o t a qarTuli in ce d a ri gi identoba: konfliqti integraciacss.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/identity_geo.pdf · (modernizacia), romelic gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom

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qarTuli erovnuli identoba: konfliqti da integracia

avtorebi:diana bogiSvili irina osefaSvili

elene gavaSeliSvili nino guguSvili

Tbilisi2016

kvleva Catarda programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akademiuri qselis~ mxardaWeriT. programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akade-miuri qselis~ mizania samxreT kavkasiaSi socialuri da hu-manitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTarebis mxardaWera sxvadasxva aqtivobebis da RonisZiebebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa: kvlevi-Ti proeqtebis dafinanseba, treningebis Catareba, sxvadasxva saswavlo da kvle viTi grantebis gacema. programa xels uwyobs niWieri mkvle varebis axali Taobis warmomadgenlebs da maT saerTaSoriso akademiur qselSi integracias.

programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akademiur qsels~ koordina-cias uwevs da axorcielebs Sveicariis friburgis universite-tis centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis interfakulteturi instituti. programas afinansebs `gebert riufis fondi~, ro-melic dafuZnebulia bazelSi.

redaqtori: avTandil beselia

dakabadoneba da ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2016

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2016

ISBN: 978-9941-457-59-3

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sarCevi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1. Teoriuli mimoxilva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.Tanamedrove msoflio procesebi:

evropeizacia, modernizacia, globalizacia . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2.eris koncefcia da nacionalizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.3.identobis koncefciebi da erovnuli identoba . . . . . . 56

2. kvlevis meTodi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3. kvlevis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.1.qarTuli erovnuli identobis gamoxatvis formebi . . . 70

3.1.1.qarTuli erovnuli identobis markerebi . . . . . . . . 753.1.2.erovnuli siamaye da erovnuli sircxvili . . . . . 1153.1.3.moqalaqeoba da masTan dakavSirebuli

valdebulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443.1.4.religiis mniSvneloba qarTuli

erovnuli identobisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523.2.Tanamedrove qarTveli sazogadoeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

3.2.1.sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebi da maTi mniSvneloba . . . . 200

3.2.2.Tanamedrove msoflio procesebis mniSvneloba qarTuli erovnuli identobisTvis . . . 231

3.2.3.saerTaSoriso safrTxeebi qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

3.3.diqotomia `Cven~ da `sxva~ _ konfliqti da integracia Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebaSi . . . . 2653.3.1. eTno-kulturuli `sxva~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2713.3.2. `Cven~ jgufis SigniT, RirebulebaTa

sistemis safuZvelze gansazRvruli `sxva~ . . . . . . . . 319

4. Semajamebeli daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

5. bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

6. danarTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

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Sesavali

erovnuli (nacionaluri) identoba, rogorc koleqtiuri identobis kategoria, ukve didi xania sagangebo yuradRebisa da kvlevis sagania, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis qveynebsa da aseve aRmosavleT evropaSi. saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi akade-miuri wreebi da politikuri elita ukve wlebia msjelobs qar-Tuli erovnuli identobis Sesaxeb, Tumca, saxalxo diskursis doneze da qarTuli Tanamedroveobis konteqstSi, erovnuli identobis empiriuli kvleva jer ar ganxorcielebula. am mxriv winamdebare kvleva erT-erTi pirveli nabijia qarTul realobaSi, miT ufro, rom erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvre-li faqtorebisa da sazogadoebis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis kvlevisas gamoyenebulia ISSP-is (International Social Survey Pro-gramme _ saerTaSoriso socialuri gamokiTxvis programa) 2013 wlis ̀ erovnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb mosaxleobis reprezentat-uli kvlevis monacemebi, aseve interviuebi qarTvel mosaxleo-basTan da sazogadoebrivi azris SemqmenelebTan.

amgvarad, Cveni kvlevis sagania qarTuli erovnuli iden-tobis markerebis gansazRvra, aseve imis Cveneba, Tu ra Rireb-ulebebis garSemo erTiandeba qarTveli sazogadoeba da rom-eli ganmasxvavebeli faqtorebi iwvevs winaaRmdegobas. Cveni kvlevis saboloo mizani ki aris, qarTuli erovnuli idento-bis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis safuZvelze, Tanamedrove qarTveli sazogadoebis saxis warmoCena.

qarTuli erovnuli identobis garkveuli Taviseburebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gasuli saukuneebis istoriul-politikur movlenebTan. qarTuli nacionalizmi me-19 sauku-neSi warmoiSva, im pirobebSi, roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebrio-ba gauqmebuli iyo ruseTis imperatoris mier da maSindeli saqarTvelo, ori guberniis saxiT, ruseTis imperiis Semadgen-lobaSi imyofeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, qarTuli nacionalizmi da erovnuli identoba eTno-kulturul faq-torebs daefuZna. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi (1918-1921 ww.), da-moukideblobis xanmokle, samwliani periodis Semdeg, sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da faqtobrivi aneqsiis Sedegad, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, realurad, isev gauqme-

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buli iyo 1991 wlamde. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa periodSic qar-Tul nacionalizms ganviTarebisTvis samoqalaqo-politikuri asparezi, faqtobrivad, ar hqonda da amitomac isev eTnikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi darCa qarTuli identobis ganmsaz-Rvrel maxasiaTeblebad (zedania, 2010).

qarTuli erovnuli identobisa da ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, mniSvnelovania uaxlesi warsulis gaTval-iswinebac. saqarTvelom damoukideblobis aRdgenis deklara-cia 1991 wlis 9 aprils miiRo. iqamde, 1980-iani wlebis dasas-ruls, ssrk-s rRvevis procesSi, gansakuTrebuli Zala gamoav-lina manamde daTrgunulma èrovnulma grZnobam~, romelmac konkretuli politikuri Sinaarsi SeiZina _ erovnuli Tavi-sufleba. im periodSi swored saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-blobis aRdgena iqca sazogadoebis upirveles moTxovnad, rac araerTxel dadasturda (1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragedia, 1991 wlis 31 martis damoukideblobis referendumi). im kritikul wlebSi sazogadoebis gamaerTianebeli Rirebuleba swored saqarTvelos damoukidebloba iyo. nebismieri erovnebis, eT-nosis Tu religiis warmomadgeneli, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobas uWerda mxars, `Cvenianad~ ganixileboda, xolo damoukideblobis mowinaaRmdegeni _ `mtrebad~. mas Sem-deg, rac ssrk daiSala da saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, gaeros wevri gaxda (1992), TandaTan sazogadoeba dadga èrovnebis~, erovnuli identobis axleburi gaazrebis aucileblobis winaSe. saerTaSoriso doneze eTno-kulturu-li qarTvelisTvis aRar aris saWiro imis mtkiceba, rom misi erovnuli identoba aris qarTuli da ara rusuli an sabWoTa (rogorc es iyo ssrk-s dros), saqarTvelos damoukideblobac ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtia da ara cxare diskusiis an brZolis sagani (rogorc es iyo kritikul, gardamaval pe-riodSi). dRes sazogadoeba dgas garkveuli arCevanis winaSe _ ramdenad Seavsebs Tu Secvlis is erovnuli identobis eT-no-kulturul models samoqalaqo-politikuri Rirebulebe-biT da ramdenad iZleva dRevandeli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri realoba imis saSualebas, rom gadarCenis Rirebulebebi TviTgamoxatvis Rirebulebeb-ma Caanacvlos? winamdebare kvlevis zogadi mizani swored am

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Sinaarsis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobaa da sxvadasxva sakiTxis ganxilva, sabolood, am konteqsts ukavSirdeba.

publikaciis ZiriTadi nawili moicavs sam Tavs da Semajameb-el daskvnas. pirveli Tavi (Teoriuli momoxilva) sami nawilis-gan Sedgeba da aq Tavmoyrilia ramdenime Tema, romlebic erTgvar Teoriul safuZvels qmnis saqarTveloSi erovnuli identobis kvlevisTvis. pirvel nawilSi (modernizacia, glo-balizacia, evropeizacia) warmoCenilia is zogadi tendenciebi, romlebic dRes aqtualuria modernizaciis, globalizaciisa da, gansakuTrebiT, evropeizaciis procesTan dakavSirebiT. Teoriuli mimoxilvis meore nawili (eri da nacionalizmi) eTmoba erisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb arsebul Teoriebs, am TematikasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva aspeqts, termins da maT gansxvavebul interpretaciebs, rac mWidrod ebmis erovnuli identobis konteqsts da aqtiurad gamoiyeneba am sferoSi. mesame nawilis (identobis koncefciebi da erovnuli identoba) mizania identobis Sesaxeb arsebuli koncefciebis mimoxilva da am konteqstSi erovnuli identobis mimarTebebis gansaz-Rvra.

publikaciis meore TavSi (meTodologia) aRwerilia, Tu rogor moxda monacemTa Segroveba da gaanalizeba. kvleva sam etapad ganxorcielda: raodenobrivi monacemebis meoradi ana-lizi (deskriptuli, faqtoruli da sxv.) aseve fokus jgufebi, siRrmiseuli interviuebi da maTi Tvisebrivi kontent-analizi.

publikaciis, yvelaze vrceli, mesame Tavi kvlevis Sedegebis ganxilvas eTmoba da is sam ZiriTad nawilad iyofa: 1) qarTuli erovnuli identobis gamoxatvis formebi, 2) Tanamedrove qa-rTveli sazogadoeba da 3) diqotomia `Cven~ da `sxva~ _ kon-fliqti da integracia Tanamedrove qarTvel sazogadoebaSi.

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1. Teoriuli mimoxilva

1.1. Tanamedrove msoflio procesebi: evropeizacia, modernizacia, globalizacia

2014 wlis 27 ivniss evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis gaformebiT, saqarTvelom evrokavSirTan daaxloebis gzaze mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga. Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT, saqarT-velo ukve CaerTo evropaSi mimdinare integraciis procesSi. winamdebare Teoriuli nawilis mizania vaCvenoT msoflioSi, upirvelesad ki, evropaSi mimdinare aqtualuri procesebi da maTi mniSvneloba erovnuli identobisTvis.

Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa ganisazRvros _ ra aris evropa? am cnebaSi igulisxmeba evrokavSiri da misi Semadgeneli saxelm-wifoebi, Tu evropa unda gavigoT rogorc garkveuli erTiani geografiuli da politikuri sivrce? zogierTi Tanamedrove TeoretikosisTvis, magaliTad, ulrix bekisa da edgar gran-desTvis (Beck, Grande, 2004), evropa, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs, arsebobs mxolod evropeizacia, romelic mdgradi ganviTare-bis instituciur procesad aris gagebuli. bekis Tanaxmad, evr-opa SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ara rogorc raRac fiqsirebuli da konservirebuli mocemuloba, aramed rogorc Semdeg cvladTa erToblioba: erovnuli interesebi, erovnuli mikuTvnebulo-ba, Sida da gare urTierTobebi, saxelmwifoebrioba, identoba (Beck, Grande 2004). avtorebi aRniSnul cvladebs iyeneben aseve evropeizaciis dasaxasiaTeblad. maTTvis evropeizaciis Tana-medrove instituciuri procesis Sedegs warmoadgens evro-kavSiri, romelic nacionaluri saxelmwifos ganviTarebasa da qveynebs Soris Sida da gare gardaqmnebzea orientirebuli.

evrokavSiri da evropa, aRniSnul avtorTa ganmartebiT, na-cionalur sazogadoebaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens. evrokav-Siris wevr nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi mimdinare procesebis ganxilvisas beki yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tanamedroveobaze _

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modernze. is ganasxvavebs modernis or saxes. bekis ganmarte-biT, pirveli moderni, romelic me-18 saukunidan iRebs saTa-ves, orintirdeba àn-an~ principze, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebo-ben an Cven an sxvebi, an buneba an sazogadoeba, an organiza-cia an bazari, an omi an mSvidoba, an mravali nacionaluri saxelmwifo an erTi evropuli sazogadoeba. Tanamedrove epo-qaSi mimdinare procesebidan gamomdinare ki, beki ganasxvavebs modernis meore saxes, romelsac igi `refleqsiur moderns~ uwodebs da ukavSirebs modernizaciis procesis axlebur gaaz-rebas, romelic orientirdeba `rogorc-aseve~ principze da gulisxmobs: rogorc Cven, aseve sxvebs, rogorc oms, aseve mS-vidobas, rogorc evropeizacias, aseve nacionalur saxelmwi-foebs. evropisa da evropuli sazogadoebis gansazRvrisTvis ulrix beki ramdenime maxasiaTebels iyenebs: evropuli sazo-gadoeba, rogorc nacionalur sazogadoebaTa horizontaluri erToblioba; evropuli sazogadoeba, rogorc qveynebs Soris mobiloba; evropuli sazogadoeba, rogorc mravlobiTi mo-dernulobebis civilizacia; evropuli sazogadoeba, rogorc transnacionaluri cnobierebis sivrce; evropuli sazogadoe-ba, rogorc meta-Zalauflebis TamaSi; evropuli sazogadoeba, rogorc regionuli msoflioriskis sazogadoeba da evropuli sazogadoeba, rogorc transnacionaluri uTanasworobis di-namika. modernizaciis cnebas beki civilizaciis cnebas ukav-Sirebs (Beck, Grande, 2004) da eTanxmeba jerard delantis, im TvalsazrisiT, rom socialur mecnierebebSi es cneba (civili-zacia) `renesans~ ganicdis (Delanty, 1998).

civilizaciis cnebas modernizaciis cnebasTan aerTianeben aseve iseTi avtorebi, rogorebicaa: benJamin nelsoni, samuel aizenStadti da norbert eliasi. aizenStadtis Tanaxmad, mo-dernizaciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia is, rom saqme gvaqvs ara sxvadasxva sazogadoebis konvergenciasTan, aramed Tanamedro-veobis (modernis) sxvadasxva instituciur mocemulobasTan: ekonomika, politika, ganaTleba da ojaxi, romlebic sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxvanairad ganviTarda. aqedan gamomdinare, misi azriT, dRevandeli empiriuli realoba aris is, rom mravlobiTi modernuli sazogadoebebi gvaqvs. mo-derni, aizenStadtis Tanaxmad, aris `TavisTavadi civilizacia

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specifikuri instituciuri da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebiT~ (Eisenstadt, 2000). es aris dasavleTSi warmoSobili civilizacia (modernizacia), romelic gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda. aizenStadtisTvis mo-dernizaciis dasavluri proeqti ar aris unikaluri. misi az-riT, sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxvanairia modernizacia-sTan dakavSirebuli ganxorcielebisa da organizebis gzebi, rac Tavis mxriv mravalferovan instituciur da ideologiur para-digmebs qmnis. am SemTxvevaSi modernulobis istoria ganixileba, rogorc sxvadasxva kulturuli programis ganuwyveteli ageba da rRveva, romelic TiToeuli sazogadoebis SigniT sxvadasxva politikuri, socialuri Tu inteleqtualuri aqtoris, aseve socialuri moZraobebis monawileobiT xdeba (Eisenstadt, 2000).

aizenStadti gamoyofs modernulobis kulturul da poli-tikur programebs. modernulobis kulturuli aspeqti adami-anis mier avtonomiis mopovebas da tradiciuli kulturuli da politikuri avtoritetisgan gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobs, rac, erTi mxriv, e.w. `Segnebuli individis~ (conscious human agency) gaaqtiurebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, adamianTa sxvadasx-va jgufis miznebisa da interesebis legitimurad aRiarebaSi gamoixateba. rac Seexeba, modernulobis politikur sferos, aq sami centraluri aspeqti gamoiyofa: mcirdeba centrsa da periferias Soris sxvaoba da Sesabamisad rekonstruirdeba maTi urTierTobebi; sazogadoebis sxvadasxva seqtori sakuTa-ri moTxovnebis politizebas axdens da win wamoiwevs adamia-nis emansipaciasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa: Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba, samarTlianoba, avtonomia, soli-daroba da identoba (Eisenstadt, 2000).

erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelsac aizenStadti modernulobis sakvanZo Temad miiCnevs, aris sazogadoebis ùfro modernul~ da ùfro tradiciul~ seqtorebs Soris konfrontacia. ai-zenStadti afiqsirebs aseve dapirispirebas ganmanaTleblobis periodSi, konkretul drosa da adgilas Camoyalibebul mo-dernulobasa da sxvadasxva sazogadoebis kulturuli tra-diciebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnil modernulobebs Soris. magaliTad, amerikuli modernuloba swored evropul moder-nulobasTan dapirispirebul diskursSi Camoyalibda, iseve

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rogorc modernuloba danarCen msoflioSi. aizenStadtis gan-martebiT, dasavleTidan modernuloba jer aziur sazogadoe-bebSi, Semdeg axlo aRmosavleTSi da bolos afrikaSi gavrcel-da. yvela am sazogadoebaSi, swored dasavluri modernulobis ZiriTadi simboloebisa da institutebis mixedviT Camoyalibda teritoriuli saxelmwifosa da Semdgom eri-saxelmwifos mo-deli. Tumca, meore mxriv, Tavad modernulobis simboloebi da institutebi transformirda adgilobrivi sazogadoebebis gavleniT, romlebsac dasavleTis mimarT met-naklebad ambiva-lenturi damokidebulebebi hqondaT (Eisenstadt, 2000).

aizenStadti modernuli saxelmwifoebis instituci-uri, simboluri da ideologiuri saxis cvlilebebs globa-lizaciis procesis intensifikaciasac ukavSirebs. misi az-riT, socialurma problemebma saerTaSoriso saxe miiRo da, Sesabamisad, Sesustda saxelmwifos kontroli ekonomikur da politikur berketebze, SeizRuda aseve misi monopolia Za-lis gamoyenebaze. rac Seexeba kulturis ganzomilebas, ai-zenStadtis Tanaxmad, mediis gavleniT, dasavlurma, gansa-kuTrebiT, amerikulma midgomam daikava wamyvani adgili. Sesabamisad, eri-saxelmwifos mniSvneloba, rogorc modernu-lobisa da koleqtiuri identobis centris, TandaTan mcirde-ba da, sxvadasxva socialuri moZraobis gavleniT, axali saxis koleqtiuri identobebi viTardeba. am konteqtsSi aizenStadi sami saxis moZraobas gamoyofs: a) e.w. `multikulturul~ da `postmodernul~ moZraobebs (mag. qalTa da ekologiur moZ-raobebs), romlebic saxelmwifos rekonstruqciis nacvlad, globalur problemebzea orientirebuli da avtonomiur po-litikur, socialur da kulturul sferos qmnis; b) funda-mentalistur religiur moZraobebs da g) eTnikur moZraobebs (ZiriTadad, postsabWoTa qveynebSi, afrikasa da iugoslavia-Si). es axali saxis koleqtiuri identobebi xSirad sakuTari sazogadoebebis centrSi an saerTaSoriso arenaze ikaveben adgils da transnacionalur organizaciebTan TanamSrom-loben. Sesabamisad, aizenStadtis Tanaxmad, globalizaciam ara modernulobis dasasruli, aramed misi kulturuli pro-gramebis reinterpretacia da mravlobiTi modernulobebis gaCena gamoiwvia (Eisenstadt, 2000).

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globalizaciis mkvlevari, kaliforniis universitetis profesori ian naderveen pitersi (Pieterse, 2009), mravlobiTi modernulobebis arsebobas emxroba da 21-e saukunis mul-tipolarulobaze saubrobs, romelic erTi mxriv amerikuli hegemoniis Sesustebas da meore mxriv axali sazogadoebebis gaCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. misi azriT, axali sazogadoebe-bi veRar Tavsdeba `ganviTarebadi sazogadoebebis~ WrilSi, radgan saerTaSoriso doneze ukve sakmaod Zlier aqtorebs warmoadgenen iseTi qveynebic, rogorebicaa: brazilia, meqsika da indonezia. pitersi èrTi modernulobis~ Teorias dasav-leTze da evropaze koncentrirebulobaSi adanaSaulebs da is mxolod droiT ganzomilebas cnobs, magaliTad, adreuli, da gviani postmodernulobis saxiT, geografiul ganzomilebas ki `metad modernuli centri~ – `naklebad modernuli periferi-is~ sqemiT ganixilavs. amis sapirispirod, piterss `hibriduli modernulobebis~ cneba Semoaqvs da miiCnevs, rom idealuri modernulobis abstraqtuli tipisgan gansxavebiT, realurad arsebuli modernulobebi Sereuli, rTuli formebia da Tavi-anT TavSi konkretuli sazogadoebisTvis specifikuri premo-dernuli elementebis inkorporaciasac axdenen (Pieterse, 2009).

modernulobas mravlobiTi modernulobebis WrilSi ganixi-lavs britaneli sociologi jerard delantic (Delanty, 2012). igi miiCnevs, rom araTu erT modernulobaze, aramed erT evro-pul modernulobazec ki ar SeiZleba saubari. delanti evropas eqvs istoriul regionad hyofs (Crdilo-dasavleTi; xmelTaSua; centraluri; aRmosavleT-centraluri; samxreT-aRmosavleTi da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi) imis safuZvelze, rom TiToeulma re-gionma gansxvavebuli istoriuli gza gaiara modernulobamde da, meore mxriv, ufro farTo urTierTdakavSirebul civili-zaciur safuZvlebs eyrdnoba, rogoricaa: berZnul-romauli, dasavlur-qristianuli, bizantiur-rusuli da otomanur-is-lamuri civilizaciebi. misi azriT, modernulobam Zireulad Secvala mTlianad evropis moraluri da politikuri ganzo-mileba. delanti miiCnevs, rom, magaliTad, Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba zogadad evropuli modernulobis erT-erT umTavres aspeqtad miviCnioT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, ze-moxsenebuli konkretuli istoriuli konteqtsebis gaTvalis-

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winebiT, evropis sxvadasxva nawilSi modernulobis interpreta-cia gansxvavebulad warimarTa da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulad moxda misi kristalizaciac. amave dros, evropuli modernu-loba arc garesamyarosgan izolirebulad Camoyalibebula da arc Tavad misi ganxilva SeiZleba mxolod Crdilo-dasavleTi regionis magaliTze. es yvelaferi ki modernulobis gagebas naklebad evrocentruls xdis (Delanty, 2012).

delantis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT evropu-li proeqtis sam konkurentul modelze _ saubaria gansxvave-bul xedvaTa dapirispirebaze, Tu ra aris evropa da saiT midis igi? es sami modelia: 1) evropa, rogorc transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi erToba, 2) evropa, rogorc uflebebze dafuZnebuli, postnacionaluri politikuri erToba da 3) evropa, romelic efuZneba erovnul da evropul tradiciebSi gansxeulebul `xalxobis~ an erovnulobis Zireul Rirebule-bebs (Delanty, 2008).

delanti ganmartavs, rom meore da mesame modeli gaCnda, ro-gorc pirveli modelis alternativa. jerjerobiT dominirebs xedva evropis Sesaxeb, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT evrokavSi-ris oficialuri ideologia, romelic, upirvelesad, efuZneba saxelmwifos politikur dones. evropis am dominantur dis-kursSi evropa aris is, rac iqmneba eri-saxelmwifos transna-cionalizaciis Sedegad post-suverenuli zesaxelmwifoebrivi erTobis mier da misi mTavari legitimacia ukavSirdeba im pro-blemebis gadaWras, romlebmac globalizaciis epoqaSi SezRu-des eri-saxelmwifo; anu evrokavSirs SeuZlia misi wevri saxelm-wifoebis ekonomikebis integracia da samagierod maTi dacva ufro globaluri sirTuleebisgan. delanti miiCnevs, rom es aris, teqnokratuli Tu ara, ZiriTadad, funqciuri legitima-cia da sanam is efeqtianobis xarjze arsebobs, xalxi mas mxars uWers, magram roca sxva problemebi wamoiwevs wina planze, is dakargavs legitimaciis safuZvels (Delanty, 2008). evropis meore models delanti memarcxene xedvas uwodebs, romelic evropas ganixilavs mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo koncefciis poziciidan, rogorc uflebebze dafuZnebul politikur erTobas. evro-puli proeqti amJRavnebs garkveul niSnebs postnacionaluri demokratiisa, romelic efuZneba individualur da respubli-

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kur-konstituciuri wesrigis uflebebs (Habermas 1998, 2001). es modeli evropis samoqalaqo koncefcias warmoaCens rogorc ideals da nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs evropeizacias, rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifos transnacionalizacias zenacionaluri saxelmwifos mimarTulebiT (Delanty, 2008). delantis SefasebiT, mesame models ufro metad uWers mxars amomrCevli. uflebebis nacvlad, is efuZneba `xalxobis~ (erovnulobis) Zireul Rire-bulebebs, romlebic zogadad, gansxeulebulia erovnul tra-diciebSi, magram isini SeiZleba gansxeuldes aseve evropuli politikuri memkvidreobis ideaSi. am TvalsazrisiT (romelic xSirad gamoixateba anti-evropul sentimentebSi), evropulma proeqtma dakarga unari daukavSirdes `xalxobis~ (erovnulo-bis) Zireul Rirebulebebs, romlebic moicavs uflebebsac, ma-gram moicavs aseve RirebulebaTa ufro farTo sferos, rogo-ricaa solidaroba da socialuri samarTlianoba (Delanty, 2008). es xedva xSirad iRebs nacionalistur da populistur for-mas da evropeizaciisadmi TavdacviT pozicias, Tumca SeuZlia daiCemos, rom warmoadgens evropuli politikuri memkvidreo-bis erT-erT mniSvnelovan tradicias. delantis daskvniT, ze-moganxiluli sami modeli (romlebic, Sesabamisad, yuradRebas amaxvileben: efeqtianobaze, uflebebsa da Rirebulebebze) xSi-rad erTmaneTs gadafaravs xolme (Delanty, 2008).

Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologi da nacionalizmis mkvle-vari rojers brubeikeri nawilobriv iziarebs modernizaciis klasikuri Teoriebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kritikas, rom isini dasavleTzea koncentirebuli da ar iTvaliswineben instituci-uri paradigmebis mravalferovnebas politikur, religiur, eko-nomikur Tu sxva sferoSi, saTanadod ar afaseben eTnikurobis mniSvnelobas, yuradRebis miRma toveben sajaro religiis rols, samoqalaqo nacionalizmze orientirdebian da azviadeben sa-xelmwifos mniSvnelobas socialur urTierTobaTa modelebis CamoyalibebaSi. Tumca, brubeikeri miiCnevs, rom kritika gada-Warbebulia da yvelafris miuxedavad, sinamdvileSi mainc gaci-lebiT damajerebeli argumentebi arsebobs erTi modernulobis, vidre mravlobiTi modernulobis sasargeblod (Brubaker, 2011).

brubeikeris ganmartebiT, mravlobiTi modernulobis Teo-riebi wamoWris or ZiriTad sakiTxs: a) Tanamedrove sazoga-

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doebebi gadaikveTeba erTi instituciuri modelis/erTi kul-turul-politikuri programis garSemo, Tu instituciuri mo-delebi da kulturul-politikuri programebi principulad sxvadasxvaa? b) SeiZleba arsebobdes modernulobis sxvadasxva xarisxi (ufro modernuli da naklebad modernuli), Tu ar-sebobs xarisxobrivad Tanabari, magram gansxvavebuli moder-nulobebi? erTi modernulobis Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad brubakeri ori saxis arguments iyenebs: logikurs da socio-logiurs. logikuri argumenti gulisxmobs imas, rom sxva-dasxva instituciuri modelebisa da kulturul-politikuri programis dasaxasiaTeblad, romelsac mravlobiTi modernu-lobis Teoritikosebi eyrdnobian, aucilebelia raRac saerTo kriteriumis arseboba. xolo Tu arsebobs saerTo kriteriumi, Sesabamisad arsebobs modernulobis saerTo gagebac, Tundac abstraqtuli, bazisuri saxiT (Brubaker, 2011).

brubeikeris mier aizenStadis kritikac swored am parado-qss efuZneba: aizenStadi TviTonve erTi modernulobis cne-bas iyenebs imisTvis, rom sxvadasxva modernulobis arseboba daasabuTos (Brubaker, 2011). meore mxriv, brubeikeri sociolo-giur argumentebs eyrdnoba, rom èrTi modernulobis~ Teo-riis upiratesoba daasabuTos nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis asaxsnelad. misi azriT, erTi modernulobis cneba swored im socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli procese-bis globalur xasiaTze akeTebs aqcents, romlebmac Tavis mx-riv nacionalizmi da `politizebuli eTnikuroba~ warmoSva da socialuri samyaros dayofis ZiriTad principebad aqcia. ama-sTan, erTi modernulobis Teoria garkveuli organizaciuli da politikur-kulturuli modelebis arsebobas da Semdeg konkretul lokalur konteqstebSi maT difuzias gulisxmobs, rasac Sedegad mosdevs mravalferovani nacionalizmebisa da `politizebuli eTnikurobebis~ Camoyalibeba, Tumca ara im martivi teleologiuri formiT, rogorc modernizmis klasi-kosi Teoritikosebi miiCnevdnen. Sesabamisad, brubeikeris az-riT, `mravlobiTi modernulobis~ Teoriebi mimzidvelad ga-moiyureba mxolod moZvelebul, viwro da evrocentrul èrTi modernulobis~ Teoriebis mimarT, Tumca, rogorc ki moder-nulobas ufro kompleqsurad ganvixilavT, `mravlobiTi mo-

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dernulobis~ Teoriebis mniSvneloba ikargeba (Brubaker, 2011).qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT, evropeizaciis da, zogadad,

globalizaciis winsvla gansakuTrebiT daCqarda sabWoTa kav-Siris daSlis Semdeg (1991), roca aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs saSualeba miecaT CarTuliyvnen erTiani evropuli struqtu-rebis Seqmnis procesSi. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis da-sawyisSi gaCnda iluzia, rom ìstoria dasrulda~, rom sabaz-ro ekonomika da dasavluri demokratia, anu modernizaciis dasavluri modeli aris adamianuri civilizaciis saboloo etapi da arcTu Soreul momavalSi is warmatebiT gavrcel-deba msoflios udides nawilSi (fukuiama, 1999). mogvinebiT, aseTi sworxazovani midgoma Seicvala da damkvidrda zemoxse-nebuli `refleqsiuri modernizmi~ (moderni). entoni gidensis koncefciaSi `refleqsiuri modernizmi~ gagebulia, rogorc Tanamedrove instituciebis mudmivi gadaazreba, gadafaseba da Sesabamisi transformacia. Tanamedrove cxovrebis refleqsi-uroba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom socialuri praqtika mud-mivad mowmdeba da icvleba axali informaciuli nakadis gaT-valiswinebiT (Гидденс Э., 1999). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ulrix bekis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aris `riskis sazoga-doeba~, romelic iZulebulia Tavisi qmedebebi mudmivad Seuf-ardos mosalodneli riskis xarisxs. Sesabamisad, evropulma da araevropulma saxelmwifoebma da sazogadoebebma amgvari àwon-dawonvis~ safuZvelze Tavad unda SeimuSaon midgomebi globaluri ekonomikuri procesebis mimarT (Beck, 2007).

ulrix beki statiaSi `kosmopolituri sazogadoeba da misi mtrebi~, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mdgomareobas aRwers ro-gorc `kosmopolitizacias~ (Beck, 2005). am terminiT is aRniS-navs globalizaciis axal formas, romelic erovnuli sazoga-doebis farglebSi viTardeba da yoveldRiuri cnobierebisa da identobis transformacias iwvevs. bekis TvalsazrisiT, kosmo-polituri perspeqtivis safuZvels qmnis `dialoguri warmo-saxva~, xolo erovnuli perspeqtivis safuZvels _ monologuri. `dialogur warmosaxvas~ beki ganmartavs, rogorc cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesis Tanaarsebobas erTi individis gamocdilebaSi. es gulisxmobs sxvadasxva kulturis gamovlinebisa da moce-mulobis Sedarebas, kritikas, gagebas, gadaazrebas, anu `sxvis

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internalizacias~ (ucxos gaTavisebas). am konteqstSi beki ixse-nebs nicSes termins _ `Sedarebis epoqa~ da, misi ganmartebiT, aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod is, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi individi Tavisufalia airCios konkurentuli tradiciebidan da memkvidreobebidan romelime maTgani, aramed isic, rom, msoflio masStabiT, sxvadasxva kulturis urTierTSeRweva xdeba, rac iwvevs am kulturaTa ideebis cal-calke Tu mra-valgvar kombinaciaSi ganxilvas, Sedarebas, Sexamebasa Tu da-pirispirebas yvelgan da dausruleblad. amgvarad, bekis Tval-sazrisiT, kosmopolituri perspeqtiva, dialoguri warmosaxva niSnavs cxovrebis alternatiuli wesebis urTierTSeTavsebas, ùcxos siucxovis~ miRebas. erovnuli perspeqtiva ki, romelic monologur warmosaxvas efuZneba, gulisxmobs ùcxos siucxo-vis~ armiRebas. kosmopolituri sazogadoebis mTavar mtrebad beki asaxelebs: nacionalizms, globalizms da demokratiul avtoritarizms (Beck, 2005).

jerard delanti 2008 wels aRniSnavda, rom ùkanasknel wlebSi~ umTavresi gamowveva evropisTvis dakavSirebuli iyo socialur sakiTxebTan da koleqtiur identobebTan da sau-brobda èvropuli solidarobis krizisze~ (Delanty, 2008). de-lantis TvalsazrisiT, evropuli politikuri erTobis gamo-CenasTan erTad, romelmac Seasusta erovnuli suvereniteti da, paralelurad, globaluri Zalebic aryeven erovnul sa-xelmwifos, evropa da migracia urTierTdakavSirebulni aR-moCdnen, rogorc arastabilurobis wyaroebi. SfoTva evropisa da migraciis Sesaxeb ebmis SiSs civilizaciaTa Sejaxebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. sxvebis (ucxoebis) mimarT SiSi da SfoTva momavlis gamo aRmocendnen, rogorc poten-ciuri socialuri Zalebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. Sedegi ki aris evropuli solidarobis krizisi, koleqtiuri miznis krizisTan (ufro farTo krizisTan) erTad (Delanty, 2008).

delanti iziarebs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad am sau-kunis damaxasiaTebeli Strixi aris farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTva. es aris egzistencialuri mdgomareoba, upirvelesad, fsiqologiuri, Tumca mas aqvs aseve ufro farTo socialu-ri da politikuri aspeqtebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis. is warmoiSva daucvelobis donis amaRlebis fonze, riskisa da

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gaurkvevlobis im siWarbesTan erTad, romelsac gza gauxsna globalizaciam. 11 seqtemberi iqca `saxifaTo drois~ simbo-lod da SfoTvis suli gascda teroristuli Tavdasxmebis re-alobas (Delanty, 2008).

delanti ganmartavs, rom saWiroa SfoTvasa da SiSs Soris gansxvavebis dafiqsireba, Tumca es gansxvaveba ver iqneba Zalian mkveTri, radgan SfoTva SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc Si-Sis erT-erTi forma. SiSs iwvevs mkafio safrTxe, xolo SfoT-vas _ gaurkveveli viTareba. SfoTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganzomilebaa codnis nakleboba im safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic gamoixata (Delanty, 2008). baumani (Bauman, 2006) SfoTvas axa-siaTebs, rogorc `Txevadi SiSis~ mdgomareobas, romelic war-moiSoba socialuri `Txevadobis~ viTarebaSi, roca socialuri institutebis da arsebiTi identobebis myari saZirkveli iSleba individualizebuli situaciebisa da arasaimedoobis siWarbeSi. delantis Tanaxmad, arsebobs aSkara gansxvaveba SfoTvas, ro-gorc individis mier gancdil fsiqologiur mdgomareobasa da SfoTvas, rogorc socialur-kulturul mdgomareobas Soris, romelic socialuri problemebis gamoxatulebaa (Delanty, 2008).

delanti xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom mTel evropaSi sustdeba klasi da eri, rogorc solidarobis saZirkvlebi, xolo amis Sedegad warmoqmnili SfoTva iolad gadadis qsenofobiasa da rasizmSi (Delanty, 2008). misi dakvirvebiT, dRevandel evropaSi rasizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris aqcentis gadatana socialur da kulturul sakiTxebze, magaliTad, samuSao adgi-lebis dacvaze, keTildReobasTan dakavSirebul SeRavaTebze, kulturul gansxvavebebsa an SeuTavseblobebze. politikur diskursSi es aris qsenofobiis normalizacia, xolo saxalxo doneze `sxvad (ucxod) danaxvis, aRqmis~ procesi. 2005 wlis seqtemberSi, muslimTa winaswarmetyvel muhamedis Seuracxmyo-feli karikaturebis gamoqveyneba daniur da norvegiul gaze-TebSi swored qsenofobiis normalizaciis aRniSnuli tenden-ciis dadasturebaa. es ar iyo gamonaklisi, es karikaturebi evropis sxva qveynebSic daibeWda. aseTi qmedebis gamamarTel-bel argumentad ki moiSvelies iseTi liberaluri Rirebuleba, rogoricaa sityvis Tavisufleba (Delanty, 2008).

delantis Tanaxmad, mraval evropul qveyanas, romelic zo-

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gadad asocirdeba progresul multikulturalizmTan, axla kiTxvebi gauCnda am mimarTulebiT. did britaneTSi es aisaxa axal wuxilSi britanuli Rirebulebebis gamo. msgavsi tenden-cia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda aseve niderlandebSi. es cvlile-ba warmoiSva ara rogorc liberaluri Rirebulebebis uaryofa, aramed piriqiT, rogorc maTi dacvis mcdeloba multikultu-ralizmisa da transnacionalizmisgan momdinare safrTxeebis-gan. multikulturalizmi sul ufro xSirad aris warmoCenili rogorc integraciis ZirgamomTxreli movlena. zemoxsenebuli SfoTvebi dakavSirebulia im SiSTan, rom evropuli erovnuli identobebi SesaZloa ver gaumklavdnen ufro Zlier da Tavda-jerebul migrantul an eTnikur identobebs. ultramemerjve-neebis aRzeveba mTel evropaSi, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, aris Sedegi socialuri SiSebisa. es ukavSirdeba ganzogade-bul SfoTvas, romelic gamoixata sxvebisadmi SiSSi. imigran-tebi arian daufaravi samizneebi im partiebisTvis, romlebmac moaxerxes imigrantebis mimarT SiSis SeTavseba dasaqmebisa da keTildReobis mxriv arsebul SfoTvebTan (Delanty, 2008).

delantis dakvirvebiT, izrdeba saSualo fenis (klasis) politikuri ukmayofileba, vinaidan misi socialuri mdgoma-reoba aramyaria da mis warmomadgenlebs aqvT SegrZneba, rom uqveiTdebaT statusi da anazRaureba. Tanamedrove ekonomi-kam moitana didi safrTxeebi saSualo fenisTvis, romelsac profesiuli Tanamdeboba da miRwevebi ganaTlebis mxriv aRar aZlevs garantias saTanado statusisa da anazRaurebis misa-Rebad an SesanarCuneblad. delantis ganmartebiT, saSualo fenaSi momZlavrebuli SfoTva, gamowveuli imiT, rom samuSao imedgacruebis wyarod gadaiqca. damsaxurebaze dafuZnebu-li jildo, anazRaureba aRar aris momavlis saimedo megzu-ri. warmateba latariad iqca da saimedo, garkveuli araferia. daRmasvlis SesaZlebloba mudmivad realuria. es aris viTa-reba, romelSic kompetenturobisa da solidarobis klasze dafuZnebul formebs Zirs uTxris koleqtiuri gamocdilebis mzardi fragmentacia. saSualo fena, aRmasvlis mobiluro-bis mxriv, Rrma kriziss ganicdis, usafrTxoebis deficitic, upirvelesad, saSualo fenas amZimebs. saSualo fena iqca re-vanSistad, is uaryofs inkluziaze orientirebul politikur

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programebs, romlebic momgebiani aRar aris arc misTvis da arc muSaTa klasisTvis. mokled, saSualo fena mxars uWerda inkluziur politikas mxolod maSin da imdenad, ramdenadac is iyo mogebis mTavari mimRebi (Delanty, 2008). safrangeTSi isla-mis uaryofiTi imiji da saSualo fenaSi popularuli Tvalsaz-risi imis Sesaxeb, rom frang muslimTa getoebi aris islamisti mebrZolebis bude _ es momentebi iyo mniSvnelovani faqtori muslimi axalgazrdebis politizaciisTvis, rom isini ajanye-buliyvnen maTi socialuri da kulturuli marginalizaciis winaaRmdeg. delantis azriT, aseTi ajanyebebi SeiZleba ganvi-xiloT, rogorc simptomuri niSani socialuri ukmarisobisa dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, sadac axali tipis siRaribe da socialuri marginalizacia ganviTarda. SesaZloa gadaWarbe-ba iyos imis Tqma, rom tradiciuli konfliqti klasebs So-ris Canacvlda konfliqtiT migrantebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris, magram garkveuli WeSmariteba am sityvebSi namdvilad aris, ramdenadac es exeba sadReisod yvelaze aSkara gaxleCas, Ca-texil xids sazogadoebaSi (Delanty, 2008). aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, nacionalizmisa da qsenofobiis zrda aixsneba ufro metad samuSaos, ojaxis, statusis transformaciiT, vidre ul-tramemarjveneebisadmi simpaTiiT. SfoTva momavlis gamo _ es aris sakvanZo mamoZravebeli am SemTxvevaSi. evropuli iden-tobis Camoyalibebis procesis kulturuli krizisi, farTo gagebiT, aris solidarobis da erTianobis krizisi. evropei-zaciisa da globalizaciis mier identobis arsebiTi sayrde-nebis: klasisa da eris fuZis moryevam saTave daudo SfoTvasa da safrTxis gancdas (Delanty, 2008). delantis Tanaxmad, 2008 wlisTvis evropeizaciis proeqti ukve TavdacviT mdgomareo-baSi, xolo multikulturalizmi _ kiTxvis niSnis qveS aRmoCn-da. evroskepticizmi ar Semoifargleba eri-saxelmwifos dam-cveli patara umciresobiT, aramed mas farTo rezonansi aqvs sxvadasxva saxelmwifos mosaxleobaSi. mraval qveyanaSi ukve mimdinareobs koleqtiuri identobis re-nacionalizacia, Tum-ca, delantis azriT, am procesis gazviadebac ar aris saWiro. evrokavSirma ver miaRwia warmatebas koleqtiuri evropuli identobis Camoyalibebis mimarTulebiT, rac nebismier SemTx-vevaSi aris alternativa erovnuli identobisa da saukeTeso,

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rasac SeiZleba man miaRwios, aris erovnul identobasTan Tav-sebadi identobis Seqmna, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi imave erov-nuli identobisgan momdinareobs. arsebobs sagrZnobi winaaRm-degoba evropeizaciis procesis gaRrmavebisadmi da izrdeba evropeizaciis asocireba globalizaciasTan. am viTarebaSi multikulturalizmi pirveli danakargia (Delanty, 2008).

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveuli gagebiT gamarTlda delantis prognozi, romelic man jer kidev 1995 wels gamoTqva: àrsebobs mravali èvropa~ da is, romelmac dRes dominireba moipova aris eqskluziuri da ara inkluziuri. evropis ideis dominanturi gageba aris eri-saxelmwifoebis evropa. amgvarad, evropa aris ara alternativa nacionalizmisa, aramed dadastu-reba eri-saxelmwifos hegemoniisa. Tu evropis idea ar iqneba dakavSirebuli multikulturalizmTan da postnacionalur moqalaqeobasTan, maSin is, rogorc politikuri cneba, yvelaze metad skepticizmTan iqneba asocirebuli~ (Delanty, 1995).

delantis daskvniT, amJamindeli krizisidan gamosavali gau-rkvevelia. SesaZloa erT-erT savaraudo rCeva iyos koleqtiu-ri miznis grZnobis aRdgena, romelic ikargeba. aseT viTareba-Si sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom evropulma proeqtma udidesi yuradReba dauTmos socialur samarTlianobas da so-cialuri solidarobis inkluziur formebs (Delanty, 2008).

rogorc ukve iTqva, delantis aRniSnuli Sefasebebi 2008 wels gamoqveynda. imave wels dawyebuli msoflio ekonomiku-ri krizisis Semdgom periodSi cxadi gaxda, rom saerTaSoriso integraciuli procesebi, maT Soris, evrointegracia Senelda. am fonze gamoikveTa integraciis (an, mocemuli formiT in-tegraciis) mowinaaRmdege Zalebis gaaqtiureba, rasac adastu-rebda evropaSi gamarTuli sxvadasxva donis arCevnebSi evro-skeptikosebis mzardi maCveneblebi da aseve Sesabamisi kvleve-bis Sedegebi. erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad, romelic, `bi-bi-sis~ dakveTiT, britanul Jurnal èkonomistis~ `sadazvervo jguf-ma~ (The Economist Intelligence Unit, EIU) 2015 wels Caatara, evropa ukve `politikuri miwisZvris~ winaSe idga. kvlevaSi saubari iyo evropis `demokratiis krizisze~, elitisa da amomrCevlis urTierTdaSorebaze da imigraciasTan dakavSirebul pro-

_ 22 _

blemebze1. sabolood, es tendencia sruliad aSkara gaxda 2016 wlis 23 ivnisis britaneTis referendumiT da misi SedegebiT _ britaneTis mosaxleobis 51,9%-ma mxari dauWira evrokavSiri-dan maTi qveynis gasvlas2.

elitisa da amomrCevlis urTierTdaSorebasa da imigraciis problemis aqtualobaze yuradRebas amaxvileben SeerTebul StatebSic, sadac politikuri elitis mimarT ukmayofileba uprecedentod gazrdilia. cnobili ekonomisti, harvardis universitetis prezidenti (2001-2006 ww), aSS-s saxazino de-partamentis ufrosi (anu finansTa ministri) bil klintonis administraciis dros, lorens samersi, pirdapir paralels avlebs evropul da amerikul realobas Soris. samersis Ta-naxmad, aSkaraa, rom amomrCeveli amboxebulia im SedarebiT Ria ekonomikuri politikis winaaRmdeg, romelic normad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg. amJamad umTavresi kiTxva aseTia: rogori unda iyos saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri politikis warm-marTveli principebi? samersis azriT, axali midgomis sawyisad unda iqces idea, romlis Tanaxmad, mTavrobis ZiriTadi pasu-xismgeblobaa uzrunvelyos moqalaqeebis maqsimaluri keTild-Reoba da ara zrunva globaluri sikeTis raRac abstraqtul koncefciaze. xalxs aseve surs grZnobdes, rom is qmnis im sazogadoebis konturebs, romelSic cxovrobs. samersi miiC-nevs, rom axla saWiroa `pasuxismgebliani nacionalizmi~3. am terminiT is aRniSnavs midgomas, romlisTvisac gasagebia, rom qveynebi moelian maTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikur keTildReoba-ze zrunvas, rogorc upirates mizans da, meore mxriv, isic esmis, rom misi SesaZlebloba, raime ziani miayenos moqalaqis interesebs romelime sxva sferoSi, Semofarglulia. samersis TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi unda ganvsajoT ara imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad harmonizebulia is, an Tu ramdeni barieria daZleuli misi miRebis procesSi, aramed imis mixed-viT, ramdenad uzrunvelyofs is moqalaqeebis uflebamosile-bas. amavdroulad, samersi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom amgvari

1 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30864088

2 http://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results

3 http://www.brettonwoods.org/publication/lawrence-h-summers-voters-deserve-responsible-nationalism-not-reflex-globalism

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midgoma ar niSnavs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis SezRudvas. samersis daskvniT, `refleqsiurma internacionalizmma~ gza unda dauTmos ̀ pasuxismgeblian nacionalizms~, winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi Cven gvelodeba ufro damTrgunveli referendumebi da populisturi demagogiebis brZola umaRlesi postebisTvis.

am konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia delantis mosazreba, romelic man 2008 wels daafiqsira: `nacionalizmi saxecvlili formiT dabrunda. es naklebadaa saxelmwifoebis proeqti, is ufro ultramemarjvene partiebTan asocirdeba~ (Delanty, 2008). Tum-ca, delantisve dakvirvebiT, garkveulwilad, evropuli sa-xelmwifoebic monawileoben am procesSi, radgan `saemigracio kanonebi evropuli identobis RerZia~ (Delanty, 1995). delanti ganmartavs, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis konstituciebi mkafiod ar mijnaven moqalaqeobas da erovnebas. vidre mo-qalaqeoba dakavSirebuli iqneba erovnebasTan, SenarCundeba Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis kanonebi arse-bobs imisaTvis, raTa daicvan erToba da simyare dominanturi kulturisa ucxo kulturebisgan. moqalaqeoba ar unda iyos saSualeba, romliTac evropa gansazRvravs Tavis identobas, rogorc TeTri burJuas nacionalizms. masobrivi imigraciis safrTxis pirobebSi, erovnul identobasa da moqalaqeobas Soris kavSiri sul ufro Zlierdeba. imis nacvlad, rom mo-qalaqeoba iyos umciresobebis, devnilebis, eTnikuri umcire-sobebis, TavSesafris maZiebelTa, usaxelmwifo pirTa damcavi saSualeba, igi iqca gareSeTagan (ucxoelTagan) umravlesobis dacvis saSualebad. delanti xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom moqala-qeoba dayvanil iqna erovnulobamde da am modelSi ar arsebobs mkafio gansxvaveba moqalaqeobasa da erovnul patriotizms Soris: moqalaqe transformirda patriotad. moqalaqeobis Zi-riTadi kriteriumi umetesad aris erovneba, romelsac moqa-laqeobis Tavdapirvel, revoluciur koncefciaSi meorexaris-xovani, SemTxveviTi datvirTva hqonda. delantis azriT, sa-xelmwifos wevroba ar niSnavs erovnuli erTobis wevrobas. po-sterovnuli moqalaqeoba aris alternativa SemzRudavi ero-vnebis cnebisa. posterovnuli moqalaqeobis arsi aris is, rom is ar ganisazRvreba arc dabadebiT da arc erovnebiT, aramed iq cxovrebiT, rezidentobiT. erovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, mo-

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qalaqeoba ar unda `Caizardos~ saxelmwifos erovnul kultu-raSi. moqalaqeoba internacionaluria da kulturisa da ero-vnebis partikularistuli qedmaRlobis miRma dgas. amgvarad, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs moqalaqeobasa da erovnebas Soris kavSiris gawyvetas, rogorc inteleqtualurad, aseve konsti-tuciurad. tradiciuli politikuri identobebis rRvevis Se-degad aris saWiroeba alternatiuli koleqtiuri identobisa, amis misaRwevad aucilebelia CamovaSoroT evropis eTno-kul-turuli idea moqalaqeobas. es gancalkeveba efuZneba gansxva-vebas universalizebad normebsa da kulturul Rirebulebebs Soris, romlebic relativisturia. moqalaqeoba normatiuli konceptia, xolo evropa _ kulturuli idea (Delanty, 1995).

rogorc vxedavT, moderniizaciis, evropeizaciis, globa-lizaciis procesebi, romlebic, upirvelesad, ekonomikur da politikur sakiTxebTan asocirdeba, mWidrod ukavSirdeba aseve kulturul faqtorebs, Rirebulebebs da iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, erovnuli saxelmwifo, erovneba, moqa-laqeoba, nacionalizmi, kosmopolitizmi, eri da a. S. es cne-bebi ki uSualo mimarTebaSia Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad TemasTan _ erovnul identobasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa ufro metad CavuRrmavdeT maT ganmartebebsa da Sinaarss. daviwyoT eris koncefciiT, radgan am konteqstSi sakvanZo mniSvneloba swored mas eniWeba.

