o Nhiem Tong Hop

8/8/2019 o Nhiem Tong Hop

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CC CHT NHIM TRONGCC CHT NHIM TRONG

KHNG KHKHNG KH--TT--NCNC


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NHIM MI TRNG NHIM MI TRNGKHNG KHKHNG KH


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I: Tng quan v nhim khng kh1. Khi nim nhim khng kh2. Ngun gy nhim khng kh

3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim khng khII: nh hng ca nhim khng kh ti sc khecon ngi v sinh vt

1. nh hng ca nhim ti sc khe con ngi2. Tc hi ca nhim khng kh ln thc b, h sinh

thi v cc cng trnh xy dngIII: Hin trng nhim khng kh

1. Trn th gii2. Vit Nam

IV: Gii php1. Trn th gii2. Vit Nam


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TNG QUAN V NHIM KHNG KH

1. Khi nim nhim khng kh l s c mt ca cht lhoc s bin i quan trng trong thnh phn

khng kh, lm cho n khng sch, bi, c mikh chu, lm gim tm nhn, v gy tc hin sc khe, gy tn hi cho thc b, cc h

sinh thi v cc vt liu khc.


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CC TC NHN GY NHIM KHNG KH

+ Cc loi oxit nh NOx, CO, CO2, H2S, cc kh halogen gm flo,clo, broom, it+ Cc phn t l lng nh ht bi rn, bi lng, bi vi sinh vt,

nitrat, sunfat, phn t cacbon,mui than,khi,song m+ Cc loi ht bi nng nh bi t , bi kim loi

+ Cc kh quang ha nh zn, FAN, NOx, aldehit, etylen+ Cc kh thi c tnh phng x+ Nhit+ Ting n

Cc tc nhn nhim khng kh ch yu pht sinh

trong qu trnh t nhin liu ha thch v cng ngh snxut.Chng c th dng hi (kh) hoc dng phn t nh(ht).Phn ln cc tc nhn nhim u c hi cho sc khecon ngi.


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NGUN GY NHIM TC NHN NHIM CHNH (TRIU TN)CO Bi SOX CnHm NOX

1. Giao thng vn ti

+ t chy xng

+ t chy du izen

+ My bay

+ Tu ha v cc loi khc

53,50,2

2,4

2,0

0,50,3

0

0,4

0,20,1

0

0,5

13,80,4

0,3

0,6

6,00,5

0

0,8

2. t nhin liu

+ Than

+ Xng, du+ kh t t nhin

+ G, ci

0,7

0,1

0

0,9

7,4

O,3

0,2

0,2

18,3

3,9

0

0

0,2

0,1

0

0,4

3,5

0,9

4,1

0,2

3.Qa trnh sn xut CN 8,8 6,8 6,6 4,2 0,2

4. X l cht thi rn 7,1 1,0 0,1 1,5 0,5

5. Cc hot ng khc

+ Chy rng

+ t cc sn phm

+ t rc thi

+ Hn kim loi trong xy dng

6,5

7,5

1,1

0,2

6,1

2,2

0,4

0,1

0

0

0,5

0

2,0

1,5

0,2

0,1

1,2

0,3

0,2

0


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II. NH HNG CA NHIM KHNG KH TI SCKHE CON NGI

1.nh hng ca nhim khng kh ti sc khecon nginh hng ca nhim khng kh ti sc khe con

ngi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh loi cht nhim,

nng cht nhim, thi gian tip xc v tnh trngsc khe ca ngi tip xcCon ngi c th b nh hng cp tnh nh ng

c (benzene), ngt (CO) dn n t vong khi tip xc

vi mi trng b nhim khng kh nng cao vb nh hng mn tnh t ri lon chc nng cc cquan trong c th, suy gim sc khe, tng bnh tt,gim tui th khi tip xc nng thp trong

khong thi gian di.


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CCCHT

TC NG

CO - Kim ch kh nng hp thu oxi ca hng cu- nh hng: thn kinh,tiu ha,h hp,no,tim v nh hng ti spht trin ca thai nhi

- Nhc u,suy nhc c th,chng mt,kh th

SO2 -Gy co tht cc loi c thng ca ph qun-nh hng ti chc nng ca phi,gy vim phi,vim ph qun

mn tnh-Gy bnh tim mch,tng mn cm vi ngi b bnh hen

NO2 -Tn thng nim mc phi,tng nguy c nhim trng v mc ccbnh ng h hp. c bit cc nhm mn cm nh trem,ngi gi,ngui b bnh hen

-Gim chc nng mt,mi,hngO3 -Gy tn thng cc m v t bo c th

-Gim chc nng phi,gy tc ngc ,kh th

BI -Bi h hp c th xm nhp su tn ph nang,gy cc bnh ng h hp,tim mch,tiu ha,mt,da,ung th


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Cng vi vic mi trng khng kh b nhimdn n gia tng kh nng hp th bc x mt tri

ca kh quyn v hiu ng nh knh do kh thi CO2cng tr ln r rt m hu qu chung l nhit trung bnh ca tri t tng ln. l vn m lnton cu c cc nh mi trng hc cp nhiu

n trong thi gian gn y.Mt vn khc ca nhim kh quyn l s

mng i ca tng zn. Vic s dng nhiu cccht CFC trong nhng nm gn y li s tch

ly chng trong tng bnh lu kh quyn. Cc chtCFC lm hy hoi tng zn l tm l chn tia cctm cho tri t, em li nhiu tc hi xu cho sinh vtv con ngi


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HIN TRNG1. TRN TH GiI

Hngnm c:20 t tn cacbon ixt1, 53 triu tn SiO2Hn 1 triu tn niken

700 triu tn bi 1,5 triu tn asen900 tn coban600.000 tn km (Zn), hi thu ngn (Hg), hi ch

(Pb) v cc cht c hi khc.

nhim mi trng kh quyn to nn s ngtngt v "sng m", gy nhiu bnh cho con ngi.N cn to ra cc cn ma axt lm hu dit cc khurng v cc cnh ng.


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iu ng lo ngi nht l con ngi thi vo khngkh cc loi kh c nh: CO2, NOx, CH4, CFC gy

hiu ng nh knh.CO2 : 50%CH4 : 13%Ozon tng i lu: 7%

Nit : 5%CFC : 22%Hi nc tng bnh lu 3%

Trong vng 30 nm ti mt nc bin s dng ln

t 1, 5 3, 5 m (Stepplan Keckes).C nhiu kh nng lng CO2 s tng gp i vona u th k sau qa trnh nng ln ca Tri tdin ra nhanh chng. Nhit trung bnh ca Tri t

s tng khong 3, 60C (G.I.Plass).


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Theo cc ti liu kh hu quc t,hn 130nm qua nhit Tri t tng 0, 4C.

n nm 2050 nhit ca Tri t s

tng thm 1, 5 4, 50C nu nh con ngikhng c bin php hu hiu khc phc hintng hiu ng nh knh.

Mt hin trng na ca nhim kh quyn

l hin tng l thng tng zn. CFC l "k phhoi" chnh ca tng zn.


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L thng tng zn ti Cc Nam ln nht t trc tinay vi din tch l 17,6 triu km2. nh SpaceDaily.Thng 11/2006


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2. Vit NamTheo s liu quan trc v phn tch hin trng mi trng,

ch c nhng ni xa thnh ph, khu cng nghip, xa ng giaothng nng bi trong khng kh mi mc di hoc xp xtiu chun cho php (TCCP).

