Nutrition And Management Strategies In Livestock

Production

Awosanmi Olugbenga Ph.D., M.B.A.

General Manager

Folawiyo Farms Ltd, Ilora

Goals Of Livestock Production

• To produce meat, milk,egg &fish as food items

• A very large and global industry

WORLD FEED PRODUCTION

Projected Animal and Poultry Feed Production for 1997(M

tonnes) World

USA

Canada

Mexico

Brazil

S.America

China

Asia Europe

Total 600

140

12 2 18 40 50 100 120

Poultry

200

46 4 5 6 15 20 30 32

Nutrition

• Basis for sound health and profitable livestock production

• 70% of Total Production Costs in Intensive Animal Production Systems

• Profits is frequently only 12-15% of total feed costs

• Importance underlined by changing concepts- Optimum Nutrition, Total Nutrition.

Production Costs Frozen Chicken %

• Doc 28.65• Feed 43.58• Drugs &Vaccines

9.15• Overheads 11.56• Energy 4.03• Labour 1.85• Miscellaneous 1.18

Production Costs Eggs %

• Feed 54.29• Labour 2.09• Drugs & Vaccines

0.16• Overheads 39.70• Miscellaneous 3.76

TOTAL NUTRITION

• NUTRIENTS• Carbohydrates• Fats• Minerals• Proteins• Vitamins• Water

• NUTRICINES

• Antioxidants(Bht/Bha)

• Colours(Carophyll)

• Emulsifiers(Lecithin)

• Enzymes(Roxazyme G)

• Flavours(Essential oils)

• Organic acids(Biotronic)

TOTAL NUTRITION contd

• NUTRIENTS are the generally recognized components of feed such as Carbohydrates etc

• NUTRICINES are components of feeds that exert a beneficial effect upon health and metabolism, yet are not direct nutrients

Nutrition In Practice1

• Quality of Feed Ingredients

-adulteration (oyster-shells/bone-meal mixed with sand)

-GNC with shell

- methionine with starch

- moist maize with dry maize

Nutrition In Practice 2

• High bacteria load(colliforms,salmonella,etc– Blood-meal, fish-meal esp 65%,Bone-meal

Nutrition In Practice 3

• Mycotoxin contamination(Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins,Fumonisins,Tricothecenes etc)

Groundnut cake, Maize

Use of Mycotoxin binders/detoxifiers

• Vitamin mineral premix potency/expiry(cold storage, procurement in small batches)

Proximate Analysis Of Some Ingredients On Farm

No

Sample C.P.% Energy Kcal/kg

Fat%

C.F.%

Ca % P %

Aflatoxin (ppb)

1. Maize 370

2. Wheat 11.65 3106 1.5 3.5 - - -

3. Rice Meal

11.21 3800 28.5 5.5 - - -

4. Biscuit Crumbs

7.44 3502.55 - 2.18 - - -

5. Biscuit Crumbs

8.76 3432 - - - - -

6. PKC 17.51 2755 20 - - - -

7. Limestone

- - - - 38.9 - -

8. GNC 39.79 2721 11.5 16.5 - - 320

9. GNC 41.03 - - - - - -

10 GNC - - - - - - 284

11 GNC - - - - - - 228

12 GNC - - - - - - 200

13 GNC 50.94 - - - - - -

14 GNC - - - - - - 50

15 GNC - - - - - - 45.6

16 GNC - - - - - - 62

17 GNC - - - - - - 344

18 GNC - - - - - - 322

19 GNC - - - - - - 20

20 Norms GNC

40min 2680 5.5 8.0max

20chicks 100adults

21 SBM 47.91 - - 9.87 - - -

22 SBC 47.22 - - - - - -

23 CSC 38.76 - - 11.47

- - -

24 CSC 39.4 - - - - - 42

Proximate Analysis Of Some Ingredients On Farm2

No. Sample C.P.%

Energy(Kcak/kg)

Fat%

C.F.%

Ca%

Aflatoxin(ppb)