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1.2. eris koncefcia da nacionalizmi

erovnuli identobis Sesaxeb saubrisas, bunebrivia, gverds ver avuvliT iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa eri da nacionalizmi da maT-Tan dakavSirebul Teoriebs.

eri

samecniero literaturaSi SesaZlebelia moiZebnos eris (ing. the Nation) cnebis aTeulobiT ganmarteba, magram arc erTi maTgani ar iTvleba universalurad, sayovelTaod aRiarebu-lad. ufro metic, daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis win, gark-veuli analizis safuZvelze, gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom èris ‘mecnieruli gansazRvrebis’ Seqmna SeuZlebelia~ (Seton-Watson, 1977), radgan imdenad gansxvavebul pirobebs, faqtorebsa Tu konteqstebs moicavs sxvadasxva eris Camoyalibeba-arsebobis procesi, rom am yvelafris erT gansazRvrebaSi Tavmoyris mc-deloba uperspeqtivoa.

dResdReobiT, samecniero literaturaSi eris cnebis gamoy-enebisas, Cveulebriv, ganasxvaveben mis or gagebas, or mniSvne-lobas: zogads (politikurs) da eTnikurs (eTnokulturuls). eris zogadi (politikuri) ganmarteba ers, uwinaresad, ukav-Sirebs saxelmwifos da gulisxmobs ama Tu im saxelmwifos mo-qalaqeTa erTobliobas, miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri kuTvnile-bisa. aqedan gamomdinare, am koncefciis Tanaxmad, erovneba da moqalaqeoba erTmaneTs emTxveva da erovnuli niSnavs saxelm-wifoebrivs, mTel saxelmwifoSi moqmeds (magaliTad, erovnu-li interesi, erovnuli mTavroba, erovnuli valuta da a.S.). eris eTnikuri (eTnokulturuli) ganmarteba ki erTmaneTis-gan mkveTrad mijnavs moqalaqeobas da erovnebas, radgan ers ukavSirebs, uwinaresad, eTnikur da kulturul faqtorebs da ara saxelmwifos. es koncefcia ers èTnosis arsebobis for-mad, mis garkveul socialur organizaciad~ ganixilavs (davi-TaSvili, 2003). eris aRniSnuli ori ganmartebis aRreva rom ar moxdes, qarTul samecniero literaturaSi aris mcdeloba terminiT ̀ eri~ aRiniSnos am cnebis zogadi (politikuri) mniSv-neloba, xolo meore _ eTnikuri (eTnokulturuli) mniSvne-

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lobisTvis damkvidrdes axali termini èTnoeri~ (èTnonacia~) (daviTaSvili, 2003).

zogadad, amgvari gamijvna namdvilad aqtualuria, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aSS-Si da Crdilo-dasavleT evropis ZiriTad nawilSi, èrovneba~ imTaviTve gulisxmobs `moqalaqeobas~, anu saxelmwifos wevrobas; da ̀ eri~ da ̀ saxelm-wifo~ xSirad urTierTCanacvlebadia. centralur da aRmosav-leT evropaSi ki, piriqiT, èri~ da èrovneba~ Tavdapirvelad asocirdeba àra saxelmwifosTan, aramed eTno-kulturul er-TobasTan, romelic damoukidebelia saxelmwifoebriobisa da moqalaqeobisgan da xSirad kveTs kidec maT sazRvrebs~ (Bruba-ker, 2002).

cnobilia mizezic, Tu ras emyareba aseTi gansxvavebuli mid-goma: aSS da Crdilo-dasavleT evropis erebi (upirvelesad, in-gliseli da frangi erebi) erad Camoyalibdnen mas Semdeg, rac es saxelmwifoebi Seiqmna, xolo centraluri evropis erebi (upirvelesad, germaneli eri) jer eTnokulturul erTobebad Camoyalibdnen da Semdeg Seqmnes TavianTi saxelmwifoebi. am gansxvavebis safuZvelze, jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi fridrix mainekem erebi dayo `saxelmwifo-erebad~ (Staatsnation) da `kultur-erebad~ (Kulturnation) (Brubaker, 1999).

eris Sesaxeb arsebul Sexedulebebs sam ZiriTad Teoriul mimdinareobad ajgufeben: primordializmi, modernizmi da eTnosimbolizmi. amaTgan yvelaze meti mimdevari modernizms hyavs, yvelaze naklebi _ primordializms.

primordializmi arsebiT gansxvavebas ver xedavs ersa da eT-noss Soris. es mimdinareoba, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTTan aigi-vebs erovnul TviTSegnebas eTnikur TviTSegnebasTan, xolo ers èTnikuri identobis politikur gamoxatulebad~ miiCnevs. Sesabamisad, erebi uZvelesi droidan arseboben da erovneba adamianisTvis imTaviTve, bunebrivad mocemuli fenomenia (da-viTaSvili, 2003).

modernizmi mkveTrad mijnavs ers eTnosisagan da eris warmo-Sobas uSualod ukavSirebs axal epoqas da am droidan ganvi-Tarebul, modernizaciis konkretul politikur-ekonomikur

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da socialur-kulturul process. aqedan gamomdinare, moder-nizmis Tanaxmad, erebis arsebobaze saubari mxolod safran-geTis revoluciis Semdgomi periodidan SeiZleba. es periodi ki gulisxmobs kapitalizmis, industrializaciis, sekulari-zaciis, urbanizaciis, Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sistemis war-moSoba-ganviTarebis process, rac moicavs saerTo erovnuli bazrisa da Sesabamisi komunikaciebis, sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis, presis, erTiani saliteraturo enisa da ganaTlebis sistemis Camoyalibebas. modernistTa TvalsazrisiT, swored es procesi qmnis pirobebs imisaTvis, rom garkveuli erTo-ba (zog SemTxvevaSi eTnokulturuli erToba) iqces erad. es ki, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs mis wevrebs Soris axali, erTiani erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TviTSegnebis formirebas (ander-soni, 2003; gelneri, 2003).

modernistTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen ernest gel-neris konstruqtivistul da benediqt andersonis reduqcio-nistul midgomebs (orive avtoris ZiriTadi naSromebi: èrebi da nacionalizmi~ da `warmosaxviTi sazogadoebani~ erTsa da imave dros _ 1983 wels gamoica).

aRniSnul naSromSi (èrebi da nacionalizmi~) gelneri gan-martavs, rom àrsobrivad, erebi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifoe-bi, SemTxveviTobaa da ara universaluri aucilebloba. arc erebi da arc saxelmwifoebi ar arsebobdnen yovelTvis, yvela garemoSi. ufro metic, isini ar arian erTi da igive SemTx-veviTobebi~ (gelneri, 2003). gelneri kacobriobis istoriaSi sam `fundamentur etaps~ gamoyofs: preagraruli, agraruli da industriuli da aRniSnavs, rom erebis warmoSoba meore, agraruli etapidan mesame, industriul etapze gadasvlis dros moxda. gelneris ganmartebiT, industriuli sazogadoeba aris pirveli sazogadoeba, romelmac progresis, ganuwyveteli gaumjobesebis koncefcia da ideali gamoigona (gelneri, 2003). winamorbedi sazogadoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, industriul sa-zogadoebaSi, ekonomikuri faqtoridan gamomdinare, irRveva socialur fenebs Soris sazRvrebi da individebs saSualeba eZlevaT imoZraon erTi socialuri fenidan meoreSi. gelneri xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom industriuli sazogadoeba `mobilu-ria, imitom rom, is egalitarulia; is egalitarulia, imitom

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rom, is mobiluria. ufro metic: is unda iyos mobiluri unda Tu ara, radgan es misi arnaxuli da yovlismomcveli ekonomi-kuri zrdis survilis ganxorcielebis pirobaa~. gelneris az-riT, swored Tanasworobisken, mobilobisken, sistematizaci-isken, standartizaciisken, homogenurobisken mimarTulma po-litikur-ekonomikurma da socialur-kulturulma procesebma ganapirobes axal epoqaSi erebis Camoyalibeba (gelneri, 2003).

zogadad, benediqt andersonis (andersoni, 2003) poziciac msgavsia. Tumca, politikur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis nacvlad, is yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialur-kulturul sakiTxebze. andersonis koncefciis Tanaxmad, eris Camoyalibeba erovnu-li cnobierebis safuZvelze xdeba, xolo am ukanasknelis war-moqmnaSi gadamwyveti roli `beWdviTma~ enam Seasrula. ander-sonis ganmartebiT, gansxvavebuli dialeqtebis Serwymisa da saliteraturo enebad Camoyalibebis procesSi udidesi roli Seasrula kapitalizmma, romelmac Seqmna `meqanikurad repro-ducirebuli sagamomcemlo enebi~ (andersoni, 2003). swored `beWdviTma~ enebma Cauyares safuZveli erovnuli Segnebis gan-viTarebas, radgan `beWduri produqciis gziT dakavSirebulma axalma mkiTxvelma Taobam Seqmna warmosaxviTi erovnuli sa-zogadoebis embrioni~ (andersoni, 2003). aqve unda aRniSnos, rom axal droSi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis warmoebac swored sagamomcemlo enebs daefuZna da amasTanave, dastambuli wignis mudmivi formidan gamomdinare, kapitalisturma sagamomcemlo saqmem enas stabiluri da, faqtobrivad, maradiuli Tviseba SesZina (andersoni, 2003). andersonis daskvniT, `kapitalizmisa da beWdviTi teqnologiis Serwymam, kacobriobis enaTa mraval-ferovnebasTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis axali formis gaCenas, romelmac Tavisi sabaziso morfologi-iT safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove eris warmoSobas~ (ander-soni, 2003).

andersoni miiCnevs, rom eris warmoSobis Sesaxeb saubrisas, `beWdviTi~ enis faqtorTan erTad, aucilebelia gaviTvalis-winoT isic, rom dasavleT evropaSi me-18 saukune gvevlineba ara mxolod nacionalizmis epoqis dasawyisad, aramed `religi-uri azrovnebis mzis Casvenebis momaswavebladac~ (andersoni, 2003). religiis gavlenis Sesustebis kvaldakval `mniSvnelov-

_ 29 _

nad icvleboda samyaros aRqma~ (andersoni, 2003) da am konte-qstSi, andersonis azriT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa droisa da monarqiis mimarT damokidebulebis cvlileba. Sua sauku-neebis qristianuli azrovnebiT, istoria ar warmoadgenda mi-zezTa da SedegTa dausrulebel jaWvs an awmyosa da warsulis radikalur gancalkevebas da es Suasaukuneobrivi èrTdrou-loba~ axal epoqaSi Secvala èrTferovani, carieli drois~ ideam, sadac èrTdrouloba axsnilia rogorc gadamkveTi, Tanmxvedri dro, xolo drois sazomad miCneulia saaTi da ka-lendari~ (andersoni, 2003). garda amisa, Sua saukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sazogadoebis mmarTvelebisadmi daqvemde-barebulobis, maT qveSevrdomad yofnis aRiareba sruliad bu-nebriv movlenad _ `monarqebi, romlebic nebismieri sulieris-gan gamorCeulis privilegiiT sargeblobdnen, kosmologiuri (RvTaebrivi) niSniT marTavdnen xalxs da qveyanas~ (andersoni, 2003). amgvari mimarTeba axal epoqaSi Seicvala _ religiisa da monarqiis gavlenis daRmasvlis paralelurad damkvidrda eri, rogorc loialobis axali obieqti, rogorc politikuri legitimaciis axali safuZveli, rogorc axali umaRlesi Rire-buleba.

andersoni aRniSnavs, rom èris warmosaxvis~ SesaZleblo-bac ki istoriulma faqtorebma ganapirobes, radgan Suasau-kuneobrivma warmodgenebma swored axal epoqaSi `dakarges TavianTi aqsiomaturi gavlena adamianis gonebaze~ (andersoni, 2003). andersonis ganmartebiT, eri aris `warmosaxviTi poli-tikuri sazogadoeba da is warmoisaxeba rogorc misTvis Tan-mxlebi sazRvrebiT, aseve suverenulobiT. is warmosaxviTia, radgan yvelaze patara eris wevrebic ki verasodes gaicno-ben am eris wevrTa umravlesobas, ver Sexvdebian da verafers gaigeben maT Sesaxeb; da mainc, yoveli maTganis gonebaSi Seqm-nilia maTi erTobis xati. faqtobrivad, warmosaxviTia yvela is sazogadoeba, romelic ufro farToa, vidre pirvelyofili soflis axlo urTierTkavSirSi myofi mosaxleoba (isic ki Se-saZloa warmosaxviTi iyos)~ (andersoni, 2003).

eTnosimbolizmi TiTqos cdilobs Sualeduri pozicia daika-vos primordializmsa da modernizms Soris da gaawonasworos

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maTi ùkiduresobebi~. erTi mxriv, eTnosimbolizmi iziarebs modernistTa principul pozicias imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom erebis warmoSoba axali epoqis Sedegia da am mxriv uaryofs primordialistebis mtkicebas erebis Sua saukuneebsa Tu ufro adreul epoqebSi arsebobis Sesaxeb; meore mxriv, eTno-simbolizmi aRiarebs erebis Camoyalibebis xangrZliv procesSi eTnosebisa Tu eTnokulturuli erTobebis did mniSvnelobas, riTic emijneba modernizms da primordializmisken, ufro zu-stad, primordializmis naklebad radikaluri mimdinareobis _ perenializmisken ixreba. eTnosimbolistebi ar uaryofen po-litikur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis gavlenas eris formirebis procesze, Tumca, maTi yuradReba ZiriTadad koncentrirebu-lia kulturul-istoriul faqtorebze (Smith, 2009).

eTnosimbolizmis yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad iTvleba entoni smiTi, romelic mkafiod afiqsirebs, rom èrebs mo-denistebic da eTnosimbolistebic ganixilaven rogorc isto-riul erTobebs, romlebic Caisaxnen konkretul istoriul da geo-kulturul konteqstebSi~ (Smith, 2009). Tumca, smiTis dakvirvebiT, modernistebi, roca erebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb saubroben, ùmetesad, eTnikurobis marginalizacias axdenen~, xolo eTnosimbolistebisTvis eTnikuri kavSirebi TamaSobs ùpirates rols erebis formirebaSi da araerT SemTxvevaSi erebi Camoyalibdnen maTi winamorbedi eTnikuri erTobebis, an eTnosebis safuZvelze. magram ara yvela SemTxvevaSi. ar ar-sebobs erTi erTze Tanxvedra ersa da mis winamorbed eTnoss Soris~ (Smith, 2009). smiTis ganmartebiT, roca erebis formi-reba eTnikur erTobebs emyareba, swored am eTnosebis `simbo-loebis, mexsierebebis, tradiciebisa da miTebis~ safuZvelze xdeba erebis da maTi àxali erovnuli saxelmwifoebis sajaro kulturis, simboluri kodebisa da sistemebis, mravali kanoni-sa Tu Cveulebis Camoyalibeba~ (Smith, 2009).

eTnosimbolistebis TvalsazrisiT, marTalia, erebi SeiZle-ba nawilobriv `Seqmnil-gamoWedil iqnes politikuri insti-tutebis mier~, magram xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg isini sa-Wiroeben èTno-kulturul safuZvels solidaruli erTobis Sesaqmnelad, umTavresad, iqidan gamomdinare, rom erovnuli identobis grZnobisTvis kritikulad mniSvnelovania subie-

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qturi ganzomilebebi~ (Smith, 2009). smiTi aRniSnavs, rom eris an eTnosis sxvadasxva aspeqtis analizis dros, garkveuli mi-zezebis gamo, sakvanZo mniSvneloba eniWeba swored kulturul elementebs: simboloebs, miTebs, mexsierebebs, Rirebulebebs, tradiciebs. smiTi iqve akonkretebs, Tu ra mizezebi ganapiro-bebs mis mier kulturuli elementebis mniSvnelobaze yuradRe-bis gamaxvilebas. misi azriT, upirveles yovlisa unda iTqvas, rom kulturul elementTa sxvadasxva kombinacia TamaSobda da axlac TamaSobs sasicocxlo rols socialuri struqture-bisa da kulturebis formirebaSi, erTobis SigniT sxvadasxva seqtorisa da instituciis urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvrasa da legitimaciaSi. meore, igive kulturuli elementebi uz-runvelyofen TiToeul erTobas gansxvavebuli simboloebis repertuariT, enis, religiis, Cveulebebisa da instituciebis TvalsazrisiT, rac exmareba maT gaemijnon sxva analogiur er-Tobebs, rogorc am erTobebis wevrebis Sida poziciidan, aseve gareSeTa poziciidan, anu es elementebi ufro mkafios xdi-an socialur sazRvrebs, romlebic `Cven~ gvyofs `sxvebisgan~. dabolos, saziaro Rirebulebebi, mexsierebebi da tradiciebi exmareba erTobebs SeinarCunon uwyvetobis grZnoba wina Tao-bebTan. iseTi koleqtiuri simboloebi, rogoricaa droSa, him-ni an erovnuli dResaswaulebi `Zalze mniSvnelovania sajaro kulturis TvalsazrisiT, romelic xels uwyobs erTobis ga-maerTianebeli kavSirebisa da erovnuli identobis grZnobis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas~ (Smith, 2009).

eTnosimbolizmisTvis erT-erTi principuli sakiTxia is, Tu rogor ganasxvavebs es mimdinareoba ers eTnosisagan. smiTi ers ganixilavs, rogorc `saxelis mqone, TviTganmsazRvrel erTo-bas, romlis wevrebi kultivirebas uweven saziaro simboloebs, miTebs, mexsierebebs, Rirebulebebsa da tradiciebs, mkvidro-ben da dakavSirebuli arian istoriul teritoriasTan an sam-SoblosTan, qmnian da avrceleben garkveul sajaro kulturas da icaven saziaro Cveulebebsa da standartizebul kanonebs~ (Smith, 2009). eTnoss (èTnis~) ki smiTi uwodebs `saxelis mqone, TviTganmsazRvrel erTobas, romlis wevrebs aqvT: miTi saer-To winapris Sesaxeb, saziaro mexsierebebi, saerTo kulturis erTi an meti elementi, teritoriasTan damakavSirebeli ele-

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mentis CaTvliT, da solidarobis garkveuli done, sul mci-re zeda fenebSi~(Smith, 2009). smiTi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom eTnosis ganmartebisgan gansxvavebiT, eris miseul definiciaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia samarTlebriv, teritoriul da po-litikur (farTo gagebiT) ganzomilebebze. es moicavs Semdeg aspeqtebs: dasaxlebuli teritoria, sajaro kultura da stan-dartizebuli Cveulebebi da kanonebi _ rac eTnossac SeiZleba hqondes erTad an calke romelime maTgani, magram eTnosisTvis amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs (Smith, 2009).

eris Tanamedrove ganmartebebis mimoxilvisas calke unda SevexoT rojers brubeikeris koncefcias. brubeikeri gamoyo-fs erovnebis `SemecnebiT ganzomilebas~ da yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs imaze, rom eTnikuroba, eri da rasa arsebobs `Cvens aRq-maSi, warmosaxvaSi, interpretaciaSi, kategorizaciaSi, identi-fikaciaSi (da maTi meSveobiT). es aris iseTi ram, rac arsebobs ara samyaroSi, aramed samyaros Sesaxeb Cvens perspeqtivaSi~ (Brubaker, 2002).

brubeikeri eris (analogiurad, eTnikurobisa da rasis) Se-saxeb saubrisas aucileblad miiCnevs `jgufizmisgan~ (groupism) gaTavisuflebas. misi ganmartebiT, `jgufizmi~ aris `tenden-cia, rom ganvixiloT gancalkevebuli, mkveTrad gansxvavebuli, Sinaganad homogenuri da garegnulad Semofargluli jgufebi, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis bazisuri Semadgeneli nawile-bi, socialuri konfliqtebis mTavari protagonistebi da so-cialuri analizis fundamenturi erTeulebi~ (Brubaker, 2002). brubeikeri dasZens, rom `jgufizmSi~ is gulisxmobs abrsta-qtulis konkretulad qcevis tendencias, romelic èTnikur jgufebs, erebsa da rasebs epyroba rogorc cxad/realur or-ganizmebs, romelTac SeiZleba mieweros interesebi da qmede-bebi~ (Brubaker, 2002).

brubeikeris Tanaxmad, principulad mniSvnelovania ̀ jgufi-sa~ da `kategoriis~ cnebaTa erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, radgan xSirad gaugebrobas iwvevs swored is, rom jgufebsa da kate-goriebs Soris zRvari ar aris gavlebuli. brubeikeris ganmar-tebiT, Tu terminiT `jgufi~ aRvniSnavT èrToblivad mour-TierTe, erToblivad amocnobad, erToblivad orientirebul, efeqtiani komunikaciis mqone, SezRudul erTobas, romelsac

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aqvs solidarobis, korporatiuli identobis grZnoba da ur-TierTSeTanxmebuli qmedebebis unari, cxadi unda iyos, rom kategoria ar aris jgufi (Brubaker, 2002). aqedan gamomdinare, brubeikeri gvirCevs mkafiod ganvasxvavoT erTi mxriv, maga-liTad, ùngreli~ an ùngruli~, rogorc kategoria da, meore mxriv, ùngrelebi~, rogorc jgufi da yuradReba gavamaxvloT kategoriaze (Brubaker, 2002).

Tavis koncefcias brubeikeri warmoaCens èTnokonfliqte-bis~ problematikis fonze da maT èTnizirebul~ an èTniku-robis CarCoSi Casmul~ (ethnically framed) konfliqtebs uwodebs (Brubaker, 2002). misi azriT, es aris `politizebuli eTnikuro-bis~ gamoxatuleba da, marTalia, aseTi konfliqtebis mamoZ-ravebel Zalebad xSirad swored eTnikur jgufebs miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, eTnikuri konfliqtebis da miT umetes eTnikuri Zaladobis ZiriTadi protagonistebi ara eTnikuri jgufebi, aramed sxvadasxva saxis organizaciebi arian. brubeikeri xaz-gasmiT aRniSnavs, rom gaumarTlebelia calkeuli organiza-ciebis gaigiveba mTel eTnikur jgufTan, rom sxvadasxva orga-nizaciebi xSirad saubroben da moqmedeben sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis saxeliT, magram analitikosebis movaleobaa am oris erTmaneTisgan gamijvna (Brubaker, 2002).

brubeikeris koncefciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cnebaa ̀ jgufu-roba~ (groupness). is ganmartavs, rom eris (eTnikurobis, rasis) kvlevisas `mTavar analitikur kategoriad~ unda aviRoT ara `jgufi~, rogorc substancia/sagani/organizmi, aramed `jgu-furoba~, rogorc `konteqstze damokidebuli konceptualuri cvladi~ (Brubaker, 2002). brubeikeris TvalsazrisiT, eris (eT-nikurobis) Sesaxeb saubrisas, upirvelesad, jgufi ki ar unda `davinaxoT~, aramed ̀ jgufuroba~, rogorc cvalebadi ram, rac saSualebas mogvcems (potenciurad) avxsnaT erTobis wevrTa Soris `koleqtiuri solidarobis grZnobis~ gaZlierebis, er-Tianobis gancdis kulminaciuri fazebi. amgvari midgomis sa-fuZvelze `jgufuroba~ SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT, rogorc movlena, anu iseTi ram, rac xdeba, magram zogjer SeiZleba arc moxdes. `jgufurobis~ maRali xarisxi (rac jgufisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli), ar aris mudmivi, stabiluri mocemulo-ba da misi `kristalizacia~ SesaZloa ar ganxorcieldes, `jgu-

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fisqmnadobis~ procesisTvis xelsayreli pirobebisa da dain-teresebuli Zalebis mondomebis miuxedavad (Brubaker, 2002).

amgvarad, `jgufis~ cnebidan `jgufurobaze~ aqcentis gada-taniT eri warmogvidgeba rogorc garkveuli dinamikuri pro-cesi, romelic erTobis wevrTa `jgufurobis~ `cvalebad in-tensivobas~ asaxavs da konkretul periodebSi, konkretuli fa-qtorebis zemoqmedebiT, `jgufurobis~ donis gazrdis Sedegad, erTian jgufad iqceva (magram es ar aris mudmivi jgufi da es ar aris am procesis gardauvali Sedegi). am konteqstSi brubeikeri imowmebs pier burdies cnobil naSroms èna da simboluri Zala~ (Bourdieu P. Language and Symbolic Power, 1991) da ganmartavs, rom `Tu Cven ganvixilavT jgufurobas, rogorc cvlads da jgufebs ganvasxvavebT kategoriebisgan, maSin jgufisqmnadoba SegviZ-lia moviazroT rogorc socialuri, kulturuli da politi-kuri proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs kategoriebis jgufebad transformacias an jgufurobis donis gazrdas~ (Brubaker, 2002).

zemoxsenebuli mimdinareobebis am zedapiruli mimoxilvis safuZvelze albaT SeiZleba mokled iTqvas, rom moderniste-bi ers ganixilaven adamianTa iseT erTobad, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian erovnuli cnobierebiT, met-naklebad standartizebuli da homogenizebuli kultu-riT (upirvelesad, `beWdviTi~ eniT). modernistebis Tanaxmad, adamianTa erTobas maSin SeiZleba ewodos eri, roca amgvari kavSiri moicavs mis wevrTa umravlesobas da aseTi tipis erTo-bis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod `modernizaciis~ _ industriuli kapitalizmisa da Tanamedrove saxelmwifo si-stemis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis procesSi.

aseTi midgoma ucxoa primordializmisTvis, romelic araar-sebiTad miiCnevs imis garkvevas, erovnuli cnobiereba erTo-bis umravlesobas aqvs Tu mxolod elitas an SedarebiT ufro farTo jgufs. primordialistebisTvis mTavaria eTnikuri kav-Sirebi da maTi uwyvetoba, anu mocemuli erTobis uwyveti eT-nikuri kavSiri wina TaobebTan.

eTnosimbolistebi, am mxriv, iziareben modernistTa pozi-cias, Tumca, yuradRebas amaxvileben erovnuli cnobierebisa da kulturis CamoyalibebisTvis manamde arsebuli eTnokul-turuli `masalis~ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze. erovnuli

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cnobierebis warmoSoba da misi gavrcelebis masStabi uSualod ukavSirdeba nacionalizmis sakvanZo sakiTxebs.

nacionalizmi

dReisaTvis nacionalizmis Sesaxeb dawerilia uamravi naSro-mi, sxvadasxva principis safuZvelze gamoyofen nacionalizmis ramdenime tips, Seqmnilia Sesabamisi klasifikaciebi (daviTaS-vili, 2003). Tumca, ver vityviT, rom es fenomeni srulad aris Seswavlili da ZiriTadi gaurkvevlobebi ukve amowurulia. na-cionalizmTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi, rojers brubeikeris SefasebiT, xasiaTdeba `Rrma ambivalentobiTa da qronikuli orazrovnebiT. erTi mxriv, nacionalizmi asocirdeba milita-rizmTan, omTan, iracionalizmTan, SovinizmTan, Seuwynareb-lobasTan, homogenizaciasTan, iZulebiT asimilaciasTan, av-toritarizmTan, SezRudulobasTan, qsenofobiasTan, eTnocen-trizmTan, eTnikur wmendasTan, genocidTanac ki; is moixsenies, rogorc ̀ meoce saukunis sruli politikuri sircxvili~. meore mxriv, erovneba da nacionalizmi dakavSirebulia demokratia-sTan, TviTgamorkvevasTan, politikur legitimurobasTan, so-cialur integraciasTan, samoqalaqo religiasTan, solidaro-basTan, RirsebasTan, identobasTan, kulturul gadarCenasTan, moqalaqeobasTan, partiotizmTan da sxvaTa mmarTvelobisgan gaTavisuflebasTan~ (Brubaker,1999). brubeikeri ganmartavs, rom amgvari ambivalentoba, upiratesad, gaurkvevlobas efuZneba, radgan, is, Tu rogor afasebs xalxi nacionalizms, damokide-bulia imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT es fenomeni (Brubaker,1999).

maikl heCteris azriT, marTalia nacionalizmi xSirad xe-lovnebis, inteleqtualuri da politikuri STagonebis wyaroa, is zogjer samoqalaqo omisa da Zaladobis yvelaze Seuwynare-beli sababic xdeba (heCteri, 2007).

me-19 saukuneSi nacionalizmi, ZiriTadad, ganTavisufle-bisa da modernizaciis ideologiad miiCneoda, magram, mogvia-nebiT, òri msoflio omis Sokma da holokostis saSinelebam~ (Smith, 2009) nacionalizmisadmi damokidebuleba Secvala. bene-diqt andersoni 1983 wels gamoqveynebul Tavis cnobil wign-Si (`warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi~) aRniSnavda: `Tanamedrove epoqaSi Cveul movlenad iqca progresuli kosmopoliti inte-

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ligenciis axireba (gansakuTrebiT evropaSi), rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom nacionalizms TiTqmis paTologiur xasiaTs aniWe-ben, misi mizezebis axsnas ki sxvebisadmi SiSisa da siZulvi-lis safuZvelze cdiloben da rasizmTan aigiveben~ (andersoni, 2003). andersonisTvis nacionalizmi aseTi erTmniSvnelovani movlena ar iyo da am ideologiis ganviTarebis perspeqtivasac xangrZliv periods ukavSirebda. igi miiCnevda, rom `naciona-lizmis xanis dasasruli, rasac aqamde dabejiTebiT winaswar-metyvelebdnen~ axlo momavalSi mosalodneli ar iyo, radgan dRevandel politikur cxovrebaSi èrovnuloba sayovelTao kanonier Rirebulebad iqca~ (andersoni, 2003).

meoce saukunis dasasruls, roca ̀ klasTa politika kulise-bisken inacvlebs~, maikl heCteris SefasebiT, swored èTniku-robis politika~ iwyebs gamosvlas wina planze (heCteri, 2007). heCteris Tanaxmad, eTnikuroba mZlavrad ikidebs fexs iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa popularuli kultura da msoflio po-litika, rasac adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom `holivudis varskvlavebi odesRac malavdnen Tavis eTnikur warmomavlo-bas da anglosaqsur saxelebs irqmevdnen. axla eTnikurad ga-morCeuli saxelebi modaSia... popularulma kulturam magali-Ti farTo politikuri mimdinareobebidan aiRo. nacionaliz-mi da misi uaxloesi biZaSvili, eTnikuroba, amJamad yvelaze Zlieri politikuri Zalebia msoflioSi~ (heCteri, 2007). amg-vari realobidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, nacionalizmisadmi interesi gaizarda, mis Sesaxeb ukve dawerilia uamravi statia `wignebis mTeli mTebi~, magram miuxedavad amisa, `mainc Zalian cota viciT zogadad nacionalizmis Sesaxeb~ (heCteri, 2007).

nacionalizmis ganmartebisa da arsis gasarkvevad Cven ze-moxsenebul sam ZiriTad Teoriul mimdinareobas (primordia-lizmi, modernizmi da eTnosimbolizmi) unda davubrundeT da mokled mimovixiloT maTi warmomadgenlebis sakvanZo pozicie-bi nacionalizmTan dakavSirebiT.

primordializmis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmi kacobriobis isto-riis yvela periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, radgan is eris ideologiaa, erebi ki uZvelesi droidan arseboben (davi-TaSvili, 2009).

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modernizmi nacionalizms ganixilavs im ideologiad da im po-litikur moZraobad, romelic modernizaciis procesSi war-moiSva da romelsac efuZneba ̀ eris mSenebloba~. nacionalizmis Sesaxeb modernizmis zogadi midgomis daxasiaTebisas ganmarta-ven, rom modernistTa SefasebiT: orive (nacionalizmi da eri) aris produqti ̀ modernizaciis~, anu sazogadoebaTa globalu-ri moZraobisa `modernulobis~ mdgomareobisken (Smith, 2009). ernest gelneris Tanaxmad, `nacionalizmi, upirveles yovli-sa, aris politikuri principi, romlis mixedviTac politiku-ri da erovnuli erToba urTierTTanxvedrili unda iyos. na-cionalizmi, rogorc ganwyoba, an rogorc moZraoba, yvelaze ukeT am principis mixedviT SeiZleba ganisazRros~ (gelneri, 2003). gelneri aRniSnavs, rom nacionalisturi ganwyoba aris, an am principis darRveviT gamowveuli ukmayofilebis, an am principis ganxorcielebis Sedegad warmoqmnili kmayofilebis grZnoba, anu nacionalisturi moZraoba aris is, rasac ganwyo-bis es tipi warmoSobs. gelneris daskvniT, `nacionalizmi aris politikuri legitimurobis Teoria, romelic moiTxovs, rom eTnikuri sazRvrebi politikurs ar kveTdes~ (gelneri, 2003).rogorc vxedavT, gelneri nacionalizms, rogorc ideologias da rogorc moZraobas, uwinaresad, politikis sferos miakuTv-nebs. amasTanave, misi azriT, am sferoSi nacionalizmis adgi-li da mizani, upirvelesad, erisa da Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Seqmnas ukavSirdeba. gelneri aRniSnavs, rom èrebs mxolod nacionalizmi warmoSobs da ara piriqiT~ (gelneri, 2003). rac Seexeba erisa da saxelmwifos urTierTTanxvedras, gelneris ganmartebiT, `nacionalizmi Tvlis, rom isini (saxelmwifo da eri) erTmaneTs unda ekuTvnodnen, rom erTi meores gareSe arasrulyofilia da tragedias warmoSobs. magram, sanam erT-maneTisTvis gankuTvnilebi gaxdebodnen, isini unda warmoSo-biliyvnen; es warmoSoba ki erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli da SemTxveviTi iyo~ (gelneri, 2003).

gelneris msgavsad, nacionalizms, upirvelesad, politi-kur sibrtyeze ganixilavs araerTi mkvlevari. magaliTad, jon briuilis (Breuilly) azriT, nacionalizmi yvelaze ukeT gasagebia, rogorc `politikuri qcevis zedmiwevniT Sesaferisi forma Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da Tanamedrove saxelmwifo siste-

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mis konteqstSi... nacionalizmi, upirveles yovlisa, aris po-litika, xolo politika _ Zalaufleba. Tanamedrove msoflio-Si Zalaufleba principulad swored saxelmwifos kontrols ukavSirdeba~ (Breuilly, 1993).

nacionalizms ufro farTo konteqstSi ganixilavs benedi-qt andersoni. misi azriT, nacionalizmis kvlevisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes ara mxolod politikur ideologiaze, ara-med aseve `nacionalizmis kulturul fesvebze~ (andersoni, 2003). andersonis ganmartebiT, nacionalizmi gagebul unda iq-nes ara rogorc ̀ Segnebul politikur ideologiebTan gaigive-buli movlena, aramed rogorc farTo kulturul sistemebTan gaTanabrebuli, romlebic win uswrebdnen mas da mis warmo-Sobasac misces dasabami~ (andersoni, 2003). zemoT ukve iTqva, rom andersoni ers `warmosaxviT politikur sazogadoebas~ uwodebs, meore mxriv, misi azriT, eri yovelTvis moiazreba rogorc `horizontaluri amxanagoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris Zmoba, romelic am bolo ori saukunis manZilze milio-nobiT adamians mouwodebs ara imdenad sxvebis ganadgurebis-ken, ramdenadac Tavis gawirvisken~ (andersoni, 2003). swored am da farTo kulturul konteqsts ukavSirebs andersoni im umTavres kiTxvas, romelsac nacionalizmi wamoWris: `rogor xdeba, rom uaxlesi istoriis (araumetes ori saukunis) ukve `SeTelili~ warmosaxvebi (shrunken imaginings) warmoSobs Tavg-anwirvis aseT kolosalur raodenobas? mjera, rom pasuxi am kiTxvaze nacionalizmis kulturul fesvebSi unda veZeboT~ (Anderson, 2006). andersonis mier farTo kulturul konteqst-Si danaxuli da Seswavlili nacionalizmis ganmarteba mokled SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: `nacionalizmi aris sekulariza-ciis, adamianuri mravalferovnebis, kapitalizmisa da beWdvi-Ti teqnologiis ganviTarebis nazavis Sedegi~ (TevzaZe, 2009).

`nacionalizmis kulturul fesvebs~ kidev ufro Rrmad ikv-levs lea grinfeldi, romelic Tavisive SefasebiT, èrnest gelneris kvals gahyva~, Tumca garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT, `fundamentur doneze~ gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvs (Green-feld, 2005).

grinfeldi aRniSnavs, rom gelneri, iseve rogorc sxva sociolog-struqturalistebi da materialistebi filoso-

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fiaSi, sazogadoebasa da istorias ganixilavdnen esenciurad, _ biologiuri evoluciis gagrZelebad, xolo is (grinfeldi) Tavis msjelobaSi èmpiriul ganzogadebas~ efuZneba. grin-feldis TvalsazrisiT, kacobrioba Taviseburi realobaa, romelic cxovelTa sxva saxeobebisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom Tavis cxovrebis wess Taobidan Taobas gadascems ara geneti-kurad, anu materialurad, aramed simboluri gziT, anu ara-materialurad. es gansakuTrebuloba gardauvlad mJRavndeba rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis specifikaSi, aseve adamianis istoriis TaviseburebebSi, radgan adamianis istoria, sxva sa-xeobebis ganviTarebisgan gansxvavebiT, kulturiT wesrigdeba da mxolod amis Semdeg biologiuri evoluciiT. grinfel-dis daskvniT, swored aqedan gamomdinareobs aucilebloba, _ istoriuli da socialuri procesebis Seswavlisas, yuradReba gamaxvildes kulturaze da kulturuli (simboluri) faqto-rebi ganxilul iqnen, erTdroulad, rogorc amxsneli, aseve asaxsneli movlenebi (Greenfeld, 2005). grinfeldis amgvari mid-goma ganapirobebs mis mcdelobas, axsnas, Tu rogor esmis mas zogadad kultura da Semdeg ganmartos, ra kavSirs xedavs na-cionalizmsa da Tanamedrove kulturas Soris.

grinfeldis Tanaxmad, `yvelaze zogad doneze, kultura _ es aris cxovrebisa da adamianuri TanamSromlobis istori-ulad Camoyalibebuli formebis gadacemis procesi Taobebs Soris da distanciaze... adamiani _ erTaderTi biologiuri saxeobaa, romlis arsebobis gagrZeleba damokidebulia tra-diciis simboloebis gziT gadacemaze~ (Greenfeld, 2005). Tumca, grinfeldi kulturis am zogadi ganmartebiT ar kmayofilde-ba, radgan, misi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom `kul-tura qmnis adamianis cnobierebas~ (Greenfeld, 2005). grinfeldi ganmartavs, rom cnobiereba simboluri da mentaluri pro-cesia, romelic uSualod aris dakavSirebuli kulturasTan, radgan `cnobiereba individualizebuli kulturuli proce-sia, an tvinis farglebSi moqceuli kultura... es unikalu-ri adamianuri mentaluri procesebi moicavs: identobas, nebas da simbolur warmosaxvas. simboluri warmosaxva _ adamianis cnobierebis ZiriTadi unaria, romelsac efuZneba cnobierebis yvela funqcia da TviT cnobierebis Camoyalibeba (mTlianad

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_ kulturuli procesi). simboluri warmosaxva tvinSi axali informaciis Seqmnis unaria... yvelaze gansxvavebuli simbolu-ri sistema, romelic kulturuli realobis gulisguls war-moadgens, aris ena. magram radganac Cven TviTon simboluri qmnilebebi varT, aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens garSemo yvelaferi simbolod iqceva~ (Greenfeld, 2005).

grinfeldi miiCnevs, rom Tanamdrove kultura principu-lad gansxvavdeba manamde arsebuli kulturebisgan da gansxva-vebis arsi swored nacionalizmis ZiriTad principebs ukavSir-deba. misi TvalsazrisiT, `nacionalizmi aris Tanamedroveobis kultura. es aris specifikuri Tanamedrove cnobiereba, sim-boluri sqema Tanamedrove realobisa da im meTodisa, romlis meSveobiTac vxedavT da, Sesabamisad, vagebT samyaros Cvens garSemo~ (Greenfeld, 2005). amgvari daskvna gamomdinareobs im poziciidan, rom termin èris~ nacionalisturma (anu Taname-drove) gagebam safuZveli Cauyara TanasworTa sazogadoebas (Greenfeld, 2005). grinfeldi nacionalizms ganixilavs, rogorc, zogadad, realobis axlebur xedvas (Greenfeld, 2005), romelic warmoiSva me-16 saukunis inglisSi da romelmac Semdgom pe-riodSi Zireulad Secvala evropuli cnobiereba da mTlianad evropuli sinamdvile. igi nacionalizms uwodebs `sazogadoe-brivi cnobierebis unikalur formas, realobis SemecnebiTi da moraluri organizaciis meTods~ (Greenfeld, 2003), grinfeldis Rrma rwmeniT, swored nacionalizmia ̀ Tanamedrove sazogadoe-bis moraluri wesrigis saZirkveli, misi Rirebulebebis wyaro, misi damaxasiaTebeli identobis (erovnuli) fuZe da sayrdeni Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis~ (Greenfeld, 2003).

grinfeldis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmi aris `fundamenturad sekularuli da humanisturi cnobiereba, romelic emyareba sa-xalxo suverenitetisa da Tanasworobis principebs~ (Greenfeld, 2005). grinfeldis ganmartebiT, roca is nacionalizms aigivebs `Tanamedroveobis kulturasTan~, es niSnavs, rom nacionalizmi qmnis `kulturul safuZvels Tanamedrove socialuri stru-qturis, ekonomikis, politikis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, ganaTlebis, xelovnebis, mecnierebisa da ojaxuri urTierTo-bebisTvis~ (Greenfeld, 2005).

sayuradReboa, rom grinfeldi nacionalizms, anu `kole-

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qtiuri cnobierebis axal formas~ miiCnevs `Tanamedrove eko-nomikis warmoSobis sakvanZo faqtorad~, ̀ kapitalizmis sulis~, èkonomikuri zrdis~ wyarod (Greenfeld, 2003). grinfeldi xaz-gasmiT aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo _ `Cveni epoqis mTavari politikuri instituti _ aseve nacionalizmis pro-duqtia~ (Greenfeld, 2005). egalitarul principze dafuZnebu-li sazogadoebis nacionalisturi nimuSi, grinfeldis Tanax-mad, `gulisxmobs socialuri stratifikaciis Ria da moZrav (fluid) sistemas, anu klasobriv sistemas, romelic xasiaTdeba socialuri mobilurobiT~ da aseT sazogadoebaSi ìndividi istoriis agentad iqceva, misi socialuri pozicia da statusi simdidresa da ganaTlebas, anu iseT sikeTeebs emyareba, ro-melTa SeZena SesaZlebelia~ (Greenfeld, 2005). aqedan gamomdina-re, nacionalizmis kulturul konteqstSi adamianis statusi dabadebiT aRar ganisazRvreba da amitom veranairi socialuri mdgomareoba veRar iqneba mis identobasTan gaTanabrebuli. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi individisgan elian, rom is Tvi-Ton iqneba Tavisi bedis Semoqmedi. is TviTon Seqmnis Tavis Tavs, rac realurad gulisxmobs aseve individis mier Tavis garSemo Sesabamisi garemos Seqmnasac; magram imisaTvis, rom man es SeZlos jer `Tavisi Tavi unda ipovos~. grinfeldi xazgas-miT aRniSnavs, rom TviTgansazRvra, anu TviTidentifikacia àrCevanisa da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi xdeba; im dros, roca individi ukve aRar aris ubralod swavlebis da garedan mi-wodebuli simboluri informaciis damaxsovrebis produqti, identobis ageba iqceva amocanad SemoqmedebiTi simboluri warmosaxvisTvis _ gonebrivi unarisTvis, romelic Tavis yvela rutinul gamovlinebaSi identobazea damokidebuli. am Tval-sazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nacionalizmi qmnis adamianebis axal Taobebs, is cvlis TviT meTods, romliTac yalibdeba da funqcionirebs cnobiereba. nacionalizmi individis cnobiere-bisgan moiTxovs mTeli im samuSaos Sesrulebas, romelsac sxva kulturebi Tavis Tavze iRebdnen~ (Greenfeld, 2005).

grinfeldis azriT, nacionalizmi da demokratia urTierT-gadajaWvuli cnebebia, radgan suverenitetis xalxSi ganTavseba da sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis fundamenturi Tanasworobis aRiareba, rac Tanamedrove erovnuli ideis arss warmoadgens,

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amave dros aris demokratiis umTavresi debulebebi. grinfrl-dis Tanaxmad, `demokratia nacionalobis grZnobasTan erTad daibada. es ori arsobrivad dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan da am kavSiris gareSe romelime maTganis srulad gageba SeuZle-belia. Tavdapirvelad, nacionalizmi ganviTarda rogorc de-mokratia... magram mas Semdeg, rac nacionalizmi sxvadasxva mi-marTulebiT gaiSala da eris ideaSi suverenitetidan aqcenti gadavida xalxis unikalurobaze, Tavdapirveli ekvivalentoba nacionalizmsa da demokratiul principebs Soris daikarga~ (Greenfeld, 1992).

eTnosimbolizmis mimarTeba nacionalizmisadmi, ZiriTadad, modernizmis msgavsia, Tumca, maT Soris arsebobs mniSvnelova-ni gansxvavebac, rac, isev da isev eTnikuri faqtorisadmi da-mokidebulebas ukavSirdeba. rogorc entoni smiTi SeniSnavs, eTnikuri fenomenebis yvelgan yofna imperatiulad moiTxovs eTnosimbolizmisgan, rom isini ganaTavsos èrebisa da na-cionalizmis istoriis sociologiis centrSi~. smitis azriT, warsulsa da awmyoSi eTnikur elementebTan yvela mimarTebis ugulebelyofa erisa da nacionalizmis Sinaarsis axsnas kidev ufro, usasrulod gaarTulebs (Smith, 2009).

smiTi yuradRebas amaxvilebs, erTi mxriv, modernizaciis da, meore mxriv, nacionalizmis momZlavrebisa da eris Camoya-libebis procesebis mWidro urTierTkavSirze da daaskvnis, rom èris mSenebloba~ iyo ganuyofeli procesi socialuri da politikuri modenizaciisa da nacionalizmi iyo ìdeo-logia dinamikuri koleqtiuri Zalisxmevisa da Tavganwirvisa erisTvis~ (Smith, 2009). amave dros, smiTi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs modernizmisa da eTnosimbolizmis gansxvavebul midgomas na-cionalizmisa da nacionalistebis rolisadmi. misi azriT, mra-vali modernistisTvis nacionalistebi arian èris mSeneblebi~ da erebi, zogadad, maTi `qmnilebebia~, xolo eTnosimboliz-mis Tanaxmad, marTalia, nacionalistebis roli eris SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovania, magram am procesSi maTi funqcia mainc ùfro zomierad da SezRudulad~ unda Sefasdes. rogorc entoni smiTi ganmartavs: nacionalistebis amocanaa xelaxla aRmoaCi-non, amoarCion da gaiazron mocemuli erTobis warsuli, ax-

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leburad warmoadginon am erTobis arsebuli mdgomareoba. am TvalsazrisiT, nacionalizmi gvevlineba `politikuri arqeo-logiis~ formad, xolo nacionalistebi politikur arqeolo-gebad, romlebic cdiloben erTobas saTanado adgili mouZeb-non droiT da sivrciT konteqstebSi (Smith, 2009).

entoni smiTis TvalsazrisiT, nacionalizmi ufro metia, vidre politikuri ideologia. mravalTaTvis is kulturis specifikuri saxe da sekularuli religiis formaa. naciona-listTa miznebi imdenad aris kulturuli, ramdenadac poli-tikuri (Smith, 2009).

modernistebis msgavsad, smiTi miiCnevs, rom nacionalizmi SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes rogorc `religiis sekularu-li da politikuri forma~. igi aRniSnavs, rom nacionalizmi, rasakvirvelia, gansxvavdeba da upirispirdeba tradiciul re-ligiebs, Tumca isini SeiZleba Tanaarsebobdnen an erTmaneTis mokavSireebic ki iyvnen. es aris àmqveyniuri~ religia, `xalxis religia~, xolo misi msaxurebis obieqti aris eris `wminda erToba~, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gardacvlilebs, cocxlebsa da jer ardabadebulebs. smitis TvalsazrisiT, religiis sekularul da politikur formad warmodgenili nacionalizmi àxali da modernulia~ im mxriv, rom is aRa-zevebs `xalxs da moqalaqeebs, rogorc Tayvaniscemis mTavar obieqtebs da maTTan akavSirebs winaprebis miwas, wmindanebisa da gmirebis saZvaleebs~ (Smith, 2009). amave dros, nacioanlizmi iyenebs tradiciuli religiis motivebs, rwmenebsa da ritu-alebs ara mxolod formis, aramed garkveuli Sinaarsis gamoc, magaliTad, SeiZleba dasaxeldes miTebi eTnikuri bedisweris, samSoblos siwmindisa da meTauris mesianisturi rolis Sesaxeb (Smith, 2009).

smiTi miiCnevs, rom nacionalizmi ar aris, ubralod, `sa-ziaro grZnoba an cnobiereba~, is arc ̀ eris aRzevebasTan~ unda gavaigivoT. smiTis azriT, aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom na-cionalizmi aris aseve àqtiuri moZraoba, romelic STagone-bulia eris ideologiiTa da simbolizmiT~, xolo am ideolo-giur moZraobas ramdenime aspeqti aqvs, romelTagan, upirvele-sad, unda dasaxeldes `fuZe doqtrina~, romelic Tavs uyris Teoriul Sexedulebebs kacobriobisa da politikis Sesaxeb

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da qmnis Sesabamis poziciebs Semdgomi qmedebebisTvis. smiTis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmis es `fuZe doqtrina~ eqvs debulebas emyareba:

1. kacobrioba dayofilia erebad da TiToeul maTgans Ta-visi xasiaTi, istoria da bediswera aqvs;

2. eri aris politikuri Zalauflebis erTaderTi wyaro;

3. erisadmi erTguleba upiratesia sxva saxis erTguleba-sTan SedarebiT;

4. imisaTvis, rom iyos Tavisufali, adamiani unda ekuTv-nodes ers;

5. erebi iTxoven maqsimalur avtonomias da TviTgamoxatvas;

6. globaluri mSvidoba da samarTlianoba SesaZlebelia mxolod Tavisufali erebis pluralizmis safuZvelze~ (Smith, 2009).

modernistebisgan gansxvavebiT, smiTi darwmunebulia, rom `nacionalizmi aris doqtrina eris da ara saxelmwifos Se-saxeb~, Tumca, iqve dasZens, rom, realurad, Tavisufali eri xSirad saWiroebs sakuTar saxelmwifos, Tavdacvisa da Tavisi kulturis gasaviTareblad (Smith, 2009).

sxvadasxva tipis nacionalizmis arsebobis miuxedavad, smi-Tis azriT, am nairsaxeobebs aerTianebs ramdenime sakvanZo Tema, romlebSic aisaxeba nacionalistTa umTavresi Sinagani miswrafebebi, rwmenebi da miznebi. smiTi asaxelebs rva aseT Temas: 1. avtonomia (igulisxmeba erovnuli erTobis wevr-Ta miswrafeba, icxovron maTi sakuTari kanonebisa da riTmis Sesabamisad, yovelgvari gare Carevisgan damoukideblad); 2. erTianoba, (miswrafeba teritoriuli mTlianobisa da Seuz-Rudavi mobilurobisken, aseve socialuri solidarobisken); 3. identoba, anu gamorCeuloba (wevrTa mier erovnuli erTobis `Tandayolili~ individualobis aRorZineba da misi xelSesaxe-bad, vizualurad gansaxiereba ritualuri da mxatvruli for-miT); 4. auTenturoba (igulisxmeba erTobis calkeuli wevrebis mier eris `WeSmariti bunebis~ xelaxla aRmoCena da imis grZ-noba, rom es aris erovnuli erToba Tavisi unikaluri war-

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momavlobiT, istoriiTa da kulturiT); 5. samSoblo (erTobis wevrebis mikuTvnebulobis, xsovnisa da mibmulobis grZnoba winaparTa an istoriuli teritoriis mimarT, romelic gani-xileba, rogorc unikalurad maTi kuTvnili miwa); 6. Rirseba (wevrebis rwmena, rom maTi erTobis prestiJi da statusi unda miesadagebodes mis WeSmarit `Sinagan, Rirebulebas~); 7. gan-grZobadoba (wevrebis rwmena, rom isini winaprebTan da samSob-los adreul kulturebTan dakavSirebuli arian met-naklebad uwyveti jaWviT); 8. bediswera (igulisxmeba wevrTa rwmena, rom erovnul erTobas aqvs winsvlis gansakuTrebuli gza, winaswar gansazRvruli da, Cveulebriv, didebuli) (Smith, 2009).

samecniero literaturaSi (rogorc ucxourSi, aseve qar-TulSi) gamoTqmulia uamravi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sefa-seba zemoxsenebul Teoriul mimdinareobebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, maTi ganxilva Sors wagviyvans. SemovifarglebiT mxolod qarTul specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmuli cal-keuli Sexedulebebis mokle mimoxilviT. magaliTad, aRniSna-ven, rom èTnosimbolizmi sxva Teoriebze ukeT xsnis zogierT arsebiT sakiTxs; eTnosimbolizmi gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom da rogor axerxebs nacionalizmi moipovos xalxis masobrivi mxar-daWera~ (daviTaSvili, 2003). arsebobs kritikuli midgomebic. kerZod, gelneris, andersonisa da smiTis Teoriebis Sesaxeb SeniSnaven, rom samive Teorias aqvs mniSvnelovani nakli _ verc erTi es Teoria ver xsnis, ratom klaven adamianebi erTmaneTs erisa da erovnuli ideis gamo (TevzaZe, 2009).

gamoTqmulia mosazreba eTnosimbolizmisa da `masebis fsi-qologiis~ kavSiris Sesaxebac. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, me-19 saukunis dasarulsa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi `masebis aRSfoTebisa da ajanyebebis~ asaxsnelad aucilebeli gaxda xalxSi raRac saerTosa da iracionaluris daSveba, romelic raRacnairad gadaecema Taobidan Taobas da ganapirobebs xalx-Ta masebis erTiani organizmiviT qcevas. aqedan gamomdinare, sabolood, dauSves xalxSi, erSi, anu erTian òrganizmSi~, ro-gorc fsiqikuris (cnobieris), aseve _ aracnobieris arseboba. ganmartaven, rom smiTis Teoria, romelic èrovnulobisa da eris gagebis fesvebs solidarobaSi xedavs, am, mecxramete-meo-ce saukuneebSi gamogonili, axsniT receptzea damyarebuli.

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solidaroba aris meoce saukunis meore naxevris saxeli imisT-vis, rasac froidi da iungi masebis fsiqologias uwodebdnen. ufro zustad rom ganvmartoT _ solidarobis daSveba eris da erovnuli cnobierebis safuZvlad, niSnavs, rom yovel Cvengan-Si aris raRac, rac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da rac gvai-Zulebs adamianebs erTobebisken miviswrafodeT. solidaroba mniSvnelovani socialuri konstruqtia, magram is mTlianad inteligibeluri warmonaqmnia da cnobier gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba. is, rac cnobieri gadawyvetilebaa, ver iqneba ma-sobrivi ajanyebebisa da Tavis gawirvis safuZveli~ (TevzaZe, 2009).

zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom nacionalizmis sxvadasxvagvari klasifikacia arsebobs. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebul mode-lad iTvleba jer kidev me-20 saukunis 40-50-iani wlebidan hans konis mier damkvidrebuli dayofa `dasavlur~ (upirvelesad, britanul, frangul, amerikul) da àradasavlur~ (upirvele-sad, germanul) nacionalizmad (Kohn, 1955). mogvianebiT, `da-savluri nacionalizmis~ mniSvnelobiT, Cveulebriv, gamoiye-neba termini `samoqalaqo nacionalizmi~, xolo àradasavlu-ris~ an àRmosavluris~ nacvlad _ èTnikuri nacionalizmi~. rogorc ganmartaven, eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmi, orive, aris Sedegi `socialuri kategorizaciis da socialu-ri Sedarebis procesebisa da winapiroba rwmenebis kompleqsu-ri sistemis ganviTarebisTvis. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, erovnuli identoba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc winapiroba eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalisturi midgomebisTvis~ (Keil, 2006). xSirad, nacionalizmis am or nairsaxeobas Soris gansx-vavebis xazgasasmelad, `samoqalaqo nacionalizms~ ukavSireben `patriotizms~, xolo èTnikur nacionalizms~ – sakuTriv `na-cionalizms~ (Keil, 2006).

aseTi diferenciacia emyareba Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanax-mad, eTnikuri nacionalizmi (nacionalizmi) aris rwmenebisa da grZnobebis sistema, romelic ers gansazRvravs, rogorc ho-mogenur eTnikur erTobas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia imigrantebis gandevnis, maTi arSeSvebis tendencia. samoqalaqo nacionalizmi (patriotizmi) ki aris rwmenebisa da grZnobebis sistema, romlisTvisac eri aris erToba, romelic emyareba

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iseT demokratiul principebs, rogoricaa kulturuli tole-rantoba da Tanasworoba (Keil, 2006).