Cc loi kh c nh SO2, NO2 hin ang e da mt skhu cng nghip.

i vi 13 khu cng nghip c quan trcSO2: C 3 khu (chim 13%) vt TCCP- Khu cng nghip Bin Ha (c), gp 3 - 4 ln TCCP- Khu nh my xi mng Hi Phng- Khu cng nghip Thng nh (H Ni).

NO2- Khu cng nghip Bin Ha (c) vi nng trung bnh l

0,177 mg/m3, gp 1,8 ln TCCP.- Qun Ph Nhun (TP.H Ch Minh), Khu cng nghip Tr

Nc (Cn Th) c nng kh NO2 xp x TCCP


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Trong cc thnh ph v th x kho st th

mc n giao thng TP.H Ch Minh l cao nht,ng nhim ting n t ti 84, 3 dBATrung bnh ca 3 ng ph TP.H Ch Minh l

80,6 dBA (vt TCCP l 10 dBA).

Trc giao thng Rch Gi (79,9 dBA)Bn xe Cn Th (78,4 dBA)Trc th x Long An (76 dBA)Ph Nguyn c Cnh- Hi Phng (75,1 dBA)

ng Trn Hng o, H Ni (72,3 dBA),Trc th x C Mau (73,5 dBA)... u l nhng nib nhim ting n.


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ng thi hot ng nng nghip nc ta cn gyra nhim mi trng do pht thi cc cht kh nh:

- CH4 t phn hu c v phn ng vt- N2O v NO t phn m- CO2 v cc loi kh c khc do t cc sn phm

sinh hc, cc ph thi nng nghip v t rng lm

nng ry v.v... nc ta cc kh "nh knh" pht thi t ngun dohot ng nng nghip ch yu l:

+ CH4 t canh tc la vi s lng vo khong 3,5 tn

+ N2O t phn m vi lng khong 0,06 tn.Trong tng lai nu cc hot ng nng nghip vnduy tr mc trong nhng nm qua th tc gia tnghng nm ca lng pht thi CH4 v N2O s vo

khong 4 n 6%.

,


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Nhn chung, lng kh thi gy nhim mitrng khng kh nc ta cn thp so vi cc nc

cng nghip pht trin nh :kh cacbon ixit mi vo khong 125 triutn/nm

s dng cc ha cht nhn to lm suy gim tng

zn khong 450 tn/nm.Chnh ph Vit Nam c nhiu bin php, chnhsch, lut php, chng trnh v s h tr ca cc tchc quc t nhm hn ch thi cc loi kh c hi,

c bit l kh thi cacbon ixit vo kh quyn v loitr dn vic s dng cc cht lm suy gim tng znhng ng tch cc Cng c Vin v Ngh nh thMng-r-an v bo v tng zn.


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IV: GII PHP

1. Trn th gii (CA. USA) hng lot cc bin php c p dng, trong ng ch c nhng vn nh sau:

1. S dngxngkhngpha ch

1983- Chng trnh bo dng v kim sot xec thit lp 64 thnh ph

1985- Tiu chun thi nghim ngt i vi xe c1989- Gii hn s bay hi i vi xng1992- s dng nhin liu giu xy ti nhng TP

c mc CO cao1999- xut tiu chun thi mc 2.

.


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2. C lut l y v c c quan qun l mnh3. y mnh cg tc gim st mi trng khng kh4. Kim tra khi thi ca xe

5. S dng nhin liu schS dng xe dng inChuyn i xe s dng nhin liu l xng hay

du iezen thnh xe s dng nhin liu l kh ha lng

hoc kh thin nhinS dng cc loi nhin liu khc nh

Hydrozen,Mthanol,Ethanol.nhin liu giuxy(oxygenated),nng lng mt tri

6. Hn ch s bay hi ca nhin liu7. Bin php k thut tng cng s chy8. Cc bin php h tr khc:Gio dc nhnthc,khuyn khch s dng phng tin cngcng,dng chung xe,dng xe p


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2. VIT NAM- Phi tng cng kim sot v nh gi tc hi ca vic

thi cc cht c hi gy nhim bu khng kh.

- Phi c bin php ch ng, tin ti chm dt vic thikhi, bi, cht c ca cc ngnh cng nghip, giao thng vn ti,nng nghip vo mi trng p dng "cng ngh sch"trong cng nghip; nguyn liu "sch" trong cng nghip; nguynliu "sch" cho phng tin vn ti; hn ch vic s dng thuctr su, phn bn ha hc m p dng cc phng php vi sinhtrong nng nghip...

- Ngn chn nn t rng, khai thc rng ba bi, xydng cc vnh ai rng, vnh ai xanh ngn chn ct bay,

chn bi.- Tip tc hon thin cc vn bn php lut v bo v mitrng.

- Tng cng tuyn truyn, gio dc mi ngi c thchn ch vic x thi cc cht nhim t sinh hot vo bu kh

quyn


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Hng vn dng ViT NAM

1. Bin php qun l.2. Bin php quy hoch, u t xy dng: nht l ivi mng li ng s.3. Hn ch s gia tng phng tin vn chuyn mt

cch t pht4. S dng nhin liu sch5. Ci thin k thut xe my nhm gim bt s phtthi kh nhim t xe c v s dng cc bin php n

gin gim s bay hi nhin liu.6. Tng cng kim sot s pht thi nh kim tra sthi khi, kim nh k thut my mc.7. Bin php gio dc cng ng


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II- HIN TRNG NHIM KHNG KH

1. Th gii

T chc Kh tng Th gii (WMO) c tr sti Geneva cho bit, nhim khng kh lnguyn nhn gy t vong ca 2 triu ngimi nm trn th gii.

Theo Len Barrie, chuyn gia ca WMO, nhim khng kh khin tui th ca con ngic th gim t 4 n 36 thng.


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Theo nghin cu " nhim khng kh th

cc thnh ph chu " do Lin Hip Qucthc hin, cc nh khoa hc cnh bo rng tnhtrng nhim khng kh ang e da ti sckhe v cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dnchu .

y thc s l mt thch thc ln i vichu bi mi nm c ti 600.000 ngi tvong do tnh trng nhim khng kh.

nhim trm trng nhiuthnh ph ca Trung Quc


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2. Vit Nam

Theo cc chuyn gia, mi trng khng kh nc ta tng i tt, nhng cht lng mi

trng khng kh cc thnh ph ln, mt s khu cng nghip v lng ngh ang ngycng suy gim.

Khi trng nh ra t Cng ty C

phn Xi mng Si Sn.

Mt l gch ang x khi


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III- NH HNG CA NHIM KHNG KH N SC KHO CON NGI

T chc Y t th gii (WHO) c tnh rng nhim khng kh l nguyn nhn ca ba triu

trng hp t vong sm hng nm trn ton th gii.

C mt s lin kt c bit ca tnh trng ny vi s pht trin kinh t nhanh chng ccquc gia ngho v trung bnh. cc quc gia pht trin, cht lng khng kh c cithin t nhng nm 1950 v vn cn bng chng v s lin quan gia nhim khng khvi t vong.


