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Nutrition for Infants and Toddlers
Janet Blair, Healthy Start in Child Care
Perry County Health Department
Outline Feeding relationship Development and feeding skills Serving sizes Potentially harmful foods Good eating habits Encouraging new foods Picky eaters
Feeding Relationship Interactions and
communication between a caregiver and infant during feeding
Influences the infant’s ability to progress in feeding skills and eat a nutritionally adequate diet
Steps to a Positive Feeding Relationship Observe and be
sensitive Hunger Satiety Food Preferences
Be positive Make mealtime
pleasant by calming the infant
Development of Feeding Behaviors—0 - 3 months Reflexes
Rooting, suck Swallow reflex Tonic neck reflex
Motor Development Poor head control Secures milk with suckling pattern Tongue projected during swallowing
Development of Feeding Behaviors—4 - 6 months Reflexes
Rooting, biting reflex fade Tonic neck reflex fades
Motor Development Suck changes to mature suck Sucking strength increases Munching pattern begins Grasps with palmer grasp Brings object to mouth and bites
Development of Feeding Behaviors—7 - 9 months Reflexes
Gag reflex Normal gag Choking reflex can be inhibited
Motor Development Munching [solid foods] Rotary chew Sits alone Voluntary release; resecure hold Holds bottle alone Develops pincer grasp
Development of Feeding Behaviors—10 - 12 months
Reflexes [continue to improve] Motor Development
Reaches for spoon Bites nipples, spoons, and crunchy foods Grasps items and brings to mouth Drink from a cup [that is held] Tongue is used to lick food morsels off
lip Finger feeds with pincer grasp
Stages of Feeding
0 to 4 months: Breastmilk and/or formula
4 to 6 months: Baby is ready for solid foods when… Birth wt has doubled Can control head and neck Sits up with some support Can turn head/close mouth to show being
full Interest in your food when you eat
Stages of Feeding [cont.]
6 to 8 months First food =
iron-fortified rice cereal
Vegetables then Fruits
Fruit juice when drinks from a cup [limited amount]
8 to 12 months Strained
meats Egg yolks
Signs of Hunger in Infants
Rooting reflex Hand to mouth
activity Small, fussing
sounds Pre-cry facial
grimaces Crying
Signs of Satiety in Infants
Decreased interest in eating more
Increased interest in environment
Avoid Propping a Bottle Because… Choking—liquid
goes into lungs Ear infections—
fluid enters the middle ear and cannot drain properly
No human contact received, which is necessary to make them feel loved and secure
Increased risk of dental problems
Toddler Stages
Sense of self: loves to say “no” Verbal Expression: when and
what he/she likes to eat Freedom to explore and security
of limits: interested in playing rather than eating
Toddler Stages [cont.]
Refining motor control [easily frustrated]: needs set up for success in feeding
Neophobic: refuses new food at least once
Short attention span: may not sit through long meal
Equipment Needed for Children
Chairs/Table: ht should be appropriate Plates: child-size; unbreakable Utensils: short handles, blunt tips or
tines; rounded spoons and knives [not disposable]
Glasses: broad bases; small enough for small hands to hold them
Serving spoons: small enough for child to handle
Special eating equipment if needed
Serving Sizes
See handout
Foods to Avoid Before 1 Year of Age Egg Whites Cow’s milk Tomatoes Strawberries Chocolate Fish Honey Corn syrup
Choking Hazards Hot dogs Peanuts Popcorn Raisins [and other dried fruit] Grapes Peanut butter Small pieces of raw vegetables***Always make sure child is seated
when eating anything!
Building Good Eating Habits Offer a variety of
foods Serve child-size
portions Give choices Let child decide
how much Only one new
food per meal
Offer nutritious snacks b/twn meals
Serve foods with different characteristics
Allow time to eat Be a good role
model Make mealtime
pleasant
Mealtime Survival Let children know the type of behavior
expected Quiet time before meals Respect preferences but no short-order
cook Allow children to help with food prep Serve small portions Serve food easy for children to manage Acknowledge desirable behavior Do not make dessert a reward
Why Encourage New Foods?
Each of the 5 food groups provides different nutrients
Some foods within each food group are better sources of a nutrient
Child’s nutrition status, growth, and health are influenced by his/her diet
Nutrition education research suggests that 4 and 5 year olds start to develop their adult food prefs
Encouraging New Foods A taste is just a
taste One step at a
time What goes in,
may come out
Try again Color makes a
difference Serve an
unfamiliar food with a familiar one
Capitalize on “food tasting” peers
Be a role model
Strategy for Picky Eaters
Let child grow it Let child help select food at grocery Let child help prepare food Try serving it in different ways Let child dip it Serve food when child is hungry
Strategy for Picky Eaters [cont.]
Seat child next to another child who loves veggies
Eat it yourself with enjoyment Offer new foods several times Won’t eat veggies? Offer fruits
high in Vitamin A and C
Summary Children need to feel secure and loved. Children have different nutrition needs at
different ages for healthy growth and development.
Be aware of the amounts and types of foods offered at certain ages. Some foods are not appropriate for children under one year.
Offer new foods and instill healthy eating habits that will last a lifetime.
Do not be a short-order cook for picky eaters.
Presentation adapted from: Wendy Compton, RD, LD
Thank you for your attention!
Any questions?