Camoyalibebulia `samoqalaqo~ da èTnikuri~ nacionaliz-mis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, romlebic garkveuli kvlevebis Sedegebs emyareba. silvia kaili (2006) Tavis sadi-sertacio naSromSi `samoqalaqo~ nacionalizms Semdegnairad ajamebs:

1. erTan, mis fundamentur principebTan da institutebTan dakavSirebulobis pozitiuri grZnoba (Figueiredo/Elkins 2003; Viroli 1995);

2. kritikuli cnobierebidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo na-cionalistebs aqvT midrekileba gaaumjobeson sazoga-doeba demokratiuli Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT (Ad-orno et.al. 1950; Staub et.al. 1999);

3. ZiriTadi Rirebulebebia: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmo-ba da individualizmi. es Rirebulebebi moicaven samoqa-laqo uflebebis dacvas da kulturuli mravalferovne-bis miRebas (Habermas 1990; Staub 1997; Sternberger 1990);

4. sazogadoebisTvis misaRebia eTnikuri mravalferovneba;

5. sxva erebi da erovnuli umciresobebi miCneuli arian Ta-nasworebad (Adorno et.al. 1950; Viroli 1995).

kailis SejamebiT, samoqalaqo nacionalizmis sapirispirod, eTnikuri nacionalizmi xasiaTdeba:

1. eris idealizaciiT, rac gulisxmobs istoriis idealiza-ciasac (Adorno et.al. 1950; Kosterman/Feshbach 1989; Tajfel 1969);

2. eTnikuri nacionalizmi dakavSirebulia erovnuli upira-tesobisa da dominantobis rwmenasTan (Adorno et.al. 1950; de Figueiredo/Elkins 2003; Kosterman/Feshbach 1989; Schatz/Staub 1997);

3. individis TviTkoncefciaSi erovnuli siyvarulisadmi gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT (Adorno et.al. 1950);

4. yuradRebis sagangebo gamaxvilebiT socialuri Sedare-bis procesebze im jgufebTan, romlebic ar ganixilebian

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eris nawilad (Mummendey/Simon 1997; Schatz et.al. 1999); im pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac eTnikuri nacionalizmis-ken aqvT midrekileba, damaxasiaTebelia TavianTi erov-nuli jgufis gansazRvra, rogorc kulturulad homo-genurisa da unikaluris (Blank/Schmidt 2003; Viroli 1995).

nacionalizmis SedarebiT gansxvavebul klasifikacias gv-Tavazobs lea grinfeldi, Tumca terminebi `samoqalaqo~ da èTnikuri~ aqac figurirebs. grinfeldis klasifikaciaSi ufro mkafiod Cans nacionalizmisa da demokratiis urTierT-mimarTebis mniSvneloba. nacionalizms grinfeldi ganixilavs rogorc `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da koleqtiuri so-lidarobis formas~ (Greenfeld, 2003) da aRniSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, erovnuli cnobiereba imTaviTve demokratiulia, rad-gan egalitarizmi misi `socialuri organizaciis sasicocxlo principia~, xolo saxalxo suvereniteti _ misi `sasicocxlo politikuri principi~, magram, meore mxriv, am principebis in-terpretacia SesaZlebelia radikalurad gansxvavebuli mimar-TulebiT. grinfeldis TvalsazrisiT, ìnterpretaciis mimar-Tuleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor vxedavT ers, rogorc Sedgenil erTobas, Tu rogorc mTlians da aseve, Tu rogoria eris wevrobis, anu erovnebis kriteriumi: samoqalaqo Tu eTni-kuri~ (Greenfeld, 2003).

swored am gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis Sedegad, grin-feldis SefasebiT, praqtikulad, nacionalizmis (da Se sa-bamisad, erebisa da erovnuli identobebis) sami tipi gamoiyo-fa:

(1) individualistur-samoqalaqo: individualistur-samo-qalaqo tipis nacionalizms grinfeldi `nacionalizmis Tavdapirvel tips~ uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom, marTalia, yvela nacionalizmi gulisxmobs demokratias, magram individualistur-samoqalaqo nacionalizmi individua-listur, anu liberalur demokratias gulisxmobs~. am tipis nacionalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia eris cnebis Sedgenili definicia: sazogadoebis, rogorc Tavisufal da Tanaswor individTa asociaciis ideas ebmis erovnebis samoqalaqo koncefcia. vinaidan eris wevrebi Tavisufali

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individebi arian, Sesabamisad, eric ganixileba, rogorc suverenuli erToba, romelic asaxavs misi wevrebis Tvi-sebebs. individualistur-samoqalaqo eris neba misi we-vrebis umravlesobis nebaa. samoqalaqo erovneba utol-deba moqalaqeobas, rac arsebiTad gulisxmobs garkveul uflebebsa da movaleobebze Segnebul Tanxmobas. am Sem-TxvevaSi eris wevroba damokidebulia individis nebaze, iyos am erTobis wevri da individma erovneba, religi-is msgavsad, SeiZleba rogorc miiRos, aseve dakargos~ (Greenfeld, 2003);

(2) koleqtivistur-eTnikuri: nacionalizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipi, grinfeldis ganmartebiT, aris ko-leqtivistur-eTnikuri nacionalizmi, romelic aerTia-nebs eris, rogorc mTlianis definicias moqalaqeobis eTnikur koncefciasTan. am koncefciis Tanaxmad ki, ero-vneba aris memkvidreobiTi, genetikuri, xasiaTTan dakav-Sirebuli, rac sisxliT gadadis da ar aris damokidebu-li individis nebaze. erovnebas individi ver SeiZens, Tu ar daibada am erovnebis adamianad da verc dakargavs mas, Tu daibada am erovnebiT. erovnebis aseTi `kvazibiolo-giuri idea~ xels uwyobs adamianis individis ganxilvas, rogorc eris, anu idealuri didi organizmis biologi-ur wevrad an ujredad da, aqedan gamomdinare, zRudavs mis individualur Tavisuflebas. am konteqstSi eris Ta-visufleba da suvereniteti, upirvelesad, iTvaliswinebs damoukideblobas gare Zalisgan (Greenfeld, 2003);

(3) koleqtivistur-samoqalaqo: mesame, koleqtivistur-sa-moqalaqo tipis nacionalizms grinfeldi `SemecnebiTi TvalsazrisiT, problemurs~ uwodebs, radgan, misi az-riT, individualistur-samoqalaqo da koleqtivistur-eTnikuri nacionalizmebis Semadgeneli elementebi erT-maneTs aZliereben, xolo koleqtivistur-samoqalaqo tipis SemTxvevaSi iqmneba àmbivalenturi, ormagi xedva~. grinfeldis ganmartebiT, koleqtivistur-samoqalaqo tipis nacionalizmi ers ganixilavs rogorc koleqtiur individs, romelsac Tavisi sakuTari neba, moTxovnilebe-

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bi da interesebi aqvs, romlebsac upiratesoba eniWebaT eris wevrebis moTxovnilebebs, nebasa da interesebTan SedarebiT. amasTanave, eris neba, moTxovnilebebi da in-teresebi unda Seafasos ara umravlesobam, aramed spe-cifikurad gamorCeulma elitam. grinfeldis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove diqtaturebi swored koleqtivistur-samo-qalaqo nacionalizms miekuTvnebian da demokratia, aseT SemTxvevebSi, aris socialisturi, anu saxalxo demokra-tia (Greenfeld, 2003).

nacionalizmis sami tipis gamoyofisa da maTi daxasiaTe-bis Semdeg, grinfeldi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ìndivide-bis gamocdileba SeiZleba dramatulad gansxvavdebodes in-dividualistur da koleqtivistur, samoqalaqo da eTnikur erebSi~, magram, miuxedavad amisa, erTi, sakvanZo mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, maTi gamocdilebebi msgavsia: `nacionalizmis inkluziuri buneba da misi Zireuli principebi eris wevrebis fundamenturi Tanasworobisa da saxalxo suverenitetis Se-saxeb (Tumca, sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebuli da ganxor-cielebuli) erovnuli identobis mqone xalxs aZlevs Rirsebis iseT grZnobas, rogoric ucnobi iyo adamianebis umravleso-bisTvis wina periodebSi. swored am Rirsebis grZnobas efuZne-ba erovnuli patriotizmi da Tavdadeba erovnuli saqmisTvis, rac xSirad gare damkvirvebels TvalSi xvdeba, rogorc ira-cionaluri ram~ (Greenfeld, 2003).

grinfeldis amgvari ganmarteba da erovnuli Rirsebis war-moCena erovnuli identobis erT-erT sakvanZo faqtorad, SeiZ-leba ganvixiloT, rogorc erTgvari pasuxi benediqt anderso-nis zemoxsenebul kiTxvaze (`rogor xdeba, rom uaxlesi isto-riis, araumetes ori saukunis, ukve `SeTelili~ warmosaxvebi (shrunken imaginings) warmoSobs Tavganwirvis aseT kolosalur raodenobas?~) (andersoni, 2006).

nacionalizmis diqotomia, anu misi dayofa `samoqalaqo~ da èTnikur~ nacionalizmad (rac saTaves hans konis naSromebidan iRebs), araerTi avtoris mier iqna gakritikebuli. isini, Cveu-lebriv, afiqsireben, rom gaumarTlebelia nacionalizmis sx-vadasxva saxe mivaweroT calkeul geografiul zonebs, radgan aradasavlur samyaroSi SegviZlia vnaxoT rogorc istoriuli,

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aseve Tanamedrove magaliTebi dasavluri nacionalizmisa (sa-moqalaqo da politikuri), xolo dasavlur samyaroSi ki arada-savluri nacionalizmisa (eTnikuroba da kultura) (Jaskułowski, 2010). sxva avtorebis (Kymlicka 2001; Kloskowska 1996) azriT, ko-nis mier Camoyalibebuli gamijvna `mcdarad askvnis, rom wmin-da saxis samoqalaqo nacionalizmi CamoSorebulia yovelgvar kulturul orientirebs~ (Jaskułowski, 2010).

nacionalizmis diqotomiis kritikisas fundamentur pro-blemebs wamoWris rojers brubeikeri, romelic ganmartavs, rom `samoqalaqo~ da èTnikuri~, orive es termini ùaRresad orazrovania~, Sesabamisad, am ori tipis nacionalizms Soris gansxvavebis dadgena problematuria, rogorc analitikuri, aseve normatiuli TvalsazrisiT (Брубейкер, 2012). brubei-keris Tanaxmad, `samoqalaqo~ da èTnikuri~ nacionalizmis Sedarebisas pirveli yovelTvis `sanaqebo~ terminia, xolo meore _ `salanZRavi~, radgan `samoqalaqo~ nacionalizms axa-siaTeben rogorc liberalurs, voluntaristuls, univer-salistiursa da inkluziurs, èTnikurs~ ki rogorc arali-beralurs, askriptuls, partikularistulsa da eqskluziurs (Брубейкер, 2012). am diqotomias, brubeikeris dakvirvebiT, sxvadasxva qveynisa da ideologiis politikosebi xSirad sa-Tavisod iyeneben, rom gamijnon `TavianTi, kargi, legitimuri, samoqalaqo nacionalizmi sxvebis cudi, aralegitimuri, eT-nikuri nacionalizmisgan~ (Брубейкер, 2012). aRniSnuli ori terminis ̀ orazrovneba~, brubeikeris azriT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu vikiTxavT: rogor miesadageba, ra adgili aqvs kulturas sqe-maSi `samoqalaqo-eTnikuri~? (Брубейкер, 2012). kulturisa da termin èTnikuris~ urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvisas brubeike-ri SeniSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, eTnikuri nacionalizmi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc warmoSobaze da, sabolood, biolo-giaze damyarebuli ram. eTnikurobis amgvarad SemosazRvru-li gagebidan gamomdinare, nacionalisturi ritorika, rome-lic saerTo kulturaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara saerTo warmomavlobaze, kodirebul unda iqnes, rogorc samoqalaqo nacionalizmis tipi. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi `samoqalaqo na-cionalizmis kategoria xdeba metismetad mravalgvarovani da amitom usargeblo, xolo eTnikuri nacionalizmis kategoria

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_ ukiduresad SezRudulad warmodgenili~ (Брубейкер, 2012). aseT suraTs viRebT, Tu èTnikurobas~ mxolod warmomavlo-bis faqtoriT SemovsazRvravT; Tumca, arsebobs meore gzac _ èTnikurobas~ SeiZleba ufro `farTo gageba~ mivaniWoT da ganvixiloT, rogorc èTnokulturuli~, magram am SemTxvevaSi sapirispiro problemas vawydebiT: uklebliv yvela saxis na-cionalizmi kodirebuli iqneba rogorc eTnikuri (Брубейкер, 2012). brubeikeri ganmartavs, rom termin èTnikurobis~ ms-gavsad, `samoqalaqoc~ `bundovani kategoriaa~. erTi SexedviT, bundovanebis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia, Tu samoqalaqo nacionalizms ganvixilavT, mkveTr CarCoebSi, rogorc nacio-nalobis akulturul, aistoriul, universalistur, volunta-ristul da racionalistur gagebas. am SemTxvevaSi èri~ war-mogvidgeba rogorc kulturulad aradiferencirebuli indi-videbis nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, xolo erisadmi mikuTvne-buloba mocemulobis nacvlad arCeviT xasiaTs iZens. Tumca, samoqalaqo nacionalizmis amgvari interpretacia `saxifaToa im mxriv, rom SeiZleba ararsebul fenomens gulisxmobdes. na-cionalobis aseT models realuri Sesatyvisi arasodes aqvs da mxolod konceptualuri idealuri tipis saxiT arsebobs. TviT safrangeTisa da aSS-s SemTxvevebSi, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imowmeben samoqalaqo nacionalizmis paradigmul magaliTebad, gadamwyveti kulturuli komponenti arsebobs, an hobsbaumis sityvebiT rom iTqvas, arsebobs calke xalxad yofnis mkafio TviTSegneba~ (Брубейкер, 2012).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, brubeikeri gvTava-zobs logikur daskvnas, romlis Tanaxmad, analitikuri Tval-sazrisiT, nacionalizmis diqotomia da misi gamoyenebis efe-qtianoba skeptikurad unda Sefasdes. brubeikeri ganmartavs, rom eTnikurobis `viwro~ gageba mkveTrad zRudavs eTnikuri nacionalizmis sferos, ris Sedegadac, danarCenis principiT, samoqalaqo kategoria warmoCndeba rogorc metismetad didi, mravalgvarovani da amitom usargeblo. sapirispirod, samoqa-laqos `viwro~ gageba mkveTrad zRudavs samoqalaqo naciona-lizmis sferos da, danarCenis principiT, eTnikur kategorias warmoaCens metismetad didad, mravalgvarovnad da, Sesabamisad, usargeblod. Tu SevaerTebT samoqalaqo da eTnikuri naciona-

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lizmis SezRudul gagebebs, miviRebT TiToeulis mcirericxo-van magaliTebs da SuaSi did sivrces, romelic arc erTs ar miekuTvneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki gansxvavebas samoqalaqosa da eTnikurs Soris ver ganvixilavT, rogorc nacionalizmis ga-movlinebebis an tipebis klasifikaciis amomwurav meTods. meo-re mxriv, Tu SevaerTebT samoqalaqo nacionalizmis `farTo~ gegebas eTnikuri nacionalizmis `farTo~ gagebasTan, miviRebT did Sua sivrces, romlis klasificirebac SeiZleba, rogorc `samoqalaqod~, aseve ̀ eTnikurad~ da am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, rom SeuZlebelia samoqalaqosa da eTnikurs Soris gansxvavebis gaazreba, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavis. brubeikeris Tanax-mad, `problema is ki ar aris, rom rTuli gasagebia, Tu ro-gor unda moxdes, sabolood, romelime konkretuli magaliTis klasifikacia, aramed, problema is aris, rom terminebis `samo-qalaqo~ da èTnikuri~ Rrma bundovaneba, kerZod, kulturis gaurkveveli adgili `samoqalaqo-eTnikuris~ sqemaSi, sakama-Tos xdis TviT am gansxvavebis sargeblianobas~ (Брубейкер, 2012). amgvari daskvnis marTebulobis sailustraciod avtori wamoWris aseT sakiTxs: `rogor unda klasificirdes politika, romelic saxelmwifo an provinciis doneze konkretuli enis dawinaurebas emsaxureba?~. brubeikeri, Sesabamisi faqtobrivi argumentebis safuZvelze, damajereblad asabuTebs, rom ase-Ti politika SeiZleba klasificirdes orivenairad, anu CaiT-valos rogorc `samoqalaqo~, aseve èTnikuri~ nacionalizmis gamovlinebad (Брубейкер, 2012). nacionalizmis diqotomiis kritikas brubeikeri kidev ufro aRrmavebs, roca aRniSnavs, rom am klasifikaciis (`samoqalaqo~-èTnikuri~) gamoyenebis Sedegianoba minimaluria ara mxolod analitikuri, aramed normatiuli TvalsazrisiTac. magaliTisTvis, is am konte-qstSi ganixilavs inkluziurobisa da eqskluziurobis Temas. brubeikeris SefasebiT, arsebiTad, nacionalizmis yvela for-ma da yvela interpretacia erTdroulad inkluziuric aris da eqskluziuric. gansxvaveba emyareba ara inkluziurobisa da eqskluziurobis faqts, an Tundac maT xarisxs, aramed eqs-kluziurobisa da inkluziurobis safuZvelsa da kriteriumebs (Брубейкер, 2012).

rogorc ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, erisa da erovnebis samo-

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qalaqo koncefcia efuZneba moqalaqeobas, romelic inkluzi-uria im mxriv, rom yvela moqalaqes moicavs, miuxedavad maTi garkveuli gansakuTrebulobebisa, maT Soris, eTnikuri warmo-mavlobisa. brubeikeris Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo nacionalizmi am TvalsazrisiT inkluziuria, magram TviT moqalaqeobas, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, aqvs ara mxolod inkluziuri, aramed eqskluziuri statusi. globaluri masStabiT, `moqalaqeoba aris mZlavri instrumenti socialuri CaketilobisTvis~, rad-gan is icavs ayvavebul da mSvidobian saxelmwifoebs im udidesi umravlesobisgan, romelic, rom ara sazRvrebi da eqskluziuri moqalaqeoba, moisurvebda Tavi daeRwia omebisgan, SimSilisgan, umuSevrobisgan an gadawyvetda Seecvala Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgili im imediT, rom Svilebs ukeTesi SesaZleblobebiT uz-runvelyofda (Брубейкер, 2012). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, msgavs pozicias afiqsirebs jerard delantic: `moqalaqeoba iqca erovnebis sinonimad da nacionalisturi qsenofobiis le-gitimaciis saSualebad~ (Delanty, 1995).

brubeikeri xazgasmiT aRiSnavs, rom moqalaqeobis miRe-ba yvelgan SezRudulia da marTalia eTnikuri warmomavloba ar aris SemzRudavi faqtori, miuxedavad amisa, èqskluziis es samoqalaqo meTodi Zalian efeqtiania~ (Брубейкер, 2012), ufro metic, globaluri TvalsazrisiT, `sasicocxlo SesaZ-leblobebis Seqmnisa da masStaburi, moralurad ganurCeve-li uTanasworobis SenarCunebis mxriv, is albaT bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre savaraudo eTnikurobaze dafuZnebuli nebismieri eqskluzia. magram aRniSnuli meTodi, rogorc wesi, SeumCneveli rCeba, radgan migvaCnia, rom es TavisTavad asec unda iyos~. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, brubeikeri aR-niSnavs, rom moqalaqeobaze dafuZnebuli erovnebis gageba ver CaiTvleba ufro inkluziurad, vidre is formebi, romlebic aqcents akeTeben saerTo kulturaze an saerTo warmoSobaze (Брубейкер, 2012).

brubeikeris saboloo daskvniT, `nacionalizmi ar eqvem-debareba mkveTr dayofas tipebad, mkafiod Semoxazuli em-piriuli da moraluri profilebiT. cxadia, analitikuri da normatiuli kvlevebis dros gansxvavebebi gardauvalia, magram mniSvnelovan Sedegs ar unda velodoT romelime gansxvavebis-

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gan. samoqalaqosa da eTnikurs Soris gansxvaveba gadatvirTu-lia da mas zedmetad did samuSaos akisreben (Брубейкер, 2012) nacionalizmis diqotomiis nacvlad, brubeikeri gvTavazobs erTgvar alternativas. misi TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan saxelm-wifo unda miviCnioT `kardinaluri aTvlis wertilad~, da ara moqalaqeoba, aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia gamoiyos ori tipis nacionalizmi: `saxelmwifoTi Semofargluli~ (state-fra-med), romelic avtorisve SeniSvniT mainekes `saxelmwifo-eris~ ekvivalenturia da meore _ `kontrsaxelmwifoebrivi~ (counter-state), romelic mainekes `kultur-erze~ ufro farTo koncef-ciaa (Брубейкер, 2012).

erisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis am mok-le mimoxilvis mizani, cxadia, ver iqneboda amomwuravi Teo-riuli bazisis Seqmna qarTuli erovnuli identobis kvlevisT-vis. zemoaRniSnuli mimdinareobebisa da koncefciebis ganxil-viT, SevecadeT ase Tu ise srulad dagvenaxa erisa da naciona-lizmis is `teritoria~, romelic dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans; SevecadeT warmogveCina is zogadi, Tanamedrove tenden-ciebi da orientirebi, romlebic am sferoSi arsebobs. amgvari, met-naklebad myari Teoriuli safuZveli mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kvlevis Semdgomi etapebis mimarTulebaTa gansaz-Rvris procesSi.

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1.3. identobis koncefciebi da erovnuli identoba

winamdebare Teoriuli nawilis mizania, identobis Sesaxeb ar-sebuli koncefciebis mimoxilva da am konteqstSi erovnuli identobis mimarTebebis gansazRvra.

upirvelesad, unda iTqvas, rom, zogadad, ìdentobis~ cne-bis mkafiod ganmarteba ioli ar aris. rojers brubeikeris az-riT, termini ìdentoba~ uaRresad (analitikuri gagebisTvis ki _ uimedod) bundovania. misi azriT, ìdentobas~ mravalm-niSvnelobiani, winaaRmdegobrivi datvirTvac ki aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare, Cndeba kiTxva: `gvWirdeba ki aseTi gadatvirTu-li, Rrmad orazrovani termini?~. am kiTxvas brubeikeri iqve pasuxobs: `didi upiratesobiT imarjveben is mecnierebi, rom-lebic fiqroben, rom Cven is gvWirdeba~ (Brubaker, 2000).

lia grinfeldis azriT, termini ìdentoba~, misi semioti-kuri gagebiT, exeba `simbolur TviTgansazRvras~. erTi mxriv, es aris adamianis mdgomareobis suraTi mis socialur-kultu-rul `sivrceSi~ da, meore mxriv, identoba aris aseve TviT am socialur-kulturuli niadagis suraTic. aqedan gamomdinare, grinfeldis Tanaxmad, ̀ adamianis identoba warmoadgens indivi-dualizebul mikrokosmoss im kulturisa, romelSic es adami-ani aris Cafluli~. grinfeldi miiCnevs, rom identoba, pirda-piri mniSvnelobiT, adamianis ZiriTadi mentaluri procesia, radgan is aris Sualeduri rgoli individis tvinis bunebriv, biologiur unarebsa (rogoricaa, magaliTad, mexsiereba, ad-aptacia) da individis, rogorc pirovnebis funqcionirebas Soris. grinfeldis ganmartebiT, ìdentoba cnobierebis cen-traluri òrganoa~, xolo cnobiereba _ kulturis yvelaze patara moqmedi erTeuli~. Sesabamisad, grinfeldis daskvniT, identoba namdvilad SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc adami-anis gonebis jansaRi funqcionirebis arsebiTi elementi _ momxdar movlenebze emociuri reagirebis, maTi gaazrebisa da Sesabamisi socialuri qcevis unari (Greenfeld, 2005).

sociolog maqs halerisTvis identoba aris ìndividis mier socialurad konstruirebuli gansazRvruloba~, romelic yo-velTvis `mocemul kulturul nimuSs da interaqciis wesebs~ ukavSirdeba (Haller, 1996).

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entoni gidensi yuradRebas amaxvilebs identobis saxecvli-lebaze modernul sazogadoebaSi. misi azriT, Tanamedrove sa-zogadoebaSi adamianebis mier identobis formirebis procesi dausrulebelia, radgan individis TviTrefleqsiis procesi, faqtobrivad, ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, rasac ukavSirde-ba mis mier gadawyvetilebebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moiqces da vin unda rom iyos. amgvarad, gidensisTvis identoba `Txevadi~ da `cvalebadia~ (Buckingham, 2008).

individualur da koleqtiur identobebs Soris yvelze did gansxvavebad riCard jenkinss miaCnia is, rom individualuri identoba, ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia `gansxvavebebze~, xolo koleqtiuri identoba _ `msgavsebaTa~ warmoCenaze. jen-kinsis ganmartebiT, msgavseba da gansxvaveba yovelTvis Tval-sazrisis, garkveuli xedvis funqciebia, radgan `Cveni~ msgavse-ba gulisxmobs `maT~ gansxvavebas, da piriqiT, `maTi~ msgavseba aris `Cveni~ gansxvaveba. amgvarad, msgavseba da gansxvaveba asa-xavs erTi meores mTeli `saziaro sazRvris~ gaswvriv da swo-red sazRvarTan aRmovaCenT vin varT Cven, imis meSveobiT, rom vigebT _ vin ar varT (Jenkins, 1996). socialuri identoba yo-velTvis ukavSirdeba erTi individis an jgufis gamijvnas sxva individisgan an jgufisgan. socialuri identobis gansazRvra msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis safuZvelze xdeba da is Sedare-bis SesaZleblobas iZleva (Bornemann/Wakenhut, 1999). riCard jenkinsi ganmartavs, rom socialuri identoba aris Cveneuli gageba _ vin varT Cven da vin arian sxva adamianebi da, meore mx-riv, sxva adamianebis gageba, vin arian TviTon isini da vin arian sxvebi (maT Soris vigulisxmebiT Cvenc) (Jenkins 1996). amgvarad, socialuri identobis CamoyalibebisTvis mniSvnelovania mox-des erT _ `Cven~ jgufTan identifikacia, romelic `sxvaTa~ an ùcxoTa~ jgufs gaemijneba. `Cven~ jgufTan identifikacia ganisazRvreba mikuTvnebulobis xarisxiT, Tu ramdenad axlos grZnoben individebi Tavs ama Tu im jgufTan (Cohrs, 2005).

emociuri sistemis amerikeli mkvlevari Tomas Sefi so-cialuri identobis konteqstSi saubrobs mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnilebasa da masTan dakavSirebul iseT Zlier emocieb-ze, rogorebicaa: sircxvili da siamaye (Scheff, 1994).

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur identobaTa erTob-

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lioba gansxvavdeba koleqtiuri identobisgan, radgan es ukanas-kneli, ZiriTadad, deklaraciebis, manifestebisa da programebis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba. aqve mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu rogor xdeba individis mier ̀ TviT-~ da ̀ sxvaTa~ aRqma, anu is Tavis Tavs, upirvelesad, xedavs rogorc individs, Tu rogorc jgufis wevrs. saimonisa da mamendeis azriT, Tu individis mier `TviT-~ da `sxvaTa~ aRqmaSi jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba domi-nirebs, maSin sustdeba calkeuli individisTvis damaxasiaTebel TaviseburebaTa mniSvneloba da Zlierdeba misi jgufisTvis da-maxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis win wamoweva. amasTanave, ufro mkveTrd gamoiyofa sxva jgufisagan misi jgufis ganmasxvavebe-li maxasiaTeblebi (Simon; Mummendey, 1997).

henri taifelisa da jon terneris socialuri identobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, individualuri identobis ganviTareba Se-saZlebelia mxolod socialuri garemos fonze da socialu-ri identoba aris `SemecnebiTi meqanizmi~, romlis meSveobi-Tac SesaZlebelia jgufuri qmedeba. roca adamiani Tavis Tavs aRiqvams, romelime jgufis wevrad, es jgufi misTvis aris Sida jgufi (ingroup), xolo sxva danarCeni jgufebi _ gare jgufebi (outgroup). aqedan gamomdinare, am konteqstSi, yalibdeba menta-liteti: Sida jgufi _ gare jgufi, anu `Cven~ da `sxvebi~. tai-feli da terneri gamoyofen sam process, romlebic ganapiro-beben aseTi mentalitetis formirebas: socialuri kategori-zacia, socialuri identifikacia da socialuri Sedareba. maTi TvalsazrisiT, adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri kategorizacia, rac gulisxmobs adamianis mier Tavisi Tavi-sa da garSemomyofebis mikuTvnebas sxvadasxva socialuri ka-tegoriisadmi, magaliTad, asakobrivi, religiuri, rasobrivi, politikuri kategoriebisadmi. socialur kategorizacias ori funqcia aqva: is individs saSualebas aZlevs warmosaxvis done-ze moawesrigos, segmentebad dayos socialuri garemo da meo-re _ socialuri kategorizaciis meSveobiT adamiani Tavis ad-gils poulobs, Tavis `me~-s gansazRvravs socialur garemoSi. socialuri identobis TeoriaSi `me~ koncefcia Sedgeba piradi da socialuri identobebisgan. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs mi-kuTvnebulobas an erTianobas adamianTa ama Tu im jgufTan. Sesabamisad, socialuri identifikacia, garkveulwilad, gvex-

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mareba vupasuxoT kiTxvas: `vin var me?~ (Tajfel, Turner, 1986).taifeli da terneri xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom adamianis

mier Tavisi Tavisa Tu da sxva adamianis gansazRvra romelime kategoriis mixedviT SefardebiTia da, upirvelesad, Sedarebas efuZneba. magaliTad, kategoria àxalgazrda~ azrs iZens mxo-lod kategoria `moxucTan~ mimarTebaSi. socialuri identifi-kacia, niSnavs ama Tu im jgufis identobis miRebas, jgufTan erTianobis aRqmas da individis mier jgufSi ukve damkvidre-buli normebis gaTvaliswinebas, aseve jgufis warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis met-nakleb Tanagancdas. socialuri identi-fikaciis gamaZlierebel faqtorebad asaxeleben jgufis Rire-bulebebis gamorCeuloba-gansxvavebulobas da prestiJulobas. socialuri identobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamians midrekileba aqvs identifikacia Tavis msgavs jgufTan moaxdinos, im adami-anTa erTobasTan, romlebic misi msgavsia da maTTan kargad grZnobs Tavs (Tajfel, Turner, 1986).

romelime jgufSi kategorizaciisa da masTan identifika-ciis Semdeg, adamians axasiaTebs Seadaros Tavisi Sida jgu-fi gare jgufs (sxva jgufebs) da am procesSi, TviTSefasebis amaRlebisken swrafvis gamo, upiratesoba mianiWos Sida jgufs, yuradReba gaamaxvilos gare jgufTan gansxvavebebze da nakle-bad SeamCnios gansxvavebebi Sida jgufis wevrTa Soris, daimax-sovros dadebiTi informacia Sida jgufis Sesaxeb da, piriqiT, negatiuri _ gare jgufTan dakavSirebiT (Tajfel, Turner, 1986).

hainc bonfadelis Tanaxmad, koleqtiuri identobis Camoya-libebisTvis mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi procesebisa da cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba. am mxriv, misi azriT, unda ga-movyoT TanamedroveobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime pro-cesi, kerZod, gamartivebuli mobiloba, Secvlili saganmanaT-leblo sistema, profesiuli samyaro, gafarToebuli Sromis bazari, saxecvlili genderuli urTierTobebi, ojaxis forme-bi da detradicionalizaciis zogadi tendenciebi. Tanamedro-ve epoqaSi mimdinare amgvari cvlilebebi moiTxovs identobis mniSvnelobis axleburad gansazRvras. Tu adre religia iyo identifikaciisTvis mniSvnelovani instrumenti, dRes misi mniSvneloba Sesustebulia da saxelmwifos _ ers (nacias) eni-Weba socialuri identifikaciis funqcia. bonfadelis ganmar-

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tebiT am konteqstSi yvelaze xSirad dasmuli kiTxvaa, Tu ro-gor xdeba, rom mzardi globalizaciis epoqaSi, maSin rodesac nacionaluri sazRvrebis mniSvneloba mcirdeba, saxelmwifo da erovnuli identoba socialuri identifikaciis ZiriTad mar-kerad rCeba? (Bonfadelli, 2008).

erovnuli identoba swored socialuri identobis erT-er-Ti formaa. misi sakvanZo obieqti aris eri. es aris koleqti-uri identoba, romelic romelime erovnuli jgufis wevrobas ukavSirdeba, anu individs aqvs erovnuli cnobiereba da Ta-visi Tavis identifikacias axdens erTan. termini èrovnuli identoba~ asaxavs upiratesad pozitiur da subieqturad mniSv-nelovan emociur kavSirs erTan. andersonis (2003) Tanaxmad, erovnuli identoba, rogorc zogadi koncefcia, ZiriTadad, fsiqologiur koncefciad unda CaiTvalos.

erovnuli identobis gansazRvrisas entoni smiTi aRniSnavs, rom es cneba `fundamenturad mravalganzomilebiania~ (Smith, 1992). smiTi saubrobs èrovnuli identobis popularuli kon-cefciis~ Sesaxeb, romelic, misi sityvebiT, ase SeiZleba Ca-moyalibdes: erovnuli identoba aris `gangrZobadi reproduq-cia da reinterpretacia Rirebulebebis, simboloebis, mexsie-rebebis, miTebisa da tradiciebis im sistemisa, romelic qmnis eris gamorCeul memkvidreobas da individebis identifikacia am memkvidreobasTan da mis kulturul elementebTan~. smiTis Tanaxmad, am ganmartebaSi, da Sesabamisad, erovnuli identobis zogad koncefciaSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces kulturuli faqtorebis mniSvnelobas (Smith, 2009).

erovnuli identobis umTavres funqciad miiCneven `misi matarebeli subieqtebis hegemonizacias, nacionaluri niSniT gaerTianebas, naciis SigniT konfliqtebis meore planze gada-tanas~ (zedania, 2009).

nacionaluri identoba, rogorc koleqtiuri identobis ka-tegoria, ukve didi xania yuradRebis da kvlevis sagania. gark-veulwilad, mas SeiZleba koleqtiuri identobis `prototi-pic~ vuwodoT. sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT Catarebul kvlevebSi, sxvadasxvagvar konteqstSi, erovnuli identoba ganixileba regionul, eTnikur da kulturul koleqtiur identobebTan kavSirSi. andreas rekvitci identobaTa ase mravalferovani

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niSnebiT dayofas zemodernuli sazogadoebis Secvlili po-litikur-kulturuli realobiT xsnis. rekvitci ganmartavs, rom koleqtiuri identobis Sesaxeb debatebi mas Semdeg gaZ-lierda, rac me-20 saukuneSi emigraciuli, post-koloniuri da feministuri moZraobebi gaaqtiurda. misi TqmiT, koleqtiuri identobebis Sesaxeb msjeloba swored im nacionalur saxelm-wifoebSi Zlierdeba, sadac sxvadasxva warmomavlobis kultu-rebi mravlobs (Reckwitz, 2001).

erovnuli identobis zogadi koncefciisa da sxvadasxva pi-robebSi misi Camoyalibebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, ganarCe-ven or ZiriTad Teoriul mimdinareobas: esencializms da kon-struqtivizms. zemoT, eris koncefciebisa da nacionalizmis ganxilvisas, Cven ukve visaubreT modernizmisa da eTnosimbo-lizmis Sesaxeb. arsebiTad, konstruqtivizmi erovnuli iden-tobis konteqstSi gadmotanili modernizmia da swored mas efuZneba, xolo esencializmi _ eTnosimbolizms.

erovnuli identoba, rogorc koleqtiuri identobis for-ma, mWidrod ebmis eris kategorias. rogor xdeba am koleqtiu-ri identobis Camoyalibeba da rogor ukavSirdeba es procesi eris warmoSobas? am kiTxvaze modernizmis (konstruqtivizmis) pasuxi SeiZleba daaxloebiT ase Camoyalibdes: Tanamedrove warmodgeniT, ers ori Semadgeneli aqvs _ Tavad eris cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adamianebis erToblioba, romelic saku-Tar Tavs am eris nawilad miiCnevs. istoriulad, eris, rogorc ideologiis warmoSoba win uswrebs eris, rogorc identobis warmoSobas. anu imisaTvis, rom raRac ideologia identoba gaxdes, is unda damuSavebuli iyos, rogorc ideologia. am konteqstSi ganmartaven, rom èrovnuli da eTnikuri idento-bebis dadgenasa da didi jgufebis mier mis gaziarebas rTu-li sistemebi _ rogorc instituciuri, aseve teqnologiuri _ sWirdeba. andersonma da gelnerma am sistemebis ori modusi aRweres: ganaTlebis sistema da masmedia. mxolod am oris sa-SualebiT aris SesaZlebeli erovnuli da eTnikuri ideolo-gia identobad iqces _ anu, mosaxleobis didi moculobisTvis TviTgansazRvris da TviTdadgenis, aseve, sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari erTobis sxvebisgan gansxvavebis saSualebad da in-strumentad~ (TevzaZe, 2009).

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esencialisturi perspeqtivis Tanaxmad, eris, rogorc kole-qtiuri erTobis warmoSobis procesSi, xdeba iseTi kulturu-li niSnebis wina planze wamoweva rogorebicaa: ena da istoria politikur da kulturul aqtorebs, erovnuli identobis Ca-moyalibebis procesSi, SeuZliaT iTamaSon erTgvari Suamavlis roli konkretul kulturul memkvidreobasa da maT Taname-drove realobas Soris; Tumca, maTi samoqmedo sivrce SezRu-dulia swored am kulturuli memkvidreobiT. esencialisturi midgomiT, igulisxmeba, rom erovnuli identobis formirebis procesisTvis ukve arsebobs iseTi kulturuli `primitiuli erToba~, rogoric aris eTnikuri birTvi da nacionalisti moRvaweebis amocanaa xelaxla àRmoaCinon~ da gardaqmnan es kulturuli mocemuloba politikuri ganzomilebisTvis gamo-sadeg identobad (Mickler, 2005).

rogorc lars erik kedermani aRniSnavs, esencializmis Ta-naxmad, nacionaluri koleqtiuri identobisTvis damaxasiaTe-belia gangrZobadoba (continuity), konstruqtivistebis azriT ki erovnuli identoba SesaZlebel-SemTxveviTia (contingent) (Ceder-mann, 2001).

esencialistebisgan gansxvavebiT, konstruqtivistebi, yur-adRebas amaxvileben politikuri procesebis mniSvnelobaze da miiCneven, rom nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebisTvis gansakuTrebuli roli eniWebaT politikur aqtorebsa da eli-tas (Cedermann, 2001). am mxriv, konstruqtivizmis farglebSi, kedermani or logikas, or mimarTulebas gamoyofs: `Sedegis logikas~, anu Sedegis gamoTvlaze da, Sesabamisad, analizze dafuZnebul instrumentul/racionalur logikas (`logic of con-sequence~) da `saTanadoobaze~, anu wesebis dacvaze damyarebul logikas (`logic of appropriateness~). kedermanis Tanaxmad, erov-nuli identobis formirebisTvis ìnstrumental-konstru-qtivistebi~ kulturas, ara sawyis wertilad, aramed ufro am procesis Tanamdev, `gverdiT efeqtad~ miiCneven da ZiriTadi aqcenti politikuri faqtoris mniSvnelobaze gadaaqvT. kon-struqtivistebis meore jgufi ki, am ìnstrumentul logikas~ avsebs instituciuri faqtoriT, riTac ganamtkicebs kavSirs kulturasa da erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebas Soris (Ce-dermann, 2001). am jgufis warmomadgenelTa azriT, gaumarTle-

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belia nacionaluri identobis warmoSobis diskursis mxolod politikur manipulaciebsa an saxelwifos warmoSobaze dayvana da aq aucilebelia damoukidebeli kulturuli ganzomilebis mniSvnelobis aRiareba, radgan nacionalisturi diskursis gan-viTareba da gavrceleba kulturis sferoSi ar iyo uSualod gansazRvruli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis proeqtebiT (Calhoun, 1997).

mokled Tu SevajamebT am qveTavSi Tavmoyril Teoriul in-formacias, albaT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is garkveul warmodge-nas gviqmnis, zogadad, identobis koncefciebisa da, konkretu-lad, erovnuli identobis Sesaxeb.

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2. kvlevis meTodi

winamdebare kvleva ramdenime stadiad ganxorcielda. kvle-visTvis mniSvnelovani literaturis ganxilvis Semdeg ganxor-cielda empiriuli monacemebis Segroveba-damuSaveba. qvemoT warmodgenil cxrilSi #1 gTavazobT empiriuli kvlevis srul gegmas:

stadiebi: monacemebi: analizis meTodi:

I stadiaraodenobrivi monacemebis meoradi analizi

ISSP-is gamokiTxva èrovnuli identoba~, me-3 talRa, saqarTve-lo 2013 Sesaxeb

deskriptuli (aRweriTi) analizi

faqtoruli analizi

saSualoTa Sedareba (t-Test)regresuli analizi

II stadia Tvisebrivi kvleva

fokus jgufebi qarT-vel mosaxleobasTan

Tvisebrivi kontent-analizi

III stadiaTvisebrivi kvleva

siRrmiseuli intervi-uebi eqspertebTan da sazogadoebrivi azris SemqmnelebTan: politi-kosebTan, mediis, ga-naTlebis, religiis da arasamTavrobo seqto-ris warmomadgenlebTan

Tvisebrivi kontent-analizi

cxrili #1: empiriuli kvlevis gegma

I stadia

empiriuli kvlevis pirvel etapze daigegma raodenobriv mo-nacemTa meoradi analizi da damuSavebul iqna socialur mec-nierebaTa centris mier Catarebuli ISSP-is (International Social

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Survey Programme) 2013 wlis èrovnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb mo-saxleobis reprezentatuli kvlevis monacemebi. aRniSnuli kv-leva iZleva informacias iseT TemebTan dakavSirebiT, rogore-bicaa: erTobasTan siaxlove, WeSmariti qarTveli da erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebi, sakuTari qveynisa da erovnuli institutebisadmi damokidebuleba, qveynis saerTa-Soriso urTierTobebis Sefaseba, damokidebuleba qveyanaSi mc-xovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebisa da imigrantebis mimarT. 2013 wlis èrovnuli identobis~ kvlevis farglebSi saqarTveloSi 1498 adamiani gamoikiTxa. SerCevis bazad gamoyenebul iqna 2002 wlis sayovelTao aRweris dros Camoyalibebuli saaRwero ub-nebis sia. kvlevis respondentTa 45.4% mamakacia, xolo 54.6% _ qali. gamokiTxulTagan 21.6 procenti 18 wlidan 30 wlamde asakobriv kategorias miekuTvneba, 23.2% _ 31-dan 45 wlamde asakobriv kategorias, 18.2% _ 46-dan 55 wlamde kategorias, xolo 37% _ 56 wlis da ufro zeda asakobriv kategorias.

gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (87.6%) eTnikurad qarTvelia, 6.4% _ azerbaijaneli, 3.6% _ somexi, xolo _ 2.4 % _ sxva. rac Seexeba religiur mikuTvnebulobas, 83% Tavs marTlmadidebel qristianad miiCnevs, 11% _ muslimia, 4.2% sxva religiis warmo-madgeneli, xolo 1.5% arc erT sarwmunoebas ar aRiarebs.

respondentTa 25.4%-s saSualo skolis 11/12 wliani ganaT-leba aqvs miRebuli, 29.9%-s _ profesiuli ganaTleba, xolo 27.3%-s _ bakalavris/5 wliani diplomi. SedarebiT mcirea im monawileTa raodenoba, visac aqvs: magistris (3.9%) da magi-strze maRali xarisxi (1.4%), aseve skolis 8-9 wliani ganaTle-ba (8.6%) an saerTod ar aqvs skolis ganaTleba (3.2%).

monawileTa 28.5% anazRaurebad samsaxurSi muSaobs (dasa-qmebulia, TviTdasaqmebulia an ojaxur biznesSia CarTuli). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaqmebul respondentTa 59.4% sa-jaro seqtorSi muSaobs, xolo 40.6% _ kerZoSi. amave dros, gamokiTxulTa 41.3% dausaqmebelia da eZebs samsaxurs, 3.7% swavlobs (moswavle an studentia), 24.1% pensioneria, xolo 2.5% _ sxva.

monawileebis umetesoba (71.3%) Tavis Tavs saSualo fenas miakuTvnebs, 17.6% _ qveda socialur fenas, 8.6% _ zeda so-cialur fenas da mxolod 2.5% _ umaRless.

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ISSP-is 2013 wlis èrovnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb kvlevis mo-nacemebis analizi Catarda Semdegi meTodebis gamoyenebiT: de-skriptuli (aRweriTi) analizi, faqtoruli analizi, jgufebs Soris saSualoebis Sedareba da regresuli analizi. aRweriTi kvlevis meTodis saSualebiT gamovlinda garkveuli sazoga-doebrivi tendenciebi da ganwyobilebebi. faqtoruli anali-ziT moxerxda cvladebis Tematurad gaerTianeba da maT So-ris struqturuli urTierTkavSiris dadgena. saSualoTa Se-darebis safuZvelze dadginda, gansxvavdeba Tu ara jgufebis (sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis donis gaTvaliswinebiT) pasuxTa sa-Sualo maCveneblebi. regresuli analiziT ganisazRvra sapro-gnozo cvladis variaciis statistikuri maCvenebeli da aseve dadginda, konkretulad, ra saxis kanonzomieri damokidebu-leba arsebobs cvladebs Soris, xolo cvladebs Soris stati-stikuri damokidebulebis analiziTa da interpretaciiT, Se-saZlebeli gaxda movlenaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis gageba (durgliSvili, 2006).

II stadia

raodenobrivi monacemebis axsnisa da ufro siRrmiseuli in-formaciis mopovebis mizniT, mosaxleobasTan Catarda 8 fokus jgufi. sul gvyavda 64 monawile [32 qali da 32 kaci; TiToeul jgufSi 8 monawile] SerCeva ganxorcielda asakis (18-24; 25-30; 31-45; 46-55; 55+), sqesis (qali/mamakaci), dasaqmebis (dasaqmebu-li/dausaqmebeli) da sacxovrebeli adgilis (Tbilisi: centri/gareubani) gaTvaliswinebiT. pirvel da mesame fokus jgufSi monawileebi SeirCnen mxolod studentis statusis, asakisa da sqesis mixedviT. qvemoT mocemul cxrilebSi warmodgenilia Ca-tarebuli fokus jgufebis detaluri gegma:

fokus jgufi N1 fokus jgufi N2TariRi: 21. 03. 2015 TariRi: 21. 03. 2015 dro: 12 saaTi dro: 16 saaTi

monawileTa raodenoba: 8 monawile [4 qali da 4 kaci]


asakobrivi jgufi: 18-24 weli asakobrivi jgufi: 31-45 weli

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dasaqmebis statusi: yvela monawile iyo bakalavriatis studenti

dasaqmebis statusi: 4 monawile (2 qali da 2 kaci) iyo dausaqmebeli da 4 monawile (2 qali da 2 kaci) iyo dasaqmebuli

aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori: maqsimalurad heterogenuli jgufi _ sxvadasxva fakultetis studentebi

dasaxlebis tipi: yvela monawile iyo Tbilisis gareubnis macxovrebeli




asakobrivi jgufi: 25-30 weli asakobrivi jgufi: 31-45 welidasaqmebis statusi: yvela monawile iyo magistraturis studenti


aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori: maqsimalurad heterogenuli jgufi _ sxvadasxva fakultetis studentebi

dasaxlebis tipi: yvela monawile iyo Tbilisis centris macxovrebeli




asakobrivi jgufi: 46-55 weli asakobrivi jgufi: 46-55 welidasaxlebis tipi: yvela monawile iyo Tbilisis gareubnis macxovrebeli







asakobrivi jgufi: 56+ weli asakobrivi jgufi: 56+ weli

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dasaxlebis tipi: yvela monawile iyo Tbilisis gareubnis macxovrebeli




miniSneba: Tu fokus jgufSi monawileobis misaRebad SerCeuli individi pensioneria is avtomaturad jdeba kriteriumSi _ `dausaqmebeli~.

miniSneba: Tu fokus jgufSi monawileobis misaRebad SerCeuli individi pensioneria is avtomaturad jdeba kriteriumSi _ `dausaqmebeli~.

cxrili # 2

sakvlevi Temis dawvrilebiT Seswavlisa da raodenobrivi mo-nacemebis deskriptuli analizis safuZvelze, fokus jgufe-bisTvis gaiwera sadiskusio gegma. sadiskusiod SeirCa Semde-gi Temebi: qarTveli sazogadoebis gamaerTianebeli da gamyo-fi Rirebulebebi, RirebulebaTa konfliqti TaobaTa Soris, qarTveli eris siamaye da sircxvili, erovnebis/eTnikurobis institucionalizacia, samoqalaqo valdebulebebi, qarTveli eris siaxlove sxva erebTan, arsebuli saerTaSoriso safrT-xeebi qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis, qarTveli eris damokidebu-leba eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT, eTnikuri umciresobebis problemebi da saxelmwifos roli eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, qarTvelebis damokidebuleba emigracia/imigraciisadmi. ganxorcielda TiToeuli fokus jgufis sau-baris audioCawera (maTi konfidencialobis uzrunvelyofiT), ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar iyvnen gafrTxilebuli da miRebul iqna Sesabamisi Tanxmoba. sabolood, momzadda Ti-Toeuli saubris transkripti da isini damuSavda Tvisebrivi kontent-analizis meTodiT.

III stadia

kvlevis pirvel da meore etapze miRebuli Sedegebis gansamt-kiceblad da asaxsnelad, kvlevis mesame stadiaze Catarda siRrmiseuli interviuebi eqspertebTan da eqspertebis mier identificirebul sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebrivi elitis warmomadgenlebTan, sazogadoebrivi azris SemqmnelebTan (po-litikosebi, mediis, eklesiis, ganaTlebis sistemisa da ara-

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samTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi), romlebsac garkveuli gavlena aqvT mosaxleobaze, maTi Rirebulebebis Camoyalibe-bisa Tu cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT. unda iTqvas, rom kvlevis es etapi yvelaze rTuli aRmoCnda, radgan kvlevaSi monawi-leobisTvis araerTi uari miviReT potenciuri respondente-bisgan. gansakuTrebiT garTulda eklesiis warmomadgenlebisa da politikosebis daTanxmeba interviuebze. sul Catarda 26 siRrmiseuli interviu, aqedan 12 interviu eqspertebTan; 6 _ politikosebTan; 3 _ mediawarmomadgenlebTan, 1 interviu ek-lesiis warmomadgenelTan, 2 _ ganaTlebis sferos da 2 _ ara-samTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenelTan. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eqspertebi SeirCa maTi saqmianobis sferosa da ganxiluli Temebis safuZvelze.

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3. kvlevis Sedegebi

3.1. qarTuli erovnuli identobis gamoxatvis formebi

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa SefasebiT, dRevandel qarTul nacionalizmSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori mi-marTuleba: erTi _ progresuli, dasavleTze orientirebuli da meore _ SezRuduli, eTnikurobasa da konkretul aRmsa-reblobamde dayvanili xedva, amasTan, orive gavlenas axdens qarTuli erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebaze.

gamokiTxul eqspertTa nawili aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi, xSirad, erovnebis konkretul eTnikur jgufTan gaigiveba xde-ba, kerZod, eTnikur qarTvelebTan, xolo eTnikuri qarTvelis _ marTlmadidebelTan, marTlmadideblobasTan. eqsperteTa ganmartebiT, maSin rodesac saqarTvelos mkafiod gamoxatu-li politikuri kursi dasavlur struqturebSi integraciazea orientirebuli, erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori samoqalaqo komponenti unda iyos, romlis Tanaxmad, qarTuli erovnuli identoba SeiZleba hqondes ara mxolod qarTuli eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da ara mxolod marTlmadidebel adamians:

`Cveni mentalitetiT identoba isev eTnikuria, magram es ukve sakmarisi aRar aris, Tu Cven unda viyoT WeSmariti saxelmwifo da eri, Cven unda viyoT ara eTnikuri erTo-ba, aramed moqalaqeTa erToba anu saxelmwifo eri, sadac yvela moqalaqe erTi eris warmomadgenelia, miuxedavad imisa, eTnikurad vin aris. aseTi identoba jer saqarT-veloSi Camoyalibebuli ar aris da albaT didi xani ar iqneba (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebis sirTules eqsperte-bi swored qarTuli erovnuli identobis specifikaSi xedaven. isini miiCneven, rom qarTvelebisTvis qarTuli nacionaluri

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identoba ufro mWidrod ukavSirdeba kulturas, vidre sa-xelmwifos. qarTuli kulturuli identobis ZiriTad maxa-siaTeblebad, rogorc fokus jgufebSi, aseve eqspertTagan, dasaxelda: ena, istoria, religia da tradiciebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eqspertTa SefasebiT, dRes saqarTveloSi, garkveulwilad, kulturuli identobis damaxinjeba xdeba _ kulturul identobas eZleva eTnikurobis interpretacia, maSin rodesac kulturuli identobis Camoyalibeba sociali-zaciis sakmaod rTul meqanizmebs gulisxmobs. socializaciis procesi ki, eqspertTa ganmartebiT, TavisTavad ukavSirdeba erTiani istoriuli mexsierebis arsebobas.

gamokiTxul eqspertTa Tanaxmad, erovnuli identobis Ca-moyalibebas gansazRvravs is movlenebi, romlebsac adamianebi mtkivneulad an siamayiT ixseneben maTi saerTo koleqtiuri mexsierebis meSveobiT. nacionaluri identobis formireba gan-viTarebis garkveul procesTan aris dakavSirebuli, romels-ac TavisTavad erTgvari siaxleebi moaqvs. aseT siaxleebad, eqspertTa mier, dasavleTidan Semomavali demokratiuli da liberaluri Rirebulebebi dasaxelda. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom ganviTarebis es procesi saqarTveloSi garkveul winaaRm-degobas awydeba, radgan, maTive TqmiT, qarTvelebisTvis qar-Tuli kultura gadarCenaze orientirebuli kulturaa da siaxleebis mimarT mosaxleobas SiSis gancda uCndeba, _ rom ar `gadaSendes~, ar `gadagvardes~ is, rac istoriulad ukve Seqm-nili da damkvidrebulia. eqspertTa azriT, swored gansxvave-bulisadmi amgvari SiSi aferxebs Cvens qveyanaSi ganviTarebis process, romelic samoqalaqo identobis mqone qarTveli eris formirebas Seuwyobs xels.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli rogorc eqsperte-bi, aseve fokus jgufebis respondentebi, qarTuli erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebaze gavlenis moxdenis TvalszarisiT, ZiriTad aqtorebad yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben: politiku-ri elitas, eklesias, medias, saganmanaTleblo sistemasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis. eqspertTa azriT, aRniSnul aqtorTa xedva, garveulwilad, urTierTsapirispiroa, rad-gan, magaliTad, politikuri partiebis politikuri diskursi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rac TavisTavad gavle-

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nas axdens sazogadoebazec. am konteqstSi araerTi eqspertis mier aRiniSna aseve eklesiisa da arasamTavrobo organizacie-bis dapirispirebis sakiTxic:

èklesia rCeba im nacionalizmis safuZvelze, romlisT-visac qarTveli aris mxolod marTlmadidebeli qarTve-li. amitom es xels uSlis araTu samoqalaqo eris Camoya-libebas, aramed TviT eTnikuri qarTveli eris Camoyali-bebasac imitom, rom rodesac mRvdeli ambobs, rom Tqven marTlac ggoniaT, rom muslimi qarTveli qarTvelia, aq saubari amaze Zalian Znelia. Cemi azriT, calsaxad, ekle-sia xelSemSleli faqtoria da es gasagebic aris~ (siRr-miseuli interviu, eqsperti).

erT-erTi eqsperti qarTvel sazogadoebaSi diskursis Sem-qmnelad inteligenciasac asaxelebs da am sazogadoebriv fena-Si, upirvelesad, xelovnebis sferos warmomadgenlebs moiaz-rebs (cnobili mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, musikosebi, reJisorebi da a.S.). aRniSnul aqtorTa samoqalaqo TviTSegnebisa da ganaTle-bis dones is uaryofiTad afasebs da aRniSnavs, rom èrTader-Ti xsna samoqalaqo eris CamoyalibebisaTvis, es aris samoqa-laqo seqtori, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mniSvnelovani nawili da axalgazrdobis nawili, aseve studentoba (siRrmi-seuli interviu, eqsperti). eqspertTa nawilis SefasebiT, ara-samTavrobo organizaciebis warmodgena nacionalizmis Sesaxeb yvelaze ukeT miesadageba, dasavluri gagebiT, liberalur nacionalizms, romlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanaswori da Tavisufalia da yvelas aqvs samoqalaqo uflebebi. erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT, saqarTveloSi dRes eklesias hyavs mowinaaRm-dege swored amgvari liberaluri jgufebis saxiT, romlebic aqtiurad icaven sxvadasxva umciresobaTa uflebebs.

qarTuli erovnuli identobis qvakuTxedad, gamokiTxul politikosTa nawilis azriT, unda CaiTvalos erTmaneTze morgebuli da erTmaneTSi Sezrdili eTnikuri da samoqalaqo faqtorebi. politikosebis umravlesoba, nacionaluri iden-tobis eTnikur aspeqts samSoblos siyvaruls, enas, sarwmuno-bas, tradiciebsa da saerTo istorias ukavSirebs, xolo na-cionaluri identobis samoqalaqo aspeqts _ konkretuli sa-xelmwifos moqalaqeobas, samarTals, adamianis uflebebsa da

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saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebs. erT-erTi gamokiTxuli politikosi xazgasmiT mijnavs erTmaneTisgan ersa da eTnoss:

`nacionaluri identoba aris am saxelmwifos moqala-qeebis erTad dgoma momavlis amocanebis winaSe, es aris mTavari. vinc erTad xedavs Tavis Tavs gansacdelSi da momavlisken, is aris erTi nacia. am SemTxvevaSi, Cemi az-riT, eTnikur warmomavlobas aqvs ra Tqma unda, garkveu-li mniSvneloba, magram gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis igi ar aris, nacia da eTnosi sxvadasxva terminia (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

rogorc ukve iTqva, gamokiTxul politikosTa didi nawi-lisTvis, erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli eTnikuri da sa-moqalaqo markerebi, mniSvnelovanwilad, erTmaneTs gadafaravs. politikosTa umravlesobis azriT, qarTul erovnul idento-bas, iseve rogorc nebismier sxva erovnul identobas, swored rom sakuTari qveynis istoria, misi warsuli da TviTmyofadoe-ba qmnis: `Cveni erovnuli identoba aris ai is Rirebulebebi, faseulobebi, romelzec agebulia Cveni TviTmyofadoba, igive ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba, romelic Cven Zalian davidarabis Semdgom mainc SevZeliT, rom SegvenarCunebina~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi). igive politikosebi erovnuli idento-bis markerebad asaxeleben Semwynareblobas (tolerantobas) da kacTmoyvareobas. amave dros, isini gansakuTrebiT did mniSvne-lobas aniWeben religias, SenarCunebul istoriul wes-Cveule-bebs, qveynis suverenitetsa da Tavisuflebas.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg (1991) ganxorcielebuli im reformebidan an sakanonmde-blo cvlilebebidan, romlebic erovnul identobas an nacio-nalizms ukavSirdeba, gamokiTxul politikosTa didi nawilis azriT, sazogadoebaSi yvelaze didi winaaRmdegoba, piradobis damadasturebel dokumentSi erovnebis (eTnikuri gagebiT) grafis amoRebam da antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miRebam ga-moiwvia. erT-erTi politikosi miiCnevs, rom qarTvelebs So-ris, garkveulwilad, arsebobs erTsulovneba dasavlur, evro-pul orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT, magram maT naklebad aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom am mimarTulebiT winsvlisTvis saTanado nabijebis gadadgmaa saWiro:

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`liberalur kanonebs vaRwevdiT ara imitom, rom Sina-gani moTxovnileba iyo, aramed imitom, rom iyo moT-xovnileba Cveni partniorebis, dasavleTSi Tu gindaT, amavdroulad aris zogadi Tanxmoba qarTveli xalxisa, rom dasavleTSi gvinda, aq qarTvelebi gulwrfelebi arian, magram es dasavleTi rom raRac Rirs da fulia gadasaxdeli, ufasod undaT, urigod undaT...fulia ga-dasaxdeli, droa dasaxarji, magram aq aris problema, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelas es ar exeba (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, politikosi).

erT-erTi politikosi, mosaxleobaSi amgvari ganwyobis ar-sebobas tradiciuli qarTuli erovnuli identobis dakargvis SiSs ukavSirebs:

àntidiskriminaciuli kanoni’, romlis didi Tayvanism-cemelic ar var, magram manac seriozuli vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia aseve, imis gamo, rom Tu am kanons miviRebdiT, wagvlekavdnen raRac LGBT Temis warmomadgenlebi da Cve-ni Svilebi an lesboselebi gaizrdebian, an geebi~ (siRr-miseuli interviu, politikosi).

meore politikosi antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miRebas `sxvaTa~ mimarT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli tolerantuli damo-kidebulebis gamoxatulebad miiCnevs da ganmartavs, rom aR-niSnuli kanoniT ganisazRvra andtidiskriminaciuli damoki-debuleba ara mxolod seqsualuri umciresobebisadmi, aramed nebismieri tipis umciresobisadmi. misi TqmiT, am kanonis miRe-ba adasturebs, rom `Cven marTla varT evropelebi, Cven marTla

SeiZleba raRacam emociurad mogviaros TavSi, magram Cven amaze ar

davefuZnebiT arasdros da taburetkebiT ar gadavekidebiT xalxs

quCaSi gansxvavebuli azris da gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orienta-

ciis gamo~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi). gamokiTxul po-litikosTa umravlesobis azriT, qarTveli xalxis nawilSi, garkveulwilad, sazogadoebriv elitaSic, arsebobs winaaRm-degobrivi aRqma da xedva aRniSnul kanonTan dakavSirebiT, radgan am sakiTxisadmi RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba gansx-vavebulia.

eqspertTa da politikosTa mier erovnuli identoba, Zi-riTadad, ganisazRvra ara rogorc ukve Camoyalibebuli ka-tegoria, aramed rogorc procesi, romelic drois faqtorT-

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an erTad ukavSirdeba aseve mimdinare movlenebs da im aqto-rebsac, romlebic am movlenebsa Tu diskursebs qmnian. SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom nacionaluri identobis saxe drois Sesabamisad icvleba, is eqvemdebareba drois gavlenas, anu cvalebadi po-litikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu kulturuli garemos zemoqmedebas. am faqtis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa nacio-naluri identobis ganmsazRvreli markerebis (maxasiaTeblebis) da maTi gavlenis cvlileba. aRniSnuli markerebi gansxvavebu-lia mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategoriis warmomadgenlisTvis, radgan maTi socializaciis procesi swored rom drois mixed-viT icvleba, Sesabamisad, icvleba nacionaluri identobis is konstruqtebi, romlebmac adamianebSi nacionaluri identobis ama Tu im saxiT Camoyalibeba ganapirobes.