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1. Cc loi bi

nh ngha: Bi l mt tp hp nhiu ht vt cht v c hoc hu c, c kch thc nh

b tn ti trong khng kh di dng bi bay, bi lng v cc h kh dung gm hi, khi,m.

nhim bi nh hng ti sc khe ngi dn


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2. Cacbon monoxit (CO)

Bng 2:Hu qu ca s nhim c CO nng khc nhau

Nng CO, ppm % chuyn ha

HbO2HbCO

nh hng i vi conngi

10 2 Lm gim kh nngphn on v gic quan,au u chng mt, mt

mi

100 15 au u, chng mt, mtmi nhiu

250 32 Bt tnh750 60 Cht sau vi gi

1000 66 Cht rt nhanh


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5. Ch (Pb) v cc hp cht ca ch

Ch rt c i vi ngi v ng vt. Ch qua ng h hp, tiu ha v gyc cho h thn kinh, s to mu v ri lon tiu ha.

Ngi b nhim ch c th b au bng, to bn km theo huyn p cao, suy nhc thnkinh, ri lon cm gic, t lit, gim bch cu, vim d dy, vim rut

6. PAH

Mt s cht ny c kh nng gy bnh ung th m tiu biu l benzopyren.Bi thanmn c hp ph PAH s mang PAH vo ng h hp.

M hng sinh ra t ng c iezen b nghi l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ung th.


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7. Thy ngn (Hg)

Thy ngn l mt kim loi nng

Ngi dng thy ngn i vng khngnhng gy hi cho chnh bn thn v gia nhm cn u c nhng lng mc gn khicht c ny thot ra mi trng.

S nhim c thy ngn gy nn nhng thng tn trung tm thn kinh vi triu chng runry, kh khn trong din t, gim st tr nh ... v nng hn na c th gy t lit, nghnhngng, ni lp, thao cung.

n compact cha thy ngn c thgy hi cho sc kho v mi trng


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Dng xng km cht lng lm tngnng benzen, ch trong khng kh.

8. Benzen (C6H6)

Benzen l mt cht lng d bay hi, khi

hn hp vi khng kh c th gy n.

Benzen xm nhp vo c th ngi quada (tip xc trc tip) v qua phi.

Khi xm nhp, chng 75-90% cc th thi ra trong vng na gi;phn cn li tch lu trong m, tuxng, no, sau c bi tit rtchm ra ngoi.


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9. Kh NOx (cc oxit nit)

Trong kh quyn c nhiu loi nit oxit, nhng ch yu l nit oxit (NO) v nit dioxit(NO2). , khi ch tip xc trong vi pht vi nng NO2 trong khng kh 5 phn triu

c th gy nh hng xu n phi.

Bng 4: nh hng nhim c NO2 vi nng khc nhau i vi ngi

Nng NO2,ppm

Thi gian u cHu qu n sc

khe con ngi

Hu qu n sckhe con ngi

50-100 Di 1h Vim phi trong 6-8tun

150-200 Di 1h Ph hy dy kh

qun, s cht nuthi gian u c l

3-5 ngy tun.

500 2-10 Cht


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9.Kh clo v cc hp cha Clo

Kh clo gy c hi cho ngi v ng vt. Tip xc vi mi trng c nng Clo caos b xanh xao, vng vt, bnh tt v c th b cht.

Nc kh trng clo c th khin tr

cht ngay khi sinh

Kh HCl khng mu gy nhim c ng h hp, hp th lp mng nhy,mi, phi,mt, mingc th gy cht ngi nng cao.

Kh clo rt c


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10. Flo (F2)

Ngi dn thn Ho Hip, x BnhTng, huyn Ty Sn, Bnh nh vnang dng nc ging nhim fluor cao

gp... 500 hm lng cho php!

Flo c i lc cao vi canxi nn thngtc ot canxi ca c th.

Hp cht axt HF dng kh, c th b htvo phi. Ngi b nhim HF s b auxng c, ho ra m hoc ra mu, ph n

phi.

Nu nc n giu Flo, ngi dngthng b mn rng, lm cho xng bxp, to ra cc ch rn xng, ct hody chng v gn, lm xng b rn dgy.c th gy hi chng co cng c,

suy tim mch.


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11. Hydro sulfur (H2S)

Kh H2S l kh khng mu mi trng thi,rt c, ch 0,05 mg H2S trong 1 lt khng kh gy ng c, chng mt, nhc u thm ch cht nu th lu trong H2S.

Vi nng 5ppm gy nhc u kh chu.

Vi nng 150 PPm gy tn thng b phn h hp.

Vi nng 500 PPm ngi s b tiu chy v vim cung phi.

Vi nng 700 900 PPm, H2S vn c th xuyn qua mng phi v i vomch mu, c th gy cht ngi.


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13. Thuc bo v thc vt

Khi dng thuc, thuc c th i vo trong thn cy, qu, hoc dnh bm cht trn l, qu.

Ngi v ng vt n phi cc loi nng sn ny c th b ng c tc thi n cht,hoc nhim c nh, t t gy nh hng nghim trng n sc kho.

T vong do thuc tr suThuc tr su DiaZan 10H, th phm git c


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15. Ting n

Ting n tc ng n tai, sau tc ng n h thn kinh trung ng, nh hng n bno gy au u, chng mt, s hi, gin d v c, ri n h tim mch, d dy v cc cquan khc, nh hng ti s hot ng bnh thng ca tun hon mu, lm tng huyt p.

Ting n vi cng ln, ko di, nh

hng xu ti sc khe con ngi.

Ci xe, th phm gy ting n


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IV- BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM KHNG KH

S dng xng khng pha ch

C lut l y v c c quan qun l

y mnh cng tc gim st mi trng khng kh

Kim tra khi thi ca xe

S dng nhin liu sch

Hn ch s bay hi ca nhin liu

Cc bin php h tr khc: gio dc nhn thc, khuyn khch s dng phng tincng cng, khuyn khch dng chung xe (Carpool), khuyn khch dng xe p...


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Hng vn dng Vit Nam:

Bin php qun l: cn c mt c quan mnh m trch cng tc khng ch nhimdo hot ng giao thng vn ti.Vi c cu hin ti trch nhim ny c chia s cho

nhiu n v nn kt qu khng cao.

Bin php quy hoch, u t xy dng: Nht l i vi mng li ng s.

Hn ch s gia tng phng tin vn chuyn mt cch t pht

S dng nhin liu sch

Ci thin k thut xe my nhm gim bt s pht thi kh nhim t xe c v sdng cc bin php n gin gim s bay hi nhin liu.

Tng cng kim sot s pht thi.

Bin php gio dc cng ng.


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CC CHT NHIM TRONG T


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II Hin trng nhim t


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II.Hin trng nhim t1.Trn th giiMi nm, th gii c khong 25 t tn t mt b ra tri,khong hai t ha t canh tc v t trng trn th gii b suythoi do b con ngi s dng thiu khoa hc v khng c quyhoch. Vn nhim kim loi nng trong t ngy cng ngquan tm do nh hng trc tip n sc khe con ngi v cytrng.

2.Ti Vit NamTheo Bo co Hin trng mi trng quc gia 2005 : Vit Nam s dng nhiu loi phn bn hoa hc tnhng nm u thp k 60 khi nh my super ln v phn

ln nung chy bt u hot ng.Mt s kt qu iu tra chothy lng phn bn ha hc s dng Vit Nam trungbnh l 62,7kg/ha vo nm 1985 v 73,5 kg/ha vo nm1990(trung bnh ca th gii l 95,4 kg/ha vo nm 1990).

