Nutrition Expedition

Proteins

Functional Proteins: Have specific metabolic roles. They can be enzymes, antibodies and transport molecules. The enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.

Structural Proteins: Form parts of structures. Such as keratin or collagen.

Function in living organisms

Chemical Structure - Proteins

Amino acids are the monomers of proteins Amino acids are composed of three groups,

amino group, carboxyl group and r.group There are twenty different amino acids

Protein Structure- Amino Acids

Polypeptide Structure- Protein

There are four types of polypeptide protein structure. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary.

Primary Structure: A simple linear chain of amino acids

Secondary Structure: H- Bonds create a spring or linear shape

Tertiary Structure: Portions of the helix form more H-Bonds creating a globular shape

Quaternary Structure: Are groups of Tertiary structures

Polypeptide Structure

Dipeptide Structure- Protein

When two amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis they form a dipeptide

A peptide bond is the bond between two amino acids

Peptide bonds are strong covalent bonds

Dipeptide Structure- Protein

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are either sugars or combinations of sugars

Consumers eat carbohydrates and break polysaccharides into glucose

The monomer of the carbohydrate macromolecule is called a monosaccharide

Function in living organisms

Chemical Structure- Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides are the base unit of carbohydrate molecules

Glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose are all examples of monosaccharides

Disaccharides are known as a double sugar Disaccharides are formed when

monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis Maltose, sucrose and lactose are examples of

disaccharides

Monosaccharides/ Disaccharides

Polysaccharides are the continued dehydration synthesis of mono and disaccharides

They are a long chain of sugar molecules There are three types of polysaccharides, cellulose,

starch and glycogen Cellulose: most prevalent polysaccharide on earth, linear

chain structure Starch: Plant reserve carbohydrate, branched chain

structure Glycogen: A reserve carbohydrate, highly branched

structure

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Lipids compose the structural component of cell membranes

Protect against shock and insulation agents in cells/ tissues

Excess fat is stored in adipose tissue

Functions in living organisms

Chemical Structure- Lipids

Lipids are non-polar organic compounds that contain C, O, and H atoms

Lipids are insoluble in water due to its non-polar structure

There are several types of lipid molecules, including fatty acids, steroids and phospholipids

Other examples of lipids are oils, waxes, cholesterol and some hormones

Types of Lipids

Fatty acids are non-polar chains of carbon and hydrogen, they can be saturated or unsaturated

Saturated Fatty Acids: tend to be produced in animal tissue and solid at room temperature, they do not contain and double bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids: can be produced by plant tissues and are liquid at room temperature, they contain double bonds

Fatty Acids

Phospholipids are special variations of triglycerides where one of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate group

Phospholipids form cell membranes Phospholipids can mix with both polar and

non-polar materials Steroids are non-polar ring structures

Phospholipids/ Steroids

Dehydration Synthesis: the process by which polymer chains are formed by removing water

Hydrolysis: the process in which polymer chains are broken apart by water

Dehydration Synthesis/ Hydrolysis