3.1.1. qarTuli erovnuli identobis markerebi

erovnuli identoba, rogorc koleqtiuri identobis `proto-tipi~, gansazRvrulia garkveuli jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis xarisxiT (Kecmanovic, 1996). Teoretikosebi (De Cillia 1999; Hobs-bawm 2005; Staub 1997) miiCneven, rom erovnuli identobis gan-cdis xarisxi da xasiaTi drois mixedviT icvleba da am process sazogadoebisTvis aqtualuri politikuri, ekonomikuri, so-cialuri, kulturuli Tu sxva faqtorebi gansazRvravs. erov-nuli identobis kvlevisas legitimurad Cndeba aseTi kiTxvebi: ra qmnis nacionalur identobas? ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs imas, rom Cven Cvens Tavs qarTvelebad aRviqvamT? haideri-sa da Smidtis azriT, es aris emociebi erovnuli identobis garkveuli aspeqtebis mimarT, romlebic mTel ers, rogorc mTlianobas aerTianebs. amgvar aspeqtebad haideri da Smidti gamoyofen: istorias, kulturas, ekonomikas da erTobasTan siaxlovis gancdas (Heyder; Schmidt, 2001). erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvrel aspeqtebad saxeldeba aseve: ena, religia da ero-vnuli simboloebi, magaliTad, droSa, himni, erovnuli gmire-bi, miTebi da sxva (Poole, 1999).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa SefasebiT, qarTvelebis absoluturi umravlesobisTvis Zvirfasia `qarT-veloba~, magram, maTive TqmiT, arc ise iolia saubari imis Sesa-

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xeb, Tu rogor esmiT am adamianebs `qarTveloba~, anu sirTule gamoixateba `qarTvelobis~ ZiriTadi formulis gansazRvraSi. am problemis gadasaWrelad eqspertebi `kargi qarTvelis~ ma-xasiaTeblebs or jgufad hyofen: pirvel jgufs miakuTvneben iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa: eTnikurad qarTveli, marTl-madidebeli, heteroseqsuali, tradiciebis damcveli (maga-liTad, sufris kulturis mimdevari, Coxosani da a.S.), xolo meore jgufSi aerTianeben: kanonmorCil moqalaqes da ̀ sxvebis~ mimarT Semwynarebels. am konteqstSi, eqspertebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom Cveni sazogadoeba erovnul umravlesoba-um-ciresobad (qarTvelebad da araqarTvelebad) aris gayofili, rac arTulebs iseTi saerTo xedvis Camoyalibebas, romelic qarTuli erovnuli identobis gansasazRvrad gamodgeboda. eqspertTa azriT, amis mizezia samoqalaqo cnobierebis nakle-boba. isini ganmartaven, rom garkveuli movlenebisadmi emo-ciuri damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia eTnikurad qarTvel da araqarTveli mosaxleobaSi; Cvens sazogadoebaSi jer kidev ar aris sakmarisad ganviTarebuli saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi idea, romelsac daemyareboda eris konsolidacia. eqspertTa Tan-axmad, yvelaze did problemad unda CaiTvalos mosaxleobis umravlesobis, anu eTnikurad qarTvelebis pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, `kargi qarTveloba~ marTlmadideblobas ukavSir-deba. eqspertTa SefasebiT, mosaxleobis amgvar ganwyobilebas ganapirobebs saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebis dabali done da maTdami ndobis nakleboba:

`sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, eklesia aRmoCnda is instituti, romelmac Tavisi moraluri avtoriteti Zalian gaaZliera da plus amas, mas (eklesias) ar dasWi-da garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis Tavis Tavze aReba. sinamdvileSi erT-erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani mizezi, ra-tomac bevri institutis avtoriteti dasca, iyo is, rom is ver asrulebda masze dakisrebul funqciebs. saxelm-wifos yvela instituti Tavis funqcias ver asrulebda. eklesia ki, principSi, iyo is instituti, romelmac Zali-an bevri rame aiRo Tavis Tavze, romelic SeiZleba arc iyo mis gansazRvrulobaSi Semavali, magram asea Tu ise swored aman gamoiwvia is rom eklesia gaxda erT-erTi is instituti, romelmac identobis aseTi martivi gansaz-

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Rvreba SesTavaza bevr qarTvels~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eqsperti).

eqspertTa azriT, ̀ qarTvelobis~ zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeb-lebis pirveli jgufis (anu eTnikuri, religiuri da kulturu-li maxasiaTeblebis) mixedviT gansazRvra garkveuli safrTxis Semcvelia, radgan sazogadoebis gaxleCa/dayofas aZlierebs. am SemTxvevaSi erT mxares eqcevian eTnikurad qarTvelebi da amavdroulad marTlmadideblebi da meore mxares _ `sxve-bi~, anu eTnikurad araqarTvelebi da aramarTlmadideblebi. Sesabamisad, eqspertTa daskvniT, Tu `qarTvelobis~ am for-mulas gamoviyenebT, `sxvebi~ qarTuli erovnuli identobis miRma rCebian. magram Tu daveyrdnobiT `qarTvelobis~ maxa-siaTeblebis meore jgufs, anu samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebs da erovnuli identobis konstruqciaSi uars vityviT eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT `sxvebis~ gamoyofaze, maSin sazogadoebis gaxleCis nacvlad, mis gamTlianebas SevuwyobT xels. amgvarad, eqspertebi miiCneven, rom samoqalaqo cnobierebaze dafuZne-buli `qarTveloba~ da nacionaluri identoba qveynis gamaer-Tianebeli xedvaa.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eqspertTa nawilis azriT, qarT-velobis gancdis xarisxi da qarTvelobis tradiciuli gageba dRes transformacias ganicdis. eqspertebi yuradRebas amaxvi-leben im gansxvavebaze, romelic, maTi dakvirvebiT, arsebobs TaobaTa Soris qarTvelobis aRqmis TvalsazrisiT. amgvari gansxvaveba TavisTavad socializaciis procesTan aris dakav-Sirebuli da im RirebulebaTa sistemasTan, romelic ama Tu im Taobas gaaCnia.

WeSmariti qarTveli da qarTvelobis gancdis xarisxi

socialur mecnierebaTa centris mier 2013 wels ISSP-is èro-vnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb Catarebuli reprezentatuli gamo-kiTxvis farglebSi, respondentebs unda ganesazRvraT Tavi-anTi damokidebuleba im Rirebulebebisadmi, romlebic `WeS-mariti qarTvelis~ ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebad ganixileba. mo-nacemTa Tanaxmad, gamokiTxulTaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania: Tavs grZnobde qarTvelad (80,5%), SegeZlos qarTulad saubari

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(77,9%), gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi (67,5%); meoTxe da mexuTe àdgilzea~: iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani (65,4%) da pativs scemde saqarTvelos politikur institutebsa da kanonebs (59,3%); procentuli maCveneblebidan gamomdinare, danarCeni sami maxasiaTebeli ase dalagda: gqondes saqarTvelos moqala-qeoba (56,8%), cxovrebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi gqondes gatarebuli (54,7%) da dabadebuli iyo saqarTveloSi (49,9%).

diagrama #1 : WeSmariti qarTvelis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebi (zoga-

di maCveneblebi %)

#1 diagramaze warmodgenili procentuli maCveneblebi asa-xavs gamokiTxul respondentTa mier Semoxazul pasuxebs (`Za-lian mniSvnelovani~). rogorc vxedavT, gamokiTxulTa umrav-lesobis azriT, imisaTvis, rom adamiani `WeSmarit qarTvelad~ iqnes aRqmuli, yvelaze mniSvnelovania qarTvelad grZnobdes Tavs (80,5%), Semdeg saxeldeba qarTuli enis codna da gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi. CamoTvlilTagan yvelaze naklebi Rirebu-leba eniWeba saqarTveloSi dabadebis faqtors (49,9 %).

sqesisa da asakis mixedviT respondentebis pasuxebs Soris gansxvaveba ar gamovlinda. orive sqesis warmomadgenelTaTvis yvela asakobriv jgufSi sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteri-umia: Tavs grZnobde qarTvelad, SegeZlos qarTulad saubari da gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi (ix. diagrama #2 da #3 ).

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diagrama #2 da #3: WeSmariti qarTvelis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebi

sqesis da asakis mixedviT mixedviT

qarTuli erovnuli identobis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvise-bebis gansazRvris mizniT, zemoganxiluli `WeSmariti qarTve-lis~ ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebi gavaanalizeT faqtoruli analiziT, ris Sedegadac moxerxda cvladebs Soris struqtu-ruli urTierTkavSiris dadgena. faqtoruli analizis Tanax-mad, `WeSmariti qarTvelis~ ganmsazRvreli indikatorebi or faqtorad daiyo (cxrili #3): pirvel faqtors èTno-kul-turuli erovnuli identoba~ SeiZleba ewodos. masSi gaerTi-anda: qarTvelad grZnobde Tavs, gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi, icode qarTuli ena da iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani. meore faqtors `samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnuli identoba~ Sei-Zleba ewodos. masSi gaerTianda: saqarTveloSi dabadeba, saqa-rTvelos moqalaqeoba, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis xangrZlivoba.

saSualo Sefasebebis mixedviT, `samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnuli identobis~ faqtors naklebad mniSvnelovan faq-

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tors namdvilad ver vuwodebT. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom arc erT faqtorSi ar gaerTianebula da arc calke faq-toris saxiT gamoiyo saqarTvelos politikuri institutebisa da kanonebis mimarT pativiscemis indikatori. es SesaZloa aix-snas imiT, rom Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erovnuli sax-elmwifo institutebi jer kidev ar aris mkafiod asocirebuli arc erT erovnul identobasTan (arc eTno-kulturul da arc samoqalaqo identobasTan).

cxrili #3: eTno-kulturuli da samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnuli

identoba

Rotated Component Matrixa

zogi adamianis azriT, qvemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebi mniSvnelovania imisTvis, rom WeSmariti (naRdi) qarTveli iyo. sxvebi Tvlian, rom arc ise mniSvnelovania. Tqven rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli sakiTxi?

faqtori 1-Zalian mniSvnelovania; 5 saerTod ar aris mniSvnelovani

1 2

dabadebuli iyo saqarTveloSi .061 .818 1.95

gqondes saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba .222 .808 1.67

cxovrebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi gqondes gatarebuli .258 .745 1.67

SegeZlos qarTulad saubari .655 .377 1.30iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani .609 .295 1.65

pativs scemde saqarTvelos politikur institutebsa da kanonebs .490 .334 1.55

Tavs grZnobde qarTvelad .847 .013 1.24

gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi .710 .076 1.51

faqtori èTno-kulturuli erovnuli identoba~ ar aris damokidebuli sqessa (p=.083) da asakze (p=.811), anu èTno-kul-turuli erovnuli identobis~ ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebis (qarTvelad grZnobde Tavs, icode qarTuli ena, gyavdes qarT-veli winaprebi da iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani) mniSvne-loba asakisa da sqesis mixedviT ar gansxvavdeba da amgvari Se-degebi deskriptulma analizmac daadastura. faqtori èTno-kulturuli erovnuli identoba~ damokidebulia ganaTlebis

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doneze (p=.000). èTno-kulturuli erovnuli identobis~ gan-msazRvreli Rirebulebebisadmi mimRebloba ar ikveTeba saSua-lo ganaTlebis (-0,10) da masze dabali ganaTlebis mqone pirTa Soris (-0,18; -0,62). samagierod, ganaTlebis donis matebasTan erTad izrdeba èTno-kulturuli erovnuli identobis~ gan-msazRvreli Rirebulebebisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba (0,08; 0,13; 0,14).

faqtori `samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnuli identoba~ ar aris damokidebuli sqesze (p=.404), sust damokidebulebas amJRavnebs asakobriv kategoriaze (p=.028) da mkveTri damoki-debuleba fiqsirdeba ganaTlebis donesa (p=.000) da dasaqmebis sferoze (p=.000).

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

respondentTa azriT, imisTvis, rom `WeSmariti qarTve-li~ iyo, upirvelesad, aucilebelia Tavs grZnobde qarT-velad, aseve SegeZlos qarTulad saubari, gyavdes qarT-veli winaprebi, pativs scemde saqarTvelos politikur institutebs da kanonebs da gqondes saqarTvelos moqa-laqeoba;

imisTvis, rom iyo `WeSmariti qarTveli~ respondent-Tagan yvelaze nakleb Rirebulebad dasaxelda: cxovre-bis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi gqondes gatarebuli da dabadebuli iyo saqarTveloSi;

rogorc qalebis, aseve mamkacebis mier, yvela asakobriv jgufSi, `WeSmariti qarTvelis~ gansasazRvrad gamoiyo sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteriumi: Tavs grZnob-de qarTvelad, SegeZlos qarTulad saubari da gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi;

qarTuli erovnuli identobis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi or faqtorad dajgufda: eTno-kulturuli erovnuli identoba da samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnu-li identoba;

eTno-kulturuli erovnuli identoba aerTianebs iseT niSan-Tvisebebs, rogoricaa: gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi,

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Tavs grZnobde qarTvelad, SegeZlos qarTulad saubari da iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani;

samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnuli identoba aerTianebs Semdeg niSan-Tvisebebs: dabadebuli iyo saqarTveloSi, gqondes saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba da cxovrebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi gqondes gatarebuli;

rogorc mamakacebisTvis aseve qalebisTvis, asakis mi-uxedavad, samoqalaqo-politikur erovnul identoba-sTan SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania `qarTvelobis~ eTno-kulturuli erovnuli identoba;

samoqalaqo-politikuri erovnuli identobis dama-xasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebisadmi damokidebuleba ar gansxvavdeba sqesis mixedviT, Tumca mciredi gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba asakis mixedviT, kerZod, saqarTvelos moqa-laqeoba, rogorc `WeSmariti qarTvelis~ maxasiaTebeli, axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebisTvis ufro mniSvne-lovania, vidre ufrosi asakis moqalaqeTaTvis;

qarTveli eris gamaerTianebeli da gamyofi Rirebulebebi

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertebs vTxo-veT qarTveli sazogadoebis gamaerTianebeli da gamyofi Rire-bulebebis dasaxeleba. aRniSnuli kiTxvis mizani iyo, qarTuli erovnuli identobisTvis im aspeqtebis gansazRvra, romele-bic Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebis wevrebs So-ris, erTi mxriv, integracias da Tanxmobas ganapirobebs da, meores mxriv, SesaZloa konfliqti gamoiwvios. eqspertTagan sazogadoebis ZiriTad gamaerTianebel Rirebulebebad iseTi samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi dasaxelda, rogoricaa: kanonis uze-naesoba, Tanasworuflebianoba, Tavisufleba _ sityvis, re-ligiis, gamoxatvis, politikuri saqmianobis Tavisufleba da tolerantoba, anu sxvaTa, gansxvavebulTa mimarT Semwynareb-loba. erT-erTi eqsperti yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTvelebis `tradiciulobaze~ da qarTvelTa tradiciul Rirebulebebs is dRes Cvens qveyanaSi Semosul axal liberalur Rirebule-bebs upirispirebs. misi ganmartebiT, Cvens sazogadoebaSi ar-

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sebobs qarTuli patriotuli Rirebulebebis ̀ CarCo~ da amgvar `CarCoSi~ ver Tavsdeba is adamiani, romelic liberalur Ri-rebulebebs iziarebs, rac garkveuli saxis RirebulebiT kon-fliqts warmoSobs sazogadoebaSi.

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes gamaerTianebel Rirebulebad eqspertTa mier qarTuli enis codna dasaxelda. maTi azriT, saerTo enaze komunikaciia aaxloebs erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva jgufs, gansakuTrebiT ki, sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis jgufebs. eqspertTa nawili saqarTvelos `gardamavali sazoga-doebis~ statuss aniWebs da, am TvalsazrisiT, Cvens qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis mqone jgufebis Tanaarsebobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aRniSnul eqspertTa azriT, amgvari vi-Tareba qarTuli nacionaluri identobis, saerTo Rirebuleba-Ta CarCos SeqmnisTvis sirTules warmoadgens.

eqspertTa Tanaxmad, yvelaferi, rac qarTul tradiciul warmodgenebs ewinaaRmdegeba, savaraudod, miuRebeli iqneba qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis; aq, magaliTad, maT mier dasaxel-da erTnairi sqesis adamianTa Soris urTierTobis da misi in-stitucionalizaciis problemebi. erT-erTi eqspertis Sefase-biT, RirebulebaTa gaerTianeba Cveni sazogadoebisTvis rTu-li amocanaa, swored imitom, rom Cven ganviTarebis gardamaval fazaSi vimyofebiT da demokratiuli sistemis modeli Cvens saxelmwifoSi jer kidev ar aris bolomde Camoyalibebuli. am procesis dasrulebisTvis ki, misi TqmiT, ramdenime Taobis cv-lilebaa saWiro. eqspertebma qarTveli sazogadoebis gaerTia-nebisTvis aseve mniSvnelovan winapirobad daasaxeles qveynis damoukidebloba, teritoriuli mTlianoba da ekonomikuri stabiluroba:

`(...) mokled, gamaerTianebeli idea sakmaod problemu-ria, magram es gamaerTianebeli da raRac centraluri Rirebuleba, romlis irgvlivac yvela SeiZleba gaer-Tandes da sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba iyos, dRevandeli situaciidan Tu gamovalT, mainc mgonia, rom ekonomikuri sakiTxebi ufro mniSvnelovania, ise-Ti koncepti, rom am ekonomikuri problemis daZlevaSi garkveul perspeqtivas gaaCenda xalxSi, albaT es idea iqneboda mTavari, Tumca amis Semdeg ukve sxva probleme-bi SeiZleba gaCndes, magram dRes, mocemul etapze es

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mgonia mainc mTavari sakiTxi, rom iyos uzrunvelyofi-li ekonomikuri cxovrebis pirobebi da ekonomika iyos wina planze~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

erT-erTi eqspertis ganmartebiT, swored ekonomikuri si-duxWire ganapirobebs qarTveli xalxis gansakuTrebul ndobas eklesiisadmi, radgan eklesiam dRes Tavis Tavze aiRo `xalxis damamSvideblis~ funqcia da is Tavis garSemo aerTianebs im adamianebs, romelTac ekonomikurad uWirT da aseTebi ki Za-lian bevria Cvens sazogadoebaSi. eqsperteTa mier sazogadoe-bis gamaerTianebel faqtorad mtris xatic dasaxelda _ saerTo mtris arsebobam SeiZleba sxvadasxva jgufi gaaerTianos. erT-erTi eqsperti miiCnevs, rom aseT mtrad qarTvel mosaxleobaSi SesaZloa dasavleTi aRiqmebodes, rogorc axali, liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis Semomtani Cvens qveyanaSi da, meo-re mxriv, qarTvelebis nawilis mier mtrad aRiqmeba aseve ruse-Ti, rogorc okupanti, romelsac dakavebuli aqvs saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%. eqspertTa azriT, mosaxleobis gaerTianeba qveyanaSi momxdarma gansakuTrebiT tragikulma an sasixarulo movlenamac SeiZleba gamoiwvios. aseT movlenebad dasaxelda, magaliTad, 1989 wlis 9 aprili, 2015 wlis 13 ivnisi, 1981 wels safexburTo klub Tbilisis `dinamos~ mier evropis Tasis aRe-ba. eqspertTa nawilis azriT, qarTvel sazogadoebaSi nakle-bad aris Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba, romlis Tanaxmad, umTavresi Rirebuleba aris sakuTari saxelmwifoTi siamaye. swored amitom, maTi SefasebiT, dRes saqarTvelos mo-saxleobisTvis samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi meorexarisxovania da maTTvis mniSvnelovan gamaerTianebel Rirebulebebad isto-riuli movlenebi, miRwevebi, Zeglebi da tradiciebi rCeba, rac, ZiriTadad, eTno-kulturul sferos miekuTvneba.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufebSi mniSvnelovani tendenciebi gamomJRavnda qarTveli sazogadoe-bis gamaerTianebeli da gamyofi Rirebulebebis daxasiaTebisas.

18-30 wlis asakis, orive sqesis respondentebis mier Zi-riTad gamaerTianebel faqtorad religia da istoria dasaxel-da. Tumca, maTi azriT, es ori Rirebuleba xSirad gauazreb-lad, gaucnobiereblad da inerciiT inarCunebs arsebobas. ase-ve dasaxelda samSoblosadmi siyvaruli, tradiciebi da ojaxi:

_ 85 _

`(...) religia erTaderTia, romelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTveli eri erTiandeba, magram marTalia, rom be-vrs ar aqvs gacnobierebuli saerTod is, rom religias rogor unda mihyves da misdios. ubralod icis, rom wa-vides eklesiaSi da meti araferi~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30).

`(...) tradiciad da brmad mivyvebiT eklesiasac, yovelg-vari rwmenis gareSe. is rac gvaqvs, imazec ver vityviT, rom rwmenaa (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30).

axalgazrda respondentTa SefasebiT, dRes saqarTveloSi RirebulebaTa konfliqti ikveTeba eklesiasa da sazogadoe-bas Soris. erT-erTi axalgazrda respondentis azriT, sarwmu-noeba aris erT-erTi is mTavari Rirebuleba, romlis garSemoc sazogadoeba unda gaerTiandes, magram dRevandel realobaSi mas RirebulebaTa konfliqtic ukavSirdeba, rodesac sazoga-doeba orad: morwmuneebad da aramormuneebad iyofa.

gamyof Rirebulebebze saubrisas, fokus jgufis axal-gazrda monawileebma Semdegi faqtorebi gamoyves: genderuli Tanasworoba, sxvadasxva saxis umciresobebis miuRebloba da gansxvavebulobisadmi Seuwynarebloba:

`(...) qarTvelebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian patara gansxvavebulobis gamo, gvaris gansxvavebulobis gamoc, warmomavlobis gansxvavebulobis gamoc da am adamian-ebisTvis gansakuTrebiT rTuli iqneba gansxvavebuli religiis miReba, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis miReba, yvelaferi modis odiTgan. erTmaneTSi, erToba gvaklia, erTs azrs ver vaRwevT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30).

axalgazrda respondentTa SefasebiT, qarTvel sazogadoe-baSi, samoqalaqo-politikuri Rirebulebebi saTanadod ar aris gansazRvruli. am garemoebas isini imiT xsnian, rom qarT-velma erma jer ar icis, Tu ra mimarTulebiT surs ganviTa-reba. respondentTa azriT, qarTvelma xalxma ar icis, Tu ras gulisxmobs evropeizaciis procesi da masTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo-liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mniSv-neloba. maTi azriT, dRes adamianebi materialuri gaWirvebi-dan gamomdinare erTiandebian politikur sakiTxebTan dakav-SirebiT, Tundac arCevnebSi monawileoba da vinmesTvis xmis

_ 86 _

micema xdeba imis molodiniT, rom axali politikuri Zalis mosvliT maTi materialuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba. amgva-ri midgomis safuZvelze, axalgazrda respondentebi qarTveli mosaxleobis samoqalaqo cnobierebas kritikulad afaseben:

`(... ) erTi es faqtoria, meore aris is, rom politikuri Rirebulebebi gamaxsenda, am SemTxvevaSic qarTveli eri ar aris Camoyalibebuli, ra unda, ra mimarTulebiT unda wasvla, amboben, rom evropa, magram evropeizacia ra aris ar ician da zedapirulad raRac frazebs gaiZaxian, gagonilebs albaT. am SemTxvevaSic didi polarizacia aris, Cemi azriT, da ekonomikas rac Seexeba, am sakiTxSic qarTveli eri albaT mxolod imaSi erTiandeba, rom unda iyos pasiurad da mas unda aZlevdnen saxelmwifo fulad beneficiebs, sargebels da pasiurad iyvnen amaSi, albaT ase (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30).

saSualo asakis (31-45) respondentebi yuradRebas amaxvile-ben Tanamedrove procesebze da saubroben dasavleTidan Se-momaval Rirebulebebze. isini evropuli Rirebulebebisadmi frTxil damokidebulebas amJRavneben da maT SemodinebaSi sa-frTxes xedaven. respondentebi qveynis dRevandel politikur-ekonomikur situaciaze amaxvileben yuradRebas da aRniSnaven rom xalxs demokratiis mniSvnelobac naklebad esmis. qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri situacia, maTi azriT, mosaxleobis gaxleCas uwyobs xels, maSin rodesac eri iseTi Rirebulebebis garSemo unda erTiandebodes, rogoricaa: ena, mamuli da sarwmunoeba. dRes ki, ekonomikuri gaWirvebis fon-ze, es Rirebulebebi gaufasurebulia. respondentTagan sazo-gadoebis gamxleC erT-erT faqtorad dasaxelda aseve media.

ufrosi asakis (46-55) respondentebSi qarTveli sazogadoe-bis gamaerTianebel Rirebulebebad gamoiyo: samSoblos siy-varuli, qarTvelebis erTmaneTisadmi siyvaruli da religia. isinic sazogadoebis gamyofad erTmaneTisadmi Surs, adamianTa finansur mdgomareobas da masTan dakavSirebul problemebs asaxeleben:

ùrTierTobaSi qarTvelebs gviyvars erTmaneTi, gaer-Taineba da brZola SegviZlia erTiani azrisTvis. magram win modis finansuri problemebi. rodesac adamians saar-sebo minimumi ar aqvs sxva raRacaze veRar fiqrobs da ga-

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darTulia mis mopovebaze. mainc siyvaruli gvaerTianebs da gvyofs, gvaSorebs ekonomikuri problemebi~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

am asakobrivi jgufis warmomadgenelTa azriT, politikac im sferos miekuTvneba, romelic adamianebis dapirispirebas uwyobs xels:

`(...) gvyofs politika, sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi gvaqvs, urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebi, zogi vis mxaresaa, zogi vis mxares. am SemTxvevaSi pozicias da opozicias vgu-lisxmob, es Zalian didi minusia politikaSi erTamenTis Wama~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

ufrosi asakis respondentTa nawilis azriT, xalxma kar-gad rom icxovros, erovnuli mTavroba unda movides qveynis saTaveSi. maTi damokidebuleba dasavluri Rirebulebebisadmi kritikulia da umTavres Rirebulebebad sakuTari kulturis, tradiciebis, sarwmunoebisa da teritoriis dacva dasaxelda. maTi azriT, qarTveli mosaxleoba jer mzad ar aris globalu-ri siaxleebisTvis. am mxriv respondentebma medias manipula-toris roli mianiWes da globalizaciisadmi keTilganwyobis gamo telearxebi gaakritikes. maTi SefasebiT, mediidan mo-wodebuli informacia erovnul Rirebulebebs upirispirde-ba, rac axali Taobis ganviTarebisTvis saSiSroebas qmnis da `qarTvelobis mospobas~ niSnavs:

`rogorc saxelmwifoa Seumdgari, asevea sazogadoebac, rac ar unda aqtiuri iyo komunikaciebi antis giqadage-ben da momavali Taoba kidev rogori iqneba kacma ar icis. es qarTvelobis mospobaa~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

aRniSnul asakobriv jgufSi mxolod erTma respondentma daasaxela moqalaqeoba sazogadoebis ZiriTad gamaerTianebel faqtorad. misi azriT, rwmena da tradicia ar aris sazoga-doebisTvis sakmarisi gamaerTianebeli Rirebuleba da mxolod moqalaqeebisTvis dawerili kanonmdebloba aris erTiano-bis sawindari, romelic adamianebisTvis droTa ganmavlobaSi `tradiciad~ iqceva. misma amgvarma mosazrebam respondentTa umravlesobis winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia:

`Cven gvaerTianebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, Cven Tu aqcents tradiciebze da sarwmunoebaze gavakeTebT,

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maSin sxvebi amis miRma dagvrCebian, isini vinc saqarT-veloSi cxovroben. me vcxovrob qarTul saxelmwifoSi, aq cxovroben sxvadasxva eTnikuri, religiuri warmo-mavlobis adamianebi, Tu vaSenebT erTian saxelwifos unda gvaerTianebdes moqalaqeoba. Cven erTiani sazoga-doeba gvinda, Tu CveniT SevqmnaT Cveni sazogadoeba, Tu ki, SevqmnaT, vin giSliT? magaliTad, SeimuSaves kanon-proeqti, Tqven visze dawerdiT kanons, moqalaqeze Tu qarTvelze?~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 45-55)

55 wlis da zemoT asakis respontentebSic gamoikveTa tra-diciuli Rirebulebebis dakargvis SiSi. maTi azriT, televi-ziam da sazRvrebis gaxsnam axali Rirebulebebis Semodineba da axalgazrdebSi maTi danergva gaaZliera. aRniSnuli asako-brivi jgufis respondentebi qarTveli sazogadoebis ZiriTad gamaerTianebel Rirebulebad umetesad samSoblosadmi da yo-velive qarTulisadmi siyvaruls asaxeleben. aseve ojaxi da-saxelda erT-erT mTavar Rirebulebad, romelic, maTi azriT, yvela qarTvelisTvis mniSvnelovani unda iyos. am jgufis re-spondentebis umravlesoba kritikulad aris ganwyobili axali Taobis mimarT, radgan axalgazrdebisTvis gaufasurebulia is Rirebulebebi, romlebic tradiciulad gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas. amas isini, swored rom ganviTarebas da sazRvrebis gaxsnas ukavSireben:

`(...) adre sul sxva iyo, Cvens axalgazrdobaSi, dRevandel dRes ratomRac ar vici, albaT cxovrebam moitana, ganviTa-rebam moitana, sazRvrebis gasxnam moitana, magram rac dade-biTia is rom aviRoT, kargi iqneba da es uaryofiTebi davi-viwyoT. Cveni winaprebi sxvanairad gvaswavlidnen, mSoblebi sxvanairad gvaswavlidnen~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 55+).

unda aRiniSnos, rom ufrosi asakis respondentebi xSirad saubroben evropidan Semomaval Rirebulebebze, romlebic qar-Tul erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxes uqmnis da sazogadoebis gayofas iwvevs. maTi azriT, unda moxdes iseTi Rirebulebebis gadmoReba-gaziareba, romlebic qarTul erovnulTan axlosaa. aseT Rirebulebebs isini `karg~ Rirebulebebs uwodeben.

`(...) midis e.w. Camoyalibeba aramarTeblivi, aramarTali Rirebulebebis. gveubnebian, rom Cven evropisken unda

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miviswrafodeT, ras viRebT iqedan? kargi aviRoT, ager batonma brZana, evropasac aqvs dadebiTi, ra Tqma unda, kargi aviRoT, magram rodesac Cven gvaiZuleben, rom bo-diSi da gei paradebi CavataroT, es cota qarTul menta-litets ver iRebs~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 55+).

respondentebis mosazrebiT, gamaerTianebel Rirebulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseve iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTo safrTxis winaSe, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg mebrZolebs esaWiroebaT. aseT Rirebulebebad dasaxelda: tradi-ciuloba, tolerantoba, religia, samSoblos siyvaruli da zneo-brioba. am RirebulebaTa Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis safuZvels ki ufrosi asakis respondentebi karg ganaTlebaSi xedaven.

ufrosi Taobis respontentebSi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos dRevandeli situaciiT ukmayofileba gamomJRavnda. maTTvis, zogadad, rTuli aRmoCnda iseTi Rirebulebebis dasaxeleba, romelebic qveyanas dRes gaerTianebamde miiyvans. umTavresad, aRiniSna iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebic unda aerTianebdes qveyanas da ara iseTebi, romlebic aerTianebs. amgvari viTare-ba, maTi azriT, qveynis mZime ekonomikur-socialuri mdgoma-reobidan gamomdinareobs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respondente-bis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba unda gaerTiandes eTno-kulturuli Rirebulebebis garSemo, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, qarTvele-bis erTmaneTisadmi siyvaruli, religia, ojaxi; Tumca, qveyana-Si arsebuli ekonomikur-socialuri da politikuri situacia am RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas iwvevs.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi qarTuli mediis sam sxva-dasxva warmomadgenels davusviT kiTxva, Tu romel Rirebule-bebs gamoyofdnen isini qarTveli eris dasaxasiaTebelad da, maTi azriT, ra wvlili Seaqvs medias qarTveli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebisa Tu transformaciis procesSi. gamokiTxuli mediawarmomadgenlebi qarTul Rirebulebebs or faqtorad ajgufeben. maTi gansazRvrebiT, arsebobs `kargi~ da `cudi~ Rirebulebebi, romelebic qarTvel ers axasiaTebs. `karg~ Rirebulebebad dasaxelda, magaliTad, qarTuli stu-marTmoyvareoba da Semwynarebloba. aseve dasaxelda iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogorebicaa: Tavisuflebis siyvaruli da Ta-visuflebisTvis brZola, megobrebisa da naTesavebisadmi ke-

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Tilganwyoba. erT-erTi mediawarmomadgenlis mier dadebiT Rirebulebad Sefasda aseve evro-atlantikur struqturebSi integraciis mxardaWera mosaxleobis umravlesobis mier. me-diawamomadgenlebi kritikulad ganixilaven solidarobis fa-qtors qarTvelebSi:

`(...) solidaroba raRac garkveul Tanasworobas, ara Sem-wynareblobas, aramed ufro gaziarebas, Tanadgomas gu-lisxmobs, ase rom vTaqvaT da es ufro meti Tu gveqneba, es kargi iqneboda~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediawarmo-madgeneli)

erT-erTi mediawarmomadgenlis TqmiT, Rirebulebebi swrafad ar icvleba da amisTvis sakmaod didi dro aris saWi-ro. sxva respondenti aRniSnavs, rom mediam xeli unda Seuwyos demokratiuli procesis ganviTarebas. misi azriT:

`televizia ver iqneba saganmanaTlebo centri, aq leq-cias ver Caatareb. yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris imdeni informaciis miwodeba, ramdeni informaciac gamoiwvevs momxmarebelSi survils, rom ufro meti gaigos im mov-lenis Sesaxeb, romelic Sen mas miawode~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediawarmomadgeneli)

erT-erTi mediawarmomadgeneli swored mimdinare aqtualu-ri procesebis arsebobiT xsnis ama Tu im mediaarxis tendenci-urobas. misi ganmartebiT, mediis tendenciuroba gamoixateba imaSi, Tu ganviTarebis ra mimarTulebas emxroba esa Tu is arxi. zogisTvis es aris evro-atlantikuri sivrcisken swrafva da zogisTvis e.w. tradiciuli Rirebulebebis SenarCuneba. Tumca, misive TqmiT, mniSvnelovania aseve imis aRniSvna, rom dRes qarT-vel mosaxleobas naklebad ainteresebs politikuri movlenebi, misTvis mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis ganxilva, rac mis pirad mdgomareobas gaaumjobesebs.

qarTveli eris daxasiaTebisas, erT-erTma politikosma aR-niSna, rom dRes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis faqtori gansazRvravs mosaxleobis RirebulebaTa sistemas. qarTvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mTavar Rirebulebebad man daasaxela: samarTali, adamianis uflebebi, samoqalaqo da eT-nikuri nacionalizmi da aseve religiuroba da tradiciebisad-mi `lacici~:

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`me mgoni, zogadad mosaxleobis RirebulebaTa cvli-lebaze gavlenas axdens, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri md-gomareoba, meores mxriv usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi)

`qarTul~ RirebulebaTa Soris, politikosTagan dasaxelda aseve: Tavisufleba, tolerantoba, ganviTarebisken da evro-pisken swrafva. erT-erTi politikosi uaryofiTad afasebs aqtualur politikur diskurss RirebulebaTa Camoyalibebisa da cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. misi SefasebiT, dRevandeli politi-kuri diskursi aris `siZulvilis eniT gamsWvaluli da mdabio~ da aseTi politikuri dapirispirebebi, garkveulwilad, gavle-nas axdens mosaxleobis farTo fenebis ganwyobilebazec. erT-erTi politikosis TqmiT, arapolitikuri procesebic gavle-nas axdens sazogadoebaSi Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebaze. maga-liTad, procesebi, romlebic mimdinareobs mrevlSi eklesiis gavleniT, TaobaTa Soris dapirispirebebi, teritoriuli mT-lianobis problema, mediis damoukideblobis sakiTxi da sxva. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sfe-ros warmomadgeneli miiCnevs, rom Tu qarTvelTa gamaerTian-ebel da gamyof Rirebulebebze vsaubrobT, nebismieri maTgani SeiZleba iyos rogorc gamaerTianebeli, aseve gamyofic _ gaaC-nia, vis aerTianebs da vis hyofs:

`magaliTad, religia aerTianebs raRac jgufs da cal-ke tovebs sxvas, moqalaqeebis raRac nawils ar miiCnevs qarTvelebad mxolod religiuri mikuTvnebulobis gamo. an piriqiT, ar iTvaliswinebs da amiT aerTianebs, magaliTad, qarTvelebis nawili Tvlis, rom lazebic qarTvelebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arian qri-stianebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ena rogorc Rirebuleba arsebobs. enobrivad gamaerTianebelia am enis standar-tizacia (....) warsulze orientireba gamaerTianebelia, imitom, rom saerTo warsuli gvaqvs da es aerTienebs. ga-maerTianebeli aris warmodgena. nebismieri Rirebuleba gamaerTianebelia, Tu is gaziarebulia. ` (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli)

aRniSnul respondents miaCnia, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi aRiniSneba yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamaerTianebeli Rirebule-bis _ samoqalaqo Rirebulebis nakleboba. misi ganmartebiT,

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samoqalaqo Rirebuleba gulisxmobs warmodgenas, rom Cven erTad vaSenebT Cvens momavals, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli war-momavlobisa Tu interesebisa. misi TqmiT:

`mravalferovneba, rogorc Rirebuleba rom yofiliyo mniSvnelovani, maSin es iqneboda gamaerTianebli. Cven erTianebi varT, imis miuxedavad, rom varT mravalfero-vanebi. anu es Rirebuleba ar aris~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli)..

RirebulebaTa konfliqti TaobaTa Soris da drois faqtoris gavlena RirebulebaTa cvlilebaze

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi qarTuli erovnuli idento-bisTvis damaxasiaTebel RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, Seswav-lil iqna RirebulebaTa cvlileba bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi da am mxriv arsebuli gansxvaveba Taobebs Soris. mniSvnelova-ni iyo imis warmoCena, Tu rogor aRiqmeba axlandeli Rire-bulebebi sxvadasxva asakis adamianebis mier da, amavdroulad, rogor afaseben isini RirebulebaTa cvlilebas maT da wina/momdevno Taobas Soris. kiTxvaze, ramdenad Seicvala Rirebu-lebaTa sistema Taobebs Soris aRniSnul periodSi, axalgazrda respondentebis (18-30), rogorc qalebis, aseve mamakacebis az-riT, am mxriv mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda. maTi SefasebiT, Zveli Taoba ufro koleqtivisturia da axali ufro indivi-dualisturi:

`...vfiqrob Zvel TaobaSi, Zveli ara, Cemi mSoblebis Tao-baSi ase vTqvaT, ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu ras ityvis xalxi, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba rogo-ria, Tundac Sens pirad cxovrebas Seexebodes, Zalian iyo es zegavlena. dRes ase vfiqrob, Zalian ar Semcirda da amas ra gaaqrobs, magram ai Cems TaobaSi vfiqrob es naklebad aris~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30).

axalgazrda respondentTa Tanaxmad, evropeizaciis proces-ma axali diskursi Semoitana sazogadoebaSi, romlis gavleniT amaRlda ganaTlebis mniSvneloba, qalis roli sazogadoebaSi, aseve gaizarda politikaSi CarTul qalTa raodenoba. axal-gazrdebis SefasebiT, amgvari diskursi maTTvis ufro misaRe-bia, vidre ufrosi TaobisTvis, romlisTvisac ojaxi da tra-

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dicia yvelaze mniSvnelovania. amasTanave, maTi azriT, ufrosi Taoba ufro stereotipulia, rodesac saubari exeba qalisa da mamakacis adgils sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrda respondentebma Taobebs Soris informirebulobis sxvadasxva donezec gaamax-viles yuradReba. maTi azriT, ZiriTadad, swored informire-bulobis sxvadasxva xarisxi ganapirobebs TaobaTa Soris Rire-bulebaTa konfliqts.

` ...rac ganasxvevebs eg aris, rom mainc informaciis Semo-dinebam, informaciis wyarom, rogoric aris interneti da sxvadasxva tipis literatura...magram problemas qm-nis isic, rom xalxs ar aqvs SesaZlebloba, rom es lite-ratura SeiZinos gind eleqtronuli saxiT da gind mate-rialuri saxiT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30).

axalgazrdebis dakvirvebiT, dRes qarTveli sazogadoeba transformaciis procesSia, rac RirebulebaTa gadafasebis processac gulisxmobs. isini aRniSnaven, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg didi xani ar aris gasuli da sabWourma `Cake-tilobam~ Tavisi kvali daaCnia im Taobas, mis Rirebulebebs, radgan, rac ufro `Caketilia~ sazogadoeba, miT ufro `tra-diciulia~ igi da rac ufro `Riaa~ _ miT ufro `civilizebu-li~. sazogadoebis `Caketiloba-Riaobis~ sakiTxs axalgazrda respondentebi isev informirebulobis dones ukavSireben, ro-melsac Tanamedrove teqnologiebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba gan-sazRvravs.

saSualo asakis respondentebma (31-45) kritikulad Seaf-ases RirebulebaTa cvlilebis procesi, romelic ZiriTadad evropul-dasavlur gavlenas ganicdis. maTi azriT, adamiane-bi adre ufro tradiciaze orientirebuli iyvnen (igulismeba ufrosi Taobis mimarT pativiscema da maTi azrisTvis angari-Sis gaweva gadawyvetilebis miRebisas). dRes ki, axali Taoba TavisuflebasTan asocirdeba da am Tavisuflebas, maTi azriT, informaciis xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyofs. Tumca, respon-dentebis es jgufi miiCnevs, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania axali informaciis marTebulad aRqma, gageba da axalgazrdebisTvis miwodeba, raTa ar moxdes qarTuli tradiciuli Rirebulebe-bis gaufasureba, radgan, maTi TqmiT, dRes ZiriTadad media axdens gavlenas RirebulebaTa Camoyalibebaze:

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`qcevis kultura, urTierTobis kultura, me ar ga-movdivar komunisturi CarCoebidan, elementarulad bavSvebi Tavisuflebas sxva rakursiT uyureben (...) ise mivesalmebi civilaziacis. internetiT miRebul infor-macias gageba sWirdeba, bavSvs unda daexmaro mis sworad gagebaSi(...) bevri ramis gadafaseba moxda. ganaTleba da sworad miwodebaa mTavari, rom es ukulturobaSi, qce-vis normebis darRvevaSi ar gadaizardos. (fokus jgufi, qali, 31- 40).

ufrosi Taoba (45-55 da 55+), zogadad, keTilganwyofilia Rirebulebebis cvlilebebis mimarT. Tumca, fiqrobs, rom erovnuli tradiciebis SenarCunebac saWiroa. maTi azriT, qa-rTvelebs sxva eri ar unda marTavdes. dasavleTisadmi isini kritikulad arian ganwyobili da fiqroben, rom ganviTarebu-li qveynidan Semomavali siaxleebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs axal Taobaze. ufrosi Taobis respondentebi yuradrebas amaxvile-ben aseve ganaTlebis problemaze da aRniSnaven, rom sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi swavla yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo, dRes ki, mZime finansuri mdgomareobis gamo, umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba mravalTaTvis ocnebad iqca:

`Cven tradiciuli qveyana varT, amas ver daviviwyebT. am Taobas raRa Segvclis, magram bavSvi gadarTavs tele-vizors da naxavs, risTvis minda arxi `marao~? televi-zia gajerebulia iaffasiani raRaceebiT. es Taoba amas Cveulebrivad miiRebs. rac Seexeba ucxoeTs, iq ukve aris tradicia, ojaxs pativs scemen, Cven ganviTarebadi qvey-nis statusi gvaqvs, raRaceebi gadmoviReT, raRaceebi arasworad gavigeT, vebRauWebiT raRaceebs, rac nor-malur, ganviTarebul qveynebSi aRar aris~ (fokus jgu-fi, qali, 45-55).

meore mxriv, ufrosi asakis respondentebisTvis Rirebule-baTa transformacia ganviTarebis Tanmdevi gardauvali pro-cesia da arsebobs Zveli, dromoWmuli tradiciebi, romlebic unda Seicvalos. Tumca, garkveuli faseulobebis SenarCuneba aucilebelia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, didi ojaxis tradicia.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebi RirebulebaTa cvlilebas mudmivi gardaqmnis process uwode-ben, romlis dinamika, xan pozitiuria, xan negatiuria, xolo

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mTavari cvlileba, romelic am process moaqvs aris gansxvave-bulisadmi sazogadoebis TandaTanobiTi miCveva da imis gaaz-reba, rom gansxvaveba Cveulebrivi, normaluri ramaa:

`mTavari cvlileba albaT mainc is aris, rom Cven miveC-vieT imas, rom sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawils SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva mikuTvnebuloba, sxvadasxva mosaz-reba, sxvadasxva Sexeduleba, sxvadasxva rwmena, gamoxat-vis sxvadasxva forma, yvelaferi amis, rac CamoTvaleT da es nel-nela xdeba normaluri movlena. nela, magram mainc (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa nawili, ukanas-kneli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare RirebulebaTa trans-formacias, axali erovnuli identobis Seqmnis mcdelobas ukavSirebs, romelic ZiriTadad samoqalaqo Rirebulebebs efuZneba da romlis mTavari maxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobaa da ara eTnikuri da religiuri Rirebulebebi. samoqalaqo Rire-bulebebis magaliTebad eqspertebma pirovnebis racionaluri arCevani, politikuri aqtiuroba, suvereniteti, Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi daasaxeles. eqspertTa azriT, dasaxe-lebuli Rirebulebebis aqtualizacia Cvens qveyanaSi saerTa-Soriso doneze mimdinare procesebs ukavSirdeba, xolo maT-Tan Cveni sazogadoebis kontaqts Tanamedrove mediasaSualebe-bi uzrunvelyofen (interneti, socialuri qselebi, televizia da sxva). fokus jgufebis monawileTa msgavsad, eqspertebmac araerTxel gaamaxviles yuradReba mosaxleobis informirebu-lobis xarisxze da am mxriv sazogadoebis fenebs Soris arse-bul gansxvavebaze.

eqspertTa azriT, msoflio procesebis Sesaxeb informire-buloba, Tu maTSi monawileoba, umTavresad, urbanuli elitis privilegiaa, mosaxleobisa garkveuli nawili ki lamis sain-formacio vakuumSia moqceuli, rac sazogadoebisTvis mniSvne-lovan gamowvevas warmoadgens, radgan globaluri siaxleebis Semosvla swored am adamianebSi iwvevs Zlier winaarmdegobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ucxosadmi, gansxvavebulisadmi SiSs efuZneba. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xdeba sazogadoebis gayofa naklebad informirebul da metad informirebul jgu-febad da es, mniSvnelovanwilad, ukavSirdeba informaciisadmi

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xelmisawvdomobis mxriv arsebul uTanasworobas. eqspertTa azriT, sazogadoebis amgvari dayofa RirebulebaTa konfli-qts iwvevs, anu adamianTa nawilisTvis rTulia arsebuli Ri-rebulebebis axal konteqstSi gaazreba da imis gacnobiereba, rom msoflioSi mxolod erTi horizonti ar arsebobs, rom globaluri horizonti sxvadasxva identobebis mqone adamian-ebs gulisxmobs.

erTobebTan siaxlovis gancda

raodenobrivi monacemebi

2013 wlis ISSP-is raodenobriv monacemTa Tanaxmad, gamokiT-xulTa umravlesoba yvelaze Zlier siaxloves saqarTvelos-admi (samSoblosadmi), Semdeg mSobliur qalaqsa da raionTan ganicdis. am CamonaTvalSi yvelaze naklebi siaxlove respon-tenTagan evropis mimarT dafiqsirda. kiTxvaze, miiCneven Tu ara isini Tavs msoflio moqalaqed?, respondentTa mxolod 5,9%-ma upasuxa dadebiTad, 85,2%-ma ki _ uaryofiTad. qve-moT warmodgenili diagrama #4 gviCvenebs respondentTa mier gacemul savaraudo pasuxTa sixSires, saSualo maCveneblebis mixedviT:

diagrama # 4.: erTobasTan siaxlove

gamokiTxul respondenteTa pasuxebi sqesisa da asakis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba. orive SemTxvevaSi, Zi-riTadad, msgavsi tendenciebi vlindeba. qvemoT warmodgenili diagrama #5 da diagrama #6 gviCvenebs monacemebs pasuxisTvis _ `Zalian axlos~.

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diagrama # 5.: erTobasTan siaxlove sqesis mixedviT

diagrama # 6.: erTobasTan siaxlove asakis mixedviT

Catarebuli faqtoruli analizis safuZvelze erTobasTan siaxlovis gancdis ganmsazRvreli maCveneblebi or faqtorad gaiyo: pirvels `mSobliur (erovnul) erTobasTan siaxlove~ SeiZleba ewodos. masSi mSobliur qalaqTan, raionTan, saqa-rTvelosTan mikuTvnebuloba gaerTianda. meores _ èvropis erTobasTan siaxlove~ da masSi mxolod evropasTan siaxlove moxvda. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mSobliur (erovnul) erTo-basTan siaxlove da evropasTan siaxlove erTmaneTisgan gami-jnulia da evropasTan siaxlove sakmaod sustad aris gamoxat-uli. am daskvnas saSualo maCveneblebis Sedareba aZlierebs. (ix. cxrili #4)

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cxrili #4: erTobasTan siaxlove

ramdenad axlos grZnobT Tavs...faqtori 1-Zalian axlos;

5- saerTos ar vgrZnob siaxloves1 2

Tqvens qalaqTan .860 .043 1.58

Tqvens raionTan .825 -.048 1.78

saqarTvelosTan .759 .181 1.46

evropasTan .061 .990 3.21

faqtori `mSobliur (erovnul) erTobasTan siaxlove~ damokidebulia sqessa (p=.000) da asakze (p=.001). sxva asakobriv jgufebTan da qalebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze metad ufrosi Taobis adamianebi da mamakacebi grZnoben siaxloves mSobliur (erovnul) erTobasTan.

èvropis erTobasTan siaxlovis~ faqtoric ar aris damokide-buli sqesze (p=.417). Tumca, is damokidebulia asakze (p=.000), ganaTlebis xarisxsa (p=.000) da dasaqmebis tipze (p=.000).

monacemTa saSualo maCveneblebis Sedarebis safuZvelze (student t-test) gamovlinda, rom evropasTan siaxlove yvelaze metad 18-24 (0.40) da 25-34 (0.16) asakobrivi jgufebis respon-dentebSi gvxvdeba, xolo yvelaze naklebad _ 55+ (-0.14) asako-briv jgufSi. rac Seexeba 35-54 wlis asakobriv jgufebs _ aq aseTi tendencia ar ikveTeba.

sayuradReboa, ganaTlebis donis maCveneblis gavlena ev-ropasTan siaxlovis faqtorze. monacemTa analizi gviCvenebs, rom saSualo an saSualoze dabali ganaTlebis mqone adami-anebis jgufSi evropis mimarT siaxlovis maCvenebeli (- .11), sakmaod CamorCeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone individebis jgufTa maCvenebels (0.45). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respondentis ganaTlebis donis matebasTan erTad, evropasTan siaxlovis gancdac izrdeba.

kvlevis Sedegebma gamoavlina aseve dasaqmebis tipis/samsa-xurebrivi statusis gavlena evropasTan siaxlovis faqtorze. gairkva, rom evropasTan siaxloves, ZiriTadad, studentebi (-0.75), staJiorebi (-0.73), samxedroebi (-1.00) da anazRaurebad samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi (-0.09) grZnoben. evropasTan

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siaxlovis ufro dabali maCvenebeli dafiqsirda qronikulad avadmyof da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone (-0.11), pensio-nerTa (-0.16) da diasaxlisebis ( -0.28) populaciaSi.

imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra gansazRvravs damokidebuli (re-zultaturi) cvladis _ èvropis erTobasTan siaxlovis~ fa-qtors, SevecadeT agvexsna, Tu sxva romel faqtors SeiZleba hqonoda gavlena mis Sedegebze. damoukidebeli (ganmapirobe-beli) cvladebis safuZvelze, regresuli analizis meTodiT, aixsna damokidebuli cvladis 36.9%, xolo rezultaturi va-riaciis 13.6% (ix. cxrili # 5 ).

cxrili #5

Model R R Square

1 .369a .136

regresiul analizSi CarTuli 15 faqtoridan (ix. cxrili # 6) rezultatur cvladze arsebiT gavlenas xuTi faqtori axdens, amasTan maTi zemoqmedeba TiTqmis Tanabrad mniSvne-lovania: zianis faqtori (romelSic ori cvladi gaerTianda: `didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi~ da `saerTaSoriso organi-zaciebi saqarTvelos mTvrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arT-meven~) warmodgenilia 13.7%-iT, xolo danarCeni oTxi faqto-ris zegavlena, realurad, erTnairia: solidarobis faqtori (masSi gaerTianda Semdegi cvladebi: ècado gaugo im adami-anebs, visac gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT~, àirCio produ-qtebi politikuri, eTikuri an garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebu-li motivaciiT, maSinac ki, roca isini SedarebiT Zviri Rirs~, `daexmaro saqarTveloSi Senze gaWirvebul adamianebs~ da `daexmaro msoflioSi Senze gaWirvebul adamianebs~) _ 10.7%, informirebuloba politikisa da xelisuflebis Sesaxeb (am fa-qtorSi gaerTianda iseTi cvaldebi, rogoricaa: `vfiqrob, sak-maod kargad verkvevi, Tu ra mniSvnelovani politikuri pro-blemebi dgas saqarTvelos winaSe~ da `vfiqrob, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesoba Cemze ukeTesad aris informirebuli politikisa da xelisuflebis Sesaxeb~) _ 10.5%, xelisuflebis

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damokidebuleba mosaxleobis mimarT (Sedgeba Semdegi cvla-debisgan: `Cemnair adamianebs xelisuflebis qmedebebze ara-vin ekiTxeba azrs~ da àra mgonia, xelisuflebas adardebdes Cemnairi adamianebis azri~) _ 10.7% da sakuTari qveynisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis faqtori (aerTianebs sam cvlads: `dResdReobiT saqarTvelos realobaSi arsebobs rigi sakiT-xebi, romelTa gamoc mrcxvenia saqarTvelosi~, `xSirad ise ver vamayob saqarTveloTi, rogorc visurvebdi~ da `msoflio ukeTesi iqneboda, qarTvelebi saqarTvelos naklovanebebs rom aRiarebdnen~) _ 10.6%.

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze maRali woniT warmodgenili `zia-nis faqtori~ uaryofiT gavlenas axdens rezultatur cvlad-ze. aseve uaryofiTad moqmedebs rezultatur cvladze Semde-gi faqtorebi: ìnformirebuloba politikisa da xelisufle-bis mimarT~ da `xelisuflebis damokidebuleba mosaxleobis (ix. Standardized Coefficients, Beta).

mniSvnelovani faqtorebidan rezultatur cvladze da de-biTi gavleniT gamoirCeva ori faqtori: solidarobis faqtori da sakuTari qveynisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis faqtori.

_ 101 _

cxrili # 6

Coefficientsa

wil

i dis

persi

is

axsn

aSi

ModelStandardized Coefficients Sig.