III Ngun gc nhim t


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III.Ngun gc nhim t1.1Ngun gc t nhin:Do hot ng ca ni la,ngp ng,t b mn doxm nhp thy triu,t b vi lp do ct bay,sa mcha.1.2Ngun gc nhn sinh: nhim t do cc cht thi sinh hot.:

nhim t do cht thi cng nghip nhim t do hot ng nng nghip

2.Theo cc tc nhn gy nhim: nhim t do tc nhn ho hc: nhim t do kim loi nng

nhim do tc nhn vt l. nhim do tc nhn sinh hc.


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CHNG 2:CC CHT NHIM CHNH TRONG TV NH HNG CA CHNG N MT, SINH VT.

I.NHM KIM LOI NNG.1.Nhm-c cht nhm (Al): Al l nguyn t kim loi phbin nhaatstrong v tri t, l cation trao i trongt. c cht nhm tn ti trong mi trng khi dng ha tr +3(Al 3+), gi tr PH < 4,5 th Al 3+ckh nng ha tan rt cao. Al 3+(Al 3+c tng quancht vi pH, ham lng Al 3+c th tn ln gp 10ln tng ng vi pH gim xung 1 n v. Ccth nghim ca L Huy B (1982) chng t quan hgia Al 3+ v pH c dng hypebon vi ng timcn di c pH=2,35.


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V d:

i vi cy la th hin ngay r( r b bin dng ,chunli v d gy.Nu ng c nhm cao th r la ngn,rng ht long ht v cht.Al 3+ l mt c cht nguy

him trong giai on ba l tht.Theo L Huy B(1982), nng Al 3+ =135ppm trong dung dch dinh dngkonsc bt u c nh hng nht l vi ging chu

c km, 150ppm th c du hiu cht v n 600ppm

th cht nhiu . 1000ppm trong 20 ngy th cy lacht nhiu nh b luc nc si.


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2.StTrong t thong kh, st tn ti ch yu dngFe.S bin i trng thi t Fe2+ sang Fe3+ phthuc vo iu kin oxy ha - kh ca t. Tuy

nhin, Fe2+ d ha tan trong nc c tnhchua.Trong iu kin c oxy, Fe d dng b oxyha thnh Fe3+ c mu vng nu , Fe3+ c ha tan thp nn t gy c ha hc nhng Fe3+

c th bm vo r cy lm cho kh nng trao icht ca cy b hn ch(L Huy B 1982 )


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4.Caimi.Bn thn nguyn t Cd khng c nhng hp chtca n th c hi nhiuCd sinh ra do cc hot ng cng nghip luynkim,lc du,khai khong,m kim loi,ng dnnc.N c tnh c vi thc vt.Trong MT chua, tan cu Cd tng v c s tngCy trng khc nhau th lng ht Cd v tn lu Cdcng khc nhau.Ni chung cc loi cy h unhiu hn cy h la,cy rau ht Cd t,cn cy n quht tng i nhiu Cd


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5.Crm.Trong cng nghip nhum len,m,thuc da,sn xut

gm,sn xut cht n.Cr 6+ rt c i vi ngvt,thc vt,lm vng cy la m v la,Cr trong tkh tan cy kh ht.Loi cy khc nhau ht Cr6+ v Cr3+ cng khcnhau.V d cy thuc l ht Cr 6+ c tnh chnlc,cy ng khng ht Cr6+,cy la ht c 2 loinhng ht Cr6+ nhiu hn.


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6.Thy ngn.Trong cng nghip luyn kim,sn xut pin,t bo thy

ngn,n hunh quang,nhit k,thuc bo v thcvt.Hg rt c i vi thc vt,ng vt v conngi.Khi hp cht Hg b oxy ha thnh Hg Kl ri xuthin di dang hi Hg th c th qua kh khng ca l

nhp vo cy.Di tc dng ca VSV ym kh Hg2+ c th to raHg(CH3)2 v ion CH3Hg+.cht ny ha tan trong ncc th b cy ht,bi vy trong iu kin ngp nc s

gy c cho cy laV d: Nht Bn t b nhim Hg rt nng Nht Bn s dng 6800 tn Hg hm lng Hg trong go t0,02 ppm tng ln 0,15 ppm(t nm 1946-1966)


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2.KH CO.

-Kh CO khi tip xc vi t c th thamgia vo thnh phn cc kh trong t,lmhi cc ng vt trong t do kh nng

to phc vi hngcu(cacboxylhemoglobin) lm mu khngth vn chuyn oxy v cn tr h hp.Mtphn CO c hp th trong keo

t,phn cn li c oxy ha thnh CO2nh cc sinh vt v oxy trong t,sau chuyn thnh sinh khi nh cc vi khun

v nm trong t.


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1 Aldrin ( Aldrex, Aldrite ...)

2BHC, Lindane (Gamma - BHC, Gamma - HCH, Gamatox 15 EC, 20 EC,

Lindafor, Carbadan 4/4G;

Sevidol 4/4G ..)

3 Cadmium compound (Cd)

4 Chlordance (Chlorotox, Octachlor, Pentichlor ...)

5 DDT ( Neocid, Pentachlorin, Chlorophenothane ...)

6 Dieldrin (Dieldrex, Dieldrite, Octalox ...)

7 Eldrin (Hexadrin ...)

8 Heptachlor (Drimex, Heptamul, Heptox ...)

9 Isobenzen

10 Isodrin


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11 Lead compound (Pb)

12Methamidophos: (Dynamite 50 SC, Filitox 70 SC, Master 50 EC, 70 SC,

Monitor 50 EC, 60 SC, Isometha 50 DD, 60 DD, Isosuper 70 DD,Tamaron 50 EC ,...)

13 Methyl Parathion ( Danacap M25, M40; Folidol - M50 EC; Isomethyl 50ND; Metaphos 40 EC, 50 EC; (Methyl Parathion) 20 EC, 40 EC, 50 EC;Milion 50 EC; Proteon 50 EC; Romethyl 50 ND; Wofator 50 EC ...)

14Monocrotophos: (Apadrin 50SL, Magic 50 SL, Nuvacron 40 SCW/DD, 50

SCW/DD, Thunder 515 DD, ...)

15 Parathion Ethyl (Alkexon, Orthophos, Thiopphos ...)

16Sodium Pentachlorophenate monohydrate (Copas NAP 90 G, PDM 4 90

bt, P-NaF 90 bt, PBB 100 bt)

17 Pentachlorophenol (CMM 7 du lng, du tr mi M-4 1.2 lng)

18 Phosphamidon ( Dimeccron 50 SWC/DD)

19 Polychlorocamphene ( Toxaphene, Camphechlor ...)20 Stroban ( Polychlorinate of camphene)

Thuc trbnhhi cytrng


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Bn cht ca thuc bo v thc vt l nhng cht

ha hc tiu dit su bnh,nn d t hay nhiu khivo mi trng t cng gy nhim MT sinh thit.Do kh nng dit khun cao nn thuc bo v thc

vt ng thi cng dit nhiu vi sinh vt c li trongt,lm hot tnh sinh hc trong t gim.IV.CC CHT T DU M.

