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O-Chem, Lipids, Cell Membrane & Transport
Test Review
Organic Chemistry
Lipids Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport
Miscellaneous
10 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 20
30 30 30 30 30
40 40 40 40 40
50 50 50 50 50
Organic Chemistry : 10
What 4 atoms make up 96% of living organisms?
ANSWER
Organic Chemistry : 10 - Answer
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Organic Chemistry : 20
Organic compounds have BOTH
_____ and _____.
ANSWER
Organic Chemistry : 20 - Answer
Organic compounds have BOTH
Carbon and Hydrogen.
Organic Chemistry : 30
Carbon-based molecules come in three fundamental
structures. What are the 3?
How many bonds can carbon make?
(which contribute to its ability to make these various structures…)
ANSWER
Organic Chemistry : 30 - Answer
Carbon forms 4 bonds (because it has 4 valence electrons and would need 4 more to have a
full outer energy shell).
Organic Chemistry : 40
What is the difference between dehydration
synthesis and hydrolysis? *Don’t forget to mention the
role of water.
ANSWER
Organic Chemistry : 40 - Answer
Dehydration synthesis is the process in which smaller molecules are joined together to make larger
molecules by taking out a water molecule.
Hydrolysis is breaking down larger molecules into its smaller parts by
adding water to split it up.
Organic Chemistry : 50
Draw a diagram of dehydration synthesis.
ANSWER
Organic Chemistry : 50 - Answer
+ H2O
+ H2O
Lipids : 10
What three atoms make up lipids?
ANSWER
Lipids : 10 - Answer
Carbon, Hydrogen, and a little bit of Oxygen.
Lipids : 20
What does it mean for lipids to be insoluble in water?
(aka not soluble in water)
What property accounts for this? (aka we could say the
lipids are ___-_____) ANSWER
Lipids : 20 - Answer
It means the lipids do not dissolve in water.
Lipids are non-polar (Which means they don’t have a charge like polar
molecules do. Their charges balance out.)
Like dissolves like. Polar substances are soluble in other polar
substances.
Lipids : 30
Name 3 functions of lipids.
(Could be the function of any of the types of lipids we
covered)
ANSWER
Lipids : 30 - Answer
• Store large amounts of chemical energy (fats & oils i.e. triglycerides)
• Forms a selective barrier in cell membranes (phospholipids)
• Maintains flexibility and strength of cell membranes (steroids – cholesterol)
• Signaling molecules (steroids – hormones)
Lipids : 40
Draw an example of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated
fatty acid. (*Don’t forget the carboxyl group. You will not
have to draw these on the test…but you may have to identify the difference between
saturated and unsaturated)
ANSWER
Lipids : 40 - Answer
Saturated
Unsaturated
Lipids : 50
Explain why the phospholipid is a suitable molecule for creating a
selective barrier for a cell.
Include in your answer a description of the lipid bilayer.
ANSWER
Lipids : 50 - Answer
The phospholipid has two main parts – the hydrophilic head which includes the polar phosphate
group and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails that are nonpolar.
The nonpolar tails face each other to make two layers of the
phospholipids with the polar heads facing the watery environments of
inside and outside the cell. The tails face each other and prevent certain substances from going
through based on polarity (charge) and size.
Cell Membrane : 10
What are the two main jobs of the cell membrane?
ANSWER
Cell Membrane : 10 - Answer
To provide a barrier between the inside and the outside of
the cell.
To regulate what moves in and out of the cell.
*both of which help to maintain homeostasis
Cell Membrane : 20
Draw a sketch of a lipid bilayer and identify the area that is
hydrophobic and the area that is hydrophilic.
ANSWER
Cell Membrane : 20 - Answer Hydrophilic Heads Hydrophobic Tails
Cell Membrane : 30
Name the three types of membrane proteins.