Beta(Constant) 1.000

`politikuri da arapolitikuri jgufebisa da asociaciebis wevroba~

-.071 .005 5.3%

`zianis faqtori~ -.114 .000 13.7%

`solidarobis faqtori~ .101 .000 10.7%

ìnformirebuloba politikisa da xelisuflebis Sesaxeb~ (inversiuli)

-.099 .000 10.5%

`xelisuflebis damokidebuleba mosaxleobis mimarT~ (inversiuli)

-.101 .000 10.7%

`sakuTari qveynisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba~

.100 .000 10.6%

`sargeblis faqtori~ (inversiuli) .071 .006 5.3%

~sakuTari qveynis upiratesoba~ (inversiuli) -.063 .013 4.2%

`kulturuli sistemebiT (institutebiT)siamaye (inversiuli)

.064 .011 4.3%

`legaluri emigrantebisadmi damokidebuleba~ (inversiuli)

-.069 .007 5.0%

`legaluri imigrantebisadmi keTilganwyoba~ (inversiuli)

.058 .020 3.5%

`damokidebuleba umciresobaTa konkretuli jgufebis mimarT~

-.062 .012 4.1%

èTno-kulturuli erovnuli identobis faqtori~ (inversiuli)

.069 .009 5.0%

`SezRudvebis faqtori~ (inversiuli) -.062 .026 4.1%

`protestis gamoxatvis ufleba~ -.052 .040 2.9%

a. Dependent Variable: èvropis faqtori~ (inversiuli) 100.0%

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba, yvelaze Zlier siaxloves saqarTvelosTan (samSoblosTan), Semdeg mSobliur qala-qsa da raionTan ganicdis. am CamonaTvalSi meoTxe, uka-naskneli iyo evropa da yvelaze naklebi siaxlove, gamo-kiTxulTagan, evropis mimarT dafiqsirda;

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sxva asakobriv jgufebTan da qalebTan SedarebiT, yvela-ze metad ufrosi Taobis adamianebi da mamakacebi grZno-ben siaxloves sakuTar erovnul erTobasTan (saqarTve-lo, mSobliuri raioni da sofeli);

evropis mimarT siaxlove, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda (18-34) respondentebTan gamovlinda. saSualo (35-54) asakis jgufSi tendencia ar ikveTeba;

evropasTan siaxloves, ZiriTadad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi, dasaqmebulebi da studentebi grZnoben;

evropasTan siaxloves gansazRvravs aseve politikis Se-saxeb informirebulobis done, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, rac ufro naklebia gamokiTxulTa jgufis informirebuloba politikis Sesaxeb, miT ufro nakleb siaxloves grZnobs is evropasTan;

saerTaSoriso politikuri organizaciebisa da transna-cionaluri ekonomikuri kompaniebis mimarT mosaxleobis kritikuli damokidebuleba gansazRvravs evropasTan naklebi siaxlovis gancdas;

rac ufro maRalia mosaxleobaSi solidarobis gancda, miT metia evropasTan siaxlove;

rac ufro kritikulad aris qarTveli mosaxleoba mSob-liuri qveynisadmi ganwyobili, miT ufro Zlieria evro-pasTan siaxlovis gancda.

Tvisebrivi monacemebi:

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufebSi saSu-aleba mogveca respondentebi Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodiT gamog-vekiTxa da gagverkvia maTi azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu visTan grZnoben qarTvelebi yvelaze axlos Tavs da ratom. respondentebisTvis das-muli kiTxva or ganzomilebad daiyo: Tavdapirvelad, responden-tebs damkvirveblis poziciidan unda SeefasebinaT CamoTvlili va-riantebidan (evropa, ruseTi da kavkasia) visTan grZnoben qarTvele-bi yvelaze axlos Tavs da ratom, Semdeg ki unda ganesazRvraT is erToba, romelTanac isini TviTon axdenen identifikacias.

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evropa:

18-30 asakobrivi jgufis respondentebis mosazrebiT, maTi Taobis warmomadgenlebi siaxloves evropasTan da zogadad da-savlur samyarosTan grZnoben. respondentebi, romlebic fi-qroben, rom saqarTvelo evropasTan ufro axlos aris, am siax-lovis mTavar safuZvlad Rirebulebebis msgavsebas miiCneven. maTi azriT, qarTvelebi Tanamedrove evropuli azrovnebis xalxia, maTi dasavleTisken ltolva Tavisuflebis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli. evropasTan TviTidentifikaciis mizezad saxeldeba iseTi saerTo Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa: Tavisuf-leba da tolerantoba:

`qarTuli azrovneba evropuli tipis azrovnebaa, ro-melic dafuZnebulia humanizmze da tolerantobaze, gansxvavebiT rusuli azrovnebisagan~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30)

31-45 asakobriv jgufSi respondentebis nawili evropas axasiaTebs, rogorc savsebiT misaReb sivrces. Tumca, maTive TqmiT, saqarTvelosa da evropas Soris arsebuli sivrciTi da-Soreba gavlenas axdens imaze, rom isini evropasTan siaxloves naklebad grZnoben da aseve naklebad iziareben evropul Ri-rebulebebs. respondentTa aRniSnuli nawili ar gamoricxavs, rom momavalSi saqarTvelo dauaxlovdes evropas. responden-tebis meore nawili fiqrobs, rom axali Taoba ufro axlos aris evropasTan. Tumca, maTi azriT, es siaxlove Rirebule-bebis msgavsebas ki ar ukavSirdeba, aramed es ufro pragmatul-praqtikuli mizezebiT aixsneba. iTqva, rom evropa axali Tao-bis interesis centrSia, radgan ganaTlebis misaRebad swored evropaSi miemgzavrebian:

àxal Taobas evropa awyobs, 16-17 wlis bavSvebs. inglisurs swavloben da iqiT iswrafvian.~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

46-55 asakobriv jgufSi niSandoblivia amerikis faqtoris win wamoweva. evropaze saubrisas respondentTa nawilma Cven mier SeTavazebul variantebs amerika daumata. respondentTa nawilisTvis amerika, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, safrTxis Semcvelia, nawili ki mas moiazrebs saxelmwifod, romelsac yvelaze metad SeuZlia saqarTvelos daxmareba:

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`me amerikelebs vTxovdi, qarTveloba ar wagvarTvan, es grafa dagvitovon da migvimaton Statad. axla war-matebuli qveynebi romlebic aris, amerikis da inglisis frTebqveS ganviTardnen. vinc ruseTis frTebqveS ganvi-Tarda ki viciT vinc aris.~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55)

31-45 asakobrivi jgufis msgavsad, 46-55 asakis respondenteb-Sic ikveTeba tendencia, romlis Tanaxmadac, evropa kargia, ma-gram Sorsaa, mas ar vundivarT, rom saqarTvelos evropamde Za-lian bevri uklia. respondentebi, marTalia, evropasTan Sedar-ebiT nakleb siaxloves grZnoben, magram maTi nawili evropis mimarTulebiT met perspeqtivas xedavs, magaliTad, ganaTlebis miRebisa da ukeTesi teqnologiebis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT.

46-55 asakis respondentebi evropaSi, erTi mxriv, Svilebis samomavlo perspeqtivas xedaven, magram, meore mxriv, am per-speqtivas mudam Tan erTvis erovnulobisa da qarTuli kultu-ris dakargvis SiSi. erT-erTi respondentis TqmiT, is Svilebs yovelTvis afrTxilebs: `mTlad maTnairi ar gaxdeTo~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55 w.), rac, garkveulwilad, asaxavs respondent-Ta SfoTvas, romelic maTi Svilebis mier qarTuli Rirebulebe-bis dakargvisa da `sxvebTan~ asimilaciis safrTxes ukavSirdeba.

56+ asakobriv jgufSi, evropis mimarT, ramdenime ZiriTa-di tendencia gamoikveTa: respondentebis nawilis azriT, qa-rTvelebi ufro axlos Tavs evropasTan grZnoben. argumenteb-Si ZiriTadad Rirebulebebis msgavseba da kulturuli siax-love dasaxelda:

èvropelebi, liberalebi arian da amitom Cvenc libera-lebi varT. yovelTvis viyaviT da viqnebiT.~ (fokus jgu-fi, kaci, 56 +)

èvropelebTan imitom, rom ufro kargad vicnobT Tund-ac kulturiT. SeiZleba somxebis da azerbaijanelebis kulturasac ise ar vicnobdeT, rogorc evropul kul-turas, iqaur mwerlobas da saerTodac ufro mimzidve-lia~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+).

aseve dasaxelda evropis, rogorc usafrTxoebis garantis roli. erT-erTi respondentis azriT, `ganviTarebul, Zlier qveynebTan megobrobas simSvide da Tavdacvis garantiebic mosdevs~. (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+) am asakobrivi jgufis re-

_ 105 _

spondentebic miiCneven, rom axali TaobisTvis evropa ufro misaRebia, vidre ruseTi da kavkasia. is respondentebi, rom-lebic evropasTan nakleb saerTos pouloben, miiCneven, rom es sivrce CvenTvis nakleb axlobeli da nacnobia. evropisgan be-vri kargi ramis gadmoReba SeiZleba, magram ìsini axla icno-ben saqarTvelos. saukuneebi unda gavides, Cven rom evrope-lebi gavxdeT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+ ).

ruseTi

ruseTTan dakavSirebiT, 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi, erT-erTi re-spondenti mniSvnelovan gamyof periodad miiCnevs 2008 wlis agvistos oms. misi azriT, manamde qarTvelebi ufro axlos ru-seTTan grZnobdnen Tavs, axla ki evrokavSirTan da dasavleT-Tan ufro daaxlovdnen. am SemTxvevaSi Cans, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeba teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs. saqa-rTvelosTvis veRar iqneba axlos ruseTi, romelmac qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba daarRvia.

zogierT respondents dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom vinmes, ubralod, rusuli literatura an rusuli filmebi moswondes. respondentTa azriT, ruseTTan erTaderTi misaRebi urTier-Tobis forma diplomatiuri urTierTobebia da ara politi-kuri identifikacia.

calkeuli respondentebi fiqroben, rom ruseTTan siax-loves mravali qarTvelisTvis religiuri faqtori, erTmor-wmuneoba ganapirobebs. `religia mainc gvaaxlovebs~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30), `rusebTan rwmena gvaaxlovebs~, piradad me Sinaurad ufro ruseTs vxedav, Cemi biZaSvilebi da biZebi ruseTSi arian, Cems axloblebad ufro maT miviCnev.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30)

31-45 asakobriv jgufSi ruseTTan dakavSirebiT mosazre-bebi araerTgvarovania. respondentTa nawilis azriT, ruseTi dampyrobelia, nawili ki fiqrobs, rom saqarTvelos ruseT-Tan istoria da sarwmunoeba akavSirebs, da dapyrobis nacvlad mfarvelobaze akeTebs aqcents:

ùfro axlos marTlmadideblur ruseTTan da ukrai-nasTan varT. es xalxi Cvens Sinagan principebTan ufro

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axlos arian. evropa sul sxva ganzomilebaa, ruseTi da saqarTvelo ufro erTi Sexedulebis xalxi varT. iumo-riT, saubriT, niuansebSi Caxedva qarTvelebs da rusebs gvaxasiaTebs. somxebTan da azerbaijanelebTan imdeni saerTo ar gvaqvs, vidre rusebTan. kavkasia ki gvaerTia-nebs, magram isini ar arian CvenTan ise axlos, amitom am mxriv ufro ruseTisken vixrebi. evropelebs bevri kargi aqvT, SeiZleba xalxic kargia, magram kulturiT gansx-vavdeba~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

respondentebi ruseTTan siaxloves 70-wliani Tanac-xovrebiT xsnian, respondentTa nawilisTvis ki es siaxlove saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda. maT ar moswonT axalgazr-debSi gaCenili agresia ruseTis mimarT: `Cemi megobris bavS-vebs rusulis mimarT agresia aqvT. dedas unda bavSvi ru-sulSi moamzados da bavSi ar Tanxmdeba.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45) gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom qarTveli axalgazrdebis ru-seTisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba dezinformaciis bralia. erT-erTi respondenti amas ruseTSi Casuli qarTvelebis uxeS qcevas ukavSirebs:

`ruseTSi sul davdiodi, moWidave var da didi saaxlo-blo myavs iq, araswori informacia aqvT, qarTvelebs `zverebs~ gveZaxian. arc icodnen, rom marTlmadideb-lebi varT. aqac egeTi informacia aqvT, rom rusi agre-siulia da rusebs qarTvelebi ar moswonT~ (fokus jgu-fi, kaci, 31-45).

46-55 asakobrivi jgufis diskusiaSi ikveTeba ruseTisadmi ambivalenturi damokidebuleba, romelic e.w. òri ruseTis idea~-s gvTavazobs. pirveli `sabWoTa ruseTia~, romelic maSin-del periodSi saqarTvelos megobari iyo da meore àxlandeli ruseTi~, romelic okupantia. am tipis damokidebulebis mqone respondentebi acnobiereben, rom ruseTma saqarTvelos teri-toriis nawili miiTvisa da Cveni qveynisTvis safrTxes warmoad-gens, Tumca maTi ganmartebiT, ruseTi Zlieri imperiaa, romli-sac mTel msoflios eSinia, is aris Cveni mezobeli, romelic mu-dam axlos iqneba, Sesabamisad, misi gadamtereba aragonivrulia:

`(...) evropa kargia, magram Soria. (...) isev axlo mezobel-Tan unda movagvaroT urTierToba, ruseTi samudamo me-

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zobelia. (...) amitom, cota unda moveferoT, politiku-rad mivudgeT (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

ruseTTan siaxlovis amxsnel faqtorad dasaxelda aseve ekonomikuri aspeqtic:

`didi simdidre aqvs da gasaRebis didi bazaria~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-50).

46-55 asakobrivi kategoriis respondentTa nawilis azriT, ruseTTan qarTvelebs ar aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, maga-liTad, rusebTan naklebadaa ufrosis, mezoblis pativiscema, naTesaobis instituti. ramdenime respondentis mier gamoiTqva kritikuli mosazrebebi ruseTTan sarwmunoebriv Tanxvedra-sTan dakavSirebiTac. erT-erTi respondenti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs Tavad rusebis religiurobas:

`garda marTlmadideblobisa araferi gvaqvs saerTo da marTlmadidebeli rusi me jer ar minaxavs. wmindanebi da saeklesio moRvaweebi hyavT, iq rwmena da eklesiuri cxovreba ar aris masiuri~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

56+ asakobriv jgufSic Cans ruseTis mimarT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba:

`Tu erze vlaparakobT sxvaa da Tu mTavrobaze sxva, ro-gorc eri yvelaze axlo urTierTobas ruseTTan vpou-lobT. amdeni saukune erTad vcxovrobdiT da bevri gvaqvs saerTo. (...) me rusi eris da xalxis sawinaaRmdego namdvilad araferi maqvs, mTavrobebi midian da modian, xalxi rCeba.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+)

ufrosi asakis respondentebic akritikeben àxlandel~ ru-seTs. rogorc erT-erTi respondeti ambobs, siamovnebiT ìme-zoblebda~ ̀ civilizebul ruseTTanac~, Tumca misive azriT, es `civilizebuli ruseTi~ jerjerobiT ar arsebobs.

aRniSnul asakobriv kategoriaSi igrZnoba, rom ruseTi re-spondentTa umravlesobisTvis axlobeli iyo. dadebiTad ixse-neben komunistebis dros; saubroben Sereul qorwinebebsa da qarTul-rusul ojaxebze, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis dRevandeli qceva maTTvis miuRebelia:

`me TviTon bebia rusi myavda, magram yvelaferi imis Semdeg, rac moxda bebiaCemic gadaireoda axla, cocxa-

_ 108 _

li rom yofiliyo, imdenad saqarTvelos patrioti iyo da sami Svili hyavda da samive qarTul skolaSi miabara~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+ ).

kavkasia

18-30 asakis respondentTa umravlesobis azriT, kavkasiasTan mxolod geografiuli mdebareoba gvakavSirebs, azrovneba ki sruliad gansxvavebulia. miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, respon-dentTa azriT, saerTos aRmoCenac aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom kavkasielebTan saerTo Rirebulebebi gagvaCnia. identifikacia gamowveulia msgavsi tradiciebiT da maTdami damokidebulebiT. respondentebis azriT, kavkasiis sxva xalxebTan identifikacia saxelmwifosTvis strategiulad momgebiania. gamoikveTa politikuri faqtoric, romlis Tan-axmad, magaliTad, qarTvelebi da somxebi erTmaneTs gansxva-vebulma politikurma orientaciam dagvaSora, radgan somxebi ufro prorusuli orientaciis arian. am mxriv, maTi azriT, azerbaijanelebi ufro axlos arian qarTvelebTan. erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, rom somxebi yvelafers ibraleben da swored amiT aixsneba qarTvelebis maTdami uaryofiTi damo-kidebuleba.

31-45 asakis respondentebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom kav-kasielebTan odiTganve gvaqvs urTierTobis gamocdileba da swored amitom, Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTvelebi ufro axlos kavkasielebTan varT:

`Cven arc evropelebi varT da arc azielebi, SuaSi varT gaCxerilebi, magram Cven, Cveni Sinagani kultura gva-qvs da savaraudod kavkasielebi varT. imitom ara, rom an somxebs vgavarT an azerbaijanelebs, ubralod CvenSi aris narevi evropuli da aziuri kulturebis, aseve Cven Cveni kultura gvaqvs damoukideblad, rac ucxoa yve-lasTvis~. (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45)

46-55 asakis respondentebi kavkasiaze saubrisas xSirad erebs Soris klasifikacias axdenen. orma monawilem, qarTvelebT-an axlos myof erebs Soris, xazgasmiT daasaxela Crdiloka-

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vkasielebi, xolo maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamohyo ZirZveli, ab-origeni Crdilokavkasielebi: CeCnebi da inguSebi. kavkasiasTan siaxlovis ganmapirobeblad sxvadasxva faqtori dasaxelda:

- saerTo geografiuli mdebareoba.

- kavkasielebTan urTierTobis gamocdileba.

- saerTo Rirebulebebi _ ufrosis, mezoblis pativiscema, naTesaobis instituti.

rac Seexeba samomavlo perspeqtivebs, erT-erTi respon-denti ixsenebs dros, roca kavkasiis centrad saqarTvelo moiazreboda. igi miiCnevs, rom axla saqarTvelos es funq-cia dakarguli aqvs, kavkasiasTan urTierToba Zalian uWirs da momavalSic gauWirdeba. aseve dafiqsirda mosazreba, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, Zlieri saqarTvelo Zlier kavkasias niSnavs. saqarTvelo Tu mimzidveli gaxdeba, afxazeTis, cxinvalis da Crdilo kavkasiis problemac mogvardeba.

56+ asakobriv jgufSi respondentebis mosazrebebi orad gaiyo: respondentebis didi nawilis mosazrebiT geografiuli da kulturuli siaxlove, ìberiuli tomis~ wevroba swored is Tvisebebia, romelic qarTvelebs kavkasielebTan gvaaxloe-bs: `ginda evropelebi gagvxadon, dagviZaxon, ginda rusebi, mainc kavkasielebi varT sisxliT~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+ ).

`sxva erovnebis xalxia, magram rogorc ojaxis wevre-bi ise varT erTmaneTTan, tradiciebiTac axlos varT, axlos varT am xalxTan (...) me erevanSi momiwia cxovreba da is xalxi qarTvelebs hgavs tradiciebiT, stumar-ma-spinZlobiT. aqac amxela raioni gvaqvs _ avlabari, magram cudad varT? (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+.)

respondentebis mcire nawili fiqrobs, rom SeiZleba kavka-siasTan unda gvqondes siaxlove, magram realurad es ase ar aris. im respondentebis misamarTiT, romlebic qarTvelebis kavkasielebTan siaxloveze saubroben, erT-erTi respondenti ironiuli replikiT gamodis: ìmitomaa somxebi da azerbaija-nelebi rom gviyvars Zalian~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+).

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respondentTa piradi siaxlovis gancda:

rac Seexeba pasuxs kiTxvaze: Tqven romel maTganTan (evropa, ruseTi, kavkasia) grZnobT siaxloves?

18-30 asakobrivi jgufis SemTxvevaSi, respondentebis umrav-lesoba Tavs dasavleTTan da dasavlur RirebulebebTan aigi-vebs. erT-erT respondents gauWirda pasuxis gacema, radgan fiqrobs, rom sxvadasxva maxasiaTebliT sxvadasxva sivrcesTan vaxdenT identifikacias, magram ruseTs, rogorc ufro `Sin-aurs~ moixseniebs. ramdenime respondentma aRniSna, rom Tvi-Tidentifikacias arc erT CamoTvlil variantTan ar axdens da isini mxolod da mxolod qarTvelad moiazreben TavianT Tavs.

31-45 asakis respondentebs Soris, ZiriTadad, rusebi da ka-vkasielebi dasaxelda, Tumca isic aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelo yvelas samxedro bazebisTvis ainteresebs, xolo qarTvelebi sasworze dganan da imas endobian, vinc xels gamouwvdis.

ruseTTan dakavSirebiT argumentia is, rom es ufro nac-nobi sivrcea, masTan urTierToba warsulSic hqoniaT. mniS-vnelovan arguments warmoadgens religiis Tanxvedrac. erT-erTi respondenti pirad siaxloveze saubrisas aqcents ruse-Tis mfarvelobasa da mis erTmorwmuneobaze akeTebs:

`me Tavs, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze axlos ruseTTan vgrZ-nob. imitom rom Zalian kargad vici ena, Cemma Svilebma, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian kargad ician rusuli (...) erTi sarwmunoeba gvaqvs. odiTganve erTad movdivarT. nebiT, ZaliT, Tu uneblieT mfarvelobis qveS varT, ro-gorc patara eri, romelzec aris nadiroba Cveni geogra-fiuli mdebareobis gamo.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45 w.)

afxazeTidan devnili qalbatonisTvis (qali, 31-45) ruseTi ufro mteria, vidre axlobeli. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnlovania teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxi. rac Seexeba kavkasias, mis mimarT gamoyenebulia sityvebi: winapari, mezobeli, Tumca aR-saniSnavia, rom kavkasiasTan axlos is respondentebi miiCneven Tavs, romlebic erTgvar neitralitets emxrobian, arc ruse-Ti xiblavT da arc evropa. isini kiTxvaze pasuxad `kavkasiis~ dafiqsirebiT TiTqos emijnebian danarCen or variants da isev lokalur ganzomilebaSi rCebian:

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`me var aziati da davrCebi aziatad, kavkasielad~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

46-55 asakobriv jgufSi respondentebis umravlesoba siax-loves kavkasielebTan da rusebTan ufro grZnobs, rac maTTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT aixsneba. respondentebi, romle-bic evropas asaxeleben, amas momavali Taobis mier arCeuli kursiT xsnian. erT-erTi respondenti amerikisken ixreba, amerikas ganixilavs Zlier saxelmwifod, romlis mfarvelo-basac siamovnebiT daTanxmdeboda. sxva respondenti miiCnevs, rom yvelasTan saWiroa urTierToba, magram evropasa da ameri-kas mainc skeptikurad uyurebs.

56+ asakobriv jgufSi respondentebis didi nawili TviTi-dentifikacias kavkasiasTan axdens. am SemTxvevaSi mTavari ar-gumentia mentalitetiTa da tradiciebiT msgavseba. erT-erTi respondentis naxevrad iumoristuli pasuxi albaT kargad asa-xavs sabWoTa kavSirSi nacxovrebi qarTvelis prioritetebs: `me yvelaze axlos kavkasielebTan var da rus qalebTan~ (fo-kus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

am asakobrivi jgufidan respondentebis SedarebiT mcire nawili irCevs evropas. maTi arCevani kulturuli msgavsebiTa da usafrTxoebis garantiiT aris ganpirobebuli.

Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kiTxvaze: `visTan grZ-noben qarTvelebi yvelaze axlos Tavs? piradad Tqven?~, re-spodentTa umravlesobis azriT, siaxlovis mTavari ganmsaz-Rvreli asakobrivi faqtoria. yvela asakobriv jgufSi domi-nanturia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, axalgazrdebs evropa urCevniaT. jgufebs Soris gamovlinda gansxvaveba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra unda CaiTvalos evropasTan axali Tao-bis warmomadgenelTa siaxlovis mizezad. 18-30 asakis respon-dentebi fiqroben, rom maTi Taobis evropuli orientaciis mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, Rirebulebebis Tanxvedraa. sxva asakobrivi jgufebis respondentebi (31-45, 46-55, 56+) axal-gazrdebis evropasTan siaxlovis mizezad, Rirebulebebis ms-gavsebis nacvlad, pragmatul midgomas xedaven, maTi azriT, axal Taobas awyobs evropelebi, ganaTlebis misaRebad isini evropaSi miedinebian.

axalgazrdebis azriT, ufrosi Taoba, `babuebis Taoba~, ro-

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melic sabWoTa kavSirSi daibada da im saxelmwifoSi didxans icxovra, siaxloves grZnobs ruseTis mimarT, ris mizezadac warsulisadmi nostalgia, ruseTisadmi erTgvari `mijaWvuloba~ da religiuri erTmorwmuneoba dasaxelda. rac Seexeba piradad maTi siaxlovis gancdas, 18-30 asakobrivi kategoriis respon-dentebis umravlesobas aseTi grZnoba evropis mimarT aqvs.

asakobriv faqtorze damyarebul kategorizaciaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania 31-45 asakis respondentTa roli. maTi umravle-soba, sxva asakobrivi jgufebis msgavsad, ukiduresi polusebis gamoyenebiT msjelobs, sadac erT poluss axalgazrdebi (anu maTze umcrosi Taoba) ganasaxierebs, xolo meore poluss _ ufrosi Taoba (anu maTi wina Taoba, romelsac xSirad `bebia-babuebis Taobad~ moixsenieben). am msjelobaSi Tavisufalia swored 31-45 asakobrivi niSa, radgan am jgufis respondentebs TiTqos ufrosi da umcrosi Taobis daxasiaTeba ufro uad-vildebaT, vidre TavianTi xedvis Sesaxeb saubari. es tendencia SesaZloa imiT aixsnas, rom es aris gardamavali, urTulesi epoqis, TviTgadarCenaze orientirebuli Taoba, romlis war-momadgenelTa umravlesobas studentonis periodi 1990-ian wlebSi aqvs gavlili. aRniSnuli wlebi ki dResac, upirvelesad, areulobasTan, omTan, saxelmwifo sistemis moSlasTan, krimi-nalebis aRzevebasa da ukidures gaWirvebasTan asocirdeba.

31-45 da 46-55 asakis respondentebis pasuxebSi, 18-30 asa-kobrivi jgufisgan gansxvavebiT, evropa ar aris yuradRebisa da mizidulobis centrSi. am jgufis umravlesobis saubarSi ikveTeba, rom evropa maTTvis aqtualuri Tvalsawieris miR-maa. isini evropas xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc `Sors~ arse-bul sivrces, romelsac saqarTvelo araferSi sWirdeba. maTi azriT, qarTvelebi ufro axlos kavkasielebTan da rusebTan arian, ris mizezadac ZiriTadad dasaxelda kavkasielebTan da rusebTan urTierTobis istoriulad xangrZlivi gamocdileba. ruseTis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi argumentebis saxiT aRiniSna aseve ekonomikuri interesebi da sarwmunoebrivi Tanxvedra.

46-55 asakobriv jgufSi gansakuTrebiT vrcladaa ganxi-luli ruseTis sakiTxi. erTi mxriv, respondentebis nawili ruseTze erTgvari nostalgiiT saubrobs, xolo meore mxriv, respondentTa sxva jgufi ruseTs aSkara mtrad miiCnevs. gan-

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sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `Sualeduri~ ganwyobilebis respon-dentebi, romlebsac ruseTis mimarT ambivalenturi damokide-buleba aqvT, Tan siaxloves grZnoben da Tan saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacias ver patioben. es respondentebi ac-nobiereben, rom ruseTi dampyrobelia, Tumca, miuxedavad ami-sa, aRiniSnaven, rom is saqarTvelos mezobelia, Tanac Zalian Zlieri da mdidari da did ekonomikur bazars gvTavazobs, amitomac mis mimarT umjobesia isev `moferebis politikis~ gamoyeneba.

rac Seexeba 56+ asakobriv kategorias, respondentebis didi nawili fiqrobs, rom qarTvelebi Tavs yvelaze axlos ka-vkasielebTan grZnoben. amis mizezad saxeldeba: sisxliT na-Tesaoba, aseve mentalitetisa da tradiciebis msgavseba. Tum-ca, arian respondentebi, romlebic evropas ufro axloblad miiCneven. am asakobriv jgufSi ruseTi, ZiriTadad, ganixileba, rogorc erT dros axlobeli, magram amJamad miuRebeli qveya-na. sainteresoa, rom mxolod 56+ asakobriv kategoriaSi ganme-orda axalgazrdebis jgufSi dafiqsirebuli mosazreba evro-pasTan Rirebulebebis msgavsebisa da kulturuli siaxlovis Sesaxeb. evropasTan siaxloves, aRniSnuli asakis respondente-bi, RirebulebaTa da kulturul msgavsebasTan erTad, xSirad umcrosi Taobis arCevans ukavSireben, an Svilebis meSveobiT TviTon arian evropaSi namyofi, ris Semdegac dasavluri kul-turiTa da cxovrebis stiliT moxiblulni darCnen.

Sedegebma gviCvena, rom sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufis re-spondentebi arCevans, ZiriTadad, im sivrceze akeTebdnen, ro-melTanac aqvT, an hqoniaT piradi kavSiri. ufrosebi irCeven ruseTs, an kavkasias, radgan iTvaliswineben megobrul da na-Tesaur kavSirebs. msjelobisas SeimCneva maTi erTgvari dez-orientaciac, radgan isini xvdebian, rom evropasTan arc ise axlos arian; meore mxriv, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teri-toriebis okupacia TiTqos ar aZlevT uflebas, rom okupant qveyanasTan siaxlove igrZnon da daafiqsiron. Sesabamisad, iqm-neba STabeWdileba, rom maT mkafio orientiri dakarges. ro-gorc mosalodneli iyo, axalgazrdebs yvelaze ufro mWidro bma aqvT evropasTan, radgan isini metad arian saerTaSoriso doneze socializebuli (Nanz, 2010).

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ZiriTadi mignebebi:

evropa:

respondentTa azriT, qarTvelebis dasavleTisken ltol-va Tavisuflebis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli;

respondentTagan evropasTan TviTidentifikaciis mizez-ad dasaxelda iseTi saerTo Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa: Tvisufleba da tolerantoba;

respondentebi, romlebic nakleb siaxloves grZnoben evropasTan, mizezad saqarTvelos geografiul mdeba-reobas, kerZod, evropasTan didi manZiliT daSorebas asaxeleben;

respondentebisTvis evropasTan siaxlove mniSvnelova-nia aseve pragmatuli TvalsazrisiTac. respondentTa azriT, evropa axali Taobis interesis centrSia, radgan ganaTlebis misaRebad isini ZiriTadad evropaSi miemg-zavrebian. aseve dasaxelda evropis, rogorc usafrTxoe-bis garantis roli;

respondentTa nawilis azriT, evropa garkveuli tipis safrTxesac warmoadgens saqarTvelosTvis. dasavleTi-dan Semosuli liberaluri Rirebulebebi maTSi safrTxis gancdas iwvevs, radgan SiSoben, rom qarTvelebma Tavian-Ti erovnuli Taviseburebebi, kultura da Rirebulebebi ar dakargon; gamoikveTa aseve sapirispiro mosazrebac, rom kulturuli siaxlovisa da Rirebulebebis msgavse-bis safuZvelze qarTvelebi ufro axlos evropelebTan arian.

ruseTi:

ruseTTan dakavSirebiT mosazrebebi araerTgvarovania. respondentTa nawilis azriT, ruseTi dampyrobelia, na-wili ki fiqrobs, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan saukuno-vani istoria da marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba akavSi-rebs;

gamokiTxul respondentebs miaCniaT, rom saqarTvelos

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teritoriuli mTlianoba umniSvnelovanesi Rirebule-baa qarTvelebisTvis. ruseTs respondentTa didi nawili okupantis statusiT moixseniebs da aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlebis movlenebma ruseTisadmi damokidebuleba uaryo-fiTisken Secvala;

respondentTa mosazrebiT, ruseTTan urTierTobis erT-aderT misaReb formad diplomatiur-ekonomikuri kavSi-rebi unda CaiTvalos da ara dampyrobelTan politikuri identifikacia;

respondentebis nawili, ruseTTan siaxloves sabWoTa pe-riodiT, 70-wliani TanacxovrebiT xsnis, gamokiTxulTa meore nawilisTvis ki amgvari damokidebuleba saukunee-bis manZilze yalibdeboda;

kavkasia:

kavkasiasTan siaxlovis ganmapirobebel faqtorebad da-saxelda: sisxliT naTesaoba, saerTo geografiuli mdeba-reoba (ganedi da klimati), kavkasielebTan urTierTobis mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba da saerTo Rirebulebe-bi (magaliTad, ufrosis, mezoblis pativiscema, naTesao-bis instituti).

3.1.2. erovnuli siamaye da erovnuli sircxvili

erovnuli identoba xSirad erovnuli siamayisa da sircxvilis konteqstSi ganixileba (Westle 1999). igulisxmeba, rom nacio-nalur siamayes adamiani ganicdis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs erisadmi garkveuli identifikacia, rac erovnuli siamayis konkretul ganzomilebaTa arsebobas ukavSirdeba. amgvari gan-zomilebebi, ZiriTadad, moicavs politikis, ekonomikis, kul-turis, socialur sferoebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania rogorc calkeuli individisTvis, aseve koleqtiuri erTobisTvis, ma-galiTad, sportuli warmatebebiT siamaye, demokratiuli ide-alebiTa da miRwevebiT siamaye da sxva (Cohrs et al. 2004).

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Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli qarTveli eqspertebi qarTuli erovnuli siamayis koncefcias jer kidev Camouya-libeblad miiCneven, radgan, maTi azriT, qarTuli isto-riuli mexsiereba, SeiZleba iTqvas, jer kidev `daulagebelia~. amavdroulad, calkeuli mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sefasebisas sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa. eqspertTa TvalsazrisiT, erovnul doneze, qarTveli sircxvilad miiC-nevs imas, rac qarTul nacionalur saxes, qarTul kulturul normebs ar Seefereba. Tu rogori unda iyos WeSmariti qarT-veli _ es warmodgena qarTvelebs socializaciis procesSi uyalibdebaT. eqspertTa azriT, amgvari kulturuli normebis gaTaviseba da Camoyalibeba xdeba skolidan, ojaxidan, qresto-maTiidan, istoriidan da socializaciis sxva agentebis Care-viT. eqspertTagan kulturuli normis magaliTebad dasaxelda aseTi warmodgenebi: `qarTvelebi mudam didi saxelmwifoebis msxverplni viyaviT~, an `qarTvelebi sakuTar identobas yo-velTvis eklesiis meSveobiT icavdnen~.

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi kvlevis qvemoT warmodgeni-li monacemebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra iwvevs erovnuli siamayisa da sircxvilis gancdas qarTvel sazogadoebaSi.

raodenobrivi monacemebi

erovnuli siamayisa da sircxvilis konteqstSi, socialur mecnierebaTa centris 2013 wlis ISSP-is èrovnuli idento-bis~ Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis monacemTa gamoyenebiT, 1-dan (sruliad veTanxmebi) 5-mde (saerTod ar veTanxmebi) skalaze gazomil iqna mosaxleobis mxardaWera mSobliuri qveynis _ saqarTvelosadmi. am skalis Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis 83,1 pro-cents saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba urCevnia sxva qveynis moqala-qeobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv naklovanebaTa mimarT kritikul damokidebuleba/ardamokidebulebaSi gansxvaveba, faqtobrivad, ar aRiniSneba: respondentTa 41,8 procentisT-vis, dResdReobiT, saqarTvelos realobaSi arsebobs iseTi sa-kiTxebi, romelTa gamoc maT saqarTvelosi rcxveniaT, xolo respodentTa 41,1 procenti ase ar fiqrobs. gamokiTxulTa 52,9 procenti, gansxvavebiT 33,9 procentisgan, ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom xalxma mxari unda dauWiros sakuTar qveyanas

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maSinac ki, rodesac is mcdari gziT midis. respondentTa 92,7 procentisTvis erovnuli siamayis sagania saqarTvelos war-matebebi saerTaSoriso sportul asparezze.

qvemoT warmodgenili diagrama #7 asaxavs respondentTa mier gaerTianebul dadebiT (sruliad veTanxmebi da veTanxme-bi) savaraudo pasuxTa sixSires procentuli maCveneblebiT:

diagrama #7 : qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos mimarT damokidebuleba

kvlevis monacemTa Tanaxmad, qarTvel sazogadoebaSi eT-nocentrizmis calsaxa gamovlinebebi ar fiqsirdeba. kvlevis monawileTa 37,8 procentisTvis msoflio ukeTesi iqneboda sxva erebis warmomadgenlebi qarTvelebis msgavsi rom iyvnen, Tumca am maCveneblisgan didad ar gansxvavdeba im respondent-Ta raodenoba, romelic am ideas ar iziarebs (35,1%).

tendenciebi sqesisa da asakis mixedviT:

umravlesoba (TiToeuli asakobrivi jgufidan) àbsoluturad eTanxmeba~ an èTanxmeba~ frazas _ `saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba mirCevnia yvela sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas~. Sesabamisad, am mx-riv jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba ar fiqsirdeba. rac Seexeba kiTx-vas _ ̀ arsebobs Tu ara saqarTvelos realobaSi rigi sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc saqarTvelosi mrcxvenia~ _ 18-30 wlamde asakis respondentebis 52%-is pasuxi dadebiTia. 31-45 wlamde asako-briv jgufSi pasuxebi metad polarizebulia, 42,9% eTanxmeba, xolo 42% ar eTanxmeba. 46-55 wlamde respondentebSi tenden-cia icvleba da umravlesoba _ 61% ar eTanxmeba, rom arsebobs

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sakiTxebi, romlis gamoc saqarTvelosi rcxvenia. rac Seexe-ba 56+ asakobriv jgufs, aqac polarizacia vlindeba, _ 45 % eTanxmeba, rom rcxvenia garkveuli sakiTxebis gamo, xolo 43,5 procenti _ ar eTanxmeba. 18-30 wlamde da 31-45 wlamde asako-briv jgufebSi umravlesobas ar miaCnia, rom msoflio ukeTe-si iqneboda, Tuki sxva erebi qarTvelebis msgavsni iqnebodnen. viTareba icvleba 46-55 wlisa da 56+ asakobriv jgufebSi, sa-dac umravlesoba eTanxmeba am debulebas. respondentebis um-ravlesoba, asakis miuxedavad, miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelo uke-Tesi qveyanaa, vidre sxva danarCeni qveynebi. respondentebis umravlesoba, aseve asakis miuxedavad, fiqrobs, rom Tu qvey-ana mcdar gzas adgas, mas mxari ar unda dauWiro. analogi-urad, yvela asakobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlTa umravlesoba eTanxmeba debulebas, rom ìse ver amayobs saqarTveloTi, ro-gorc isurvebda~. respondentebis absoluturi umravlesoba, ganurCevlad asakisa, Zalian amayia, rodesac misi qveyana war-matebas aRwevs saerTaSoriso sportul asparezobaSi. da bo-los, didi umravlesoba, asakis miuxedavad, Zalian amayobs, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqea. es maCvenebeli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT 72,5 % -dan 77 %-mde meryeobs.

rac Seexeba CamoTvlil kiTxvebze respondentTa pasuxebs Soris gansxvavebas sqesis mixedviT, aqac, iseve rogorc asakis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani sxvaoba ar gamovlinda. zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifosadmi da-mokidebuleba sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi erTgvarovania da moqalaqeebi, asakis miuxedavad, erTnairad amayoben saqarT-velos moqalaqeobiT. Tumca, ise ver amayoben samSobloTi, rogorc isurvebdnen. saerTo da gamaerTianebel faqtorad SeiZleba gamovyoT aseve is faqti, rom sportul turnirebSi warmatebiT asparezoba yvela asakis da orive sqesis respon-dentebis umravlesobisTvis saamayo da mniSvnelovania.

faqtoruli analizis mixedviT, qarTuli erovnuli saxelm-wifos mimarT damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli cvladebi sam faqtorad dajgufda (cxrili # 7): pirvel faqtors SeiZleba `sakuTari qveynis upiratesoba~ ewodos. am faqtorSi gaerTian-da Semdegi cvladebi: `msoflio gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda, sxva qveynebis mosaxleoba qarTvelebis msgavsi rom iyos~, `sa-

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qarTvelo ukeTesi qveyanaa, vidre sxva qveynebis umravlesoba~ da `xalxma mxari unda dauWiros sakuTar qveyanas maSinac ki, rodesac is araswori gziT midis~ (aRsaniSnavia, rom saSualo Sefasebebis mixedviT, am ukanasknelma yvelaze dabali Sefaseba miiRo);

faqtori ̀ sakuTari qveynis upiratesoba~ ar aris damokide-buli sqesze (p=.727), sustad aris damokidebuli asakze (p=.019) da mkveTrad aris damokidebuli ganaTlebis donesa (p=.000) da dasaqmebis tipze (p=.000). asakis mixedviT jgufebs Soris sa-SualoTa Sedarebis safuZvelze gairkva, rom sakuTari qveynis upiratesobas, ZiriTadad, ufrosi asakis _ 55 wels zemoT re-spondentebi aRiareben (0,11; 0,19). saSualo asakis (25-54) re-spondentebSi tendencia ar ikveTeba. xolo axalgazrda (18-24) respondetebis damokidebuleba sakuTari qveynis upiratesobi-sadmi uaryofiTia (-0,56). ganaTlebis donis matebasTan erTad mcirdeba sakuTari qveynis upiratesobis gancda. ZiriTadad, saSualo da ufro dabali ganaTlebis mqone jgufebi aRiareben sakuTari qveynis upiratesobas (0,30; 0,20; 015; 0,04). ganaTlebis maRali donis jgufebis damokidebuleba ki amgvari upirateso-bisadmi uaryofiTia (-0,20; -0,49; -0,30).

meore faqtors SesaZlebelia `sakuTari qveynisadmi kriti-kuli damokidebuleba~ daerqvas. masSi gaerTianda: garkveul SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos gamo sircxvilis, xSirad samSobloTi siamayis safuZvlis ararsebobisa da sakuTari qveynis naklova-nebaTa araRiarebis parametrebi.

faqtori `sakuTari qveynisadmi kritikuli damokidebu-leba~ ar aris damokidebuli sqessa (p=.589) da asakze (p=.076). Tumca damokidebulia ganaTlebis donesa (p=.03) da dasaqmebis tipze (p=.01). sakuTari qveynisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba ZiriTadad umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa jgufSi dominirebs (0,07; 0,13; 0,28).

mesame faqtors `sakuTari qveyniT siamaye~ SeiZleba ewodos. masSi ori cvladi gaerTianda: `saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba mir-Cevnia nebismieri sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas~ da saerTaSoriso sportul turnirebSi warmatebiT siamaye. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze maRali saSualo maCveneblebiT swored es cvladebia warmodgenili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakuTari qveyniT siamaye

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da sakuTari qveynis upiratesoba, Tanamedrove qarTvelTa erovnuli identobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.

mesame faqtori _ `sakuTari qveyniT siamaye~ _ ar aris da-mokidebuli sqesze (p=.120). is damokidebulia asaksa (p=.000) da dasaqmebis tipze (p=.000). sakuTari qveyniT siamaye ufro metad axasiaTebT 55 welze ufrosi asakis respondentebs (r= 0.17), xolo naklebad _ 18-24 (-0.32) da 35-44 (-0.13) asakobriv jgufebs. danarCen asakobriv jgufebSi tendencia ar ikveTeba.

cxrili #7 : qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos mimarT damokidebuleba

(faqtorebi)


ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT mocemul debulebebs?

faqtori saSualoebi: 1-sruliad veTanxmebi; 5 sruliad

ar veTanxmebi1 2 3

saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba mirCevnia sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas

.225 -.064 .699 1.62

dResdReobiT saqarTvelos realobaSi arsebobs rigi sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc saqarTvelosi mrcxvenia

-.141 .650 -.159 3.06

msoflio gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda, sxva qveynis mosaxleoba qarTvelebis msgavsi rom iyos

.679 -.063 .225 2.87

mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelo ukeTesi qveyanaa, vidre sxva qveynebis umravlesoba

.675 -.149 .348 2.22

xalxma mxari unda dauWiros sakuTar qveyanas maSinac ki, rodesac is araswori gziT midis

.734 .042 -.160 3.22

meamayeba qarTveloba, rodesac Cemi qveyana saerTaSoriso sportul RonisZiebebze warmatebiT gamodis

-.019 .094 .786 1.25

xSirad ise ver vamayob saqarTveloTi, rogorc visurvebdi

-.182 .704 .107 2.21

msoflio ukeTesi iqneboda, qarTvelebi saqarTvelos naklovanebebs rom aRiarebdnen

.205 .647 .066 2.39

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2013 wlis ISSP-is èrovnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb kvlevaSi respondentebs 1-dan (Zalian vamayob) 4-mde (saerTod ar va-mayob) skalaze aseve unda ganesazRvraT, Tu ramdenad amayoben isini saqarTveloTi Semdeg sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT: rogor muSaobs demokratia saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos politikuri gavlena msoflioSi, misi ekonomikuri miRwevebi, misi socialu-ri usafrTxoebis sistema, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, misi samecniero-teqnikuri da sportuli miRwevebiT. aseve, sa-qarTvelos miRwevebi xelovnebisa da literaturis sferoSi, saqarTvelos istoria da qarTvel sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela jgufis mimarT samarTliani da Tanaswori mopyroba.

gamokiTxulTa udidesi umravlesoba (90,4%) amayobs saqarT-velos istoriiT. yvelaze xSirad dasaxelebul sakiTxTa So-ris meore da mesame àdgili~ daikaves miRwevebma xelovneba-kulturis sferoSi (74,7%) da sportSi (74,4%). saqarTvelos mosaxleoba SedarebiT naklebad amayobs qveynis ekonomikuri miRwevebiT (71,9%). gamokiTxulTa 65,8% ki acxadebs, rom ar amayobs saqarTveloSi demokratiuli sistemis muSaobiT. TiT-qmis orjer naklebia im respondentTa raodenoba, romelic kmayofilia saqarTveloSi demokratiis xarisxiT _ 27,8%-s. de-mokratiis Sefasebis konteqstSi aseve sainteresoa, Tu ram-denad samarTliani da Tanaswori damokidebulebaa saqarTve-loSi sxvadasxva socialuri jgufisadmi. gamokiTxulTa 41% fiqrobs, rom am mxriv saamayo mdgomareobaa, xolo 49,4 % aseT pozicias ar iziarebs.

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT siamayis maCvenebeli maRalia _ 72.9%. yvelaze arasaxarbielo Sefaseba ekonomikisa (22.1%) da socialuri dacvis (33.4%) sferos ergo. aseve, mxo-lod 26.9 procentisTvis aris saamayo saqarTvelos politi-kuri gavlena msoflioSi. qvemoT warmodgenili diagrama #8 gviCvenebs saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebs:

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diagrama #8 : saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebi (%)

diagrama #9 ki asaxavs respondentTa savaraudo pasuxebis sixSires, saSualo maCveneblebis mixedviT:

diagrama # 9 : saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebi (saSualo maCveneblebi:

1-Zalian vamayob; 2-sakmaod vamayob; 3-arc ise vamayob; 4- saerTod ar va-

mayob)

rogorc diagrama #9 gviCvenebs, Sefasebis umaRlesi qula (Zalian vamayob da sakmaod vamayob) erovnulma istoriam, ero-vnulma sportma, Tavdacvis sistemam da erovnulma kulturam daimsaxura. skalaze yvelaze dabali Sefasebebi (arc ise va-mayob da saerTod ar vamayob) ki demokratias, erovnul ekono-mikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs xvda wilad.

asakisa da sqesis mixedviT saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebis cvladebi ase dalagda:

_ 123 _

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri miRwevebi _ gamokiTxulTa umrav-lesobis pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania rogorc sqesis, aseve asa-kis mixedviT, mosaxleoba ar amayobs saqarTvelos ekonomikuri miRwevebiT.

diagrama # 10 da #11 : saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebi sqesis da asakis

mixedviT (%)

saqarTvelos istoria, Tavdacva, kultura da sporti _ saqarT-velos istoriis, mecniereba/teqnikis, Tavdacvis, xelovnebis, literaturisa da sportisadmi damokidebulebis mxrivac, asa-kis an/da sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba.

_ 124 _


mixedviT (%)

saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri sistema _ am sistemis mi-marT siamayis maCvenebeli, istoria-Tavdacva-kultura-spor-tisadmi damokidebulebis (siamayis) maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, SesamCnevad mcirea. asakisa da sqesis mixedviT aq gansxvaveba ar fiqsirdeba.

_ 125 _


mixedviT (%)

Catarebuli faqtoruli analizis safuZvelze saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebi sam faqtorad daiyo (ix. cxrili #6):

_ 126 _

cxrili # 8 : saqarTvelos saamayo sferoebi


ramdenad amayobT saqarTveloTi qvemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebSi?

faqtori saSualoebi

1 2 3

1-Zalian vamayob;4- saerTod ar vamayob

imiT, Tu rogor muSaobs demokratia .689 .055 .058 2.84

saqarTvelos politikuri gavleniT msoflioSi

.720 .095 .149 2.93

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri miRwevebiT .777 .162 -.022 3.01

misi socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemiT .691 .185 .010 2.79

misi samecniero da teqnikuri miRwevebiT .479 .608 -.037 2.57

misi sportuli miRwevebiT .142 .828 .142 1.92

misi miRwevebiT xelovnebisa da literaturis sferoSi

.023 .833 .245 1.87

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT .380 .235 .488 1.87

misi istoriiT -.090 .160 .858 1.28

mis mier sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela jgufis samarTliani da Tanaswori mopyrobiT

.521 .037 .423 2.54

pirvel faqtors `socialur-politikuri sferoebiT siamaye~ vuwodoT: demokratiasTan, ekonomikis ganviTarebasTan, so-cialuri usafrTxoebis sistemasa da TanasworobasTan dakav-Sirebuli procesebi erTian faqtorad aRiqmeba; demografiul monacemTa (asaki, sqesi, ganaTlebis done, dasaqmebis tipi) sa-Sualo maCveneblebis Sedarebis safuZvelzec (student t-test), am faqtorisTvis tendenciebi ar fiqsirdeba, anu jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar aRiniSneba.

meore faqtors, pirobiTad, SeiZleba `kulturiT siamye~ daerqvas da masSi samecniero-teqnikuri, xelovnebis, liter-aturisa da sportis sferoebis miRwevebiT kmayofileba gaer-Tianda (CamoTvlilTagan yvelaze dabali saSualo maCvenebliT samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebia warmodgenili). demografi-uli monacemebis mxriv, am faqtorisTvis statistikurad mniS-vnelovania asakis (p=.014) da daqmebis tipis (p=.001) cvladebi. Tumca, tendenciebi mkveTrad ar aris gamoxatuli. kultur-

_ 127 _

iT siamaye sustadaa gamoxatuli im pirTa jgufSi, romleb-sac arasodes hqoniaT anazRaurebadi samuSao ( -0.16); samagi-erod, amgvari siamaye Zlieria anazRaurebadi samuSaos mqone respondentebTan (0.10). orive SemTxvevaSi tendencia sustad aris gamoxatuli. kulturiT siamaye ufro metad axasiaTebT moswavle/studentebs (0.19), internebs (0.31), pensionrebsa (0.13) da samxedroebs, an sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis Tanam-Sromlebs (0.54). kulturis sferoSi miRweuli warmatebebiT naklebad amayoben umuSevrebi da diasaxlisebi, aseve saxlis saqmeebiT dakavebuli pirebi (-0.15).

calke, mesame fatorad gamoiyo ìstoriiT siamaye~, ro-melsac mxolod erTi cvladi _ saqarTvelos istoriiT siamaye miekuTvna. demografiuli monacemebis mixedviT, jgufebSi sa-Sualo maCveneblebs Soris gansxvaveba statistikurad umniSv-neloa, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom istoriiT siamaye gamokiTx-ulTa yvela jgufisTvis erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia. SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom qarTvelebs TavianTi qveynis istoriiT siamayis gancda aerTianebT.

sainteresoa, rom `SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT~ siamaye arc rome-lime faqtorSi moxvda da arc calke faqtoris saxiT gamoiyo. sa-varaudod, es niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobas SeiaraRebu-li Zalebisadmi jer kidev Camouyalibebeli damokidebuleba aqvs.

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

mSobliuri qveynis upiratesobis, mis mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebisa da sakuTri qveyniT siamayis Tvalsaz-risiT, respondentTa poziciebs Soris, sqesis mixedviT, gansxvaveba ar fiqsirdeba;

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did nawils saqarTvelos mo-qalaqeoba urCevnia nebismieri sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas;

gamokiTxul respondentTa didi nawili xSirad ise ver amayobs saqarTveloTi, rogorc isurvebda;

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba ar eTanxmeba im azrs, rom xalxma mxari unda dauWiros Tavis qveyanas maSinac ki, rodesac is mcdari gziT midis;

_ 128 _

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawilisTvis saamayoa saqarTvelos warmatebebi saerTaSoriso sportul aspa-rezze;

sakuTari qveynis upiratesobas, ZiriTadad, ufrosi asa-kis respondentebi aRiareben. saSualo asakis responden-tebis damokidebulebaSi tendencia ar ikveTeba, xolo axalgazrda respondentebi sakuTri qveynis upirateso-bas naklebad aRiareben;

respondentTa ganaTlebis donis matebasTan erTad mcirdeba mSobliuri qveynis upiratesobis gancda;

Tavisi qveynisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba damaxa-siaTebelia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa jgufebisTvis;

mSobliuri qveyniT siamaye, ZiriTadad, ufrosi asakis respondentTa Soris ikveTeba; ufro metad pensionerTa jgufebSi da naklebad _ moswavle/studentebSi.

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba yvelaze metad amayobs saqarTvelos istoriiT, aseve miRwevebiT kul-turis sferosa da sportSi;

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba naklebad amayobs qveynis eko-nomikuri miRwevebiT da socialuri dacvis sistemiT;

mosaxleobis didi nawili acxadebs, rom ar amayobs sa-qarTveloSi demokratiuli sistemis muSaobiT;

gamokiTxulTa mxolod erTi mesamedisTvis aris saamayo saqarTvelos politikuri gavlena msoflioSi;

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT siamayis maCvenebe-li didia;

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri sistemiT siamayis maCvenebeli erTnairad mcirea, rogorc sqesis, aseve asakis mixedviT gamoyofil jgufebSi;

saqarTvelos istoriis, Tavdacvis, kulturisa da spor-tisadmi damokidebulebis mxriv asakis an/da sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba;

_ 129 _

saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri sistemiT siamayis maCvenebeli, kulturiT siamayis maCvenebelTan Sedare-biT, SesamCnevad mcirea. asakis an/da sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba.


winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi qarTvel mosaxleobasTan Cata-rebul fokus jgufebSi respondentebs vTxoveT daesaxelebi-naT iseTi movlenebi, romelTa gamoc gansakuTrebuli siamaye/sircxvili igrZnes, rom qarTvelebi arian. fokus jgufebSi, pasuxebis mixedviT, gamovlenili zogadi suraTi aseTia: 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi metad SeimCneva samoqalaqo nacionalizmis niSnebi, yvela sxva asakobriv jgufSi erTgvarovani viTare-baa da pasuxebSi ufro eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmis maxa-siaTeblebi sWarbobs. Tumca, detaluri analizisas mainc Cans garkveuli sxvaobebi 31-45, 46-55 da 56+ asakobriv jgufebs So-ris. sqesis, dasaqmebulobis an sacxovrebeli adgilis mixed-viT gansxvaveba ar gamovlinda. fokus jgufebidan miRebuli informacia dasaxelebuli movlenebis Sesabamisad gaanalizda.

riTi amayoben qarTvelebi?

èrovnuli gamofxizleba~

axalgazrdebi (18-30) siamayis kategorias miakuTvneben iseT movlenebs, romlebmac èrovnuli gamofxizleba~ gamoiwvia. es movlenebi Tavis mxriv erTianobis grZnobis gaCenas, erovnu-li TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisken brZolas da teritori-uli mTlianobis dacvas ukavSirdeba. dasaxelda: 1989 wlis 9 aprili, 2008 wlis agvistos omi (ruseTis farTomasStabiani samxedro agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg) da rusuli okupa-ciis mimarT sazogadoebis gaerTianeba, 2012 wlis seqtembris saprotesto aqciebi patimarTa wamebasTan dakavSirebiT, 2003 wlis `vardebis revolucia~. miuxedavad im tragikulobisa, romelic CamoTvlili movlenebis umravlesobas ukavSird-eba, respondentebis siamayes iwvevs is, rom adamianebma SeZles gaerTianeba da saerTo ideisTvis, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

_ 130 _

TavisuflebisTvis brZola. rogorc erT-erTi respondenti 9 aprilis Sesaxeb ambobs:

`Zalian mtkivneulia, iq bevri adamiani daiRupa, magram rTul momentSi iyo erTianoba, rac Zalian saamayoa~ (fo-kus jgufi, qali, 18-30).