Khi du xm nhp vo t,chng lm thay i cu trc,ctnh l hc v ha hc ca t,chng bin cc ht keothnhtr,khng c kh nng hp ph v trao i na,lm chovai tr m,tnh oxy ha,tnh dn in,dn nhit ca MT tlm thay i mnh,gim tnh do v tnh dnh.


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V.Nhng nh hng do nhim t t cccht c ha hc khc

C rt nhiu cc cht c ha hc c sdng trong chin tranh,trong cng nghip vnng nghip,cc cht thi nguy him cng ivo MT t v gy nhim t.

Cht c Dioxyn:

Di i th t t kh kh


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- Dioxin c th c trong t, nc, khng kh,cc m bo ng thc vt v ngi.

- Khi vo c th ng vt v ngi, dioxin tcht nhiu trong m m, m c, sa. Thi gian c th chng ta thi tr c mt nalng dioxin phi mt 10 nm.Hin ti 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(tn gi tt l TCCD) c nh gi c mc gy c cao nht trong tt c cc cht trn.

nh hng ca dioxin


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nh hng ca dioxinC th tm tt cc tc hi do dioxin gy ra da trnnhng kt qu nghin cu khoa hc c cng bnh sau:- Dioxin c th l nguyn nhn gin tip ca nhiu loiung th nh ung th phi, gan, thn, ung th v, ungth ty xng...- nh hng n qu trnh sinh sn v pht trin cabo thai.- Gim kh nng min dch ca c th- Gy d tt bm sinh, bnh i ng, nh hng nda v chc nng ca da,tc- nh hng n tr no v nhiu nh hng khc


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Nhng quan im v mc nhim dioxin sau chin tranh ti Vit NamRt nhiu nh khoa hc M, Vit Nam v cc nc khc nghin cu v chtc da cam s dng trong chin tranh Vit Nam, mc tn d dioxin trongmi trng v nh hng ca n n sc khe ngi dn Vit Nam sngtrong vng b ri cht c cng nh th h con chu ca h sau ny. Nhiunghin cu c tin hnh trn cc cu chin binh M v cc nc khc tng tham chin ti Vit Nam. a s cc nghin cu u khng nh v tchi lu di ca dioxin trong cht c da cam. Tuy nhin, do vic s dng cc

quy trnh nghin cu (cc protocol) theo ch ca tc gi nn mt s ktqu ph nhn mi lin h trc tip gia cht c da cam v nh hng can n sc khe ngi Vit Nam. Mt v d in hnh l Vin Y t Hoa k(IOM) c tnh lng dioxin-TCDD trong xp x 19,5 triu thng cht c dacam M ri trong chin tranh Vit Nam ch khong 170kg trong khi theocch tnh ca Stellman v cng s (2003) th khi lng c tnh xp x700kg.


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CHNG 3:Nhng gii php ci to t nhim

1.X l nhim t ti chPhng php c nh cht nhim bng

dng in

Phng php c lpPhng php x l th ngPhng php bay hiPhng php phn hy sinh hcPhng php x l bng thc vtPhng php ngm chit


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2.X l t b nhim sau khi bckhi v tr

Phng php x l bng mt tPhng php nhitPhng php trn vi nha ng asphaltPhng php ng khiPhng php chit ha hcPhng php bc v chn lp


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CHNG III :KT LUN V KIN NGH

KT LUNt c vai tr v chc nng quan trng i vi con

ngi.Nhng ngy nay con ngi v ang tc ngxu n mi trng t nh s dng t sai mc ch,ph rng, thi vo t lng cht thi qu ngng cho

php ca mi trng t..v..v. VIT NAM do hn ch vmt kinh t v khoa hc k thut th vic x l v ci tot cha em li hiu qu cao.Vn t ra l bo v mi trng t th trc tin chng ta phi x ltrit ngun thi trc khi thi vo mi trng t.Mic nhn, mi t chc cn c thc v trch nhim vivic chng nhim t. Bo v t l bo v chnhchng ta.

KIN NGH


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Nhng kin ngh ca nhm vi vic s dng v bo v mitrng t l:Vi cc c quan t chc nh nc:

Ban hnh cc lut v x pht cc hnh vi x thi vo mi trngt m cha qua x l gy nh hng xu n mi trng t kc vi s lng t.Qui hoch s dng t mt cch hp l

Tip tc trin cc d n ph xanh t trng i ni trc, bo v ttcc rng phng h.T chc cc lp hun luyn cho b con nng dn s dng ccm hnh kinh t nh R-VAC hay VAC vo sn xut , hun luyn vcc k thut sn xut cho ngi dn..v.v.

Pht ng cc cuc thi v cc tng s dng hp l ti nguynt, bin php x l, ci to t, phng php x l cht thi trckhi thi vo t...


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CC CHT NHIM DNGCC CHT NHIM DNG

V C V PHNG XV C V PHNG X


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CHNG I: MT S KHI NIM 1. Ti nguyn nc. bao gm nc mt, nc ma, nc di t, nc bin c s dng

nng nghip, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, sinh hot ... 2. nhim Nc nhim nc l a vo cc ngun nc tc nhn l, ha, sinh hc v

nhit khng c trng v thnh phn,hm lng i vi mi trng ban un mc c kh nng gy nh hng xu n s pht trin bnh thngca mt loi sinh vt hoc thay i tnh cht ca mi trng ban u.

Nc b nhim:l thnh phn ca n tn ti cc cht khc, c th gy hicho con ngi v sv 3. nhim cht v c nhim cht v c l: s nhim mi trng gy ra bi cc loi phn bn ho cht

v c, cc khong axit, cht lng, cc nguyn t vt trong nc 4. nhim cht phng x L

s nhim mi trng gy ra bi cc cht phng x nguy him.c bitl cc cht phng x khng b tiu hu ,m n t phn hu theo thi gian.

CHNG II: THNG S C BN NH GI CHT


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LNG NCBng: Thng s chnh xc nh cht lng nc cp cho mt s mc

ch s dng

(ngun: gio trnh c s mi trng nc )Mc ch s dng Thng s chnh cn quan trc

Nng lng DO, pH

Ti tiu Cht rn ha tan, dn in

Nc ung mu, c, cng, sinh vtgy bnh, cht hu c

Nc cng nghip cng, pH, DO

Giao thong Cht rn l lng, pH

Ngh c DO, thuc tr su, CO2, pH, kimloi nng

Gii tr Sinh vt gy bnh, pH

CHNG III: NGUN GY NHIM NC DO CHT V CV PHNG X


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V PHNG X

1.Nguyn nhn gy nhim nc

- nhim t nhin: do qu trnh pht trin v cht i ca cc loi thcvt, ng vt c trong ngun nc, hoc l do nc ma ra tri cc chtgy nhim t trn mt t chy vo ngun nc.

- nhim nhn to :ch yu l do x nc thi sinh hot v cng nghipvo ngun nc

2. Du hiu c trng ca nc b nhim.- C xut hin cc cht ni trn b mt v cc cn lng

- Thay i tnh cht l hc

- Thay i thnh phn ho hc

- DO trong nc gim- Cc VSV thay i v loi v s lng. xut hin cc vi trng gy bnh

- 3. Tnh trng chung

3.1 Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii

+ Hoa K: Vng i h b nhim nng,c bit l h Erie, Ontario

+ Anh Quc: u th k 19, sng Tamise rt sch. N tr thnh ng cng lthin vo gia th k ny


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thin vo gia th k ny.

