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www.cirad.fr OIL & COCONUT CIRAD P ALM Illustrations : N. Le Gall Cocotier 0-Intro GB • Méridiennes 2008 Palm oil performs like maize, sunflower, soybean or rapeseed oils, which are rich in essential fatty acids. Refining has little effect on its antioxidant content (tocopherols and tocotrienols). The high carotenoid content of the unprocessed oil boosts vitamin A levels in the blood, hence its preventive effect on certain eye diseases. Studies have shown the positive effect of a palm oil-rich diet on cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Palm oil can resist high temperatures, and is primarily used for frying. Nutritional quality beyond reproach www.cirad.fr OIL & COCONUT CIRAD P ALM Illustrations : N. Le Gall Palmier 4 - GB • Méridiennes 2008 P ALMIER & ÀHUILE COCOTIER www.cirad.fr L’alimentation, premier débouché de l’huile de palme L’huile de palme extraite, de couleur rouge est généralement raffinée, blanchie et désodorisée avant utilisation directe ou transformée. L’alimentation en consomme 80 % : huile de table en pays tropicaux, huile de cuisson, margarine, substitut du beurre, biscuiterie, pâtisserie, confiserie. La savonnerie, les détergents, les cosmétiques, l'oléochimie absorbent le complément. Le biocarburant, ester de méthyle d'huile de palme, est appelé à prendre de l'ampleur comme toutes les énergies renouvelables… Red palm oil is generally refined, bleached and deodorized before being used directly or processed further. Some 80% is used for human consumption: salad oil in tropical countries, cooking oil, margarine, butter substitutes, biscuits, cakes and confectionery. The rest is used in soaps, detergents, cosmetics and the oils and fats processing industry. A biofuel, palm oil methyl ester, is set to grow in importance, like all renewable energies. Palm Oil is primarily for food use PALM_GB_30x60 4/03/08 9:59 Page 4

Nutritional Palm Oil quality is primarily

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www.cirad.fr

OIL&COCONUT

CIRAD

PALM

Illustrations : N. Le GallCocotier 0-Intro GB • Méridiennes 2008

Palm oil performs like maize, sunflower, soybean or rapeseed oils, which are rich in essential fatty acids. Refining has little effect on itsantioxidant content (tocopherols and tocotrienols).

The high carotenoid content of the unprocessed oil boostsvitamin A levels in the blood, hence its preventive effect on certain eye diseases.

Studies have shown the positive effect of a palm oil-rich diet on cardiovascular disease and certain cancers.

Palm oil can resist high temperatures, and is primarily used for frying.

Nutritionalquality

beyond reproach

www.cirad.fr

OIL&COCONUT

CIRAD

PALM

Illustrations : N. Le GallPalmier 4 - GB • Méridiennes 2008

PALMIER&

À HUILE

COCOTIER

www.cirad.frPalmier 4 • Méridiennes 2007

L’alimentation,premier débouché

de l’huile de palme

L’huile de palme extraite, de couleur rouge estgénéralement raffinée, blanchie et désodoriséeavant utilisation directe ou transformée.

L’alimentation en consomme 80 % : huile de tableen pays tropicaux, huile de cuisson,margarine, substitut du beurre, biscuiterie,pâtisserie, confiserie.

La savonnerie, les détergents, les cosmétiques,l'oléochimie absorbent le complément.

Le biocarburant, ester de méthyle d'huile depalme, est appelé à prendre de l'ampleurcomme toutes les énergies renouvelables…

Red palm oil is generally refined, bleached and deodorized before being used directly or processed further.

Some 80% is used for human consumption: salad oil in tropical countries, cooking oil,margarine, butter substitutes, biscuits, cakes and confectionery.

The rest is used in soaps, detergents, cosmetics and the oils and fats processing industry.

A biofuel, palm oil methyl ester, is set to grow in importance, like all renewable energies.

Palm Oilis primarily

for food use

PALM_GB_30x60 4/03/08 9:59 Page 4

www.cirad.fr

OIL&COCONUT

CIRAD

PALM

Illustrations : N. Le GallCocotier 0-Intro GB • Méridiennes 2008

Palm oil performs like maize, sunflower, soybean or rapeseed oils, which are rich in essential fatty acids. Refining has little effect on itsantioxidant content (tocopherols and tocotrienols).

The high carotenoid content of the unprocessed oil boostsvitamin A levels in the blood, hence its preventive effect on certain eye diseases.

Studies have shown the positive effect of a palm oil-rich diet on cardiovascular disease and certain cancers.

Palm oil can resist high temperatures, and is primarily used for frying.

Nutritionalquality

beyond reproach

www.cirad.fr

OIL&COCONUT

CIRAD

PALM

Illustrations : N. Le GallPalmier 5 - GB • Méridiennes 2008

The scientific name for the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, comes from the Ancient Greek elaia = olive,

because of its oil-rich fruits.

This palm, which originated in humid intertropical Africa, is a distant relative of the coconut palm.

PALMIER&

À HUILE

COCOTIER

www.cirad.frPalmier 5 • Méridiennes 2007

ou Elaeis guineensisLe palmierà huile

Les feuilles Les fleurspuis les fruits

Le stipe

Le stipe, non ramifié, présente les sections losangiques des feuilles qui ont été coupées,

disposées en spirales.