31-45 da 46-55 asakobrivi jgufis respodentTa mier siamayis kategoriaSi msgavsi movlenebi ar dasaxelebula. 56+ asakobriv jgufSi respondentebi amayoben èrovnuli gamofxizlebis~ gamomwvevi movlenebiT: 1989 wlis 9 aprili da Semdgomi dRee-bi, roca areulobis miuxedavad, kriminaluri SemTxvevebi ar momxdara; 1991 wlis 9 aprili _ saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-blobis aRdgena; 1978 wlis demonstracia qarTuli enis dacvis moTxovniT. yvela dasaxelebuli TariRi erovnuli TviTmyo-fadobis SenarCunebisTvis brZolas da miRweul Sedegs uka-vSirdeba. respondentebi amayoben imiT, rom maT erTi ideis garSemo SeZles gaerTianeba da am erTianobam Sedegi gamoiRo. maT siamayes aZlierebs isic, rom isini dasaxelebuli proce-sebis Tanamonawileni iyvnen.

qarTveloba

18-30 asakobriv jgufSi yuradReba gamaxvilda qarTvelobis iseT maxasiaTebelze, rogoricaa Sidasocialuri integracia. erT-erTma respondentma siamaye igrZno, rodesac masTan ita-liidan Camosul stumars qarTvelebma Zalian gulTbilad uma-spinZles. misi azriT italieli kulturuli memkvidreobiT ki ara, urTierTobebiT moixibla, romelic am qveyanaSi naxa.

yvela sxva asakobriv jgufSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erovnuli upiratesobisa da dominantobis rwmena. (Adorno et.al. 1950; de Fi-gueiredo/Elkins 2003; Kosterman/Feshbach 1989; Schatz/Staub 1997). 31-45 asakobrivi jgufis zogierTi respondentisTvis sakuTari eTni-kuroba imTaviTve siamyisa da gamorCeulobis SegrZnebas iwvevs. maTi saubrisas vxvdebiT pasaJebs, sadac Cans, rom qarTveli sx-vaze gamorCeulia Tavisi moxerxebulobiT da gmiruli xasiaTiT:

`qarTveli sadac ar unda iyos ukan dasabrunebel gzas yovelTvis ipovnis. qarTveli yovelTvis sxvanairad

_ 131 _

iqceva, rogori gaWirvebulic ar unda iyos (...)~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45);

`qarTveloba imitom meamayeba, rom mowodebiT yvela gmirebi varT, raRacisTvis daufiqreblad SegviZlia Ta-vis gawirva~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

46-55 asakobriv jgufSi erT-erTi respondenti acxadebs, rom mas sul eamayeba qarTveloba, sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebs, rogorc saSinel nacionalists da Jordanias mimdevars: `jer saqarT-velo da mere yvelaferi danarCeni~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55 w.). am SemTxvevaSi naTlad Cans eTno-kulturuli nacional-izmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani: individis TviTkoncefciaSi erovnuli siyvarulisadmi gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba (Adorno et.al. 1950). samSoblos siyvaruli 56+ asakobriv jgufSic qarTvelobis aucilebel kriteriumad aris miCneuli: erT-erTi respondentisTvis qarTveloba niSnavs, rom qarTvelia, mSoble-bi da samSoblo uyvars, tradiciebiT amayobs.

56+ asakobriv jgufSic Cans erovnuli upiratesobisa da dominantobis rwmena. respondentebs qarTvelobis gancda ga-morCeulobisa da sxvaze aRmatebulobis SegrZnebas sZens. erT-erT respondents tkbilad agondeba warsuli, rodesac sadac ar unda gasuliyo (igulisxmeba imdroindeli sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebi), rogorc ki axsenebda, rom qarTveli iyo, pati-viscemiT epyrobodnen. misi azriT, qarTveli erTgvari èta-loni~ iyo. aseve sxva respondentic aRniSnavs, rom msoflio qarTvelebis niWierebiT da gamorCeulobiT aris dainterese-buli:

`(...) me mgonia, rom es aris patara inkubatori, me mgoni mixvda msoflio, rom am erSi amdeni Rirebulebebi devs (…) amitom me mgonia (…) undaT patara inkubatoriviT Ce-kon da Cekon es Wkviani bavSvebi da moaxmaron msoflios Tavisi WkuiT da gonebiT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+ ).

56+ asakobriv jgufSi gamoikveTa qarTveli mamakacis TviT-realizaciisTvis aucilebeli kategoriebi: gamravleba da dasaqmeba. rogorc erT-erTi respondenti aRniSnavs, gansa-kuTrebuli siamaye maSin igrZno, roca SviliSvilebi SeeZina da maRalSemosavliani samsaxuri hqonda. sainteresoa, rom, misi azriT, swored am dros SeigrZno qarTveloba. misTvis qarTve-

_ 132 _

li kacis saxe aris dasaqmebuli, realizebuli da daojaxebuli adamiani, SvilebiT da SviliSvilebiT garSemortymuli.

aRmsarebloba

31-46 asakobriv jgufSi respondentebi siamayis kategoriaSi aTavseben taZarSi locvas; patriarqis wirvaze daswrebas. isi-ni qarTvelobas da marTlmadideblobas erTmaneTs ukavSireben, rac Tavis mxriv erT-erT respondents siamayis safuZvels aZ-levs: `rodesac qarTveli xar da marTlmadidebeli amayi unda iyo.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45) respondentis citataSi Cans, rom igi qarTvelebs moiazrebs homogenur jgufad, romlebic SeuZlebelia sxva aRmsareblobis mimdevrebi iyvnen. nacionaliz-mis mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, im pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac eTnikuri nacionalizmisken aqvT midrekileba, damaxasiaTebelia TavianTi erovnuli jgufis gansazRvra, rogorc kulturulad homogenurisa da unikaluris (Blank/Schmidt 2003; Viroli 1995).

aseve siamayis kategoriaSi dasaxelda marTlmadidebeli winaprebis gmirobis istoriuli magaliTi:

`Zalian amayi viyavi, rodesac gavige, rom metexis xidTan 10 000 mowamem xats fexi ar daadga da amis gamo maT Tave-bi mohkveTes da mtkvarSi gadayares~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

am SemTxvevaSi eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmis ori maxa-siaTebeli: istoria da religia erTmaneTTan aris gadajaWvu-li.

istoria

18-30 asakobriv jgufSi siamayis kategoriaSi ar gaumaxvile-biaT yuradReba istoriaze. mxolod sircxvilis kategoriaSi moxvda istoriaSi asaxuli Ralatis faqtebi, rac istoriis kritikulad danaxvis erTaderTi SemTxveva iyo.

31-45 asakobriv jgufSi respondentebs miaCniaT, rom qarTvelebs Zalian didi istoria aqvT, rogorc sarwmunoebrivi, ise kulturisa da xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT. erT-erTi respon-denti, romelic istoriaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, jer qarT-

_ 133 _

vel mefeebsa da maT mogebul brZolebs ixsenebs, Semdeg ki saa-mayo pirovnebaTa Soris stalinsac asaxelebs. staliniT siamayis safuZveli misi qarTuli warmomavloba da msoflio gavlenaa:

`maxsendeba qarTveli mefeebi, maTi mogebuli brZolebi, maqvs siamayis grnoba. mixaria, rom qarTveli var, radgan vici rom aseTis brZolebis mogeba SeZlo am patara erma da aseTi winaaRmdegoba gauwia mTel samyaros. aseve sama-mulo omis gamo, stalini, rom qarTveli iyo es saamayoa, CerCili, ruzvelti, de goli yvela giJdeboda da yvelam icoda, rom qarTveli iyo~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45)

kulturuli faseulobebi

yvela asakobriv kategoriaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWi-ravs kulturul faseulobebs. axalgazrdebis SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvalSi moxvda: xelovneba da folklori; qarTvelebis kulturuli memkvidreoba, anu ìs, rac Cveni eris siZveles gvaxsenebs~; qarTuli damwerloba; qarTuli samzareulo. aR-saniSnavia, rom 18-30 asakobriv kategoriaSi respondentebi cdilobdnen warmoedginaT argumentebi, Tu ratom amayoben naxsenebi kulturuli faseulobebiT. magaliTad, qarTuli an-banis SemTxvevaSi arguments warmoadgens is, rom Zalian cota ers aqvs damwerloba, yvela ucxoeli aRniSnavs, rom Zalian lamazia. 31-45 asakobriv jgufSi dasaxelda Semdegi kulturu-li faseulobebi: qarTuli cekva; suxiSvilebis ansambli; sim-Rera; xelovneba; baleti; qarTuli literatura; mxatvroba; 46-55 asakobriv jgufSi gamoiyo: suxiSvilebis koncerti ki-evSi; qarTveli mocekvaveebi iaponiaSi. 56+ asakobriv jgufSi respondentebma daasaxeles qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa da cekvis warmateba ucxoeTSi.

saamayo qarTvelebi

fokus jgufebSi respondentebma isaubres maTTvis saamayo qarTvelebis Sesaxeb. dasaxelda: saxelovani winaprebi, daviT yifiani (fexburTeli), paata burWulaZe (xelovani da qvelmoq-medi), mama ilia kartozia (sasuliero piri, romelmac 2014 wels,

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adriatikis zRvaSi, Tavisi sicocxlis fasad gadaarCina ucxo-eli qalbatoni da bavSvi); qarTvelebis miRwevebi ucxoeTSi.

sportuli miRwevebi

sportisa da politikis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis tendencia gamovlinda rogorc 18-30, aseve 45-55 asakobriv kategoriaSi. erT-erTi axalgazrdis TqmiT, man siamayisgan itira, rodesac agvistos omis periodSi pekinSi cirekiZem oqros medali moi-pova (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30 w.). 46-55 asakobriv jgufSi, erT-erTi respondentis TqmiT, man gansakuTrebuli siamaye igZno 1981 wels Tbilisis `dinamos~ mier fexburTSi Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis mopovebis dros. misi aRweriT, am dros: `sa-myaro gawva saqarTvelos winaSe da am samyaroSi rusebi iyvnen gaTxleSilebi~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

politika

46-55 asakobriv kategoriaSi Cans politikuri faqtoric. erT-erTi respondenti amayobs imiT, rom 2012 wlis arCevnebis dros xalxma SeZlo mTavrobis Secvla da masac miuZRvis wvlili am procesSi. iseT samoqalaqo aqtivobaSi TanamonawileobiT siamaye, rogoric arCevnebia, samoqalaqo nacionalizmis gamoxatulebaa.

risi rcxveniaT qarTvelebs?

kiTxvaze: Tu SegiZliaT gaixsenoT romelime movlena an situa-cia, roca gansakuTrebuli sircxvili igrZeniT imis gamo, rom qarTveli xarT? ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebidan ramden-ime respondentma aRniSna, rom arasdros ugrZvniaT sircxvi-li qarTvelobis gamo. erT-erTma axalgazrda respondentmac dasZina, rom bevrjer ar moswonebia raRac, Tumca amas sir-cxvilis grZnobas ver daarqmevs. ZiriTadad, 18-30 asakobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebi ufro kritikulebi arian am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas.

axalgazrdebisTvis samarcxvinoa qarTvelebis konformulo-ba da sizarmace. ramdenime respondenti swored am ùZraobas~

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ukavSirebs sxva danarCen problemebs. aseve samarcxvino maxa-siaTeblebs Soris naxsenebi iqna agresiuloba da iracionalu-roba. gansakuTrebiT niSnadoblivia is, rom aRniSnuli Tvisebe-bi arc erT sxva asakobriv kategoriaSi ar dasaxelebula.

seqsualuri umciresobebis sakiTxi

18-30 asakobriv jgufSi respondentTa umravlesoba sircxvi-lis kategoriaSi upirobod aTavsebs 2012 wlis 17 maiss4 ganvi-Tarebul movlenebs, riTac avlens samoqalaqo midgomas aRniS-nuli sakiTxis mimarT. maTTvis mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa sa-moqalaqo uflebebis dacva da 17 maisis movlenebs ganixilaven, rogorc Seuwynareblobasa da agresias umciresobebis mimarT. respondentebi fiqroben, rom kontr-aqciis monawileebi, iseve rogorc kontr-aqciis moTave sasuliero pirebi, Zalian ara-humanurad moiqcnen. erT-erTi respondenti imasac ambobs, rom Tavad iyo aqciis monawile da mis sicocxles kinaRam safrTxe daemuqra (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30). axalgazrdebis pasuxebSi Cans garkveuli gaRizianeba sasuliero pirebis qceviT, radgan miuReblad miiCneven eklesiis warmomadgenlebis mier Zalado-bisa da agresiis gamovlenas.

31-45 asakobriv jfufSi respondentebi 2012 wlis 17 maiss sircxvilis kategoriaSi aTavseben, magram axalgazrdebisgan gansxvavebiT, maTTvis samarcxvinoa ara aqciis darbevis faqti, aramed, piriqiT, is, rom saqarTveloSi gei aRlumis Catarebas apirebdnen. 31-45 asakobriv kategoriaSi arc erT respondents ar gaukritikebia kontr-aqciis wevrebis, an sasuliero pirebis qmedeba da ar gamouxatavs protesti umciresobaTa uflebebis darRvevis gamo. am jgufis respondentebi seqsualur umci-resobaTa warmomadgenlebis mier aqciis Catarebis survilsac ki nacionaluri Rirebulebebis Selaxvad aRiqvamen.

46-55 wlis asakobriv kategoriaSic gvxvdeba seqsualur um-ciresobaTa sakiTxi. respondentebis azriT, aseTi adamianebis

4 2012 wlis 17 maiss homofobiis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli aqcia gadaizarda dapirispirebaSi aqciis monawileebsa da kontr-aqciis wevrebs _ marTlmadidebel mrevls Soris. dapirispireba sasuliero pirebisa da maTi mrevlis mier homofobiis winaaRmdeg Sekrebili mcirericxovani demonstrantebis darbeviT dasrulda.

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arseboba samarcxvinoa. erT-erTi respondenti sircxvilis kategorias miakuTvnebs im faqts, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqem sqesi Seicvala.

seqsualuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa sakiTxs 56+ asakobriv kategoriaSic Seexnen. erT-erT respondents yvela-ze metad maSin Sercxva da `ganadgurda moralurad~, roca `gei paradi~ Caatares. am dros, is grZnobda, rom `kaci aRar iyo, undoda iaraRi aeRo da daexoca xalxi~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

2008 wlis agvistos omi

18-30 asakobriv kategoriaSi agvistos omi5 ara mxolod sia-mayes, aramed sircxvilsac iwvevs: respondentebs rcxveniaT samoqalaqo solidarobis naklebobis, romelic okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilebis mimarT mosaxleobis nawilis gul-gril da zogjer negatiur damokidebulebaSic ki gamovlin-da. aseve miiCneven, rom araadekvaturi iyo omis mimdinareobis dros qalaqis centrSi Catarebuli koncerti. axalgazrdebis azriT, omis periodSi mravalma patriotizmis, samoqalaqo si-mamacis nakleboba gamoavlina: `daicala qalaqi, aravin darCa, yvela wavida. rom gekiTxaT, yvelas uyvarda samSoblo, zogi TurqeTSi iyo da zogi azerbaijanSi~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30). aRniSnuli pasuxebidan Cans, rom respondentebi sagan-gebo situaciebSi simamacis, adekvaturobisa da solidarobis valdebulebas ar akisreben mxolod konkretul politikoss an mTavrobas.

samoqalaqo simamacis nakleboba 45-55 asakobriv jgufSic dasaxelda, rogorc samarcxvino movlena, Tumca, ara im gage-biT, rogorc amas axalgazrdebi aRniSnavdnen. ufrosi Taobis erT-erT respondents samarcxvinod miaCnia omis dros mTavar-sardalis _ prezident mixeil saakaSvilis `damalva~. Tu axal-gazrda respondenti samoqalaqo simamacis naklebobas mTeli sazogadoebis problemad miiCnevs, ufrosi Taobis warmomad-geneli amas mxolod erT politikur figuras miawers. 56+ asa-

5 igulisxmeba 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis farTomasStabiani samxedro agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da qveynis teritoriis 20%-is okupacia.

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kobrivi jgufis respondentebisTvis samarcxvinoa, rom 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros `qarTvelebma erTi saaTic ki ar iomes.~ aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrdebisgan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi respondenti ar saubrobs Tanamoqalaqeebis simamaceze da Tavganwirvaze.

eTnikurad qarTveli individebis mier Cadenili samarcxvino qmedebebi

sircxvilis kategorias miekuTvneba eTnikurad qarTveli indi-videbis mier Cadenili samarcxvino qmedebebi. 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi aseT movlenebad dasaxelda: qarTvelebis kriminaluri qceva ucxoeTSi, afxazi Tanatolebisgan mosmenili istorie-bi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra ziani miayenes maT qarTvelebma; qarT-veli maswavleblis arakoreqtuli replika eTnikurad somexi adamianebis Sesaxeb. aqve iqna dasaxelebuli aseve istoriaSi aRbeWdili Ralatis faqtebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo nacionalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri umciresobebis Tanasworad miCneva 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi araerTxel gamov-linda, xolo sxva asakobrivi jgufebidan mxolod 31-46 asako-briv jgufSi gamaxvilda am sakiTxze yuradReba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos istoriaSi aRwerili movlenebisadmi kritikul midgomas da zog SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi mxaris danaxvas, 18-30 asakobrivi jgufis garda, aseTi ram arc erT sxva asakobriv kategoriaSi ar gvxvdeba.

31-45 asakobriv kategoriaSi dasaxelda qarTveli `seqs-muSaki~ qalebi TurqeTSi, romlebic `qarTveli qalis~ saxels arcxvenen; qarTveli mamakacebis qurdoba sazRvargareT; nar-komania, rogorc masobrivi seni. ramdenime respondentma das-Zina, rom ucxoeTSi qarTvelebis Cadenili cudi saqcieli ar siamovnebT, Tumca amaSi arafers gansakuTrebuls ar xedaven da mxolod qarTvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel `sircxvilad~ ar miiCneven.

ucxoeTSi qurdobisTvis dakavebuli qarTvelebi 46-55 asa-kobrivi jgufis respondentTa CamonaTvalSic moxvda. erT-er-Ti respondenti acxadebs, rom imdenjer Sercxva, ramdenjer-ac `cancara qarTvelma xalxma~ rame cudi Caidina, Tumca igi

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aseT movlenebs ar moiazrebs zogadad qarTveli eris naklova-nebad. am asakobriv jgufSic sircxvilad miiCneven narkomanias. 56+

asakobriv jgufSi erT-erTi respondenti gansakuTrebiT

akritikebs qarTvelebis qcevas:

`saqarTveloSi rom modixar, tranzitiT Tu modixar, TurqeTamde sanam Cadixar, adamianad grZnob Tavs. sa-qarTveloSi rom modixar da stambolis TviTmfrinavSi qarTul situaciaSi rom jdebi, ukve saxlSi xar: yayani, lanZRva, iqeT aryis amoReba, stiuardesebTan Cxubi da a.S.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+).

Sida dapirispirebebi

18-30 asakobriv jgufSi sircxvilis kategoriaSi moxvda 2007 wlis 7 noemberi (rodesac rusTavelis gamzirze policiis mier darbeul iqna opoziciis mravaldRiani saprotesto aqcia): `sa-marcxvinoa is, rom qarTvelis winaaRmdeg qarTveli gamodi-oda xelketebiT~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30). 7 noemberi 46-55 asakobriv jgufSic samarcxvino movlenebs Soris gvxvdeba, Tumca, pasuxismgebloba mxolod erT adamians ekisreba. erT-erTi respondentis SefasebiT es iyo `saakaSvilis mier xalxis darbeva~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55). 56+ asakobriv jgufSi 7 noemberi aRqmulia, rogorc farTomasStabiani mitingis dros xalxis `xocva-Jleta~.

46-55 asakobriv kategoriaSi samarcxvinod miiCneven samo-qalaqo oms (1991-1992) da banakebad dayofil saqarTvelos mo-saxleobas.

mentaliteti da tradiciebi

18-30 asakobriv jgufSi sircxvilis kategoriaSi dasaxelda axali Taobis warmomadgenlebSi arsebuli `ZvelbiWuri~ Sexed-ulebebi. erT-erTi respondentisTvis aseTi mentalitetis adamianebis ricxvis zrda 2012 wels xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg ganxorcielebul amnistias ukavSirdeba.

erTaderTi komentari, romelic 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi eklesiis avtoritetis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs, `kazantipis

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festivals~6 exeba. erT-erTi respondenti miiCnevs, rom es fe-stivali ar Seesabameba qarTul mentalitets. am mosazrebis gasamyareblad dasaxelebulia sasuliero pirebis negatiuri damokidebuleba aRniSnuli festivalis mimarT:

`kazantipi iyo sircxvili, Zalian samwuxaroa, rom anakliaSi moxda am aRviraxsnilobis da garyvnilebis propaganda. arc unda yofiliyo saerTod, ratom mainc-damaianc saqarTveloSi? amis gamo Zalian didi winaaRm-degoba iyo, sasuliero pirebis mxridanac. CvenTvis mi-uRebeli iyo, arc iyo saWiro. erTaderTi gamarTleba iyo investiciebis mozidva da avSendiT da avyvavdiT. xalxma sesxebi aiRo da saxlebi gaaremonta specialurad im adamianebisTvis, egonaT, rom ayvavdebodnen da aSen-debodnen, magram yvelaferi daingra da daimsxvra da ki-dev kargi~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30).

31-45 asakobriv jgufSi respondentebis ukmayofilebis mi-zezi aris is, rom axalgazrda biWebi sazogadoebriv trans-portSi moxucebs adgils ar uTmoben. es ganixileba, rogorc axali TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena, romelic ufrose-bisadmi upativcemulobasa da, zogadad, tradiciebis daviwye-bas gamoxatavs.

56+ asakobrivi jgufis respondentebi akritikeben telega-dacemebSi negatiur faqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, aseve ùzneobisa da antiqarTuli Rirebulebebis propagandas~. es yvelaferi isev da isev im safrTxed aRiqmeba, romelic qar-Tuli erovnuli tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis gaufasurebas iwvevs.

politikiT ukmayofileba

sircxvilis kategoriaSi moxvda politikuri faqtori: 31-45 asakobriv jgufSi es gamoixateba teritoriebis okupaciis Te-mis win wamoweviT: soxumis dacema da 2008 wlis omi. aRsaniSna-via, rom teritoriebis okupacia xelisuflebiT ukmayofile-

6 yovelwliuri eleqtronuli sacekvao musikis festivali, romelic 1992 wlidan 2013 wlis CaTvliT, zafxulobiT, ukrainaSi, yirimis naxevarkunZulze imarTeboda. Tumca, ruseTis federaciis mier yirimis okupacia-aneqsiis Semdeg, gadawyda, rom 2014 wels festivali saqarTveloSi, anakliaSi gaimarTeboda.

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bazea gadajaWvuli da aq ar aris saubari samoqalaqo simama-cis naklebobaze. respondentebi sircxvils ganicdian rogorc axlandeli, aseve wina xelisuflebis gamo. erT-erTi maTgani miiCnevs, rom èrTiani nacionaluri moZraobis~ xelisufleba-Si yofnis wlebi samarcxvino iyo da mTeli am 9 wlis (2003-2012) ganmavlobaSi sircxvils ganicdida, imis gamo, rom qarTvelia (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

46-55 da 56+ asakobriv jgufebSi politikuri faqtori ukavSirdeba mcdar politikur gadawyvetilebebs. erT-erTi respondenti did Secdomad miiCnevs imas, rom èrma zviad gam-saxurdia gaagdo~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55). sxva responden-tisTvis samarcxvinoa eduard SevardnaZis daxvedris faqti. misi SefasebiT, am dros: `SevardnaZem dagvaCoqa rusTavelze~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

samoqalaqo cnobierebis nakleboba

18-30 asakobrivi jgufis respondentebisTvis samarcxvinoa sisufTavis dacvis problema, romelsac samoqalaqo cno-bierebis naklebobis gamoxatulebad miiCneven. saubaria po-lieTilenis parkebiT dabinZurebul garemoze, nagvis quCaSi dayraze da a.S. 46-55 asakobriv kategoriaSic ikveTeba ukmayo-fileba samoqalaqo cnobierebis naklebobis gamo: `SuqniSnebs aravin uyurebs, nagavs gareT yrian~.

ekonomikuri gaWirveba

31-45 asakobriv jgufSi sircxvilis kategoriaSi gamoikveTa ekonomikuri faqtori: nagvis bunkerTan momravlebuli adami-anebi; sportsmenebi, romlebic dafinansebis ukmarisobis gamo arsebul resurss ver iyeneben.

56+ asakobrov kategoriaSi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ukav-Sirdeba tradiciebis garkveuli cvlilebis aucileblobas. erT-erT respondents, dRevandeli ekonomikuri gaWirvebis fonze, Seusabamod miaCnia iseTi tradiciebi, rogoricaa, maga-liTad, 300-kaciani qelexi.

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sabolood, fokus jgufebidan miRebuli informacia, SeiZ-leba Semdegnairad Sejamdes: qarTvelobasTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli siamayisa da sircxvilis kvlevisas gairkva, rom am mxriv respondentebis asaki mniSvnelovani cvladia. gamoTqmu-li Sexedulebebis mixedviT respondentebi iyofian or ZiriTad kategoriad: 18-30 da 31-56+ asakobriv jgufebad).

siamayis kategoria, ZiriTadad, iseT movlenebs moicavs, ro-melTac qarTuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebaSi aqvT wvlili Setanili, movlenebi, romlebSic Cans qarTvelebis niWiereba, Zliereba, gamorCeuloba. sircxvilis kategoria ki, upirvele-sad, im faqtebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic qarTvelebis qurdul, danaSaulebriv qmedebebs, aseve konformizms, samoqalaqo gul-grilobasa da erTmaneTis gautanlobas asaxavs.

axalgazrdebi rogorc siamayeze, aseve sircxvilze msjelo-bisas gacilebiT xSirad iyeneben samoqalaqo nacionalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel kategoriebs. siamayis kategoriaSi 18-30 asako-briv jgufSi wamyvani adgili daikava movlenebma, romlebmac èrovnuli gamofxizleba~ gamoiwvia. dasaxelda: 1989 wlis 9 aprili7, 2003 wlis `vardebis revolucia~8, 2008 wlis agvistos omis (saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis farTomasStabiani samxedro agresis) dros gamoCenili samoqalaqo simamace da rusuli okupaciis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebis erTianoba9. im tragikuli Sinaarsis miuxedavad, romelic CamoTvlili movlenebis umrav-lesobas aqvs, respondentebSi siamayes iwvevs is, rom adamianebma SeZles gaerTianeba da saerTo ideisTvis, erovnul-saxelmwi-foebrivi TavisuflebisTvis brZola. sainteresoa, rom 31-45 da 46-55 asakobriv jgufSi ar dasaxelebula èrovnuli gamofxiz-lebis~ kategoria. 56+ asakis respondentebma siamayis sferoSi moaqcies èrovnuli gamofxizlebis~ kategoria.

7 1989 wlis 9 aprils sabWoTa armiam TbilisSi daarbia mSvidobiani aqcia, romlis moTxovna iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. darbevis Sedegad daiRupa 21 adamiani, xolo asobiT adamiani moiwamla da daSavda.

8 2003 wlis noemberSi mimdinareobda mSvidobiani saprotesto gamosvlebi, rac gamowveuli iyo saparlamento arCevnebis gayalbebiT da es procesi dasrulda prezident eduard SevardnaZis gadadgomiT. sabolood am movlenebs `vardebis revolucia~ ewoda.

9 igulisxmeba 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis samxedro agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da qveynis teritoriis 20%-is okupacia.

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axalgazrdebis garda (18-30), yvela sxva asakobriv jgufSi gvxvdeba eTnikuri nacionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erov-nuli upiratesobisa da dominantobis rwmena (Adorno et.al. 1950; de Figueiredo/Elkins 2003; Kosterman/Feshbach 1989; Schatz/Staub 1997). ufrosi Taobis respondentebSi TavianTi eTno-kulturuli kuTvnileba imTaviTve siamyisa da gamorCeulobis SegrZnebas iwvevs. isini qarTvelebis gamorCeulobas akavSireben reli-giasa da istoriasTanac. maTi azriT, TavisTavad saamayoa Tu adamiani eTnikurad qarTvelia da amavdroulad aRmsareblo-biT marTlmadidebeli. istoria, romelic qarTveli mefeebis mier mogebul brZolebze mogviTxrobs (sadac xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebis armia gacilebiT mcirea mowinaaRmdegis armiasTan SedarebiT), kidev ufro amyarebs respondentebis erovnuli ga-morCeulobis SegrZnebas. niSandoblivia, rom 31-56+ asakobri-vi jgufebisTvis saamayo kategoriebi: sarwmunoeba da istoria udavod eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmis sferod aris miCneu-li. rac Seexeba erovnul xelovneba-kulturas, is universalu-ri kategoria aRmoCnda, radgan yvela akobrivi jgufis siamayis CamonaTvalSi erT-erTi mowinave pozicia ukavia. erTaderTi gansxvaveba, rac am mxriv SeiCneva aris is, rom axalgazrdebi kulturuli faseulobebis CamoTvlisas ufro met yuradRebas amaxvileben argumentebze.

ufrosi asakobrivi kategoriis jgufebSi gvxvdebian respon-dentebi, romlebsac arasdros SercxveniaT qarTvelobis gamo. axalgazrdebi ufro kritikulni arian TanamemamuleTa samar-cxvino qmedebebis dasaxelebisas. 18-30 asakobriv kategoriaSi respondentTa didi nawili samarcxvino faqtebis ganxilvisas pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs ara konkretul pirebs (magaliTad politikosebs), aramed aqcenti gadaaqvT samoqalaqo pasuxim-geblobis naklebobaze. ufrosi Taobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismge-bloba mudmivad xelisuflebas an calkeul pirebs ekisrebaT da aravin saubrobs pirad pasuxismgeblobaze.

erT-erTi mkveTri sxvaoba, romelic kvlevis Sedegebma ga-moavlina, aris is, rom ufrosi Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, axal-gazrdebi siamayis kategoriaSi ar axseneben saqarTvelos So-reul istorias da kritikul damokidebulebas gamoxataven sasuliero pirebis mimarT. es albaT imiTac aixsneba, rom

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axalgazrdebis msjeloba gacilebiT ufro metad aris orien-tirebuli awmyoze, vidre ufrosi Taobis saubari, romelic, Cveulebriv, Soreul warsulze da eris imdroindel sidiade-zea koncentrirebuli. yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino sxvaoba asa-kobriv jgufebs Soris gvxvdeba seqsualur umciresobebTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki 17 maisis10 movlenebis Sefase-bisas. 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi sircxvilis mizezad dasaxelda 17 maiss seqsualuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa devna, xolo 31+ asakobriv jgufebSi am Temaze gamoTqmuli yvela mo-sazreba sapirispiro Sinaarsis iyo.

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

amgvarad, aRniSnuli Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba Sem-degnairad SevajamoT:

qarTveli mosaxleobis siamayis sfero ufro metad eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmis maxasiaTeblebs aerTianebs (kultura, sporti, istoria, religia);

siamayis kategoria, ZiriTadad, iseT movlenebs moi-cavs, romlebsac qarTuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCu-nebaSi garkveuli wvlili aqvT Setanili da sadac Cans qarTvelebis niWiereba, Zliereba, gamorCeuloba;

sircxvilis sferoSi SedarebiT metia samoqalaqo nacio-nalizmis kategoriebi (politikiT ukmayofileba, ekono-mikuri gaWirveba, wuxili samoqalaqo cnobierebis nakle-bobis gamo);

sircxvilis kategoriaSi iseTi movlenebi figurirebs, romlebic qarTvelebis danaSaulebriv qmedebebs, kon-formizms, samoqalaqo gulgrilobasa da erTmaneTis gautanlobas asaxavs.

10 2012 wlis 17 maiss homofobiis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli aqcia gadaizarda dapirispirebaSi aqciis monawileebsa da kontr-aqciis wevrebs _ marTl-madidebel mrevls Soris. dapirispireba sasuliero pirebisa da maTi mrevlis mier homofobiis winaaRmdeg Sekrebili mcirericxovani demonstrantebis darbeviT dasrulda.

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3.1.3. moqalaqeoba da masTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi

ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, rom winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi SevecadeT dagvedgina, Tu rogor aisaxeba qarTvel sazogadoe-baSi erovnuli identobis is formebi, romelTac gamoyofen nacionalizmis Teoretikosebi da aseve Cven mier gamokiTxuli eqspertebi da sazogadoebrivi elitis warmomadgenlebi. winam-debare qveTavSi ganvixilavT im monacemebs, romlebic qarTve-li eris erovnuli identobis samoqalaqo cnobierebis aspeqts ukavSirdeba.


Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufebSi, sxvadasx-va asakobrivi jgufis respondentebs vTxoveT ganesazRvraT, Tu rogor esmiT maT moqalaqeoba da ra saxis valdebulebebs moicavs maTTvis moqalaqeoba. sayuradReboa, rom 18-30 wlis axalgazrdebSi erTxmad dafiqsirda moqalaqeobis bma saxelm-wifoSi mimdinare yvela saxis samoqalaqo Tu politikur pro-cesSi CarTulobasTan. 18-30 wlis asakis respondentebisTvis moqalaqeoba, umTavresad, gulisxmobs Semdeg valdebulebebs: kanonis farglebSi moqceva, samoqalaqo aqtivoba, garemos, qu-Cebis sisufTaveze zrunva, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva:

`Seni sazogadoebis, Seni bunebis, Seni qveynis zogadad sicocxlisunarianobis da harmonizaciis sazrdelad saWiro aris Seni Cabma im yvela procesSi, romelsac sru-lyofili da ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba hqvia~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-30).

axalgazrda respondentebisTvis saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba pasuxismgeblobaa, romelic maT avaldebulebs, upirvelesad, kargad hqondeT gacnobierebuli TavianTi ufleba-movaleobebi.

31-45 wlis respondentebisTvis moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs konkretuli wesebis/rolebis da movaleobebis aRiarebas da monawileobas politikur procesebSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom fokus jgufebis monawileTa mier yuradReba gamaxvilda ase-ve iseT movaleobebze, rogoricaa: erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacva da erovnuli identobis SenarCuneba. aRniSnuli asakis

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respondentebisTvis moqalaqeobrivi valdebulebebi Semdeg faqtorebs moicavs: saqarTvelos siyvaruli, gadasaxadebis gadaxda, Sromis Sinaganawesis dacva, konstituciis dacva da savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri:

ùnda gqondes samsaxuri. valdebuleba bevria, Tund-ac sagadasaxado kodeqsebi, dazRveva. rodesac qveyana civilizebulia da adamianebi dasaqmebulebi arian, amas iTaviseben. me ver viTaviseb, imitom rom saxlSi vzivar, ar vmuSaob. erTi vici, unda miyvardes eri, beri da sam-Soblo. valdebulebebia aseve erTmaneTis siyvaruli, gatana, erTmaneTs Suris TvaliT ar unda uyurebdnen adamianebi. rodesac muSaob, gadasaxadebsac ixdi da amiT saxelmwifos exmarebi ` (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

fokus jgufis saSualo asakis (31-45) monawileebisTvis dadebiT faqtad aRiqmeba is, rom bavSvebi saxelmwifos konsti-tucias skolidanve swavloben, rac xels uwyobs maT mier Ta-vianTi ufleba-movaleobebis droulad gacnobierebas. Tumca, rogorc amboben, Tavad naklebad icnoben konstitucias masSi cvlilebebis xSirad Setanis gamo:

`skolaSi iswavleba specialur sagnad, rac Cvens dros ar iyo. bavSvma icis Tavisi uflebebi, Seni uflebebis dacva xom unda SegeZlos? me vTvli, rom elementarul doneze yvelam unda icodes, rom daicvas Tavi, Tundac araswori braldebebisgan~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

46-54 wlis asakis respondentebisTvis samoqalaqo valdebu-lebebi dakavSirebulia `qarTvelobasTan~. erT-erTi respon-denti Tavis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas saxelmwifos teri-toriis dacvis valdebulebasac ukavSirebs:

`var qarTveli sisxliT xorcamde, valdebuli var qvey-nis da ojaxis winaSe, TiToeuli qarTvelis winaSe, rom davicva TiToeuli mtkaveli miwa~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

56+ asakis respondentebisTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba aris valdebuleba, romelsac saxelmwifos winaSe iRebs adami-ani da, maTi azriT, es valdebuleba, ZiriTadad, kanonmorCi-lebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: `moqalaqe unda emorCilebodes konstitucias~, `kanoni yvelasTvis unda iyos uzenaesi~, `ka-

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noni unda kanonobdes~, es is frazebia, romelsac TiToeuli respondenti iziarebs.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufe-bis Sedegebidan Cans, rom respondentebisTvis moqalaqeoba, upirvelesad, niSnavs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli kanonebisadmi, wesebisadmi morCilebas, konkretuli `rolebis~ pirnaTlad Sesrulebas da finansur Tanamonawileobas saxelmwifoebriv doneze (anu gadasaxadebis gadaxdas).

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

respondentTa azriT, moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs saxelm-wifoSi mimdinare samoqalaqo da politikur procesebSi CarTulobas;

moqalaqis ZiriTad valdebulebebad respondentebma daa-saxeles: konstituciis, kanonis farglebSi moqceva, sa-moqalaqo aqtivoba, garemos sisufTaveze zrunva, sazo-gadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, erovnuli Rirebulebebisa da erovnuli identobis SenarCuneba, saqarTvelos siyvaru-li, gadasaxadebis gadaxda da savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri.

raodenobrivi monacemebi:

moqalaqeobis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ganvixilavT aseve rao-denobriv monacemebsac. 2014 wels socialur mecnierebaTa centris mier Catarda `moqalaqeobis~ Sesaxeb ISSP-is kvleva, romlis farglebSic respondentebs eTxovaT, winaswar Camoya-libebuli debulebebis safuZvelze ganesazRvraT, Tu ra aris saWiro imisTvis, rom kargi moqalaqe iyo (1-dan 7-mde skalaze, sadac 1 Seesabameba pasuxs `saerTod ar aris mniSvnelovani~, xolo 7 _ `Zalian mniSvnelovania~). qvemoT mocemuli diagrama #16 asaxavs respondentTa mosazrebebs asakobriv WrilSi. diagramebSi warmodgenilia TiToeuli debulebisadmi respon-dentTa pasuxebis saSualo maCvenebeli skalaze 1-dan (`saer-Tod ar aris mniSvnelovani~) 7-mde (`Zalian mniSvnelovania~). deskriptul monacemTa Tanaxmad, pasuxTa saSualo monacemebi

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asakis mixedviT ar gansxvavdeba da saSualo maCvenebli 3-dan 4-mde meryeobs, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom CamoTvlili de-bulebebisadmi respondentTa damokidebuleba asakis mixedviT erTgvarovani da saSualod mniSvnelovania.

diagrama #16 samoqalaqo valdebulebebi (saSualo maCveneblebi asakis

mixedviT: 1-Zalian vamayob; 2-sakmaod vamayob; 3-arc ise vamayob; 4- saer-

Tod ar vamayob)

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi aRniSnuli raodenobrivi monacemebi aseve gavaanalizeT faqtoruli analiziT da Se-vecadeT gagvezoma urTierTdamokidebuleba im cvladebs So-ris, romelebic samoqalaqo valdebulebas gansazRvravs. fa-qtoruli analiziT aseve gamovavlineT struqturuli kavSir-urTierTobebi samoqalaqo valdebulebis ganmsazRvrel cvla-debs Soris da gamovyaviT iseTi cvladebi, romlebic yvelaze mWidrod ebmis erTmaneTs. aRniSnuli meTodiT, sabolood gamoiyo samoqalaqo valdebulebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,

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romlebic maxasiaTebel cvladTa Tematuri dajgufebiT mivi-ReT. faqtoruli analizis Sedegad (ix. cxrili #9), samoqa-laqo movaleobebis nawilSi gamoiyo sami Tematuri faqtori: solidaroba, politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeoba da kanonis uzenaesoba.

pirvel solidarobis faqtorSi gaerTianda iseTi cvladebi, rogoricaa: ècado gaugo im adamianebs, visac gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT~, àirCio produqtebi politikuri, eTikuri da garemos dacvis miznebidan gamomdinare, maSinac ki, roca isini SedarebiT Zviri Rirs~, ̀ daexmaro saqarTveloSi Senze ga-Wirvebul adamianebs~ da `daexmaro msoflioSi Senze gaWirve-bul adamianebs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynis SigniT solidarobis maCvenebeli aRemateba globaluri solidarobis maCvenebels. solidarobis maCveneblebs Soris yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT warmodgenilia produqtebis arCeva politikuri, eTikuri da garemos dacvis miznebidan gamomdinare.

solidarobis faqtori ar aris damokidebuli sqesze (p=0.47), Tumca damokidebulia asakze (p=0.00) da ganaTlebis doneze (p=0.00). monacemTa saSualo maCveneblebis Sedarebis safuZvelze (student t-test) gamovlinda, rom solidaroba yvela-ze metad damaxasiaTebelia 25-34 asakobrivi jgufisTvis (0.26) da naklebad misaRebia 65+ asakis respondentebisTvis (-0.15). sxva jgufebis mimarT faqtoris mniSvneloba ar aris gamok-veTili (saSualodan gadaxra Zalian mcirea). ganaTlebis do-nis mixedviT gamoikveTa tendencia, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis (0.25) mqone respondentebi metad solidarulebi arian, vidre saSualo ganaTlebis (0.07)

meore faqtorSi, romelsac `politikurad aqtiuri moqala-qeobis faqtori~ SeiZleba ewodos, gaerTianda Semdegi cvla-debi: `yovelTvis miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba~, `Tvalyuri adevno mTavrobis qmedebebs~ da àqtiurad iyo CarTuli so-cialur da politikur asociaciebSi~. aRsaniSnavia, rom cv-ladTa saSualoebs Soris gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvne-lovania (p=.000). yvelaze maRali saSualo maCvenebeli _ 6.25 arCevnebSi monawileobam miiRo; mTavrobis qmedebebisadmi Tva-

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lyuris devneba saSualod 5.58 quliT Sefasda, xolo yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT _ 4.21 socialur da politikur asocia-ciebSi CarTuloba.

politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeobis faqtori damokide-bulia sqesze (p=0.000), asaksa (p=0.000) da ganaTlebis xarisxze (p=0.04). saSualo maCveneblebis Sedarebis safuZvelze (student t-test) gamovlinda, rom politikurad aqtiuri ufro mamakace-bi (0.07) arian, vidre qalebi (-0.06). arCevnebSi monawileoba, mTavrobis qmedebebis Tvalyuris devneba da socialur-poli-tikur asociaciebSi CarTuloba, ZiriTadad, ufrosi asakis 55+ respondentebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani (0.18), vidre 18-44 asakobrivi jgufis respondentebisTvis (-0.20; -0.21; -0.13). 45-54 asakobrivi jgufi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc gardamava-li jgufi, tendencia uaryofiTisken aris gadaxrili, magram mkveTrad ar aris gamoxatuli (-0.08). ganaTlebis donis mixed-viT SeiniSneba ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba. aRniSnuli faqtori damaxasiaTebelia saSualo ganaTlebis mqone respon-dentebisTvis da miuRebelia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone re-spondentebisTvis.

mesame faqtorSi, romelsac `kanonis uzenaesobis faqtori~ SeiZleba ewodos, ori cvladi gaerTianda da TiToeulma Za-lian maRali Sefaseba miiRo: àrasdros aarido Tavi gadasaxa-debs~ _ 6.62 da `yovelTvis daemorCilo kanonebsa da regula-ciebs~ _ 6.53.

kanonis uzenaesobis faqtori damokidebulia sqessa (p=0.012) da asakze (p=0.000). gadasaxadebis gadaxda da kanone-bisa da regulaciebis mimarT morCileba ufro mniSvnelovania qalebisTvis (0.06) da ufrosi asakis respondentebisTvis (0.14), vidre mamakacebisTvis (-0.07) da axalgazrdebisTvis (-0.14).

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cxrili # 9 samoqalaqo valdebulebebis faqtorebi

faqtori

saSualoebi1-saerTod

ar aris mniSvnelovani;

7 _ Zalian mniSvnelovania

1 2 3

yovelTvis miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba

-.065 .584 .479 6.25

arasdros aarido Tavi gadasaxadebs .261 .060 .758 6.62

yovelTvis daemorCilo kanonebsa da regulaciebs

.115 .168 .764 6.53

Tvalyuri adevno mTavrobis qmedebebs .118 .745 .281 5.58

aqtiurad iyo CarTuli socialur da politikur asociaciebSi

.334 .765 -.086 4.21

ecado gaugo im adamianebs, visac gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT .514 .260 .171 5.86

airCio produqtebi politikuri, eTikuri da garemos dacvis miznebidan gamomdinare, maSinac ki, roca isini SedarebiT Zviri Rirs

.545 .333 .004 4.80

daexmaro saqarTveloSi Senze gaWirvebul adamianebs .750 -.064 .292 6.57

daexmaro msoflioSi Senze gaWirvebul adamianebs. .807 .080 .062 5.50

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesobis damokidebu-leba samoqalaqo valdebulebebisadmi asakisa da sqesis miuxedavad erTgvarovani da saSualod mniSvnelovania;

samoqalaqo movaleobebisa da valdebulebebis nawilSi gamoiyo sami Tematuri faqtori: solidaroba, politi-kurad aqtiuri moqalaqeoba da kanonis uzenaesoba;

moqalaqeobis solidarobis faqtorSi gaerTianda Semde-gi cvladebi: ̀ ecado gaugo im adamianebs, visac gansxvave-buli mosazrebebi aqvT~, àirCio produqtebi politiku-

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ri, eTikuri da garemos dacvis miznebidan gamomdinare, maSinac ki, roca isini SedarebiT Zviri Rirs~, `daexmaro saqarTveloSi Senze gaWirvebul adamianebs~ da `daexma-ro msoflioSi Senze gaWirvebul adamianebs~.

moqalaqeobis solidarobis faqtori damaxasiaTe-belia, rogorc kacebisTvis, aseve qalebisTvis;

solidarobis faqtori ufro metad damaxasiaTebe-lia axalgazrdebisTvis, vidre ufrosi asakis re-spondentebisTvis;

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebi ufro solidaru-lebi arian, vidre saSualo ganaTlebis respondentebi;

moqalaqeobis politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeobis faqto-ris maxasiaTeblebia: `yovelTvis miiRo arCevnebSi monawi-leoba, Tvalyuri adevno mTavrobis qmedebebs~ da àqtiu-rad iyo CarTuli socialur da politikur asociaciebSi~.

politikurad aqtiurebi ufro mamakacebi arian, vidre qalebi;

arCevnebSi monawileoba, mTavrobis qmedebebis Tva-lyuris devneba da socialur da politikur aso-ciaciebSi CarTuloba, ZiriTadad, ufrosi asakis respondentebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani;

ganaTlebis donis mixedviT SeiniSneba ukupropor-ciuli damokidebuleba. aRniSnuli faqtori damaxa-siaTebelia saSualo ganaTlebis respondentebisTvis da miuRebelia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirTaTvis;

moqalaqeobis kanonis uzenaesobis faqtoris maxasiaTeb-lebia: àrasdros aarido Tavi gadasaxadebs~ da `yovelT-vis daemorCilo kanonebsa da regulaciebs~.

gadasaxadebis gadaxda da kanonebisa da regula-ciebis mimarT morCileba ufro qalebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani, vidre mamakacebisTvis;

kanonis uzenaesobasa da misdami morCielbas ufro-si asakis moqalaqeebi ufro metad aRiareben, vidre axalgazrdebi.

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3.1.4. religiis mniSvneloba qarTuli erovnuli identobisTvis

wina qveTavSi ganxilvisas vnaxeT, rom Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da erovnuli identobis Camoyali-bebis procesSi CarTuli aqtorebis warmomadgenelebTan Ca-tarebuli siRrmiseuli interviuebidan gamomdinare, qarTul erovnul identobaSi kulturuli ganzomileba bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre saxelmwifoebrivi, samoqalaqo ganzomileba. kulturuli ganzomilebis ganmsazRvrel elementebad dasa-xelda: ena, religia, istoria da tradiciebi.

Teoriul nawilSi ukve aRiniSna, rom samoqalaqo naciona-lizmisTvis mniSvnelovania eris politikuri gageba, romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saxelmwifosTan da moqalaqeobas aigivebs erovnebasTan. eTnikuri (eTno-kulturuli) naciona-lizmi ki erTmaneTisgan mijnavs moqalaqeobas da erovnebas, radgan ers, upirveles yovlisa, eTnikur da kulturul fa-qtorebTan akavSirebs. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebi da politikosebi nacionalizmis amgvar klasifika-cias aqtiurad iyeneben. Tumca, zemoT iTqva aseve nacionaliz-mis diqotomiis analitikur-normatiuli problemurobis Sesa-xebac da SeZlebisdagvarad SevecdebiT, rogorc brubeikeri ambobs, `zedmetad didi samuSao~ ar davakisroT am dayofas.

eTnosimbolizmis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove erebis Camoyalibe-bis procesze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens premodernuli kav-Sirebi, maT Soris, religia. entoni smiTis azriT, nacionaliz-mi ara mxolod politikur da ekonomikur, aramed socialur, kulturul da religiur safuZvlebze dgas (smiTi, 2004). smi-Ti miiCnevs, rom nacionalistebi xSirad iyeneben warsuls aw-myos rekonstruqciisTvis, risTvisac SerCeviTi mexsierebis meTodis mimarTaven, raTa aarCion, Tu konkretulad romel Tqmulebas daafuZnon TavianTi xedva (Smith, 1987). qarTuli erovnuli identobis sakiTxze momuSave Teoretikosebis, Teo-dor hanfisa da gia nodias azriT, im movlenebidan, romleb-sac qarTvelebi sakuTar gamorCeulobas ukavSireben erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia 377 wels qarTlis samefos mier qristiano-bis oficialur sarwmunoebad aRiareba (Hanf, Nodia, 2000). Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli siRrmiseuli interviuebi da

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fokus jgufebis Sedegebic gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos qris-tianul qveynad moazreba qarTuli erovnuli identobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblia.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, qarTuli kulturuli identoba eTnikur faqtor-Tan aris gadajaWvuli, religia ki Tavis mxriv legitimacias swored nacionaluri identobis eTnikuri interpretaciisgan iRebs. gamokiTxul eqspertTa nawili miiCnevs, rom nacional-izmis am ukanaskneli elementebis erToba qarTuli erovnuli identobis araprognozirebad xasiaTze metyvelebs, radgan iseT universalur religias, rogoric qristianobaa ar unda sWirdebodes gacilebiT ufro lokaluri elementis _ eTniku-robis mxridan legalizacia. eqspertTa mosazrebis sapirispi-rod, nacionalizmis mkvlevari neofitos loiZidesi SesaZle-blad miiCnevs nacionalizmisa da religiis urTierTkavSirs. loiZidesis Tanaxmad, Teoretikosebis azriT, nacionalizmis mravalwaxnagovani xasiaTi sruliad SesaZlebels xdis naciona-lizmis adaptacias filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT masTan TiTqos SeuTavsebel ideologiebTan, maT Soris, religiasTan. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom nacionalizmi da religia, erTmaneTis saWiroebidan gamomdinare, urTierTkompromisze Tanxmdebian (Loizides, 2009). miroslav hroxi miiCnevs, rom eTnikuri iden-toba maSin ufro Zlieria, rodesac mas mxars uWeren saeklesio institutebi (Hroch, 1998). Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTx-uli eqspertebi eTnikur maxasiaTebelTan gaerTianebul mar-Tlmadideblobas ganixilaven, rogorc `SezRudul’ naciona-lur identobas. gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, ‘SezRuduli’ nacionaluri identoba negatiur gavlenas axdens samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebaze da religiuri maxasiaTeblis wina planze wamoweviT xels uSlis eTnikurobis garSemo SekavSire-buli qarTveli eris formirebasac.

religiis mniSvnelobis cvlileba istoriul WrilSi

aRniSnuli qveTavi miznad isaxavs winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli sirRmiseuli interviuebis safuZvelze erTgvari konturis moxazvas, romelic qarTuli erovnuli identobis formirebis procesSi religiis mniSvnelobis cvlilebas asaxavs.

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gamokiTxuli eqspertebidan uklebliv yvela emxroba nacio-nalizmis modernistul Teorias, romelic nacionalizms axali drois kuTvnilebad miiCnevs. isini ganmartaven, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi Tu eTnikurad qarTveli sxva aRmsareblobas mi-iRebda, is aRar miiCneoda WeSmarit qarTvelad: grigorianul sarwmunoebaze gadasul qarTvels `somexs~ uwodebdnen, kaTo-likurze _ `frangs~, xolo islamis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi _ `TaTars~. Sesabamisad, qarTvelad iwodeboda yvela, vinc qar-Tuli eklesiis mrevlSi iyo:

àraviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda eTnikurad, sisxliT, warmoSobiT vin iyo. Tu iyo qarTuli eklesiis mrevli da am eklesiis ena qarTuli iyo, Sesabamisad es pirovnebac qarTvelad iTvleboda, ar hqonda mniSvneloba osi iyo, afxazi, yivCaRi andac somexi.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

Cven mier siRrmiseuli intervius farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, erovnuli identobis Seqmnis pirveli mcd-elobebi XIX saukunis meore naxevars, kerZod ilia WavWavaZisa da `TergdaleulTa~ moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba. am dros saqa-rTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia, romelmac qarTu-li saxelmwifoebrioba 1801 wels gaauqma. saqarTvelos mar-Tlmadidebel eklesias 1811 wlidan CamorTmeuli aqvs avtoke-falia, is ruseTis eklesiis sinods eqvemdebareba da imperiis mier rusifikaciis erT-erT mTavar instrumentad aRiqmeba (Chitanava, 2015).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis Sefase-biT, ilias kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli imdroindel rTul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebi, gansa-kuTrebiT ki, erovnuli erTianobis sisuste, Sesabamisad, misi koncefcia gamaerTianebeli Rirebulebis funqciis mqone sa-ziaro istorias, saziaro mexsierebas eyrdnoba. eqspertebis azriT, WavWavaZis mier SemuSavebuli erovnuli identoba re-ligiur mravalferovnebazea morgebuli, radgan ilias xed-vaSi qarTveli SeiZleba arc iyos marTlmadidebeli, ris na-Tel asaxvadac eqspertebs miaCniaT misi politika axlaSemo-erTebuli aWaris mahmadiani mosaxleobis mimarT. filosofos giga zedanias azriT, sekularuli midgomis gareSe SeuZlebeli

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iqneboda lingvisturad da religiurad ukiduresad mraval-ferovani mosaxleobis kulturuli integracia (Zedania, 2009).

zedanias azriT, qarTul erovnul identobaze sabWoTa periodma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina. paradoqsulobis mi-uxedavad, swored internacionalur principebze damyarebul sabWoTa kavSirSi eyreba safuZveli qarTul eTnikur naciona-lizms (Zedania, 2009). amave azrs iziareben siRrmiseul inter-viuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebic. maTi azriT, sabWoTa peri-odSi sawyis etapze myofi qarTuli nacionalizmis xelovnur, arademokratiul sivrceSi moxvedram ganapiroba ilias peri-odSi aqtualizebuli saerTo istoriis ukana planze moqceva da eTnikur warmomavlobaze damyarebuli nacionalizmisTvis safuZvlis Cayra. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT, swored sisxlis-mier koncefciaze dafuZnebuli nacionalizmis asaxvas vxedavT sabWoTa periodis qarTveli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi:

`qarTvelebi sul laparakoben sisxli, jiSi, jilagi, geni, genetika da raRacebi, es ukve aris sabWoTa periodis mwerlebSi. magaliTad, murman lebaniZesTan, muxran ma-WavarianTan `viRac ar movides, aq ar daesaxlos~, `viRa-cam ar gadagvjegos~, `demografiulad ar gvajobos~ da es ideebi, nacionalizmis sisxlismieri koncefcia aris swored sabWoTa periodSi formirebuli.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

1970-80-iani wlebs ukavSirdeba qarTuli eronuli iden-tobis formirebis morigi mZlavri talRa. am dros qarTvel disidentebSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda antisabWoTa ganwy-oba, Tumca istorikos oliver raisneris naSromis Tanaxmad, disidentebis wuxilebi naklebad iyo fokusirebuli adamianis uflebebsa da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebze, maTi mizani iyo sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da amasTan erTad saku-Tari enis, religiis da tradiciebis dabruneba (Reisner, 2009). amave periods emTxveva kaTolikosad amJamindeli patriarqis, ilia SiolaSvilis arCeva (1977 weli). ilia II-is moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba qarTul nacionalur identobaSi religiis maxa-siaTeblis gansakuTrebuli gaZliereba, rac 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi yvelaze ufro TvalsaCinod daxurul eklesia-monastrebSi saeklesio msaxurebis aRdgenaSi gamoixata (Jones,

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1989). 1988 wels gelaTSi warmoTqmul qadagebaSi ilia II iyenebs cnebas `zeciuri saqarTvelo~,11 romelic gulisxmobs saqarT-velos imqveyniur xatebas, sadac morwmune qarTvelebs aqvT mopovebuli samudamo sasufeveli.

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis Sefase-biT, sabWoTa periodis miwuruls, erovnuli moZraobis ga-Zlierebis fonze, eklesia, rogorc instituti, jer kidev ar war-moadgens Zlier avtoritets. 1989 wlis 9 aprils12 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi demonstrantebs mSvidobianad daSlisken mouwodebs, magram mis Txovnas ar iTvaliswineben da demonsa-trantebis protesti grZeldeba. oliver raisneris azriT, es faqti kargad aCvenebs, rom eklesias erovnuli moZraobis aq-tivistebisTvis mxolod simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda (Reisner, 2009). patriarqis 1991 wlis qadagebaSic Cans, rom, erTi mxriv, eklesia cdilobs gamaerTianeblis roli ikisros, Tumca, meore mxriv, jerjerobiT ar aris darwmunebuli sakuTar ZalebSi:

`qarTveli eri TiTqos Tavisuflebis gzas adgas. magram orad gaxleCili da gayofili, maSin roca orive mxare Tavs qristianebs uwodebs, me movuwode orive mxares, rom erTmaneTs Sexvedrodnen da erTmaneTTan esaubraT sadavo sakiTxebze. rogorc xedavT, am mtrobiT aRsavse droSi eklesia darCa erTaderT Zalad, romelmac yvelas gaerTianeba una SeZlos, oRond, ra Tqma unda, Tu mous-mines~ (ilia II, 1991)13

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da politikosebis umravlesobis azriT, damoukideblobis aRd-genis Semdeg, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis, zviad gam-saxurdias mmarTvelobis xanmokle periods ukavSirdeba na-cionalur diskursSi qristianobis, marTlmadideblobis gan-sakuTrebuli rolis xazgasma. eqspertebi am periodis mTel

11 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ilia II, 21 seqtemberi, 1988, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani (tomi II). Tbilisi, 1997

12 tragikuli TariRi saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, romelsac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT rusTavelis gamzirze myofi demonstrantebis darbeva ukavSirdeba. darbevis Sedegad daiRupa 21 adamiani.