+ Nc Php: Cui th k 18. cc sng ln v nc ngm khng dng lmnc sinh hot c na, 5.000 km sng ca Php b nhim mn tnh.

3.2. Tnh trng nhim nc Vit Nam. Nng nghip l ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht, vic s dng nng dc

v phn bn ho hc cng gp thm phn nhim mi trng.

Cng nghip l ngnh lm nhim nc quan trng,to ra ngun nc thicng nghip v sinh hot rt ln, lm nhim bn sng rch,

Nc dng trong sinh hot ca dn c ngy cng tng do tng dn s vcc th. Chung c trc tip thi ra mi trng, cha qua x l g c.

Nc ngm cng b nhim, do nc sinh hot hay cng nghip v nngnghip. vic khai thc trn lan nc ngm .

4.Ngun gy nhim

4.1. Chtv c nhim ho hc do cht v c:

Nhim c ch (Saturnisne): c s dng lm cht ph gia trong xngrt c i vi sinh vt thy sinh.

S nhim do cc cht khong.


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Do thi vo nc cc cht nitrat, phosphat,dng trong nng nghip v luynkim


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kim. Thy ngn di dng hp cht rt c i vi sinh vt v ngi. S nhim nc do nitrat v phosphat t phn ho hc nhim vt l Cc cht rn khng tan;thi vo nc lm tng lng cht l lng,tng

c ca nc. Cc cht ny c th l gc v c hay hu c *) Mt s ngun gy nhim nc dng v c: Ti cc nh my sn xut gch v cc l gch t nhn.

*Cng ngh sn xut tm lp .

Cc c s sn xut c kh 4.2. Cht phng x - Cht thi phng x v cht thi t vic khai thc Uran. Nhim x thng xy ra i vi ngun h. Ngun kn c cc cht phng x

c cha trong v bc kn an ton nn t c kh nng gy ra nhim x Hng ngy vn c hng nghn sn phm nhim x tri ni trn th trng

cc m sa khong ven bin cng l ni pht hin cc d thng phng x.

CHNG IV: NH HNG CA CC CHT NHIM


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NC DNG V C V PHNG X N CON NGIV SINH VT

1. Cht v c-Thu ngn (Hg): L cht t c trong t nhin, nhng nhim Hg rt ng s.

Hg t b phn hu sinh hc nn c khuynh hng tch t trong sinh vt thngqua chui v li thc n.

- Cr +6 gy ung th, vim lot d dy

- Ni : tc ng n h hp- Mui km: gy co git- Kim loi trong nc thi cha c x l s ngm vo t gy

nhim nc ngm.2. Cht phng x Ngun nc nhim phng x ngm vo cy ci, ng vt ung phi, ho

tan vo ngun nc sinh hot ca con ngi, tch lu vo c th. y chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn nhng t bin d dng, bnh tt, cho

cc c th sng y chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn nhng t bin d dng, bnh tt, cho

cc c th sng


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Cht phng x c th nh hng ti chc nng ca c th, lu di c

th gy mt s bnh ung th. Nhng ngi b nh hng phng x vi nng thp c nhng bin

i i vi mu, chng mt, mt mi, gy qui thai, m mt, tr n.

Nu b tc ng ca tia phng x vi nng cao s b cht ch sau vigi

Nu b nh hng phng x mc liu chiu rt cao trong thi gianngn (mt vi pht), c th xut hin cc triu chng nh nn ma, auu, nhc u chng mt; nng hn c th b chy, thm ch dn ti tvong.


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B sung thm t sch gio khoa

CHNG V: MT S KIN NGH V GII PHP KHC PHC


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i vi ngun gy nhim l cc cht v c.

- Sn xut tm lp: dng khi l kt hp s dng axit gim lng kim

trong nc thi, xy dng h thng s dng kh thi, b lng, nhm mbo nc thi sau khi x l t tiu chun qui nh i vi nc thi CN

-Sn xut c kh: tin hnh theo phng php trao i ion, tin hnhphn ly nc thi c cha cc kim loi crm, niken t phn xng c kh.

i vi ngun gy nhim l cc cht phng x:

Sau khi iu tra, bn giao kt qu v mc nhim phng x cavng, a phng c th qun l, ng thi bo v mi trng sngcho cng ng dn c.

Tuyn truyn cho cng ng dn c bit tc hi ca cc cht phng x.

vn ng dn c c cc bin php phng nga tin hnh khm sc kho cho cng ng dn c trong vng hai nm/ln

Chnh quyn a phng tuyt i khng cp t mi cc vng khngan ton phng x

khng nn s dng ngun nc sng, sui, nc ngm nhng khu vc

khng an ton phng x.


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c hc v cc cht nhimc hc v cc cht nhim

mi trng ncmi trng nc


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S hi l t t ht i l i t


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Ngun gc

Ngun t nhin Ngun nhn to

+ Nc thi sinh hot+ Nc thi cng nghip+ ch yu l do ma

S nhim nc l s c mt ca mt s cht ngoi lai trongmi trng nc t nhin d cht c hi hay khng. Khi vtqua mt ngng cho php th cht s tr nn c hi i vicon ngi v sinh vt.


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Ccthngs

nhimmitrngnc

Gi tr pH ca nc

Mu (V: Pt- Co)

Nhu cu oxy tng cng _ TOD(V:mg/l)

Nhu cu oxy sinh ho _ COD

(V:mg/l)

Nhu cu oxy ho hc _ BOD(V:mg/l)

Hm lng cc KL v KL nng (V:mg/l)

P tng s, P hu c (V : mg/l)

Tng cacbon hu c_TOC (V: mg/l)

Nhm cc cht nhim mi trng nc


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- Cht hu c d bphn hu trong mi

trng nc

- Cc vi sinh

vt gy bnh

- Cc ha cht tnghp bn vng

- Cht dinhdng thc vt:

-Cc chtphng x

-Cc cht vc v khong

cht

c hc v cc cht nhim mi trng nuc

Cht hu c d b phn hu trong mi trng nc


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Cc cht ny xut pht t cc cng thi nc sinh hot, cht thi cngnghip, tri chn nui. Nc b nhim cn mt lng oxy cao cung cpcho vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht, do lm suy gim oxy ha tan trongnc dn ti s cht ca ng vt thy sinh. Ngoi ra cc sn phm caqu trnh phn hy cht hu c c th tr thnh c cht i vi thy sinh.

p g g


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ASEN

Asen (As) l cht c i vi sinh vt v c nhiu

c hc v cc cht nhim mi trng nucCc cht v c v khong cht


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Asen (As) l cht c i vi sinh vt v c nhiutrong nc thi, nc sinh hot ni s dng nhiu cc loithuc BVTV v ni cha nhiu cht thi cng nghip, nht lcng nghip ch bin thy tinh, gm, thuc da, thucnhumasen c th c trong nc my, nc ging khoan, aoh, b lc, nc un si, thm ch c nc ng chai.

