins;

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Essential micronutrients such as vitamins and certain minerals.

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Avoiding directly poisonous (e.g. heavy metals) and carcinogenic (e.g. benzene) substances;

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Avoiding foods contaminated by human pathogens (e.g. e. coli, tapeworm eggs);

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

Avoiding chronic high doses of certain foods that are benign or beneficial in small or occasional doses, such as

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

foods or substances with directly toxic properties at high chronic doses (e.g. chickpeas, ethyl alcohol, Vitamin A);

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

foods that may interfere at high doses with other body processes (e.g. table salt);

Generally, a healthy diet will include:

foods that may burden or exhaust normal functions (e.g. refined carbohydrates without adequate dietary fiber

Protein deficiencies

Kwashikor Marasmus

Micronutrients

Common illnesses:

Iodine deficiency disorders Vitamin A deficiency Iron deficiency anemia

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD),Serious iodine deficiency during pregnancy can

result in:

stillbirth,

spontaneous abortion,

congenital abnormalities such as cretinism, a grave, irreversible form of mental retardation that affects people living in iodine-deficient areas of Africa and Asia.

Vitamin A deficiency Crucial for maternal and child survival, supplying adequate

vitamin A in high-risk areas can significantly reduce mortality. Conversely, its absence causes a needlessly high risk of disease and death.

For children, lack of vitamin A causes severe visual impairment and blindness, and significantly increases the risk of severe illness, and even death, from such common childhood infections as diarrhoeal disease and measles.

For pregnant women in high-risk areas, vitamin A deficiency occurs especially during the last trimester when demand by both the unborn child and the mother is highest. The mother’s deficiency is demonstrated by the high prevalence of night blindness during this period.

Iron deficiency anemia Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder

in the world. 2 billion people – over 30% of the world’s population – are anaemic,

many due to iron deficiency, and in resource-poor areas, this is frequently exacerbated by infectious diseases. Malaria, HIV/AIDS, hookworm infestation, schistosomiasis, and other infections such as tuberculosis are particularly important factors contributing to the high prevalence of anaemia in some areas.

Overall, it is the most vulnerable, the poorest and the least educated who are disproportionately affected by iron deficiency, and it is they who stand to gain the most by its reduction.

Differentiate between famine and chronic under nutrition

Chronic under nutrition

Famine: a consequence of bad planning and/or just plain bad luck

Famine

Famine is caused by a great number of things such as:- 1) Natural disasters (floods, drought, volcanic eruptions

and earthquakes.) 2) Over populated areas that are unable to feed masses

of people. 3) Poor quality of health facilities. 4) The aid from other countries is very low. 5) Governments that have poor management of

resources.