13 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ilia II, eklesia mxolod gaerTianebisTvis zrunavs, (14 seqtemberi, 1991), èpistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani~ (tomi II). Tbilisi, 1997

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politikur sivrces axasiaTeben, rogorc religiuri ritor-ikiT gaJRenTils. magaliTad, gamsaxurdias opoziciis nawili moiTxovs `Teodemokratiis~ damyarebas, monarqiis aRdgenas da a.S. am mxriv sayuradReboa zviad gamsaxurdias sainauguracio sityvac, romelSic is saubrobs religiis mniSvnelobis ga-Zlierebaze da marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad ga-mocxadebis iniciativiTac gamodis. 90-ian wlebSi religiis win wamoweva vlindeba sajaro sivrceebSi komunisturi simboloe-bis marTlmadidebluri simboloebiT Canacvlebis procesSic (Chitanava, 2015). siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegebis safuZ-velze irkveva, rom im periodSi religiis rolis momZlavre-baze, umetesad, politikosebi amaxvileben yuradRebas, xolo sasuliero figurebs jerjerobiT ar aqvT didi avtoriteti:

àm dros politikosebs, vTqvaT zviad gamsaxurdias ufro meti legitimuroba hqonda, vidre eklesias, an patriarqs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo se-qtoris warmomadgeneli).

1991-1992 ww. saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg, roca prezident gamsaxurdias damxobasTan erTad gauqmebulad gamocxadda aseve sxva ZiriTadi arCeviTi saxelmwifo insti-tutebi (parlamenti da adgilobrivi sakrebuloebi), gamsaxur-diam Riad gamoxata Tavisi kritikuli ganwyobileba garkveuli saeklesio pirebis mimarT, radgan maT anatisaxelmwifoebriv subieqtebad, kerZod, rusuli specsamsaxurebis agentebad mi-iCnevda. ukve devnaSi myofi gamsaxurdia wers:

`dResac mterma pirvel rigSi Cvens eklesias daumizna, Semogzavna samRvdeloebis rigebSi marTlmadideblo-bis mtrebi, cxvris qurqSi gaxveuli mglebi, romelTac daaknines da TiTqmis gaanadgures marTlmadidebluri rwmena. mtris sadazvervo samsaxurebis agentebis ad-gili eklesiaSi ar aris. Cveni eklesia unda ganiwmindos maTgan, raTa eri ar daiRupos. aucilebelia axali ruis-urbnisi~14.

eqspertebis azriT, 90-ian wlebSi iwyeba Tavad eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mier eTnikuri da religiuri identobebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis tendencia, ris dasadasturebladac

14 https://besarion.wordpress.com/2010/10/23/zg_sarcmunoeba/

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erT-erTi eqspertis mier patriarqis, ilia II -is 1991 wlis qa-dageba saxeldeba:

`qarTveli xalxi pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli qri-stiania da qristianadve unda darCes. Cveni eri ar unda moeqces seqtebisa da ucxo religiaTa gavlenis qveS. sa-qarTvelo marTlmadidebelma qristianobam gadaarCina da kidevac gadaarCens. Cvenma xalxma am gziT unda iaros da yoveli, romelic marTlmadideblobas, Cvens ekle-sias, sveticxovels uRalatebs, moRalate iqneba mSobe-li erisac, amitom yoveli kaci, romelic xels Seuwyobs CvenSi seqtanturi moZRvrebisa da sxvadasxva religiis gavrcelebas, qarTveli eris mtrad cxaddeba~15.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli eklesiis war-momadgenlis interviuSic Cans, rom 1991-93 wlebis samoqalaqo omis16 dros eklesia jerjerobiT ganze mdgomis pozicias in-arCunebs:

`maSin Cven gvikiJinebdnen, rom gamosuliyo patriarqi, SuaSi Camdgariyo da a.S., ar SeiZleboda maSin amis gake-Teba, aTasi Zala marTavda am situacias, gaisroda viRac, Cvens patriarqs esrodnen da amas iseTi problemebi mo-hyveboda mere, rom... xocva-Jleta, aTasi ubedureba, ase brmad da ugunurad gakeTeba ar SeiZleboda, ase rom, neitraluri pozicia iyo swori~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

1992 wels, axali saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad, sa-qarTvelos respublikis parlamentis Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna eduard SevardnaZe. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxu-li eqspertebis azriT, umZimesi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, saxelmwifos sisustisa da korumpirebulobis gadasafarad SevardnaZes dasWirda eklesiis mxardaWera, amitom man xeli Seuwyo mis gaZlierebas, rac, sabolood, 2002 wels miRebuli `konkordatiT~ dagvirgvinda.

eduard SevardnaZe Tavis memuarebSi ase ixsenebs patriar-qTan urTierTobas:

15 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ilia II, 13 ivlisi, 1991, èpistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani~, (tomi II). Tbilisi, 1997

16 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo omi _ Sida-eTnikuri da politikuri samxedro konfliqti saqarTveloSi 1991-1993wlebSi

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`saqarTveloSi rom davbrundi, pirveli rac iyo, mis uw-mindesobas, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqs, ilia me-ores veaxle. mas didi xania vicnobdi da did pativs vcem-di. kaTalikos -patriarqTan saubarma da Semdeg masTan Sexvedrebma sxva simSvide Semoitana Cems sulSi, movi-naTle kidec. Cemi naTlia ilia meore gaxda _ Cemi naTlo-bis saxeli _ giorgi, saxeli, romelic qarTvelebisTvis Zalze bevrs niSnavs. (...) 1995 wels swored ilia meorisa da Cemi iniciativiT daiwyo samebis didebuli sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba, romelic simbolurad gamoxatavs qarTuli sulierebisa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZinebas~ (SevardnaZe 2006).

aRniSnuli citata gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im konte-qstSi, rom 1972 wels saqarTvelos centraluri komitetis generalur mdivnad daniSnul eduard SevardnaZes ukavSirdeba `mavnebluri tradiciebis~ aRmofxvrisaken mimarTuli ànti-religiuri~ kampania, romelic saeklesio qorwinebebs, naT-lobebsa da saeklesio dResaswaulebs unda dapirispireboda. SevardnaZem daarsa antireligiuri propagandisaTvis gankuT-vnili organizaciebi, romlebsac unda gaeqroT religiuri gavlenebi da daefuZnebinaT axali tradiciebi (Jones, 1989).

erovnuli identobis TvalsazrisiT, eduard Sevardna-Zis prezidentobis periods gamokiTxuli eqspertebi ganixi-laven, rogorc eTnikuri markeris SedarebiT Sesustebis xa-nas, rodesac politikurad ganisazRvra, rom saqarTvelo multikulturuli qveyanaa. eqspertTa interviuebis Tanaxmad, swored eTnikuri markeris ufro yovlismomcveli samoqalaqo markeriT Secvlis idea udevs safuZvlad 1999 wels axal pas-portebSi, sabWoTa pasportebisgan gansxvavebiT, erovnebis (eT-nikuri gagebiT) grafis amoRebas.

2003 wlis 2 noembers Catarebul arCevnebSi saxelisuflebo partiebis gamarjveba mosaxleobis didi nawilis mier arCev-nebis gayalbebad iqna aRqmuli. am ukmayofilebas Tan daer-To zogadad SevardnaZis mTavrobis mimarT im dros arsebuli uaryofiTi ganwyobileba, rac sabolood farTomasStabian sa-protesto gamosvlebSi gadaizarda da 22 noembers SevardnaZis gadadgomiT dasrulda (nodia, 2005). swored am gardatexas, romelic `vardebis revoluciis~ saxeliT aris cnobili, mos-

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devs xelisuflebaSi èrTiani nacionaluri moZraobis~ mosvla da prezidentad mixeil saakaSvilis arCeva. saakaSvilis perio-di, gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, samoqalaqo nacionaliz-mis waxalisebiT gamoirCeva, rac erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo insti-tutebis gaZlierebasa da, meore mxriv, eTnikuri da religiuri faqtoris ukan dawevaSi gamovlinda:

`saakaSvilis periodSi namdvilad miswrafeba iyo iqeT-ken, rom Camoyalibebuliyo qarTveli mravaleTniku-ri eri, rom yvelani qarTvelebi varT miuxedavad imisa, eTnikurad vin varT, magram amas ukve Zalian seriozuli winaamRdegoba Sexvda im Zalebis mier, razec weRan vila-parake _ eklesiebi, inteligencia~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eqsperti).

miuxedavad samoqalaqo nacionalizmis winsvlis mcdelo-bisa, swored saakaSvilis prezedentobis periods ukavSirdeba eklesiis dafinansebis gazrda, rasac Cven mier gamokiTxuli eqspertebi maSindeli xelisuflebis mcdar nabijad miiCneven. maTi azriT, nacionaluri moZraobis mmarTvelobis periodSi eklesia ukve aRqmuli iyo saxifaTo Zalad, romlis loialobis mosapoveblad xelisufleba saWirod miiCnevda garkveul daT-mobebze wasvlas. eqspertebis SefasebiT, am damokidebulebam, Sedegis saxiT, loialobis gazrdis nacvlad Tavad eklesiis SesaZleblobebisa da resursebis zrda gamoiwvia. eklesiis did avtoritets kargad asaxavs 2009 wlis 26 maiss ganviTarebuli movlenebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRes win uZRvis opoziciuri partiebis mier organizebuli aqciebi prezident saakaSvilis gadadgomis moTxovniT. 26 maiss, erovnul sta-dionze misul xalxs aqciis organizatorebi hpirdebian, rom xelisufleba imave dRes Seicvleba. am gegmas ki Tavdayira ayenebs patriarqis imdRevandeli qadageba, romelSic is afiq-sirebs, rom ar miiCnevs marTebulad xelisuflebis aqciebis Seegad gadayenebas:

ài, ukve TiTqmis Tve-naxevaria, nawili Cveni mosaxleo-bisa prezidentis gadadgomas iTxovs. es metad rTuli sakiTxia. da saerTod, minda aRvniSno rom TiTqos wesad iqca CvenSi prezidentis gadayeneba (...) sakuTar Tavze nu aviRebT ufro met uflebas, vidre daSvebulia RvTisa-

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gan. unda viyoT morCilni RvTis nebisa! RvTis madli yve-lafers ganaCens, yvelafers daalagebs Tavis adgilze~ (ilia II, 2009, 26 maisi)17

1989 wlis 9 aprilisagan gansxvavebiT, demonstraciis li-derebi ver bedaven patriarqis sityvisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas da aqcia mSvidobianad iSleba.

dafinansebis gazrdis miuxedavad, sasuliero pirebica da opoziciuri partiebic saakaSvilis xelisuflebas18 mudmi-vad akritikeben da mas antierovnulobasa da marTlmadide-beli eklesiis dasustebis mcdelobaSi sdeben brals. es gan-sakuTrebiT kargad Cans im periodis presis analizSi (mindi-aSvili da sxv., 2006). analitikos ariela Sapiros SefasebiT, eklesiam mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana 2012 wlis arCevnebis SedegebSi (Shapiro, 2013). am azrs iziarebs filosofosi gigi Te-vzaZec:

èklesia Caeria arCevnebSi, anu, saxarebis cneba rom ga-moviyenoT, keisaris SecvlaSi. isic cxadia, rom eklesia imitom Caeria arCevnebSi, rom mrevlma eklesiis poli-tizebas winaaRmdegoba ar gauwia. amiT kanoni ar darR-veula, radgan aranairi wesi ar arsebobs, rom eklesia ar iyos politikaSi. eklesia rom politizebuli unda iyos, es eklesiis da mrevlis erToblivi gadawyvetilebaa~ (TevzaZe, 2012)19

2012 wlis arCevnebiT èrTiani nacionaluri moZraobis~ mmarTvelobas cvlis axali politikuri Zala _ `qarTuli oc-neba~. rac Seexeba `qarTuli ocnebis~ politikas, gamokiTxuli eqspertebis erTi nawili, am konteqstSi, gansakuTarebiT prob-lemurad miiCnevs religiuri da eTnikuri markerebis, cnebebis _ marTlmadideblisa da qarTvelis erTmaneTTan gadajaWvas:

`bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad vawydebiT am

17 ilia II (k/p) _ sakvirao qadageba: `qadageba samSvidobo paraklisze, saqar-Tvelos damoukideblobis dRes~. [yovladwminda samebis sapatriarqo ta-Zari, 26 maisi 2009 w.].// sapatriarqos uwyebani, -2009. #18

18 erTiani nacionaluri moZraoba

19 òcnebis~ gamarjvebis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo eklesia: saqarTveloSi arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da is aseTia: interviu / gigi TevzaZe; esaubra maia WalaganiZe // 24 saaTi. _ Tbilisi, 2012. _ 12 oqtomberi. _ N3134 (227). _ gv.4.6. _ Weekend. 12-18 oqtomberi, 2012w. N21 (102)[MFN: 140318]

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problemas, iqneba es politikosebis mxridan Tu iqneba es sapatriarqos mxridan, xdeba gaigiveba nacionalobisa konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, qarTvelebTan, eTniku-rad qarTvelebTan da eTnikuri qarTvelebis gaigiveba konkretul religiur jgufTan, marTlmadideblebTan, marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertTa nawilisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomad-genelTa azriT, aseTi politika niadags qmnis religiuri Seu-wynareblobisTvis, romlis aRsakveTadac saxelmwifo realur nabijebs ar dgams. maTi SefasebiT, saxelmwifos umoqmedoba, ZiriTadad, arapopularuli nabijebis gadadgmis gaubedaobas ukavSirdeba:

`rodesac umravlesobis saxeliT xdeba Zaladoba da am Zaladobaze pasuxi ar aris gacemuli, es niSnavs imas, rom xelisufleba mikerZoebulia konkretulad religiuri niSniT~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomad-genelTa SefasebiT, amJamindeli mTavroba xSir SemTxvevaSi religiuri niSniT mimdinare konfliqtebSi mxared gvevlineba, radgan kanonis uzenaesobaze maRla religiuri umravlesobis poziciebs ayenebs. gamokiTxul eqspertebs Soris dafiqsirda gansxvavebuli poziciac. isini miiCneven, rom saqarTveloSi nel-nela xdeba multikulturuli Rirebulebebis miReba da es procesi dRemde Seuqcevadi saxiT mimdinareobs. am cvlilebis ZiriTad ganmapirobebel faqtorebad dasaxelda evropisken swrafva da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gaZliereba.

fokus jgufebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli respondentebi xelisuflebas ara religiuri umciresobebis diskriminaciaSi, aramed piriqiT, dasavluri gavlenebisadmi morCilebasa da um-ciresobebisTvis privilegiebis miniWebaSi adanaSauleben. Se-sabamisad, im eqspertebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa Sefaseba, romlebic xelisuflebas religi-uri umciresobebis mimarT diskriminaciul politikaSi adana-Sauleben, ar dasturdeba Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis respondentTa mier.

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eklesia, rogorc eris saxis Semqmneli

Cven mier gamokiTxul eqspertTa interviuebis Tanaxmad, dRes-dReobiT, erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebas yvelaze warmate-biT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia axerxebs. am pro-cesis pirdapiri Sedegia erovnul identobaSi religiis maxa-siaTeblis ufro da ufro dawinaureba. eqspertTa SefasebiT, marTlmadidebloba scdeba religiis farglebs da igi politi-kuri da socialuri koncefciis mTavari instituti xdeba:

èklesia qmnis precendents, rom is aris pirveli inter-pretatori eris da gaxda ideologiis avtori~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertebTan Catarebuli interviuebis Tanaxmad, eklesia, romelic eris saxis Semqmnelis rolSia, iTavsebs moraluri mentorisa da demografiis maregulireblis funqciebs:

ìs aris moraluri panoptikumi, saidanac is dahyurebs sazogadoebas da mis morals akontrolebs, is amavdrou-lad Tval-yurs adevnebs demografias anu biomasa rogor izrdeba qarTuli da es aris patriarqis yoveli mesame bavSvis monaTvlasTan dakavSirebiT, es aris moraluri avtoriteti, es aris nacionalur sxeulze, biomasaze mz-runavi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo sferos warmomadgenelebis SefasebiT, demografiis problemis erovnuli interesis do-neze ganxilva uSualod ukavSirdeba seqsualuri umcireso-bebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT gansakuTrebul miuReblobas. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom eklesiis da masTan asocirebuli organizaciebis, Tu calkeu-li pirebis ritorikaSi adamianebi dayofilia warmosaxviT er-Tobebad, _ Tu erT segmentSi janmrTeli, genis gamgrZelebeli vaJkacebi arian warmosaxuli, meore jgufi seqsualuri umci-resobebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic moklebuli arian reproduq-ciis unars, Sesabamisad, ers ar amravleben. arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa azriT, demografiuli panika na-cionalizmis erT-erTi nawilia, xolo tradiciuli ojaxi aris sayrdeni, razec nacionalizmi dgas; ojaxis siwmindis damcve-lad ki dResdReobiT swored eklesia gvevlineba.

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am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT eklesiis warmomadgenli Tavis pozicias ase ganmartavs:

`bazaze, romelsac hqvia mamakacoba da dedakacoba, rad-gan safuZveli eyreba msgavsobas imitom, rom RmerTma adamiani ar Seqmna raRac 53 genderad, kacad da qalad Se-qmna, nebismieri raRac aqedan aris dazianeba, gadaxra da avadmyofoba, xolo amis tiraJireba aris codva~ (siRr-miseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlis azriT, ekle-sia Tavis resursebs ideologiuri indoqtrinaciisTvis iyenebs. mas aqvs arCeuli mimarTuleba da bibliis interpretaciac am mimarTulebaze morgebas emsaxureba. arasamTavrobo sferodan gamokiTxuli erT-erTi respondenti eklesias mrevlisTvis bibliis seleqciur miwodebaSi adanaSaulebs, romelic sab-olood qristianuli religiis arsis aRqmas uSlis xels:

`rodesac religiis interpretacia SeiZleba Zalian kargad da Semwynareblobaze orientirebuli kuTxiT, ratomRac irCeven, rom es sxvanairad gaakeTon~ (siRrmi-seuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadge-neli).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi po-litikosis azriT, eklesiasa da masTan asocirebul jgufebs WeSmaritebis erTaderTi ganmsazRvrelis rolis dakargvis SiSi aqvT, ris sapasuxodac maqsimalurad cdiloben SeinarCu-non maT mier danergili stereotipebi. gamokiTxuli politi-kosis Tanaxmad, eklesia da mis saxels amofarebuli jgufebi, Tu individebi mudmivad saubroben seqsualuri, Tu genderu-li qcevis tipebis normatiulobaze. am normativebs acdenili adamianebis mimarT mimReblobis zrda eklesiisTvis imis maniS-nebelia, rom mis mier Seqmnil stereotips safuZveli eryeva. politikosis dakvirvebiT, es ganapirobebs eklesiis da misi damcvelebis moTxovnas, rom seqsualurma umciresobebma sa-jaro sivrceSi ar warmoaCinon sakuTari orientacia, rac Zal-auflebis SenarCunebis logikazea agebuli.

eqspertebTan Catarebuli siRrmiseuli interviuebis Tan-axmad, qarTvelebs midrekileba aqvT umravlesobis azris upi-robo aRiarebisken, rac Tavis mxriv marTlmadidebeli ekle-

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siis gaZlierebas gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels. am SemTxvevaSi eqspertebi ganmartaven, rom umravlesobis poziciisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba mxolod misi dominanturobidan gamomdina-reobs da ara Tavad am poziciis Sinaarsidan. umravlesobaSi yofna miiCneva Rirebulebad da raodenobrivad dominantur jgufs avtomaturad eZleva umciresobaSi myofi jgufis daCa-gvris ufleba.

am konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia kvlevis far-glebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmomadgenlis msjeloba, ro-melic eris saxeliT laparakobs da msjelobas swored umrav-lesobis dominanturobis logikaze agebs:

`saxelmwifo aris konkretuli erovnuli erTeulis marTvis meqanizmi da Tu es erovnuli suli amas iTxovs, meqanizmi ratom unda iyos moZalade? saxelmwifo ratom unda iyos Cemze moZalade? me viTxov, eri iTxovs, rom ojaxi aris mamakacis da qalis erToba da ratom unda mai-Zulebdes, Seicvalos Cemi suliskveTeba?~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli)

eqspertTa azriT, nacionalizmis markerebis cvlileba SegviZ-lia davinaxoT Tavad im adamianebze dakvirvebiT, romlebic ero-vnuli identobis damcvelebad moiazreben sakuTar Tavs. eqsper-tebi miiCneven, rom marTlmadideblobis wina planze wamoweva ara rwmenis gazrdam, aramed diskursul doneze marTlmadideblobis erovnulobasTan, patriotizmTan gaigivebam gamoiwvia.

marTlmadidebloba, rogorc WeSmariti qarTvelis aucilebeli maxasiaTebeli

erovnul identobaSi religiis maxasiaTeblis gaZliere-bas winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxulma ramdenime eqspertma da arasamTavrobo sferos warmomadgenelma reli-giuri nacionalizmi, an eTno-religiuri nacionalizmi uwoda. eqspertTa azriT, erTgvar devizad qceuli fraza èna, mamu-li, sarwmunoeba~ dResdReobiT marTlmadideblobis, rogorc dominanturi religiis legitimaciis erT-erT wyarod aris qceuli. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli ganaTlebis sferos erT-erTi warmomadgenlis dakvirvebiT, dResdReobiT iliaseuli triadis mesame komponenti _ religia gagebulia

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ara rogorc zogadad rwmena, aramed rogorc konkretuli aRm-sarebloba _ marTlmadidebloba.

gamokiTxuli politikosebis azriT, formula èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~, dResac Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs erovnuli identobis gansazRvrisas, Tumca misi interpretacia sxvadasxvanairad xdeba, rasac nacionalizmis or sxvadasxva ganStoebamde mivyavarT:

`samarTali, adamianis uflebebi, erTis mxriv, nacio-nalizmi, Tanamedrove nacionalizmis gagebiT da amave dros, eTnonacionalizmi, religiuroba, tradiciebis-admi lacici~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

rac Seexeba am kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgu-febs, èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~ respondentebma daasaxeles qarTveli eris gamaerTianebel Rirebulebebad. marTalia aR-niSnuli triada respondentTa umravlesobisgan eris Rirsebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad dasaxelda, romelic, wesiT, mTavari gamaerTianebeli unda iyos, magram ekonomikuri gaWirvebis gamo, maTi azriT, am triadis komponentebis mimarT pativis-cema dakargulia, raSic xSir SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebas ada-naSauleben. respondentebis erTi nawilisTvis qarTvelobiT siamaye gadajaWvulia marTlmadideblobiT siamayesTan. Tum-ca dafiqsirda sapirispiro mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmadac, religiuri rwmenis eTnikur warmomavlobasTan dakavSireba da qarTvelisa da qristianis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba gauazrebeli fanatizmiT aris gamowveuli.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politikose-bis SefasebiT, yvelaze didi mimRebloba am sazogadoebaSi aris eTnikurad qarTvelisa da marTlmadideblis mimarT. eqsper-tebTan Catarebuli siRrmiseuli interviuebis monacemebis Tanaxmad, formula: ìyo qarTveli _ niSnavs iyo marTlmadi-debeli~ namdvilad arsebobs da eklesiis mier aqtiurad xor-cieldeba misi saRi azris nawilad qceva. Tumca, rogorc erT-erTi eqsperti ambobs, es ar aris formula, romlis mixedviTac yoveldRiurobaSi vmoqmedebT:

ès ar aris formula, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi cxovroben, esaa formula romlis mixedviTac adamianebi laparakoben~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

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eqspertis ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli formula eqskluziuria, anu `sxvebs~ emijneba da eqskluziur identobas ayalibebs, ro-melic, Tavis mxriv, aucileblad iwvevs konfliqtebs. rac Se-exeba mezodones, eqspertebis azriT, institutebi am formu-lis mixedviT ar funqcionireben.

2010-2012 wlebSi kavkasiis Sveicariuli akademiuri qseli-sa da ilias saxelmwifo universitetis erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi Catarebul kvlevaSi `marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi~ asa-xuli sasuliero pirebis damokidebuleba kidev ufro amyarebs eqspertTa varauds. kiTxvaze àris Tu ara aramarTlmadide-beli qarTveli srulfasovani qarTveli?~ sasuliero pirebis umravlesoba pasuxobs, rom es ori cneba yovelTvis iyo da momavalSic darCeba ganuyoflad. maTi azriT, eris mowyveta misi masazrdoebeli sarwmunoebisgan yovelTvis problemebs gamoiwvevs, eTnikuri da religiuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedra ki erTianobis safuZvels qmnis:

`rogorc adamiania harmonia sulis da xorcis, asevea eris masazrdoebeli sarwmunoeba da amis gaxleCa ar SeiZleba. erTi mTliani unda iyos. rodesac adamianebs erTi sjuli aqvT, erTi aqvT sasaubro Tema da erovnu-li principic erTi aqvT, maSin meti Sansia, rom erTiani iyos~ (mindiaSvili da sxv., 2006).

is, rom eklesiis warmomadgenlebisTvis qarTvelis marTl-madidebelTan gamaigivebeli formula marTlac mniSvnelova-nia, dasturdeba Cveni kvlevis farglebSi sasuliero pirTan Catarebul interviuSic, romelic qarTvelobas da marTlma-dideblobas identur cnebebad moiazrebs. sasuliero piris azriT, qarTvelobisTvis Ralati marTlmadideblobis Rala-tis tolfasia, xolo marTlmadideblobis Ralati qarTvelo-bis Ralats niSnavs. miuxedavad cnebebs Soris igiveobis niSnis dasmisa, eklesiis warmomadgeneli akonkretebs, rom am cnebebs Soris mainc aris subordinacia:

àm erTobaSi umaRlesi aris qristianoba da erovnuloba aris daqvemdebarebuli~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ekle-siis warmomadgeneli).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul siRrmiseul inter-

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viuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, zogadad, `WeSma-rit qarTvelSi~ gulisxmoben eTnikurad, sisxliT qarTvels, marTlmadidebels, heteroseqsuals da tradiciebis damcvel adamians. eqspertebis msgavs daxasiaTebas gvTavazoben ara-samTavrobo sferos warmomadgenlebic:

`qarTveli, marTlmadidebeli, mamakaci, TeTri, heteroseq-suali aris yvelaze Rirebuli subieqti, politikuri subie-qti da yvela sxva danarCeni arian raRac tipis periferieb-ze, an dabal safexurebze. es aris saqarTveloSi politiku-ri subieqtis ZiriTadi idealizebuli xati~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa azriT, yvelaferi, rac qarTvelis gavrcelebuli `xatisgan~ gansxvav-deba: eTnikurad, religiurad, Tu seqsualurad _ gandevnilia `mimReblobis zonidan~.

eklesiis roli: gamaerTianebeli/konfliqtis gamRvivebeli

marTlmadidebeli eklesia fokus jgufebSi gamokiTxuli adami-anebis erTi nawilis mier aRiqmeba qarTveli eris gamaerTian-ebel institutad, xolo meore nawili ki mas damanawevrebel da SuRlis gamRvivebel instanciad moiazrebs. respondente-bis didi nawili fiqrobs, rom religias orive es funqcia axa-siaTebs, radgan igi aerTianebs raRac jgufs da emijneba sxvas, moqalaqeebis raRac nawils ar miiCnevs qarTvelebad mxolod religiuri mikuTvnebulobis gamo. kvlevis farglebSi Catare-buli fokus jgufebis axalgazrda respondentebi (18-30 weli) miiCneven, rom am mxriv eklesia naklebad asrulebs im funq-cias, romelsac igi unda asrulebdes:

èklesiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic Tavs Semwynare-bels uwodeben, sxva adamianebis mimarT miuReblobas am-JRavneben~ (fukus jgufi, qali, 24-30)

axalgazrdebi gamaerTianebel faqtorad religiis dasaxe-lebisas iqve dasZenen, rom, maTi azriT, es Rirebuleba xSirad absoluturad gauazreblad, gaucnobiereblad da inerciiT in-arCunebs arsebobas.

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momdevno asakobriv kategoriaSi (31-45) da ufro asakovan respondentebSic eklesia warmoCenilia gamaerTianebel Rire-bulebad eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli sxva Rirebulebebis gverdiT, rogoricaa: eTnikuroba, tradiciebi, ojaxi. ufros TaobaSi marTlmadidebloba war-moCindeba, rogorc instituti, romelzec qarTveli sazoga-doebis faseulobebi dgas da igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli patriotizmTan.

eqspertebTan Catarebul siRrmiseul interviuebSic Cans eklesiis, rogorc gamaerTianeblis potenciuri funqcia. am SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia eklesiis roli xalxis mobilizebis TvalsazrisiT, sagareo safrTxis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi. aR-niSnul arguments eqspertebi eklesiisa da misi winamZRolis mimarT mosaxleobis did ndobas ukavSireben.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis war-momadgeneli marTlmadideblur eklesias gamaerTianeblad moiazrebs iseT viTarebaSic ki, roca politikuri niSniT po-larizebul mxareebzea saubari. misi azriT, xandaxan eklesias uwevs garkveuli simpaTiebis dafiqsireba, rasac is miuReblad miiCnevs:

èklesiis administraciuli mmarTveloba cdilobda, rom dapirispirebuli mxareebi Seerigebina da ganecxa-debina, rom igi yvelas dedaa, am mxarisac da im mxarisac, es aris swori. es sworia erTi pirobiT, CemTan magaliTad nacionalebic modiodnen da ocnebis xalxic modioda, rZalic modis da dedamTilic da vcdilob Sevarigo, yve-la mxare modis. es aris swori pozicia imitom, rom ekle-sia ver iqneba marto erTi mxaris eklesia, Tu ar gamok-veTav aSkarad romelime mxares~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli TiTqmis yvela re-spondentis azriT, eris gamaerTianebeli unda gaxdes samo-qalaqo nacionalizmi. Tumca, es normatiuli msjelobaa da asaxavs imas, rac unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT ar aris. eqspertebis umravlesobis azriT, samoqalaqo nacionalizmis mSeneblobis gzaze eklesia dezintegraciis mTavari faqto-ria. isini miiCneven, rom eklesia ar aris momarTuli samo-

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qalaqo integraciisa da konsolidaciisken, Sesabamisad, misi dafinanseba am miznebis sapirispiro institutis gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.

rac Seexeba gamyof faqtorebs, eqspertebTan siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamoikveTa marTlmadideblobis Tanmxlebi eqs-kluziuroba da mesianisturi ganwyoba, romelsac sazogadoe-bis umravlesoba iziarebs:

àm problemidan amodis ZiriTadad yvela problema sa-qarTveloSi dResdReobiT anu marTlmadidebloba, rogorc eqskluziuri, gamorCeuli aRmsarebloba, ro-melic marto qarTvelebs axasiaTebT da aqedan gamomdi-nare upiratesobis aRqma, romelsac unergaven eklesiis mesveurebi, saeklesio narativi, romelic gulisxmobs saqarTvelos gabrwyinebas, gamorCeulobas anu mesia-nizms amkvidrebs saqarTveloSi~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eqsperti).

2013 wlis 17 maiss eklesiis warmomadgenlebis da maT mier mobilizebuli Zalebis mier lgbt pirebis da maTi ufleba-damcvelebis darbeva sakvanZo sakiTxi aRmoCnda Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis respondentebisTvis. rogorc fokus jgufebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, 17 maisis Sefa-seba uSualod eklesiis, rogorc gamaerTianeblis, an rogorc gamyofis/konfliqtis gamRviveblis aRqmasTan aris dakavSire-buli. axalgazrda respondentTa azriT, RirebulebaTa kon-fliqti arsebobs eklesiasa da sazogadoebas Soris. am kon-fliqtis yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino asaxvad ki respondentebis mier 17 maisi saxeldeba. rac Sexeba saSualo asakis responden-tebs (31-45) da ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebs (46-55, 55+) isini samarcxvinod miiCneven 17 maiss lgbt Temis mier aqciis Catarebis mcdelobas. maTTvis seqsualuri umciresobebis ar-seboba nacionalur safrTxes warmoadgens, xolo eklesiaSi ki qarTuli Rirebulebebisa da erovnuli qsovilis erTianobis damcvels xedaven.

rogorc Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmomadgenelis interviuSi Cans, eklesias gacnobierebuli aqvs moraluri wesrigis SemnarCuneblis roli da misi warmate-biT Sesasruleblad garkveul strategiasac mimarTavs. 17 maisi

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ojaxis siwmindis dRed gamocxadebac aseTi strategiaa, rasac adasturebs Tavad gamokiTxuli sasuliero piri20:

`specialurad gaiTvala, ra Tqma unda, imitom, rom am dRes mTeli eri ukve zeimobs ojaxis siwmindis dRes da yvela SemTxvevaSi, im adamianebis vTqvaT gareT gamosv-la, romelic izeimeben, romc izeimon da gamovidnen, am grandiozulobasTan SedarebiT, is iseTi mcire gamoCn-deba, rom... me sul amas vambob, rom es iyo troas cxeni, Tu es gauvidodaT, es ganviTardeboda~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavro-bo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa azriT, religiuri grZnobebiT manipulireba sasuliero pirebsac axasiaTebT da politikoseb-sac, rasac, Tavis mxriv, negatiuri Sedegi moaqvs sazogadoebi-sTvis, radgan Tavis TavSi Seicavs gaxleCis safrTxes. erT-er-Ti gamokiTxuli eqspertis azriT, TavisTavad gansxvavebuloba safrTxes ar warmoadgens, safrTxis Semcvelia im gamyofi mi-jnebis Sinaarsi, romlebsac mxareebi deben am gansxvavebulo-baSi. misi SefasebiT, swored religiuri sakiTxebiT manipuli-rebas mosdevs gansxvavebebis gaZliereba, rac magaliTad `ta-buretebiT devnas iwvevs Sedegad~21.

postsabWoTa qarTuli religiuroba

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebisadmi mikuTvnebulobis maRa-li procentisa (82 %) (CRRC. `kavkasiis barometri, 2015) da ek-lesiis, rogorc institutis mimarT, didi ndobis miuxedavad (72%) (CRRC. `kavkasiis barometri, 2013). winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da politikosebis um-ravlesobas ar miaCnia, rom es faqtorebi religiurobis simt-kicis gamovlinebaa.

erT-erTi eqspertis azriT, qarTvelebs axasiaTebT swrafi transformaciebi, rac realurad ideebis an instituciebis-admi mikuTvnebulobis zedapirulobaze metyvelebs. rogorc eqspertebi aRniSnaven, es zedapiruloba yvelaze kargad Cans

20 2015 wels, kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-em 17 maisi ojaxis siwmindis dRed gamoacxada.

21 igulismxmeba 2013 wlis 17 maisi

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sabWoTa masStabiT erT-erTi yvelaze aTeisturi eridan yvela-ze morwmune erad gardasaxvaSi, rasac aTwleulic ki ar das-Wirvebia.

eqspertebis azriT, morwmuneTa SemarTeba maSinve iklebs, rogorc ki marTlmadideblobasTan mikuTvnebulobis dasada-stureblad realuri Zalisxmevis gaReba, Tundac wirvaze regu-laruli daswrebaa saWiro. aseTi tendenciis mizezi, eqspertTa Tanaxmad, aris is, rom adamianebis Zalian mcire raodenobaa Car-Tuli sajaro procesebSi, xolo danarCeni amorfuli masa io-lad icvlis Sexedulebebs da maT mier TavianTi religiurobis warmoCena, realurad, socialuri konformizmis gamovlinebaa:

`SesaZloa, viRac fiqrobs, rom aq romelime instituti raRac gansakuTrebuli gavleniT sargeblobs, magram is pirvelive winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dai-Salos da gaqres ise, rom misi kvali veRarasdros veRar ipovon~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

am Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, sainteresoa anTropolog inna naletovas naSromis ganxilva _ `marTlmadidebloba ek-lesiis kedlebs miRma: Tanamedrove rusuli sazogadoebis marTlmadidebluri religiuri gamocdilebis sociologiuri kvleva~ (Naletova, 2007). naletovas disertaciis mizania, Tana-medrove marTlmadideblobis ufro detalizebuli xedva Se-mogvTavazos, vidre xSir SemTxvevaSi aris xolme warmodgenili akademiur kvlevebSi. avtors surs axsnas ruseTSi arsebuli marTlmadidebluri gamocdilebebis mravalferovneba. misi amosavali debuleba aris is, rom mosaxleobis Zalian mcire raodenoba aris eklesiis mudmivi mrevli, magram danarCeni `formaluri~ marTlmadideblebic ar arian opoziciurad, an indiferentulad ganwyobilebi eklesiis mimarT. es monacemebi, erTi mxriv, aCvenebs eklesiis marcxs, metad miizidos da Tavis kedlebSi moaqcios TviTidentificirebuli marTlmadideble-bi, xolo, meore mxriv, _ eklesiis warmatebas, im mxriv, rom rusuli sajaro cxovreba gaJRenTilia marTlmadideblobiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi ar gamxdaran eklesiurebi.

naletova iSveliebs sociolog Joze kazanovas Teorias `deprivatizebuli religiurobis~ Sesaxeb (Casanova, 1994). kazanovas Tanaxmad, tradiciuli religiebi uars amboben im

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marginalur da privatul rolebze, romlebsac maT modernu-lobis Teoriebi aniWeben. isini ar Semoifarglebian `piradi~ sferoTi, piriqiT, sajaro sivrcisken miiweven. naletovas az-riT, tradiciuli religiebis de-privatizaciis globalurma procesebma ruseTs axali tipis problemebi Seuqmna. eklesia sul ufro da ufro metad cdilobs sajaro sivrceSi CarTvas da gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs Semdegi mimarTulebiT:

1. ekonomikis sfero (eklesiis qonebis restitucia/anazRa-ureba)

2. ganaTlebis sfero (religiuri ganaTleba skolebSi)

3. mediisa da xelovnebis sfero (gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sakiTxi).

niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuli problematika gamoikveTa Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli siRrmiseuli interviue-bis SedegebSic. TiTqmis yvela siRrmiseul interviuSi pro-blemur sakiTxad dasaxelda eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba, gansakuTrebiT ki, eklesiis mimarT saxelmwifos finansuri valdebulebebis aspeqti. aseve sayuradRebo pro-blemad warmoCinda saganmanaTleblo sferoSi eklesiis, ro-gorc formaluri, aseve araformaluri gavlenis arseboba da eklesiis mier `cenzoris~ rolis SeTavsebac.

religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul siRrmiseul inter-viuebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobasTan dakavSi-rebiT gamoikveTa ramdenime ZiriTadi sakiTxi: `konkordati~22, religiuri organizaciebis dafinansebis politika23 da anti-diskriminaciuli kanoni.24

22 2002 wels gaformebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxel-mwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris

23 2014 wels amoqmedda mTavrobis dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmadac zianis anazRaureba moxdeba kidev oTxi religiur organizaciisaTvis: islamuri, iudeuri, kaTolikuri da somxuri samociqulo eklesiebisTvis

24 saqarTvelos parlamentma 2014 wlis maisSi miiRo antidiskriminaciuli kanoni, romelic yvela formis diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli

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eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris 2002 wels gaformebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aRiarebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebul wvlils saqarTve-los istoriaSi da mas garkveul ekonomikur privilegiebsac aniWebs. `konkordati~ gamokiTxuli eqspertebidan uklebliv yvelam uaryofiTad Seafasa:

ès aris negatiuri dokumenti, zogadad, aseTi ram ar unda yofiliyo, ar unda dagveSva. me vemxrobi 1921 wlis konstituciis Canawers, sadac saxelmwifo gamijnulia eklesiisgan da aRiarebs rwmenis srul Tavisuflebas da Tanasworuflebianobas yvelas kanonis winaSe~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, eqsperti).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamoikveTa `konkordatis~ gaformebis TariRis problemuroba. eqspertTa azriT, es rom Soreul warsulSi xelmowerili dokumenti yofiliyo, mas ubralod simboluri daniSnuleba eqneboda, 2002 wels gaformebuli SeTanxmeba ki eklesiisTvis Zalauflebis legitimaciis wyaros warmoadgens. arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebis azriT, gansa-kuTrebiT sayuradReboa `konkordatis~ finansuri nawilis in-terpretaciis sakiTxi, radgan iq gaurkvevelia, Tu daaxloe-biT mainc ra Tanxas moicavs saxelmwifos ̀ vali~. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba `konkordatis~ 11-e muxlis 1 qvepunti, romelic jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi (1990 w.) miRebul samTavrobo dadgenilebas efuZneba:

`saxelmwifo adasturebs XIX-XX saukuneebSi (gansakuTre-biT 1921-90 wlebSi), saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis dakargvis periodSi, eklesiisTvis materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqts. rogorc CamorTmeuli qonebis nawilis faqtiuri mflobeli, iRebs valdebu-lebas materialuri zianis nawilobriv kompensaciaze~ (saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba №183; 12.04.90).25

konkordatis Tanaxmad, finansuri bundovanebis gasaqar-wyleblad unda Seqmniliyo paritetuli komisiebi, romlebic zustad gansazRvravdnen eklesiisTvis asanazRaurebeli zara-

25 http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/konstitutsiuri_shetankhmeba.htm

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lis odenobas. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasam-Tavrobo sferos warmomadgenlebisa da eqspertebisTvis gansa-kuTrebiT problemuria is, rom dRemde ver moxerxda zaralis odenobis, gadaxdis wesis da anazRaurebis vadebis gansazRvra. zianis daTvlis sanacvlod, saxelmwifo 2003 wlidan eklesias pirdapir afinansebs, rac arasamTavrobo organizaciebis war-momadgenelTa SefasebiT, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mod-elsac ki ar Seesabameba da sruliad arasekularulia. maTi azriT, dauSvebelia sabiujeto saxsrebis religiuri miznebi-sTvis daxarjva. garda amisa, rogorc eqspertebis, aseve politikosebis interviuebSi gamoikveTa dafinansebis sarCu-lis aralegitimuroba da zaralis anazRaurebis SerCeviToba. upirvelesad, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom zarali ara mxolod eklesias, aramed sxva institutebs da individebsac miadgaT da Tu romelime subieqts zarals unazRaureben, maSin gaugebar-ia, ratom ar unazRaurdeba zarali sxvebs? kidev ufro fun-damenturi sakiTxia samarTalmemkvidreoba _ eqspertebisa da politikosebis interviuebSi dafiqsirda mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sabWoTa periodSi miyenebuli zaralis kompensacia ar SeiZleba daekisros im saxelmwifos, romelic ar aris arc ruseTis imperiis da arc sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre, ufro metic, is Tavad iyo sabWoTa okupaciis msxverpli:

àr SeiZleba dRevandeli damoukidebeli saqarTvelo iyos pasuxismgebeli imaze, rac Caidina dampyrobelma qveyanam _ jer erTma da mere meorem, absoluturad igi-vem, magram gadasxvaferebulma da aq ra SuaSia damouki-debeli saqarTvelo? ra aris principi _ kompensacias ixdis dRevandeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, romelic aris gaWirvebuli da es xalxi ixdis, Tavisi gadasaxade-bis nawils, romelic sapatriarqoSi midis. ar mgonia rom es samarTliani da racionaluri qmedeba iyos. amitom, cxadia, rom es arasworia~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, po-litikosi).

saxelmwifos mier religiuri aRmsareblobebis dafinan-sebis dRevandel politikas uklebliv yvela eqsperti aRiq-vams safrTxed sekularuli saxelmwifosTvis. maTi azriT, saxelmwifos biujetidan eklesiisTvis didi Tanxebis gadar-

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icxva qmnis samomavlod erTmaneTis saqmeebSi Carevis ufle-bas da erTmaneTiT manipulaciis SesaZleblobas. garda amisa, eqspertebi miiCneven, rom problemur sakiTxebad rCeba dafi-nansebis disproporciuloba da finansebis gankargvis gaumW-virvaloba.

`marTmadidebluri eklesia sargeblobs garkveuli si-keTeebiT ganaTlebis sferoSi, sxvadasxva sferoSi, sa-gadasaxado SeRavaTebiT da faqtobrivad Zalian didi Zalauflebas aZlevs es dokumenti erT konkretul re-ligiur jgufs. sxva religiuri jgufebi ki yovelgva-ri saxelmwifo mzrunvelobis gareSe rCeba, rac Zalian negatiur rols TamaSobs qveynis politikaSi. balansis darRveva, erTi konkretuli jgufis gaZliereba~ (siRr-miseuli interviu, eqsperti).

gamokiTxuli politikosebis nawili eqspertebis msgavsad miiCnevs, rom eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris nebismieri saxis finansuri kavSiri safrTxis Semcvelia sekularuli saxelmwi-fosTvis da amavdroulad politikosebis mier religiurobiT manipulirebis saSualebas iZleva:

`Cven vxedavT sxvadasxva religiur dResaswaulze mTeli politikuri speqtri rom dalagdeba kandelebiT xelSi, an intervius dros ukan fonze xatebis kuTxe rom aqvT mowyobili, Cven vicnobT am xalxs da viciT rom es aris farisevlobis zeimi da Cven TviTon varT aseTi raRa-ceebis winaaRmdegi, miuxedavad imisa, rom popularuli es nabiji cxadia ver iqneba da arc iqneba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmomad-geneli dafinansebis sakiTxs sxva poziciidan uyurebs. misi azriT, saxelmwifos mier gadaxdili fuli mogvianebiT isev saxelmwifos ubrundeba, radgan miRebuli dafinanseba ekle-siis mier sasuliero saswavleblebSi nawildeba, romlebsac aqvT akreditacia da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo saswavleblebs warmoadgenen. politikur speqtrSi dafiqsirda uSualod am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego argumenti. rogorc erT-erTi gamo-kiTxuli politikosi ambobs, dafinansebis nawili midis reli-giur saganmanaTleblo institutebze, mas ki gaumarTleblad

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miaCnia religiuri saswavleblebis erTiani sistemis miRma ar-seboba26:

`Cveni azriT, saganmanaTleblo institutebi unda mo-eqces im sistemaSi, romliTac finansdeba ganaTlebis sistema zogadad. iseve unda finansdebodes da aranairi preferencia ar unda arsebobdes Cvens saxelmwifoSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi)

interviuebSi calke problemebad gamoikveTa dafinansebis gaumWvirvaloba, eklesiis saqmianobis gaukontrolebloba da eklesiis mier gadasaxadebis gadauxdeloba. gamokiTxuli po-litikosebidan uklebliv yvela fiqrobs, rom Tu eklesia fin-ansdeba, es dafinanseba aucileblad unda mowmdebodes:

`sadac ixarjeba fuli, kontrolis palata yvelgan unda amowmebdes da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos ar unda hqon-des sircxvilis grZnoba (...) me vfiqrob, rom politikuri TvalsazrisiT, jobs, gadauxado da garkveuli gagebiT, gaakontrolo, magram es ar niSnavs, imas, rom Caerio mis saqmeebSi. meores mxriv, eklesiamac unda icodes, an ar unda aiRos es fuli, an Caerevian mis saqmeebSi. me rom viyo eklesia, ar aviRebdi, magram isini ase ar fiqroben, iyos fuli, iyos jipi da iyos Careva, oRond iyos sanTe-li da Semovides is fuli, romelsac saxelmwifo ar akon-trolebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi)

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli sasuliero piris azriT, sruliad SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos mier eklesiisTvis Caric-xuli Tanxis monitoringi da eklesiis dafinansebis gaumWvir-valobaze laparaki xelovnurad gamogonili problemaa. msgav-si Temebis sagangebod aqtualizaciaSi is dasavleTisgan dafi-nansebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebs adanaSaulebs. garda amisa, misi azriT, sruliad usafuZvloa saubari mRvdlebis simdidreze da braldebebi, TiTqos saxelmwifo dafinanseba mRvdlebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas xmardeba:

`me TviTon mRvdeli var da vici, rom arcerT mRvdels iqedan 1 TeTri ar xvdeba (...) mRvdlebis absoluturi um-ravlesoba daucvelia finansurad, maT ar aqvT xelfasi,

26 saqarTvelos kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

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maT ar aqvT pensia, maT ar aqvT dazRveva da bevri maT-gani SeiZleba iyos siRaribis zRvars qvemoT. me vicnob sasuliero pirebs, romelsac didi ojaxebi aqvs, imitom, rom igi arsebobs SemowirulobebiT da rasac yuTSi Caag-deben, mrevli, romelic inaxavs Tavis eklesias (...) me ma-galiTad mdidar mRvdels ar vicnob, ierarqebze da ze-moT ar vambob, Cveulebriv mRvdels mdidars ar vicnob, saSualo fenas warmoadgenen da iqedan aris siRaribis zRvars qvemoTac~.(siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis war-momadgeneli)

`konkordatiT~ gaTvaliswinebuli finansuri SeRavaTebis Sesaxeb urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi dafiqsirda kvle-vis farglebSi gamokiTxul politikosebs Soris. politikosTa erTi nawili, eqspertebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenelTa msgavsad, seriozul problemad miiCnevs mar-Tlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis `konkordatiT~ gaTvaliswinebul sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs:

`marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saRvTismsaxuro produ-qcia gaTavisuflebulia yvelanairi gadasaxadisgan. Cemi azriT es aris yvelaze didi problema, xvreli aris erTgvari sagadasaxado sistemaSi da preferenciul pi-robebSi ayenebs sxvadasxva S.p.s.-ebs Tu biznesebs, rome-lic aris sapatriarqos qveS sxva kompaniebTan da bizne-sebTan mimarTebaSi da es aris araswori~27 (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

erT-erTma politikosma swored `konkordatSi~ gawerili ufleba-movaleobebis zedmiwevniT Sesruleba miiCnia saxelm-wifosa da eklesias Soris harmoniuli urTierTobis garantad, xolo balansis SemnarCunebeli avtoriteti misTvis aris pa-triarqi:

`me vfiqrob, rom Zalian kargi da gonieri patriarqi gvyavs, romelic yovelTvis TamaSobda dadebiT, maqsi-malurad dabalansebul rols imitom, rom roca reitin-gi didi gaqvs da Sens sityvas fasi aqvs, aris yovelTvis

27 igulisxmeba konkordatis muxli 6, punqti 5: eklesiis mier warmoebuli saRvTismsaxuro produqcia _ misi damzadeba, Semotana, miwodeba da Semowiruloba, aseve araekonomikuri mizniT arsebuli qoneba da miwa gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadebisagan. (wyaro:http://www.orthodoxy.ge)

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rTuli da es kaci axerxebs, rom Tavisi sityva miawodos sazogadoebas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

siRrmiseul interviuebSi araerTgvarovani Sefaseba mie-ca 2014 wels mTavrobis mier miRebul dadgenilebas28, rom-lis Tanaxmad, man Tavis Tavze aiRo, marTlmadidebeli ekle-siis garda, kidev oTxi religiuri organizaciisTvis zianis anazRaureba. religiuri mravalferovnebis mxriv aRniSnuli dadgenileba kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa mier pozi-tiurad aris Sefasebuli, Tumca, meore mxriv, maTive azriT, kritikas ver uZlebs dadgenilebis praqtikuli ganxorciele-bis meTodebi. eqspertebi da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmo-madgenlebi miiCneven, rom dRevandeli saxelmwifo politika religiuri jgufebis loialobis yidvisken aris mimarTuli, saxelmwifo religiuri jgufebis elitebisTvis iZens reziden-ciebs da manqanebs da a. S. Sesabamisad, dafinanseba xmardeba ara Temis interesebs, magaliTad, salocavis aSenebas, aramed religiuri liderebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas da saxelmwi-fos winaSe maTi angariSvaldebulebis zrdas, rac bunebrivia, korelaciaSia Tavisuflebis SezRudvasTan:

àm dafinansebis miznobriobas saxelmwifo gansazRv-ravs, auditis Semowmebac SeuZlia Caataros da am Tanxis 75% muslim Tems misca uSualod xelfasebSi: xojebis, axundebis da imamebis xelfasebSi ixarjeba, rac niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifo qiraobs am adamianebs. es niSnavs pirdapir kontrols. es sxva raRacebSic gamoixateba. muslim sasuliero pirebs uari aTqmevines baTumSi meCe-Tis mSeneblobaze da es muslimi TemisTvis Zalian serio-zuli sakiTxia xom? maT undaT axali meCeTi, imitom, rom Zvel meCeTSi sivrce aRar aris da quCaSi loculoben. am dros mufti ambobs, me ar minda meCeTi, CemTvis medrese minda, rezidenciis aSeneba minda. muslimi Temi sxva ra-mes iTxovs. es kontrolis politika rogor iwvevs gauc-xoebas Tems da institucias Soris Zalian kargad Cans am

28 dadgenileba `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ damtkicebis Taobaze, #117 2014 wlis 27 ianvari q. Tbilisi, http://gov.ge/files/40370_40370_785819_117270114.pdf

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magaliTSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo se-qtoris warmomadgeneli).

religiuri organizaciebis dafinansebis politika Zalian aqtualuri Temaa arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis. adamianis ufle-bebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centrisa (EMC) da tolerento-bis da mravalferovnebis institutis (TDI) erToblivi kvlevis29 Tanaxmad, 2014-2015 wlebSi saxelmwifos mier religiuri organi-zaciebisTvis gadacemuli Tanxa, jamurad, 68 292 963 lars utol-deba. rac Seexeba uSualod marTlmadidebel eklesias, 2014-2015 wlebSi mas zemoxsenebuli Tanxis 92,5%, anu 63 173 299 lari ergo. aRniSnuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, am Tanxis yvelaze didi nawili marTlmadidebeli eklesiis TanamSromelTa xelfasebs, premiebs da msgavsi saxis miznebs moxmarda, xolo Tanxis meore nawili uZrav-moZravi qonebis Sesyidvasa da maT movla-patronobas.

saxelmwifos mxridan eklesiis loialurobis fuliT mo-povebis Temas exmianeba erT-erTi gamokiTxuli politikosic. misi azriT, saxelmwifo, erTi mxriv, movalea aanazRauros za-rali, romelic ara mxolod marTlmadidebel eklesias, aramed sxva religiur organizaciebsac miadga, xolo, meore mxriv, saxelmwifos mier eklesiis dafinanseba damfinanseblis do-minanturobas aCvenebs da eklesias aiZulebs gaiTavisos, rom TviTon ar aris mTavari ideologi:

`vinc ixdis, isaa mTavari ideologi, saxelmwifoa mTava-ri ideologi. konstitucia rom dgas ufro maRla, ami-tom konstituciis mcvelma sjulis kanonis mcvels SeiZ-leba gadauxados, me amaSi ver vxedav problemas (…) Cven miviReT antidiskriminaciuli kanoni, eklesia dadioda da ambobda, rom miiRebT am kanons, gadagcemT anaTemas, kiTxva: ratom ar gadagvces anaTemas? imitom, rom Cven weliwadSi maT vaZlevT 25 mln. anu viza liberalizacia ar iqneboda, rom ar migveca maTTvis 25 milioni, Cven maT vyidulobT, es aris cinikuri pasuxi anu es aris marTali pasuxi. maT ar aqvT unari, saxelmwifos gauwion winaaRm-degoba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da arasamTavro-

29 religiuri organizaciebis saxelmwifo dafinansebis politika. 2014-2015 wlebis praqtikis analizi: https://emcrights.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/broshura_180x250mm_small.pdf

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bo sferos warmomadgenlebis SefasebiT ki, piriqiT, eklesiis amgvari dafinanseba iwvevs eklesiis politizebas da amasTanave saTuos xdis xelisuflebis dominanturobas. maTi azriT, da-finansebis momatebam, eklesiis loialurobis gazris nacvlad, mis kidev ufro gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli, ramac xelisufleba Tavad moaqcia daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi:

èklesiaze dafuZnebul xelisuflebas mere eubnebi-an: aba es kanoni ar miiRo, aba es reforma ar gaataro. es mimarTebebi momavalSic problemebs qmnis. da meore sa-kiTxia, rom eklesia dRes yvelaze mdidari institutia, ufro mdidari da ufro mobilizebulic ki, vidre sa-xelmwifo. es dafinanseba eklesias TviTkmar subieqtad aqcevs, romelic saerTod kargavs socialur mgrZnobe-lobas da socialur cnobierebas~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

eqspertebi ganmartaven, rom, Tu saqarTvelo evropisken miiswrafis, maSin religiuri umciresobebisTvis SedarebiT warmomadgenlobiTi Tanadafinanseba aucilebelia. eqspertTa azriT, axlandeli sistema sakmaod diskriminaciulia, radgan marTlmadidebeli religiis upiratesoba konstituciaSic ki aris asaxuli. isini, zogadad, saxelmwifos mier religiuri organizaciis dafinansebas ar miesalmebian, magram miiCneven, rom Tu dafinansebis politika darCeba, maSin saWiroa misi dax-vwa diskriminaciulobis aRmofxvris mimarTulebiT.

arsebuli dafinansebis sistemis kritikisas, kvlevis farg-lebSi gamokiTxulma eqspertebma da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebma, upiratesoba mianiWes alternatiuli mode-lis Seqmnas, romelSic religiuri organizaciis dafinanseba Tavad mrevlis survilze iqneba damokidebuli. maTi azriT, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom SeiZleba SeinarCunos ubralod admi-nistratoris roli, magram TviTneburad veRar gadawyvets, Tu saiT unda wavides es fuli.

eqspertTa azriT, mrevlis mier sawevro Senatanis gadax-daze dafuZnebuli sistema TviTon mrevlis aRricxvianobis mxrivac mosaxerxebelia:

`nebismier normalur qveyanaSi rogor aris iciT, eklesias hyavs Tavisi mrevli, mrevli Tu xar, ixdi Sen, rogorc sawe-

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vros uxdi eklesias. vinc uxdis, is iTvleba morwmuned da eklesiis Semosavlis wyaroc es aris mxolod da mrevli afi-nansebs eklesias. amitom aris, rom morwmuneTa raodenoba aris 45%-50%, 25%- CexeTSi, 60% zogan da ara 94% rogorc saqarTveloSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

aRniSnul Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi dafiq-sirda ramdenime politikosis interviuSi. maTi azriT, SeuZle-belia eklesiam iarsebos mrevlis dafinansebiT, radgan sawev-ro gadasaxadze dafuZnebuli organizaciebi ver inaxaven Tavi-anT Tavs. garda amisa, gamokiTxul politikosTa mosazrebebSi gamoikveTa istoriaze dafuZnebuli argumenti:

`sanTliT gamdidrebuli da Senaxuli eklesia-monastre-bi ar arsebobs. ase iyo sul, saero xelisfleba sul ex-mareboda sasuliero xelisuflebas, ase iyo Tamarisa da daviTis dros da ase iqneba momavali xelisuflebebis drosac~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

rac Seexeba antidiskriminaciul kanons, es sakiTxi ZiriTa-dad politikosebTan Catarebul siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamoikveTa. rogorc erT-erTi respondenti miiCnevs, antidis-kriminaciuli kanonis garSemo atexilma aJiotaJma ufro eli-tis doneze Caiara da ar miuRwevia sazogadoebis farTo fene-bamde. ramdenime politikosma siamaye gamoTqva imis gamo, rom parlamentma SeZlo aRniSnuli kanonis miReba. politikosTa umravlesobam interviuebSi isaubra imis Sesaxeb, rom dRes-dReobiT politika ZiriTadad masebis interesebs ergeba da Tavad ar cdilobs Rirebulebebis danergvas, swored amitom antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miReba, maTi azriT, erT-erTi gabeduli nabiji gaxldaT. politikosebi darwmunebuli arian, rom aRniSnuli kanoni mowonebas ver miiRebda referendumis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, rac adasturebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi politikuri elita Rirebulebebis zemodan-qvemoT danergvis meTods miemxro. kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politikose-bidan erTaderTi respondenti, romelic antidiskriminaciul kanons akritikebs, dasavleTidan Tavsmoxveul gavlenaze da kanonis naCqarevad, farulad miRebaze saubrobs:

`rogor moxda am yvelafris ganxorcieleba? Cumad, qur-dulad ise, rom sakomiteto mosmenac ar Catarebula da

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fiqcia ganxorcielda, viTom Catarda da viTom es yvela-feri safuZvlad edeboda, rom 1 kviris manZilze saswra-fod unda mieRoT es. aman gamoiyvana 100 aTasi adamiani quCaSi. realurad ra moxda? arc araferi. ra moxda imi-Ti, rom mieniWaT maT sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pi-ris statusi. arc araferi. magram iseTi suraTi Seiqmna, rom viRacas undoda, rom aseTi moqmedebebiT xelovnur-ad gamoewvia provocireba sazogadoebaSi, rom Semdgom-Si saxalxo damcvelis angariSSi gaCeniliyo garkveuli Canawerebi, rom Turme saqarTveloSi aris armenofobia~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

analogiuria eklesiis warmomadgenelis poziciac. misi az-riT, antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miRebisas gamoCenili siC-qare da calkeuli niuansebis gauTvaliswinebloba garkveul eWvs badebs eklesiaSi.

religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT, winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufebSi, axalgazrda respondentebma kritikuli damokidebuleba daa-fiqsires marTlmadideblobisTvis prioritetis miniWebisa da sxva religiuri jgufebis diskriminaciis mimarT:

`Tuki raRac prioriteti eqneba qarTul marTlmdide-blur eklesias da sapatriarqos, Cemi interesebidan gamom-dinare, SeiZleba kargi iyos, magram meores mxriv, iq mTavr-deba Cemi pirovnuli interesebi, sadac iwyeba saxelmwifos interesebi da saxelmwifos interesebSi me mgoni ar unda Sediodes, rom erTi konkretuli jgufi iyos ukeTes mdgo-mareobaSi da meore jgufi iCagrebodes. es araswori aRqma, am Rirebulebebis da am funqciebis araswori aRqma iwvevs polarizacias~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 24-30).

rogorc eklesiis dafinansebis politikis Sefasebisas ga-moikveTa, eqspertTa, politikosTa da arasamTavrobo seqto-ris warmomadgenelTa umravlesoba mizanSewonilad miiCnevs dafinansebis politikis alternatiuli modelis SemuSavebas. Tumca, amavdroulad, isini aRniSnaven, rom am etapze politi-kur elitaSi ar aris mzaoba da neba am cvlilebisTvis. metic, iTqva, rom eklesiisTvis dafinansebis Sewyveta dResdReobiT ararealuria da SeiZleba aseTi nabiji politikuri TviTmkv-lelobadac ki Sefasdes.