Lng As cho php trong nc ung l 10ppbtng ng

0,01mg asen/lt nhng trn thc t hm lng ny thng gp2 - 50 ln nhiu vng ti vit Nam. l nc ng th hai trnth gii, sau Bangladesh v t l nhim asen.

Ngi nhim asen rt kh pht hin do nhng triu chng

ca bnh phi t 5 - 15 nm sau mi xut hin. Ng c asenc hai dng: Ng c cp tnh c triu chng ging nh bnh t,xut hin rt nhanh, c th l ngay sau khi n phi asen. Ngcmn tnh xy ra do tch ly liu lng nh asen trong thigian di. Asen c th gy sy thai i vi ph n ang mang

thai.

c hc v cc cht nhim mi trng nucCc cht phng x


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nhim phng x bt ngun nc t cc ngun nc thi ticc khu khai khc m qung phng x, hot ng ca cc lphn ng ht nhn. Cc cht ny lm cht hoc lm thay icu trc vt liu di truyn, hot ng trao i cht, qu trnhsinh trng v pht trin ca sinh vt.

Nng ca phng x trong mi trng thay i tng vng a

cht. Ph bin nht l cc ng v phng x Kalium- 40,Uranium- 238, Thorium- 232, v Radium- 220.. l phng xt nhin.

Mc tc ng ca tia bc x ln con ngi c tnh bng

n v mSilvert (hay k hiu mSv), hay pico Curie (k hiu(pCi).


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b.Tnhtrngnhimnc VitNam:


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_ Nng nghip l ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht, dng

nc ti la v hoa mu, ch yu l ng bng SngCu Long v sng Hng. Vic s dng nng dc v phnbn ha hc ngy cng gp phn lm nhim mi trngnc_ Khu cng nghip Thi Nguyn thi nc bin sng

Cu thnh mu en, mt nc si bt trn chiu di hngchc km. _ Khu cng nghip Vit Tr x mi ngy hngngn m3 nc thi ca nh my ha cht, thuc tr su,giy, dt xung sng Hng lm cho nc b nhim ng

k._Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, tnh trng nhim cng ang mc bo ng do nc thi sinh hot, nc thi ca ccngnh cng nghip khng qua x l hoc x l rt s siang thi thng vo mi trng

Phng php gii quytTrc tnh th Trc tnh trng ngun nc ngy cng


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g g g y gkhan him v lng nc b nhim tng vic qun lnc v cc yu cu bc thit t ra l:

_ Cc c s, c quan cc cp qun l cc ngun ncphi c cc phng php qun l c hiu qu.

_Kim sot cht lng lng nc thi ti cc cng ty, xnghip ch bin trc khi thi ra mi trng.

_p dng cc hnh lang php l i vi cc trng hp viphm tiu chun cht lng nc x thi i vi cc cnhn v doanh nghip.

_Tuyn truyn thc ngi dn trong vic bo v mitrng ni chung v vic bo v ngun nc ni ring

theo ch trng tit kim nc tc l tit kim tin_S dng nhng nhng m hnh x l nc nhim chiu qu.


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Kt lun

Ngy nay, vi s pht trin cng nghip, th v s bng ndn s lm cho ngun nc t nhin b hao kit v nhimdn. V th, con ngi phi bit x l cc ngun nc cp c s lng v m bo t cht lng cho mi nhu cu sn xut

cng nghip v sinh hot, cho chnh mnh v gii quyt hu quca chnh mnh. Vn x l nc ni chung ang tr thnh vn cp bch mang tnh cht x hi v chnh tr ca cng ng.


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S TC NG CA CC HPCHT HU C N NHIM NC


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I. KHINIM NHIMNC

nhim nc l: s thay i theo chiu xui cc tnh cht vt l ho hc sinh hc ca

nc, vi s xut hin cc cht l th lng,rn lm cho ngun nc tr nn c hi vicon ngi v sinh vt. Lm gim a dng

sinh vt trong nc


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Cc thng s nh gi nhim nc dohp cht hu c tng hp:

DO, COD, BOD, rn l lng, pH, c, mu sc, hn lng photpho, hmlng sunfat, hm lng nit trong

nc

II.HIN TRNG NHIM NC DO


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HP CHT HU C

nc ta hin cn lu mt khi lng kh lncc cht hu c nhim kh phn hy (POPs)tch t tp trung hoc phn tn trong mi trngt, c bit t thi k chin tranh. mt s

ni, ngi dn phi ln ting cu cu v bnh hng qa nng n v sc kho v mitrng sng.

Vit Nam v ang s dng khong 300 loi

thuc tr su, 200 loi thuc tr bnh, gn 150loi thuc tr c, 6 loi thuc dit chut v 23loi thuc kch thch sinh trng cy trng.

Hu Qu Nhim Cht c Mu Da Cam


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Trong , cht da cam l cht cc c, cc tnh cao gp trm nghn ln loi hocht mi trng c nht v hin cn tn

ti mt lng ln trong mi trng t ticc im nng thuc 3 sn bay: Nng,Bin Ho v Ph Ct.

Hu Qu Nhim Cht c Mu Da Cam


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Theo thng k s liu quan trc ti khu vc ccsng thuc khu vc H Long-Hi Phng, nng du trong nc trung bnh 0,26mg/l, ti khu

vc Vng Tu - Nng nng du trongnc trung bnh 0,29mg/l. Ti B Ra-VngTu nng du trong nc dao ng trongkhong 0,14 n 0,52mg/l u vt gii hn

Tiu chun Vit Nam

Nhim Du

CC CHT GY NHIM NC


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CC CHT GY NHIMNC

Nc thi: t cc ngun sinh hot, dch v,ch bin lng thc thc phm v cn nghipc cha mt lot a dng cc cht gy

nhim, bao gm cc cht nhim dng v c,hu c, vi sinh

Cc cht hu c tng hp: l cc cht hu

c tn ti kh lu trong nc v bn v mtsinh hc gy nhim nng cho ngun nc


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Cc cht dng v c: l cc cht v c cthi ra ch yu ngnh cng nghip trong c cc cht kim loi nng v khng phn hytrong mi trng rt c hi ch sc khe v

sinh vt Cc cht phng x: ch yu nhng c s

sn xutv kh ht nhn v nhng l phn

ng ht nhn chng i vo thy quyn v tcht phn ng trong h sinh thi thy quyn tcc ngun ht t nhin

Ho Cht Bo VTh Vt


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IV. S Tcng Ca

Cc ChtHu cGy

Nhim Nc

X Phng V ChtTy Ra

Thc Vt

Cc Cht Hu CTng Hp Khc

Du M

1. HA CHT BO V THC


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VT

Cy chtvnhimngunnc

nguyn nhn dng tn ti S tn lu cathuc bo v


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thc vt

- Do s dng thuc quliu so vi hng dn.

- lm dng v s dngkhng hp l cc loiho cht trong sn xut

nng nghip- thc ca ngi dncha cao trong v bo vmi trng: v bc, chaing thuc cn vt ba

bi, ra dng c phunthuc cn em xungdng sng.