ANSWER
Cell Membrane : 30 - Answer
Receptor Proteins
Marker Proteins
Channel Proteins
Cell Membrane : 40
Name two types of proteins that can be found in the cell
membrane and explain their function.
ANSWER
Cell Membrane : 40 - Answer
Receptor proteins: transmits information from outside the cell to the inside (e.g. hormones like insulin trigger glucose intake).
Marker proteins: allows the body/cell to recognize self from non-self (e.g. to aid the immune system in identifying harmful bacteria).
Channel proteins: allows the passage of molecule through the cell membrane (e.g. molecules that are too big or polar can’t go through the lipid bilayer unaided).
Cell Membrane : 50
What is the name of the model used to describe the cell
membrane?
Explain why these two words are used to describe the cell
membrane.
ANSWER
Cell Membrane : 50 - Answer
Fluid Mosaic Model
Fluid – the phospholipids within the lipid bilayer can move around each other laterally (very rarely would
they switch sides in the bilayer) making the membrane flexible and more fluid.
Mosaic – although the main component of the cell membrane is phospholipids, it also has proteins that are spread out in the membrane which resembles a
mosaic.
Membrane Transport : 10
What is the difference between passive transport and active
transport?
ANSWER
Membrane Transport : 10 - Answer
Passive transport does not require energy (in the form of
ATP) while active transport does.
Passive transport involves movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration and active transport is the
opposite (low to high).
Membrane Transport : 20
Define osmosis.
ANSWER
Membrane Transport : 20 - Answer
Osmosis is a type of passive transport. It is the movement of water across a membrane
from an area of higher concentration of water to low concentration until equilibrium
is reached.
Membrane Transport : 30
A pump is a special type of channel protein.
What does it do?
ANSWER
Membrane Transport : 30 - Answer
A pump is used for active transport and moves
molecules against the concentration gradient from an
area of low concentration to high concentration.
Membrane Transport : 40
How is exocytosis different from endocytosis?
What are the two types of endocytosis?
ANSWER
Membrane Transport : 40 - Answer
Exocytosis is bringing large or large amounts of molecules out of the cell
using vesicles which endocytosis brings them in.
Two types of endocytosis:
(1) Phagocytosis, (2) Pinocytosis
Membrane Transport : 50
ANSWER Name the possible consequences of
osmosis for animal and plant cells.
1. 3. 2.
6. 4. 5.
Membrane Transport : 50 - Answer
Crenation Cytolysis Normal
Plasmolyzed Flaccid Turgid
**Normal**
Miscellaneous : 10
What does it mean to say that the cell membrane is semi-
permeable?
(AKA selectively permeable)
ANSWER
Miscellaneous : 10 - Answer
Semi-permeable means that some molecules can pass
through the membrane while others cannot.
Miscellaneous : 20
Draw a picture that represents a cell membrane that has a concentration gradient.
Draw an arrow that shows going “with” or “down” a concentration gradient.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous : 20 - Answer
Miscellaneous : 30
What is the role of cholesterol within the cell membrane?
ANSWER
Miscellaneous : 30 - Answer Cholesterol maintains the
flexibility of the cell membrane (it helps to provide space between phospholipids so they
can remain more fluid). It also helps to maintain
the strength of the membrane and not allow the phospholipids to pull
apart too far.
Miscellaneous : 40
If a plant cell with a 2% solute concentration is placed in a solution with a 4% solute
concentration explain what could happen and WHY – using proper vocabulary.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous : 40 - Answer
If the cell has a 2% solute concentration (compared to 4% in the solution making
the solution hypertonic) then it has 98% water. The solution it is placed in has a 96% water concentration so water will move out of the cell (the water moves from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration).
The cell would shrivel up resulting in plasmolysis.
Miscellaneous : 50
What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?
How does it work?
ANSWER
Miscellaneous : 50 - Answer
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport.
It is when molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration but cannot move through the lipid bilayer due to size or charge/polarity or shape thus a channel protein is used to get the molecules through.
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