Les fleurs sont réunies en inflorescences, les unes mâles, les autres femelles,

qui apparaissent à l’aisselle de chaque palme,excepté en cas d’avortement précoce.

Les feuilles ou palmes entourent et protégent le bourgeon végétatif.

De nouvelles feuilles sont émises en continu au centre

de la couronne alors que les plus vieilles sont élaguées

ou se dessèchent. Elles mesurent de 6 à 9 mètres et comptent plus de 300 folioles

lamelliformes disposées surplusieurs plans.

La base de la feuille, ou pétiole, est bordée d’épines acérées.

Le nom scientifique du palmier à huile, Elaeis guineensisvient du grec ancien elaia = olive, en raison de ses fruits

riches en huile. Ce palmier, originaire d’Afriqueintertropicale, est un lointain

parent du cocotier.

The OilPalm

or Elaeis guineensis

The leavesThe leaves, or fronds, surround and protect the terminal bud.

The palm puts out new leaves continuously from the centre of the crown, while the older leaves are pruned or dry out and fall.

They are 6 to 9 metres long and have more than 300 blade-like leaflets on several levels. The base of the leaf, or petiole, is edged with sharp thorns.

The stemThe stem which is not ramified,

has diamond-shaped scars where the leaves have been cut, which spiral around it.

The flowers and then the fruitsThe flowers develop on inflorescences, some male, some female, in the axil of each frond, except in the event of early abortion.

www.cirad.fr

OIL&COCONUT

CIRAD

PALM

Illustrations : N. Le GallCocotier 0-Intro GB • Méridiennes 2008

Palm oil performs like maize, sunflower, soybean or rapeseed oils, which are rich in essential fatty acids. Refining has little effect on itsantioxidant content (tocopherols and tocotrienols).

The high carotenoid content of the unprocessed oil boostsvitamin A levels in the blood, hence its preventive effect on certain eye diseases.

Studies have shown the positive effect of a palm oil-rich diet on cardiovascular disease and certain cancers.

Palm oil can resist high temperatures, and is primarily used for frying.

Nutritionalquality

beyond reproach

www.cirad.fr

OIL&COCONUT

CIRAD

PALM

Illustrations : N. Le GallPalmier 6 - GB • Méridiennes 2008

PALMIER&

À HUILE

COCOTIER

www.cirad.frPalmier 6 • Méridiennes 2007

ou Elaeis guineensisLe palmierLes fruits, très riches en huile,

sont des drupes ovoïdes,charnues, réunies en « régimes » pouvant peser de 1 à 60 kilos.A l’âge adulte, un régime mûr

pèse en moyenne 15 à 25 kiloset porte environ 1 500 fruits.

Les 3 principaux types de palmier à huile se distinguent par l’épaisseur

de la coque de leurs fruits

• Le type dura est caractérisé par sa coque épaisse.

• Le type pisifera est reconnaissablepar son absence de coque ;

mais ce palmier est stérile femelle, ne produisant des fruits que

très exceptionnellement.

• Le type tenera, hybride des deux précédents,

est caractérisé par sa coque mince.

Les fruits présentent une peau lisseprotégeant une pulpe huileuse

et fibreuse, elle-même recouvrant une coque noire très dure.

Cette coque, percée de 3 poresgerminatifs, protège une amande

ovoïde pleine appelée « palmiste ».

L’ensemble coque et amandeconstitue la graine du palmier.

L’amande présente en sonpourtour 1 à 3 embryons trèspetits qui, en se nourrissant àses dépens après germination,

donneront 1 à 3 plantules.

Type dura

Type pisifera

Coque

Amande

Pulpe

Type tenera

Régime

PigmentationOn différencie aussi les types

par la pigmentation des fruits :

• Le type nigrescens,le plus courant, est noir puis

brun rouge à maturité.

• Le type virescens,vert avant maturité, devient orange.

• Le type albescens dont la pulpe ne contient pas de caroténoïdes.

The OilPalm

or Elaeis guineensisThe fruits, which are very rich in oil, are oval, f leshy drupes

grouped together in "bunches" (FFB) weighing anything from 1 to 60 kilos. When adult, an average ripe bunch weighs

between 15 and 25 kilos and has around 1500 fruits.

The fruits have a smooth skin covering an oily, fibrous pulp, which itselfsurrounds a very hard black shell. The shell, which has

three germinative pores, protects the solid oval palm kernel.

The shell and kernel make up the palm seed. Around the kernel there are one to three very small embryos that feed on the kernel after germination, giving rise to between one and three plantlets.

The main three types of oil palm differ in terms of the thickness of the fruit shell:• The dura type has a thick shell.• The pisifera type does not have a shell,

but these palms are sterile females and only very rarely bear fruit.• The tenera type, a hybrid of the above two, has a thin shell.

There are also different types in terms of fruit colour: • The nigrescens type, the most common, is black,

turning reddish-brown as it ripens.• The virescens type is green when immature

and subsequently turns orange.• The albescens type, whose pulp does not contain carotenoids.

PALM_GB_30x60 4/03/08 10:29 Page 6