- S dng thuc nmtrong danh mc cm

cht ha hc hu c cs dng nhm mc chbo v thc vt hoc ngvt hin nay c khong10.000 cht khc nhau,

- Cc hp cht hu c

- Cc hp cht hu cphotpho

-Nhm cacbamat( Thuc

c gy t c cho ng vtc v)

-Nhmclorophenoxyaxit(thuc dit c)

Tc ng ca thucbo v thc vt lnmi trng l donhng tnh chtch yu sau:

- D bay hi

- D ha tan trongnc v dung mi

- Bn i vi qu

trnh bin i sinhhc

C ch ngy nhim nc ca


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mt s cht Cc cht BVTV khi vo mi trng tha gia cc

qu trnh phn hy nh :

- qu trnh oxy ha dinh hc nh s c mt ca

vi sinh vt- Qu trnh oxy ha ha hc

- Qu trnh kh


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2 1 X PHNG


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2.1 X PHNG

X phng hay x bng l mt cht ty ra ccvt bn, vt du m. Thnh phn ca x phngl mui natri hoc kali ca axit bo. X phng

c dng di dng bnh, bt hoc cht lng x phng c phn loi thnh :

- X phng cng (cha natri)

- X phng mm (cha kali).

c ch gy c ca x phng


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g y p g

X phng l nhng mui ca axit bo bc cao nhnatri stearat C17H35COONa.

x phng phn ng vi cc anion ha tr 2 v to racc mui khng tan ca axit bo

2C17H35COO-Na + Ca2+ Ca(C17H35CO2)2+2Na+ Sn phm khng ha tan ny, thng l mui ca

magie v canxi chng hon ton khng cn hiu quca mt tc nhn lm sch na.do khi i vo h

thng nc thi hay h thng thy quyn n thngkt ta thnh mui canxi v magie.

CHT TY RACHT TY RA


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CHT TY RACHT TY RA

Cu to Cht ty ra gm 2 phn: phn a nc( gi l hydrophil)

v phn k nc(gi l hydrophot). Thngthng cht ty ra cha cc nhm chnh nh:cht hot ng b mt (10-30%), cc cht phgia(12%) v mt s cht n khc

C ch


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phn a nc s thm t vt cn ty, cn phn

k nc s cun cc cht bn tch ra khi vt cnty

S tn lu trong nc:

cht ty ra c mt trong nc thi s gy tr ngicho qu trnh x l do nhng ht huyn ph nh

bn vng di dng keo v gim hot tnh ca cc

tng sinh hc hay bn hot tnh. Ngoi ra ncthi cha lng ln bt x phng lm mt m quankhu vc.

Hu qu ca cht ty ra trong nc:


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Hu qu ca cht ty ra trong nc:-ph hu h sinh vt.- i vi ngi cht ty c th xm nhp quada.- Nu c dng trong thi gian di cc cht

ny s tch t trong cc c quan dn ti nhngnh hng cho no b, thn kinh ngoi bin,gan,- Gy kh da do b thm thu, gy t bin da,da b mng, nng c th b ung th da (do t

bo da b ph hu). Khi tip xc vi nh sngs gip qu trnh ph hu da nhanh hn

CC CHT HU C TNG HP KHC


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Cc cht hu c tng hp in hnh nhim nc nh:hp cht Hydrocacbon, hp cht halogen

hydrocacbon, polyclodibenzodioxin, hpcht photpho hu c, hp cht nito hu c,hp cht hu c kim loi, cht hot ngb mt, hp cht thin nhin,.

h


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C ch gy c

Cc hp cht hu c hydro cacbonmch thng v mch vng thng l snphm ca du m thng qua mt chui

cc qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn, giacng v s dng cc sn phm mchng c th di vo ngun nc gy

nhim nc.

c Hu qu:


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c. Hu qu:

i vi ngi v vt, cc hp cht thm nygy nn cc bnh mn tnh v cp tnh nh ung

th, nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng,mt v bnh ngoi da khi tip xc vi nc b nhim cc cht ny.

d. Cc gii php khc phc nhim do hph h


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cht hu c

Thay th mt s cc loi cht hu c mi it c hin mi trng hn nh. Yu cu cc KCN v CSSX c ngun thi phi hon

thnh cc cng trnh x l cht thi t TCVN, i

vi KCN v mt s CSSX c lu lng nc thi lnthi trc tip ra sng phi lp t thit b o lu lngv quan trc t ng mt s thng s nhim ctrng.

UBND tnh ch o cc c quan chuyn mn tngcng kim tra, thanh tra v yu cu cc CSSX vKCN khc phc NMT trn a bn


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u trnh ca d u m trongnc:


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nc:

Cc thnh phn nh ca du d bay hi, dphn hy bi cc vi sinhvt bin. cccycloparafin th phn hy chm v bn

Nhng thnh phn nng ca du rt kh phn

hy hay lng xung y v tp trung thnhnhng khi nha c sng nh vo b.

Du trong mi trng bin c vn chuynqua cc vng nh gi, dng hi lu, sng thy

triu. n cn chu nh hng ca nhiu qutrnh bay hi, ha tan, oxyhoa, nh tngha

Du trong mi trng bin c vnh h i d hi


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chuyn qua cc vng nh gi, dng hi

lu, sng thy triu. n cn chu nhhng ca nhiu qu trnh: Qu trnh lan to Qu trnh bay hi

Qu trnh khuch tn Qu trnh ho tan Qu trnh nh tng ho

Qu trnh lng kt Qu trnh lng ng Qu trnh oxy ho

nh hng n mi trng


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g g

Lm gim tnh cht ha l ca nc, to lp vngmng ph u mt bin, ngn cch bin v khquyn ngn cch s trao i oxy v nhit trong khquyn.

Lm s lng sinh vt bin gim xung nhanh, chtlng thy, hi sn gim.

Hy hoi vi sinh vt do c t trong du Gy ri lon sinh l lm sinh vt cht dn, tm t

du ln da hay lng ca sinh vt gim kh nng

chu ng v chu lnh ca sinh vt Vi hydrocacbon c nng ppb cng c th gynhim bnh, cc hydrocacbon thm c th gy ungth

Bin php gim nhi m nc dodu:


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du:

Gim cc tai nan v tu bin Xy dng h thng ra tu theo tng

khu v c h thng tun hon nc

Xy dng cc ng ng dn du catng khu nhm thu li du d r do vnchuyn, qu trnh bm tho, rt du

IV. Gii php


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p p

Cp nh nc :Chnh ph ban hnh Ch th 29/1998/CT-TTgv tng cng cng tc qun l v s dng thucBVTV v ha cht c hi gy nhim, kh phn

hu,B Khoa hc cng ngh, Cc Mi trng (thuc

B Ti nguyn v Mi trng) cng phi hpvi T chc h tr nghin cu Cng nghip vKhoa hc thuc trng i hc tng hp k thutNa Uy tin hnh iu tra v kim k ban u tvn cho Chnh ph v cng ngh x l, tiu hulng POPs tn ng ny.


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Ch tch UBND Dt khot khng ph duyt cc d

n c cng ngh lc hu, s dng lao ng gin n,c nguy c gy nhim mi trng

i vi cc d n v ang trin khai, s ch

o cng quyt di di hoc bt buc phi honchnh bin php gim thiu mi trng.

Ni khng v khng vi nhng d n c nguy c

tc ng xu i mi trng.

Ngi dn:


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Ngi dn:

gim thiu lng nc s dng:- Kho nc khi khng cn dng

-S dng nc hiu qu nhng ni cn dng

-Xem xt vic la chn cc qutrnh kh thay cho qu trnh t thngthng


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