6 PKC 17.51 2755 20 - - -

7 Limestone

- - - - 38.9 -

8 GNC 39.79 2721 11.5 16.5 - 320

9 GNC 41.03 - - - - -

Proximate Analysis of Some Ingredients On Farm3

No Sample

C.P. %

M.E. %

Fat %

C.F. %

Ca %

Aflatoxin(ppb)

10 GNC - - - - - 284

11 GNC - - - - - 228

12 GNC - - - - - 200

13 GNC 50.94 - - - - -

14 GNC - - - - - 50

15 GNC - - - - - 45.6

16 GNC - - - - - 62

Proximate Analysis of Some Ingredients On Farm4

No Sample C.P. %

ME(kcal/kg)

Fat %

C.F. %

Ca %

Aflatoxin(ppb)

17 GNC - - - - - 344

18 GNC - - - - - 322

19 GNC - - - - - 20

20 GNC - - - - - 45.6

21 GNC - - - - - 62

NormsGNC

40min 2680min

5.5 8.0max

20chicks100adults

Nutrition In Practice 4

• Ration Formulation to meet specifications• Least cost programmes• Spread sheet short cut• Calorie/protein ratio• Mix of ingredients for balance e.g protein- soybean meal/fish- meal/cotton

seedcake/groundnut cake/palmkernel cake Minerals-Limestone/oyster shell Bone-meal/calcium di-phosphate

Nutrition In Practice 5

• Ensure proper/adequate mixing(15mins for vertical mixers)

• Ensure appropriate particle size• Use of Alternative Ingredients

Maize-Wheat/Rice-meal/ Biscuit crumbs

.Use of oil for broilers also for large egg size(linoleic acid), good for dry season because of heat increment, full fat soya very useful

Nutrition In Practice 6

• Monitoring of feed intake• Effect of heat stress- feeding in cool hours of the day• Adjutment of nutrient levels to make up for drop in

intake• Use of ice blocks, vitamin C, planting of shade trees• Freshness of feed• Palatability• Availability of clean water• Pelleting of feed

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

• Geo-climatic changes due to Ozone layer depletion(green-house effect) exerting environmental stress

• Ambient temperatures peaks @ 39-40 oC often with high RH

• Results in high mortality and heavy production losses

Panacea

• Environmental control

• Tunnel ventillation

• Ceiling fans

• Poly-urethane under coating of roof

• Alluminium/asbestos roofing

• Thatching of roof

Management Strategies 2

• Optimum size/scale of operations

• With declining profit margins, volume becomes a matter of must (mega size)

Management Strategies 3

• Integration to various extents from backward to forward very useful

• Diversification into complementary areas

• Poultry and Aquaculture

• Waste to wealth

• Table fish-Fingerling production- Fish feed production

• Feed raw materials- Feed production

Diversification

• Aquaculture

Pond construction

• Excellent returns

Diversification

• Fingerling Hatchery

Fingerling Hatchery

• High pottentials

Fingerling Production

Diversification

• Fish pellets production

Diversification

• Fish feed production

Diversification

• Crop processing• Multi-grain thresher• Nova Technologies

Diversification

• Snail Rearing

Diversification

• Ruminant production

Diversification

• Cattle

Forward Integration

• Marketing• Wholesale• Retail

Backward Integration

• Hedge against inflation

• Efficient utilization of resources

Environmental Control

• Good cost recovery• Sahlmet- Germany

Management Strategy

• Environmental control• Roof thatching

Training

• Management retreat• In-house, external

training• Net-working with

stake holders• International trade

fairs/ courses

Health Management

• Becoming very challenging with increasing disease risks, build-up of disease resistance ,poor quality of inputs(doc, vaccines,drugs,feed ingredients,spare-parts etc)

• Calls for dynamism with emphasis on prevention,biosecurity, and good technical back-up(serology, bacteriology and drug sensitivity tests)

Management Strategies

• Need to have good hold on competition,excellent customer service and efficient net-work for information and knowledge

• Need to participate actively in pressure group activities to protect interests and promote good interphase with policy makers and regulatory bodies

Thank You

• An invited paper presented at Animal Science Department, University Of Ibadan on Thursday,31st August 2006