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religia saganmanaTleblo sferoSi

nacionalizmis klasikuri Teoriebis Tanaxmad, sayovelTao ga-naTleba erT-erTi saukeTeso instrumentia erovnuli idento-bisTvis aucilebeli unificirebuli Rirebulebebis dasaner-gad (andersoni, 2003; Gellner, 2006). winamdebare kvlevis farg-lebSi gamokiTxuli ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebisa da eqspertebis azriT, formaluri sekularulobis miuxedavad, ganaTlebis sfero ar gaTavisuflebula marTlmadidebluri religiis gavlenisgan da dRemde aSkaraa eklesiis, rogorc institutis Zalisxmeva, Caerios saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebSi. ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenelTa azriT, sayovelTao ga-naTlebam gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera kulturuli norma, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, qarTvelebi istoriulad yovelTvis didi sa-xelmwifoebis msxverplis rolSi eqceodnen, identobis dacvas da sakuTari TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas ki mudmivad marTl-madideblobis meSveobiT axerxebdnen. maTi azriT, am normas dRemde yvelaze warmatebiT avrceleben qrestomaTiebi da istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamo-kiTxul saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenelTa mosazre-bas amyarebs `tolerantobis da mravalferovnebis institu-tis~ (TDI) mier 2016 wels Catarebuli kvleva ̀ religiuri da eT-nikuri mravalferovnebis asaxva saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi~ (mindiaSvili da sxv., 2006). aRniSnuli kvleva miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis grifirebul sa-xelmZRvaneloebSi interkulturuli aspeqtebis Seswavlas. kvlevis meTodoligiis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeirCa IX-XII klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis, istoriis, samoqalaqo ganaT-lebis yvela grifirebuli saxelmZRvanelo. kvlevis SedegebSi Cans, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi TiTqmis ar aris gaSuqebuli religiuri da eTnikuri mravalferovneba, religiis Tavisuf-leba, xolo qristianobis mimarT SeiniSneba mikerZoebuli/ara-neitraluri damokidebuleba.

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis Sefa-sebiT, saskolo programebSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi da kuriku-lumebSi TvalsaCinod aris asaxuli eris kulturuli koncef-cia, ris gamoc isini saganmanaTleblo sistemas ganixilaven

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eTno-religiuri nacionalizmis gamavrceleblad da eklesiis mokavSired. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT, Tu saganmanaTleblo sistema sabWoTa periodSi sabWoTa ideologiis gavrcelebas emsaxureboda, damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qarTulma saganmanaTleblo sistemam sabWoTa ideologia marTlmadi-debluri ideologiiT Caanacvla da misi gavrceleba daiwyo. siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sfe-ros warmomadgenelis azriT, niSandoblivia legitimurobis sakiTxic: Tu adre saganmanaTleblo institutebi legitimu-robas saxelmwifosgan iRebdnen, amJamad maT legitimurobas eklesia uzrunvelyofs. respondentis azriT, eklesiisTvis legitimatoris rolis miniWeba SeiZleba davinaxoT axla-damkvidrebul iseT normaSi, rogoricaa direqtoris kabinetSi dakidebuli xatebis an patriarqis suraTi.

gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, qarTuli literaturi-sa da istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCi-noa marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gavlena. rac Seexeba sxva qri-stianul konfesiebs, isini an saerTod ar Cans, an negatiur kon-teqstSia naxsenebi. islami warmoCenilia mtrul aRmsareblobad, radgan saqarTvelos dampyrobel politikur ZalebTan aris mib-muli. analogiuri mimarTeba ar arsebobs ruseTis mimarT:

`Cven ar vambobT, rom marTlmadideblebma moaxdines Cve-ni okupacia, Cven vambobT, rom ruseTis imperiam moaxdi-na Cveni okupacia. roca laparakia TurqeTze an iranze, iq laparakia, rom muslimuri jarebi Semovidnen~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertebis azriT, dResdReobiT hagiografiul masalas gadametebuli yuradReba aqvs daTmobili, rac Tavis mxriv aqtiurad axdens eTno-religiuri identobis Camoyalibebas da eklesiis interesebs emsaxureba:

`faqtobrivad, mTeli me-10 klasis saxelmZRvanelo aris qristianuli teqstebis swavleba, qristianobis swavle-ba da aseve mTeli istoriuli diskursi aris qristiano-bis da eTnikurobis gadajaWvaze mimarTuli~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, eqsperti).

Tavad ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebsac miaCniaT, rom saganmanaTleblo diskursi nacionalisturi da qsenofobi-

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uria, xolo maswavleblebs swored am diskursis gavrceleba miaCniaT TavianT movaleobad. ganaTlebis sferos warmomad-genelTa SefasebiT, SesaZloa es ar Seesabameba oficialur direqtivebs, magram maswavleblebs sword ase esmiT sakuTari valis aRsruleba da es nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibebis mxriv seriozul problemas qmnis:

`maT warmodgenaSi arsebobs, rom TavianTi moswavleebi unda aRzardon patriotebad im gagebiT, rom am xalxma SeinarCunos Tavisi identoba vTqvaT igive religiuri kuTxiT da es mniSvnelovani problemaa~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli).

saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod miiCneven eklesiis iniciativebs, romlebic sa-xelmZRvaneloebis Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtis gansazRvraSi Ca-revas ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi respondentis Tanaxmad, aseTi iniciativebi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri iyo 2004-2005 wlebSi, rodesac ganaTlebis saministros regularulad uwevda im po-lemikaSi CarTva, romelsac eklesiasTan asocirebuli orga-nizaciebi iwyebdnen (magaliTad, `marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri~, `daviTiani~ da sxva). mogvianebiT, saministrom arCia uSualod sapatriarqosTan moegvarebina aRniSnuli sadavo sa-kiTxebi. saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenlis ganmarte-biT, im periodSi eklesia da saministro erTmaneTisgan mud-mivad moiTxovdnen kompromiss. eklesia miiCnevda, rom kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba mas aZlevda ara mxolod religiasTan uSualod dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi Carevis, aramed istoriisa da qarTuli literaturis programebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris uflebasac. saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenli miiCnevs, rom saministrosa da eklesiis urTierToba vaWrobas hgavda, radgan eklesia, situaciis garTulebaze uaris Tqmis sanacv-lod, qonebriv sargebels iTxovda.

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom formaluri sekularulobis miuxedavad, skolac da universitetebic ganmsWvalulia reli-giuri gavleniT. maTi SefasebiT, es ar aris calmxrivi pro-cesi: erTi mxriv, eklesia yovelnairad cdilobs saganmanaT-leblo procesSi Carevas, xolo, meore mxriv, mSoblebic da

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maswavleblebic moiTxoven yuradRebis gamaxvilebas religiis Temaze. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia kerZo skolebis saxelwo-debebi, romlebic qarTul-dasavlur, `hibridul~ versiebs gv-Tavazoben:

`wminda giorgis saxelobis britanuli skola~, an `qar-Tul-amerikuli akademia~. undaT aCvenon is, rom aq ar gaizrdebian urjulo da uRirsi qarTvelebi da Tan xarisxi iqneba gare standartebis, Rirebulebebi Sida. xarisxi Rirebuleba ar aris, is raRac teqnikuri nawilia. Sinaarsobrivi substancia Sidaa~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli).

ganaTlebis sferos erT-erTi warmomadgenelis azriT, pro-blemuria sivrceebis gadanawileba da sekularul sivrceSi sakraluri institutebis SeWra. klasebSi akrZalulia reli-giuri simbolikis warmodgena, magram saeklesio kalendrebis darigebiT, Tu skolis ezoSi gaxsnili samlocvelos meSveo-biT, mainc xdeba moswavleebisTvis religiis miwodeba. respon-dentis azriT, aseve Zalian gaxSirebulia umaRlesi saswavleb-lebis ezoebSi eklesiebis mSenebloba.

ganaTlebis sferos sxva warmomadgenlis SefasebiT, skola-Si ganTavsebuli samlocvelo ar warmoadgens problemas:

àm kabinetis gverdiT aris eklesia da SemiZlia giTxra, rom saerTod ar igrZnoba am skolaSi religiuri indo-qtrinaciis momenti, miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebeli am eklesiis mrevli aris da a.S., 213 maswavleblidan SemiZ-lia vTqva 2 aris mikerZoebulad religiuri (siRrmiseu-li interviu, ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmomad-genli miiCnevs, rom swored sasuliero pirebis skolaSi àr-SeSvebis~ politikis Sedegad viRebT mTel rig socialur pro-blemas:

èklesias ar gviSveben skolebSi (...) samagierod, gvyva-nan bavSvebi, romlebic sakuTar dedas iginebian quCaSi da es momravlebuli uzneoba, prostitucia, abortebi naadrevi da ubedurebebi, rac xdeba. ar gindaT preven-ciuli zomebi miiRoT? ki batono, iRebT amas~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

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eklesiis warmomadgenlis azriT, adamianis gamosworeba iwy-eba sulieri samyaros gamosworebiT, xolo eklesia ki eris su-lia. Tu erSi raime problemaa, swored eklesiidan unda daiwy-os am problemis gamosworeba. Tumca, eklesiis warmomadgeneli iqve akonkretebs, rom dResdReobiT eklesias arc aqvs sko-lebSi swavlebisTvis saWiro adamianuri resursi. ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli ar iziarebs sasuliero piris mosaz-rebas eklesiis skolebSi àrSeSvebis~ Sesaxeb. misi SefasebiT, reglamentirebuli wesebi ar emTxveva realobas:

`saxelmwifos kanonSi uweria, rom ar SeiZleba prozeli-tizmi, magram absoluturad sxvanairad aris. magaliTad, saministrom SeiZleba dados foto da marTla udevs: mini-stri modis axalgaremontebul skolaSi, romelsac karebze jvari aqvs dasmuli, rom nakurTxia. eseni verc xvdebian, rom es kanonis darRveviT aris gakeTebuli, an SeiZleba xvdebian, ar vici. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos xSirad awyobs, rom ver xvdebodes, an esec iyos faruli mesiji (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo sfe-ros warmomadgenlis dakvirvebiT, saganmanaTleblo sferos erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens sakralizebuli istoriis swavleba, romelic dRemde ar daqvemdebarebia kriti-kul gadaazrebas. aRniSnuli mimarTeba kargad Cans winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli sasuliero piris saubarSi, ro-desac is daviT aRmaSeneblis figuraze saubrobs. misi SefasebiT daviTis, rogorc qarTvelis sidiade ara mxolod misi niWiere-biT aris gamowveuli, aramed imiT, rom daviTi didi qristia-ni iyo. eklesiis warmomadgenlis TqmiT, brZolis win meomrebis mimarT warmoTqmul sityvaSi daviT aRmaSenebeli saerTod ar axsenebda saqarTvelos, rac misi interpretaciiT, qristianobis samSobloze ufro maRla dayenebiT aris gamowveuli.

istoriisa da religiis erT mTlianobad aRqmis tendencia Cans winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgu-febSic. Rirebulebebis gamoyofisas saSualo da ufro zeda asakis respondentebi Zalian xSirad ajgufebdnen am or kom-ponents, xolo siamayis kategoriaSi marTlmadidebeli wina-prebis gmirobis magaliTebSi eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmis

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ori kategoria: istoria da religia erTmaneTTan aris gada-jaWvuli. rogorc erT -erTi respondenti ixsenebs:

`Zalian amayi viyavi, rodesac skolaSi gavige, rom mete-xis xidTan 100 aTasma mowamem xats fexi ar daadga da amis gamo maT Tavebi mohkveTes da mtkvarSi gadayares~ (fo-kus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

eqspert giga zedanias SefasebiT, sekularulobis sakrali-zaciis erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino gamovlinebas warmoadgens 1987 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier ilia WavWavaZis wmindanad Seracxva da misTvis wminda ilia marTlis saxelis miniWeba. eqsperti miiCnevs, rom es faqti SeiZleba re-ligiuri nacionalizmis formirebis sawyisadac ki miviCnioT, romelic Tavis Tavs mecxramete saukunis qarTuli naciona-lizmis memkvidred acxadebs, magram realurad kontrastulad gansxvavdeba misgan (Zedania, 2009).

saganmanaTeleblo sferos warmomadgenlebTan, eqspertebTan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebTan Catare-buli interviuebis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom saganmanaTleblo sferosa da religiis urTierTkavSiris TvalsazrisiT, ikveTeba ramdenime ZiriTadi problema: saxelmZRvaneloebSi marTlmadi-debluri diskursis dominantoba, maswavleblebis mier sakuTa-ri misiis, rogorc eTno-religiuri Rirebulebebis gamavrce-leblis aRqma, eklesiis mier saswavlo programebis SedgenaSi Carevisa da saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi SeRwevis mcdelobebi, religiis qceva saganmanaTleblo sferos legitimatorad da istoriisa da qarTuli literaturis sakralizebuli saxiT swavleba. siRrmiseuli interviuebidan gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, es mzardi problemaa da saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi reli-giis rolis momZlavreba ufro da ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba.

eklesia, rogorc `cenzori~

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebi da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebis Tanaxmad, eklesia ereva iseT sferoebSi, romlebic, sekularuli saxelmwifos principebidan gamomdinare, religiuri organizaciis gavlenis-gan Tavisufali unda iyos. siRrmiseuli interviuebis farg-

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lebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosis azriT, arafor-maluri cenzuris dawesebis mcdelobebs yvelaze xSirad ekle-siasTan asocirebuli jgufebi axorcieleben, rac gamoixateba sajaro leqciebis CaSlaSi, viRacis mimarT ZaladobaSi, `tabu-retiT~ gamokidebaSi da a.S. aseTi jgufebidan, magaliTad, man daasaxela `marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri~. misi azriT, amgvari qmedebebi Zalian mniSvnelovan gavlevas axdens nacio-nalur identobaze, radgan adamianebi iwyeben dajerebas, rom swored am tipis saqcielSi gamoixateba `qarTveloba~.

eklesias erTgvar makontrolebel institutad aRiqvamen Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli mediis warmomadgenle-bic. erT-erTi maTgani interviuSi aRniSnavs, rom misi arxis Jurnalistebi survilis miuxedavad Tavs ikaveben eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli kritikuli siuJetebis gakeTebisgan. rogorc interviuSi Cans, xandaxan es TavSekaveba ufro TviTcenzuris xasiaTs atarebs. am dros Jurnalistebi iTvaliswineben marTl-madideblebis raodenobriv dominanturobas da Tavs arideben am `warmosaxviT ZalasTan~ konfliqts:

`qveynis 95%, an 90% mgonia, rom aris fanatikurad mor-wmune, da is, rom Cven vTqavT simarTle, rodesac raRa-ceebi ar mogvwons eklesiis mxridan, amas SeiZleba gan-xeTqileba mohyves, SeiZleba mivideT omamde (...)zustad vici, rom SeiZleba Semogvivardnen da Zalian gvcemon. saeklesio warmomadgenlebi mosaxleobasTan erTad, imi-tom rom yofila aseTi magaliTebi~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

gamokiTxuli mediis warmomadgenlebis interviuebSi, TviT-cenzurasTan erTad, Cans uSualod eklesiis, rogorc realu-ri institutis Careva maT saqmianobaSi. magaliTad, erT-erTi respondenti ixsenebs sapatriarqosTan dakavSirebuli fondis gaxsnis ambavs, romelic saeTero badis qronometraJis fiqsi-rebulobis gamo ver moxvda sainformacio gadacemaSi:

`damirekes da mkiTxes: `patriarqi dabloke?~. Zalian gav-brazdi, imitom rom Zalian xSirad aris patriarqi Cvens arxze. nebismier aRdgomas, dResaswauls, an naTlobas va-SuqebT. es Zalian cudi zewolaa Cemi azriT da Zalian gav-brazdi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

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miuxedavad amisa, mediis warmomadgeneli ambobs, rom mimdi-nare movlenebis gaSuqebisas àxal ambebSi~, yvelafers obie-qturad aCveneben, ris magaliTadac asaxelebs 17 maisis mov-lenebis asaxvas. Tumca, misive TqmiT, Tematuri siuJetebis SemTxvevaSi garkveuli TviTSezRudva uwevT, radgan aseTi ram uSualod arxis iniciativad da, Sesabamisad, arxze potenciuri Tavdasxmis sababad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.

eklesiis, rogorc `cenzoris~ gavlenianobaze isaubres siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxulma ara-samTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebmac. maTi gancxadebiT, arasamTavrobo seqtori, ZiriTadad, xelisuflebis moni-torings axorcielebs da masze zemoqmedebas cdilobs. Tumca, mainc mudmivad eqmneba problemebi eklesiis warmomadgenel-Tagan, romlebsac aseve aqvT garkveuli berketebi politikur procesebze. erT-erTi arsamTavrobo organizaciis warmomad-genlis Tanaxmad, eklesiis gavlena gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia iseT periodebSi, rodesac politikosebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli xalxis azrze. aRniSnuli tendencia SeiniSneba xelisuflebis aRmasrulebel StoSic:

`winasaarCevno periodSi egre aris xolme, politikosebi cdiloben naklebad angaJirebulebi iyvnen raRac iseT sakiTxebSi, romelsac skandalurad moiazreben, ramac eklesiis risxva SeiZleba gamoiwvios~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqs-pertebis SefasebiT, sajaro sivrceebSi gaaqtiurebiTa da erT-gvari normebis dawesebiT eklesia miznad isaxavs `cenzoris~ rolis dabrunebas, romelic mas warsulSi hqonda. maTi azriT, eklesia, faqtobrivad, ukve awesebs cenzuras sxvadasxva sfero-Si, magram amasTanave mas `cenzoris~ rolis legalizebac surs.

eklesiasTan dapirispirebuli diskursi

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, eklesiis monopolias xels uSlian is aqtorebi, romlebic kritikuli saazrovno sivrcis Seqmnas cdiloben. eqspertTa interviuebSi Segvxvda saintereso klasifikacia, romelic so-cializaciis Zveli da axali agentebis CamonaTvals gvTavazobs.

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Zveli talRis agentebis jgufSi gaerTianebulia: eklesia, sa-jaro skolebi da ojaxebi, xolo axali talRis agentebs war-moadgenen: arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da calkeuli umaR-lesi saswavleblebi (gamoiyo Tavisufali universiteti da il-ias saxelmwifo universiteti).

alternatiuli diskursis Camomyalibebeli agentebis arse-boba, eqspertTa azriT, upirvelesad, `WeSmaritebis saxeliT~ miwodebuli informaciisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis Ca-moyalibebas Seuwyobs xels. eqspertebi ganmartaven, rom yve-laze ufro Ria konfrontacia eklesiasa da arasamTavrobo seqtors Soris mimdinareobs, radgan arasamTavrobo organi-zaciebi, qarTuli identobisTvis, eklesiisgan gansxvavebuli sayrdenis moZiebas cdiloben.

Tavad arasamTavrobo sferos warmomadgnelebic eTanxmebi-an eqspertTa aseT mosazrebas. rogorc siRrmiseulma inter-viuebma gviCvena, arasamTavroboebi, erTi mxriv, gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis gamo upirispirdebian eklesiis mier SemoTa-vazebul eTno-religiur nacionalizms, meore mxriv ki, kon-fliqtSi maT Cabmas eklesiis sajaro sivrceSi intervencia da sekularuli principebis rRveva iwvevs. erT-erTi responden-tis SefasebiT, Tu saakaSvilis xelisuflebis dros eklesia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul mxareebad miiCneoda, dRevandeli xelisufleba eklesiasTan harmoniul urTierTo-baSia da erTaderT Semakavebel faqtorad arasamTavrobo se-qtori gvevelineba:

àxla me vambob xolme, rom principSi eklesis da po-litikuri xelisufleba daqorwindnen, absoluturad kmayofili urTierTobebi aqvT, bednierebi arian, magram mTavari frontis xazi gaxsnilia samoqalaqo sazogadoe-bas da eklesias Soris. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ZiriTadi Tematikebi, eklesiis mxridan rac aris gaproblemebuli, es aris LGBT sakiTxebi, qalTa uflebebi, antidiskrimina-ciuli kanoni xom? es aris is sakiTxi, sadac Zalian kar-gad Cans RirebulebiTi gansvla eklesias da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris, enjioebs Soris~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

religiur diskursSi alternatiuli WeSmaritebis Semom-

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Tavazebel mxared, eqspertebi da arasamTavrobo organiza-ciebis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven religiur umciresobebs, romlebic Tavisi arsebobiT warmoadgenen imis mtkicebulebas, rom yvela qarTveli marTlmadidebeli ar aris. erT-erTma eqspertma amis magaliTad daasaxela qarTvel muslimTa kav-Siri, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobs daamkvidros warmodgena, erTi mxriv, qarTveli muslimis arsebobis Sesaxeb, xolo meore mxriv, imis Sesaxeb, rom muslims SeiZleba hqondes aseve samoqalaqo identobac. am mxriv sayuradReboa, rom ekle-siis warmomadgenelma saerTaSoriso safrTxeebSi baTumis da-kargva, kerZod, islamuri eqspansia daasaxela.

rac Seexeba kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul marTlmadide-beli eklesiis warmomadgenels, misi azriT, mxolod marTl-madidebluri religia iZleva erovnulobis TviTgamoxatvis SesaZleblobas, xolo yvela sxva religia erovnulobas Trgu-navs da erTgvarovans xdis:

àr arsebobs sakuTriv qarTuli musulmanuri kultu-ra. sxvaTaSoris, ara imitom ar arsebobs, rom qarTvel muslimanebs ar SeeZloT ramis Seqmna, saqme imaSia, rom musulmanoba ar iZleva amis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas (...) xuroTmoZRvreba standartia saerTo, salocavianad standartia saerTo, mxatvroba akrZalulia religiur cxovrebaSi da xdeba universalizacia, ver Seqmni islam-Si sakuTar erovnul kulturas, ver Seqmni kaTolicizm-Si sakuTar erovnul kulturas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

aRniSnuli citata adasturebs eqspertebis azrs imis Tao-baze, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia cdilobs eTnikurobisa da aRmsareblobis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas da am cvladTa bmis meSveobiT myari konstruqtis Seqmnas.

eklesia globalur konteqstSi/modernizaciis periodSi

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmomadgenli xSirad axsenebs qarTuli tradiciebis, kultu-ris unikalurobas:

`qarTulis suli identificireba da misi SenarCuneba, es aris qristianuli suli, romelic Tavis TavSi gulisx-

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mobs, rogorc Tavidan vTqvi, qarTul kulturas, im WeS-marit kulturas, romelic aris absoluturad unikalu-ri samyaroSi. msgavsi ram ar arsebobs. zedapiruladac ki Cans~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

rogorc sociologi manuel kastelsi wers, tradiciuli identobebis gaaqtiureba gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia axa-li droisTvis, romelic Zvel wesebs arRvevs da tradiciul normebs safrTxes uqmnis (Castells, 2009). rogorc winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis Sedegebi aCve-nebs, respondentebSi sakmaod TvalsaCinod Cans globaliza-ciisadmi SiSi. globalizaciis pirobebSi erovnuli Rirebu-lebebis dakargvis SiSi naklebad gamovlinda 18-30 asakobriv kategoriaSi, 31 + asakobriv jgufSi ki mediidan momaval in-formacias erovnuli Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod miiCne-ven. am safrTxis SegrZnebasTan erTad respondentebs miaCniaT, rom tradiciebis, TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia. respon-dentebi tradiciuli RirebulebebisTvis safrTxis Semcvel subieqtebad miiCneven religiuri da seqsualuri umciresobe-bis warmomadgenlebs, xolo maT mimarT liberalur damokide-bulebas saqarTvelos evropasTan daaxloebas ukavSireben; es ki, erTi mxriv, dasavleTis mimarT uCenT eWvebs, xolo, meore mxriv, saSualebas aZlevT mTavroba daadanaSaulon dasavleTi-sadmi morCilebaSi.

eqspertebis azriT, msgavsi SiSis mizezia ganaTlebisa da informirebulobis dabali done, urbanizaciis arasakmari-si xarisxi da prorusuli Zalebis mier organizebuli anti-dasavluri propaganda. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom eTnikuri nacionaluri identobis religiur identobasTan mWidro bma 1990-iani wlebis bolo wlebidan daiwyo. am periodSi eklesiam moirgo pluralizmis Semferxeblisa da erTgvarovnebis dam-cvelis niSa, ris mimarT moTxovnac yovelTvis arsebobs gar-damavali periodebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis pirobebSi (Delanty, 2008).

ganaTlebis dabali done da socialur-ekonomikuri piro-bebi kidev ufro xels uwyobs erTaderT xelCasaWid simyared eklesiis warmosaxvas:

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`Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, qveyanaSi, romelic arc ekonomikurad aris Zlieri, arc ganaTlebis da wigniere-bis xarisxi ar aris maRali, sakamod apaTiuri mdomareoba aris Zalian bevr jgufSi, axalgazrdebSi (...) erTaderTi gamosavali rCeba _ ‘RmerTo damexmare’. am beqgraundis adamiani midixar dawesebulebebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi geubnebian, rom ar ginda araferze dafiqreba, wakiTx-va, imis wakiTxvac ki raze dayrdnobiTac me gelaparake-bi, mxolod moismen imas, me rogor vTargmni da es aris SenTvis bileTi, imisaTvis rom iyo ukeTesad vidre xar, Tu arada iqnebi ufro cudad~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

fokus jgufebis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom religia ukavSir-deba raRac iseTs, rac mudmivad iyo, ramac qarTveli eri ga-daarCina, is rac erovnuli siamyis da identobis safuZvelia. eqspertebi, sapatriarqosa da patriarqis mimarT sazogadoe-bis didi ndobis mizezad, modernizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebel ryevebs asaxeleben. yvelaze xSirad turbulentur situaciaSi stabilurobis moTxovnileba da SiSis gancda adaminebs ubiZ-gebs iseT institutebs moeWidon, romlebic maTTvis bavSvo-bidan simyaresTan da ucvlelobasTan asocirdeba. Tu xeli-sufleba xSir SemTxvevaSi problemebis gadaWris uunarobasTan da frustraciasTan aris dakavSirebuli, eklesia transfor-maciebis Semferxebeli da tradiciebis damcveli institutis rolSia. eqspertTa azriT, postsabWoTa periodSi eklesiis moraluri avtoritetis gansakuTrebuli gaZliereba gamoiwvia sxva institutebis TvalsaCino uunarobam, SeesrulebinaT maT-ze dakisrebuli valdebulebebi. am viTarebaSi eklesiam iseTi movaleobebi aiRo Tavis Tavze, rac bevrad scdeba misi kom-petenciis farglebs. eqspertebi saeWvod miiCneven eklesiis, rogorc namdvilad mtkice, myari institutis arsebobas da ganmartaven, rom es ufro warmosaxviTi ganzomilebis nayofia:

`roca amboben xolme, rom eklesia ucvlelad iyo amde-ni xani da es iseTi simyarea, viciT, rom es aris Zalian didi iluzia da viciT, rom msgavsi araferi ar yofila. sinamdvileSi 1990-ianebamde eklesias mniSvnelovani roli ar uTamaSia saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi. es misi bra-li ar yofila, magram asea Tu isea, ai es warmosaxuli si-

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myare da warmosaxuli uwyvetobaa~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eqsperti).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, politikuri institutebis mimarT ndobis deficiti da nihilizmi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens saxelmwifos Camoyalibe-baze da kidev ufro met adamians mimarTavs eklesiisken. amaze saubroben Tavad gamokiTxuli politikosebic:

`vfiqrob eklesiis gavlena metwilad ganapiroba adami-anebis SiSma da raRac, yavlgausvleli avtoritetis pov-nisa da imaze Tavis midebis survilma. mudmivobebi ar darCa _ sabWoTa wyoba urRvevi iyo, cxovrebis principe-bi dadgenili iyo da sul ar fiqrobdnen eklesiaze. axla ki, rodesac is daiSala da politika gaxda dinamiuri, me-ryevi da xvalindeli dRis SiSi gaaTkecda, ra? ra da _ ai eklesia mogvxedavs. magram me ar mgonia rom es iyos Rrma rwmeniT ganpirobebuli, es gavlena mainc zedapirulia~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, sabWoTa kavSiris memkvid-reobad qarTvelebs ergoT Tavisuflebis, gansxvavebulobis SiSi, rasac eklesia warmatebiT iyenebs mrevlis misazidad. igi Tavisuflebis individualisturi gagebis nacvlad, koleqtivi-stur kulturas sTavazobs adamianebs. eqspertebis SefasebiT, eklesiis mier koleqtivizmis waxaliseba iwvevs yovelgvari gansxvavebulobis miuReblobas da did winaaRmdegobas uqmnis individualisturi Tavisuflebis kulturas, rac, ase Tu ise, dRevandel marTlmadidebel eklesias antidasavlur Zalad aqcevs. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlis SefasebiT, eklesiis mier dasav-leTis sawinaaRmdego propagandas erTvis prorusuli Zalebis mier ruseTis tradiciebis damcvel qveynad warmoCena.

modernizaciis Tanmxlebi SiSebis gaaqtiurebis fonze, gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba, marTlmadideblobis saxiT, ruseTTan saerTo markeris arseboba. TeoretikosTa azriT, xSirad nacionalizmia religiis warmmarTveli, da ara piriqiT. Tu, erTi mxriv, transnacionaluri religiuri solidarobis SemTxvevebi arsebobs, meore mxriv, zogjer religiur soli-darobas ar SeuZlia SeaCeros erTi sarwmunoebis xalxebs Soris

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konfliqtebi, amis magaliTad saxeldeba 2008 wlis omi saqarT-velosa da ruseTs Soris, rodesac am ori marTlmadidebeli qveynis patriarqebma ver SeZles konfliqtis Tavidan acileba (Loizides, 2009). rogorc fokus jgufebma gviCvena, miuxedavad ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis okupaciisa, religi-uri faqtori mainc mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ruseTis mi-marT ambivalentur damokidebulebas. axalgazrda responden-tebis (18-30) umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom ruseTTan siaxloves bevri qarTvelisTvis ruseTis erTmorwmuneoba ganapirobebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrda respondentebis umravlesoba erTmorwmuneobis arguments iyenebs, rogorc sazogadoebis sxva jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebels da TviTon am argumentis-gan distancirdeba. ufros TaobaSi ramdenime respondentis mier gamoiTqva kritikuli mosazrebebi ruseTTan sarwmunoe-briv TanxvedrasTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erTi respondeti kiTx-vis niSnis qveS ayenebs Tavad rusebis religiurobas:

`garda marTlmadideblobisa araferi gvaqvs saerTo da marTlmadidebeli rusi me jer ar minaxavs. wmindanebi da saeklesio moRvaweebi hyavT, iq rwmena da eklesiuri cxovreba ar aris masiuri~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

erT-erTi respondenti ruseTs aRiqvams, rogorc saqarT-velosTvis yvelaze verag da farisevel mters, romelic mar-Tlmadideblobis niRabs aris amofarebuli. misi azriT, ru-seTTan urTierTobis mogvareba SeuZlebelia `mexuTe kolo-nis~ gamo, romelic sul sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs proce-sebs. erT-erTi respondenti miiCnevs, rom marTlmadidebloba ar SeiZleba iyos gamamarTlebeli aseT situaciaSi:

`vambobT, rom marTlmadidebeli eria, magram arc ruse-Ti minda da arc sxva marTlmadidebeli eri, Tu Cemi qvey-nis Rirebulebebs xelhyofs~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

ruseTisadmi simpaTiis Riad gamoxatvis mxriv sainteresoa am kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosis mo-sazreba, romelic qarTuli `produqtiulobis~ kulminaciad swored sabWoTa periodis miwuruls miiCnevs. misi SefasebiT, gasuli saukunis 60-70-80-ian wlebSi qarTuli literaturis, sportisa da mecnierebis warmomadgenlebma gansakuTrebuli simaRleebi daipyres. amis sawinaaRmdegod, igive respondenti

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meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebis Semdgom periods degradaciis dawyebis xanad moixseniebs, ris mizezadac merkantiluri in-teresebis erovnul interesebze gabatoneba miaCnia. swored igive mosazrebas iziarebs kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmomadgenlic:

`25 welia Tavisuflebi varT, romeli qarTuli kultu-ra da mecniereba aRorZinda am 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, aRorZinda, romelsac fesvebi ar hqonda iqeT warsulSi. yvela, romelic arsebobs dRes, fesvebi hqonda warsul-Si da me-19-20 saukuneSi, me-19-Si daiwyo literaturiT da me-20 saukuneSi mecnierebiT, literaturiT, kultu-riT, sportiT, saocari aRorZineba hqonda saqarTvelos, aba gavixsenoT: jer marto ra fexburTis gundi gvyavda, gadavjiSdiT qarTvelebi Tu sad wavida es niWiereba, ra-tom ver SevqmeniT erTi gundi mainc? (...) me kiTxva maqvs: kargi, is saSineli, okupanti, dagvaqcia, gagvaubedura, im periodSi qarTvel erSi amdeni rame Seiqmna kultu-ris TvalsazrisiT, sportis TvalsazrisiT, mecniere-bis TvalsazrisiT, religiuri TvalsazrisiT, sulieri TvalsazrisiT. me kiTxva maqvs: 25 welia varT Tavisuf-lebi, ratom araferi gavakeTeT?~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli)

eklesiis warmomadgeneli miiCnevs, rom dasavleTma ukve gaflanga mis mimarT arsebuli ndoba, xolo ruseTisadmi agre-sia TandaTan iklebs:

`saqarTveloSi sabWoeTis dangrevis Semdeg iyo Zalian mkveTri antirusuli ganwyobebi da Zalian simpatiiT vi-yaviT ganwyobili dasavleTis mimarT, magram mas Semdeg rac daiwyo dasavleTidan am uzneobis tiraJireba, me ar vici amas vin akeTebs, rogor akeTebs da ra mizniT, aman nel-nela Seasusta ruseTisadmi siZulvili da gaaZlie-ra SiSi dasavleTisadmi. adre Tu rusofobia iyo, axla dasavlofobiaa~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis war-momadgeneli).

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli politikosebi sau-broben imaze, rom politikis sferoSi amJamad met-naklebobaa da ara absolutizmi, Sesabamisad ver vityviT, rom romelime politikuri Zalis yvela wevri 100%-iT eTnikur, an samoqalaqo

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nacionalizms iziarebs. miuxedavad amisa, eTnonacionalisturi diskursis aqtorebs ufro metad miewerebaT dasavleTisadmi negatiuri da ruseTisadmi loialuri ganwyobileba. erT-erTi politikosis azriT, ruseTi sarwmunoebriv Tanxvedras saTavi-sod iyenebs, rac, upirveles yovlisa, dasavleTis demonizebas ukavSirdeba. ruseTisa da prorusuli ZalebisTvis dasavleTi marTlmadideblobis dakargvis safrTxesTan asocirdeba.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli nacionalizmis daxasiaTebisas eqspertebi, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas amaxvileben mis eTnikur maxasiaTeblebze da amavdroulad saubroben sa-moqalaqo nacionalizmis Tanamdevi Rirebulebebis simcireze an ararsebobaze. isini eklesias miiCneven faqtorad, romelic didwilad gansazRvravs nacionalizmis arsebul tips da afer-xebs samoqalaqo nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom damoukideblobis aRdgenidan dRemde, sa-xelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTmimarTebas cvalebadi xa-siaTi hqonda, magram, konteqstis miuxedavad, xelisufleba, garkveuli mizezis gamo, yovelTvis Tavs aridebda eklesia-sTan dapirispirebas. Sedegad, eklesia dRes ukve gvevlineba, rogorc socialuri, aseve materialuri TvalsazrisiT, Zlier, gavlenian institutad.

eqspertTa erTi nawilis azriT, jerjerobiT rTulia qar-Tuli erovnuli identobis saxis zusti gansazRvra, radgan igi formirebis procesSi imyofeba. Sesabamisad, ver vityviT, rom mocemul etapze nacionaluri identoba mxolod erTi romeli-me institutis, Tundac eklesiis, gavlenas ganicdis. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom religia, rogorc nacionaluri identobis ma-xasiaTebeli TandaTan sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeba, paral-elurad izrdeba alternatiuli diskursebis raodenobac, rac Tanamedrove procesebis Tanamdevi movlenaa.

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3.2. Tanamedrove qarTveli sazogadoeba

3.2.1. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebi da maTi mniSvneloba

winamdebare kvlevis siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis mier qarTul erovnul identobaze gavlenis momx-den Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo institutebad dasaxelda: politikuri sistema, saqarTvelos marTlmadide-beli eklesia, media, saganmanaTleblo sfero da arasamTavro-bo organizaciebi. zemoxsenebul institutebTan dakavSirebiT saintereso Sedegebi mogvca amave kvlevis farglebSi Catareb-ulma fokus jgufebmac.

kvlevis garkveul etapze swored eqspertebisa da fokus jgufebis monacemebis arsebobam gadagvawyvetina siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catareba im institutebis warmomadgenlebTan, romlebic met-naklebad gavlenas axdenen erovnuli idento-bis ama Tu im maxasiaTebelze. interviuebSi aqtorebi Tavad gansazRvraven maT gavlenas nacionaluri identobisa da sa-zogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebis procesze, Tavad afaseben maTdami sazogadoebis ndobis xarisxs da, amavdrou-lad, cdiloben warmoaCinon maT winaSe arsebuli problemebi da gamowvevebi.

politikuri sistemis Sefaseba eqspertebis mier

2015 wels Catarebuli kavkasiis barometris monacemebi gviCve-nebs, rom saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ndoba politikuri si-stemis mimarT sakmaod dabalia. qveynis parlaments sruliad endoba mxolod gamokiTxulTa 4 procenti, garkveulwilad endoba 12%, Sualeduri pozicia (arc undobloba da arc ndoba) aqvs 39%-s, nawilobriv ar endoba 19%, xolo sruliad ar endoba 18%. rac Seexeba politikur partiebs, maT sruliad endoba gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis mxolod 2 %, garkveulwilad endoba 6 %, Sualedur pozicias (arc undoblobas, arc ndobas) afiqsirebs 40 %, nawilobriv ar endoba 21%, xolo sruliad ar endoba 20 %. monacemebidan Cans, rom, rogorc parlamentis, aseve politikuri speqtris mimarT Zalian maRalia undoblo-

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bis (nawilobrivi da sruli) maCvenebeli (CRRC. `kavkasiis baro-metri, 2015).

politikuri partiebisadmi ndobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, kavkasiis barometris aRniSnul monacemebs emTxveva winamdeba-re kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da qarTul nacionalur identobaze gavlenis mqone aqtorebis Sefaseba. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom politikuri institutebis mimarT undobloba politikuri apaTiis, nihilizmis saxes iRebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba-winsvlis procesze. gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, saqarTvelos po-litikuri partiebi, mTlianad politikuri sistema jer kidev ar aris saTanadod ganviTarebuli, Sesabamisad, nacionaluri identobis maxasiaTeblebze maTi gavlena sustia. siRrmiseu-li interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenlis azriT, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sa-xelmwifos uyurebs, rogorc garkveul formalobas da misdami ndoba minimaluria. aqedan gamomdinare, politikosTa inicia-tivebic xSirad aRiqmeba rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtorebis mier Tavsmoxveuli ram da misi aRsruleba an ar moxdeba, an moxdeba mxolod formalur doneze.

`rodesac saxelmwifo ambobs, Cven gvinda, rom gvqon-des antidiskriminaciuli kanoni, xalxi fiqrobs: imaT dagvavales (igulisxmeba evropa) da imitom, Torem xom viciT, rom Tqvenc ar gindaT. es cinikuri damokidebu-leba sabWoTa kavSiridan modis. roca ici, rom ufrosi gyavs sadRac gareT da imis davalebebis raRac nawils asruleb formalurad da yvelani SeTanxmebulebi xarT. da arsebobs xalturis idea: midi gavakeToT, oRond cu-dad~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgeneli)

kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul siRrmiseul interviuebSi eqspertebma yuradReba gaamaxviles prorusul politikur jgufebzec. eqspertebi xedaven erTgvar bmas ultranacional-izmsa da prorusulobas Soris. maTi azriT, izolacionizmisken midrekili nacionalizmi raRac momentSi prorusulobad iTargmna da, maTi SefasebiT, im politikuri jgufebisa da li-derebis umravlesobas, romlebic qveynis karCaketilobisken

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mimarTul nacionalistur ideebs qadageben, marTlac axasi-aTebT prorusuli pozicia an komunisturi Zirebi.

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebi politikur aq-torebs akritikeben moklevadian perspeqtivaze gaTvlili maTi nabijebis gamo. eqspertTa azriT, dRevandel qarTul poli-tikaSi ar Cans grZelvadiani gegmebi, ar arsebobs saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gaazrebuli xedva, rac yvelaze metad vnebs qar-Tul saxelmwifoebriobas. isini saubroben aseve politikur sferoSi saerTo, saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis ugulebelyo-faze. maTi SefasebiT, qarTul politikur speqtrSi ar arse-bobs saerTo sikeTis (common good) gageba.

fokus jgufebis monawileTa damokidebuleba politikuri sistemisadmi

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesoba politikas aRiqvams sazogadoebis gamyof fa-qtorad da TvalsaCinoa respondentebis undobloba politi-kosTa mimarT. imedgacruebisa da ukmayofilebis ZiriTad mi-zezad saxeldeba mosaxleobis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da masobrivi umuSevroba. respondentebis azriT, arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis fonze meorexarisxovnad aRiqmeba is Rirebulebebi, romlebic nacionalur identobas unda warmarTavdnen.

axalgazrda respondentebis (18-30) azriT, politikisadmi adamianTa damokidebuleba sazogadoebis orad gaxleCas iwvevs da, marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi qarTveli sazogadoeba politi-kuri Rirebulebebis garSemo erTiandeba, magram, solidarobis nacvlad, adamianebis SekavSirebas mowinaaRmdege jgufisadmi siZulvili ufro ganapirobebs. axalgazrdebi erTmaneTTan akavSireben politikur aqtivobasa da ekonomikur faqtors. maTi SefasebiT, arCevnebSi monawileobas da romelime politi-kuri subieqtisTvis xmis micemas imis molodini gansazRvravs, rom axali politikuri Zala materialur mdgomareobas gaaum-jobesebs. 31-45 asakis respondentebic miiCneven, rom qarTveli sazogadoeba, dRevandeli politikuri viTarebidan gamomdina-re, ixliCeba da gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebi da-pirispirebas iwvevs. respondentebi akritikeben mTavrobis po-

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litikas, romelic, maTi azriT, umuSevrobasa da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas iwvevs. 31-45 asakis respondentebi mTavrobis mimarT ukmayofilebas gamoxataven aseve imis gamo, rom is xels uwyobs religiur da seqsualur umciresobebs, riTic ilaxeba marTlmadidebelTa uflebebi. fokus jgufe-bis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, evropasTan integracia da dasavlur struqturebSi gawevrianebis survili xSirad Tavsmoxveulad aRiqmeba. saSualo asakis respondentebi evropuli Rirebu-lebebis SemodinebaSi safrTxes xedaven, am Rirebulebebis Se-momtanad ki politikur elitas miiCneven. 46-55 wlis respon-dentebi wuxils gamoTqvamen imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos ar hyavs èrovnuli mTavroba~, romelic SeZlebda dasavleTidan aseT RirebulebaTa eqspansiis winaaRmdeg qmediTi politikis ganxorcielebas. am asakobriv kategoriaSic politika saxel-deba, rogorc gamyofi Rirebuleba da respondentebis azriT, sazogadoeba dayofilia xelisuflebisa da opoziciis momx-reebad. 46-55 asakis respondentTa SefasebiT, qveyana umZimes socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSia, razec pasuxismgeblo-ba qveyanaSi arsebul politikur viTarebas unda daekisros. respondentebi aRniSnaven, rom `WeSmariti~, eTno-kulturuli tipis Rirebulebebis gaufasurebas swored aseTi mdgomareoba iwvevs. 56+ asakis respondentebic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen politikuri situaciis gamo. maTi TvalsazrisiT, dRes arsebu-li orpartiuli dapirispireba sazogadoebis polarizacias da orad gayofas iwvevs. am asakobriv jgufSic erTmaneTs ukavSi-reben politikur da ekonomikur realobas.

politikuri sistemis Sefaseba politikosTa mier

politikuri institutebis mimarT sazogadoebis undoblobis Sesaxeb saubroben Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli poli-tikosebic. maTi azriT, sazogadoeba daRlili da imedgacrue-bulia politikiT. zogierTi respondentis Tanaxmad, ndobis deficiti aixsneba imiT, rom sazogadoebam dRemde ver naxa pa-suxismgeblobis mqone da saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne poli-tikuri Zala, romelic realurad gamoasworebda viTarebas. politikosTa ganmartebiT, sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Camoy-alibebisa Tu cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, politikuri diskursi

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zemoqmedebas axdens im adamianTa Sexedulebebze, romlebic aqtiur mxardaWeras gamoxataven ama Tu im politikuri Zalis mimarT, xolo vinc naklebad aris dainteresebuli politikiT, maTze politikuri speqtris gavlena TiTqmis ar vrceldeba.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politiko-sis dakvirvebiT, politikuri partiebis gavlenis gansasaz-Rvrad kargi indikatoria zogadi winasaarCevno kvlevebi da aseve partiaTa reitingebi. sxva respondenti (politikosi), swored winasaarCevno kvlevis monacemTa safuZvelze acxadebs, rom im adamianTa didi raodenoba, romlebsac jer kidev ar gadauwyvetiaT, Tu romel politikur Zalas miscemen xmas sa-parlamento arCevnebSi, adasturebs mosaxleobis imedgacrue-basa da uimedobas. erT-erTi gamokiTxuli politikosi miiCnevs, rom dRevandeli qarTuli politikuri diskursi konfliqtur tendenciebs aRvivebs da aucilebelia misi Secvla:

`politikuri diskursi saqarTveloSi aris imdenad me vityodi, mdabio, imdenad siZulvilis eniT gamsWvalu-li da imdenad winaaRmdegobrivi, rom Cven ver vaxer-xebT fundamentur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac ki cal-keul SemTxvevebSi politikur konsolidirebas, amitom dRevandeli politikuri diskursi absoluturad mi-uRebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom mec am diskursis nawili var~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi)

gamokiTxuli politikosebis SefasebiT, politikuri speq-trisadmi sazogadoebis minimaluri ndobis miuxedavad, poli-tikas mainc aqvs garkeveuli gavlena erovnul RirebulebaTa Camoyalibebis procesze. Tumca, aRniSnul politikosTa um-ravlesoba miiCnevs, rom politikuri elita, sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnis nacvlad, cdilobs TviTon moergos da daeyrd-nos mas. Sesabamisad, politikosTa TvalsazrisiT, marTalia, politikuri partiebi garkveul gavlenas axdenen sazogadoe-bis Rirebulebebisa Tu xedvebis Camoyalibebaze, magram gac-ilebiT ufro Zlieria ukuprocesi _ mosaxleobaSi arsebuli Rirebulebebi da xedvebi, maT Soris, mcdaric, xSirad aisaxe-ba politikuri Zalebis gancxadebebsa Tu programebSi, rac, Cveulebriv, arCevnebSi gamarjvebisa da xelisuflebaSi mosv-lis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli. respondentTa SefasebiT,

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amgvari viTareba, zogadad, qarTuli politikis CamorCenilo-baze metyvelebs:

`politikosebsa da politikur partiebs, politikur jgufebs naklebad aqvs imis survili, rom sakuTari Ri-rebulebebi, risic maT sjeraT da Tuki gaaCniaT msgavsi saerTod, es Rirebulebebi da xedvebi auxsnan eleqto-rats da gaagebinon ras gulisxmobs saerTod da ratom aris esa Tu is xedva swori. saqarTveloSi da saqarTve-los msgavs qveynebSi, politikuri partiebi da politi-kosebi, fokusirebulebi arian imaze, xalxSi ra gancdebi da ra Rirebulebebi, ra xedvebi arsebobs, rom imas moer-gon Tavadac ramenairad~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, poli-tikosi).

erT-erTi gamokiTxuli politikosi problemad miiCnevs Ta-vad politikosTa principebis SeuTavseblobas im Rirebule-bebTan, romlebsac isini unda amkvidrebdnen. amis TvalsaCino magaliTad respondents miaCnia antidiskriminaciuli kanoni (miRebulia 2014 wels), romelmac parlamentis umravlesobis mier oficialuri mxardaWeris miuxedavad, sazogadoebrivi azri ver Secvala, radgan, realurad, Tavad mravali parlamen-tari ar iziarebs am kanonis suliskveTebas. sxva politikosi antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miRebas epoqalur movlenad mi-iCnevs, radgan, misi azriT, am kanonis miReba ver moxdeboda referendumis gziT, am SemTxvevaSi ki parlamentma Tavis Tavze aiRo pasuxismgebloba, anu imis nacvlad, rom sazogadoebriv azrs morgeboda, piriqiT, Tavad Seqmna axali realoba:

`Sen imitom xar saxelmwifo moRvawe, Sen imitom xar sa-jaro moxele, Sen imitom xar gadawyvetilebebis da kano-nebis mimRebi, rom Sen raRac momentSi unda gadawyvito es da Tundac sazogadoebrivi azri ganawyo amisken da ara piriqiT. Sen unda aiRo pasuxismgebloba zogierT sa-kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, sxvanairad qveyana ar Sendeba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

erT-erTi gamokiTxuli politikosi ganmartavs, rom qar-Tul politikaSi erovnul identobasTan dakavSirebuli Teme-biT gaukuRmarTebulad manipulireben iseTi Zalebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi upirispirdebian erovnul identobasa da TviTmyo-fadobas. aRniSnuli politikosi miiCnevs, rom ruseTi cdilobs

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gamoiyenos marTlmadideblobis faqtori da gamoigonos cru-safrTxeebi, romlebic dasavleTTTan integraciis gzaze Sei-Zleba TiTqosda daemuqros saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, magali-Tad, sarwmunoebis an seqsualuri orientaciis TvalsazrisiT. swored am crusafrTxeebiT manipulireben is qarTuli politi-kuri jgufebi, romlebic Riad asocirdebian ruseTTan. gamok-iTxuli politikosis daskvniT, dasavleTi da dasavluri civi-lizacia aris is adgili, sadac qarTul TviTmyofadobas ara-nairi safrTxe ar emuqreba da qarTul kulturasa da erovnul identobas ufro meti dafaseba eqneba, vidre im sivrceSi, saiTac prorusuli Zalebi ubiZgeben saqarTvelos. sayuradReboa, rom gamokiTxul respondentTagan is politikosebic ki, romlebic evropis mimarT kritikulad arian ganwyobili, saarCevno dapir-ebis saxiT, erTgvar `hibridul nazavs~ iyeneben:

èvropuli forma da qarTuli erovnuli Sinaarsi _ es aris is mocemuloba, romliTac Cven aucileblad movi-povebT sazogadoebis Zalian didi nawilis mxardaWeras momaval poltikur brZolaSi, arCevnebs vgulisxmob~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli poli-tikosebi, im aqtorebidan, romlebTanac partnioroba uweveT, gamoyofen medias da arasamTavrobo seqtors. politikosTa SefasebiT, media maTTan TanamSromlobs imdenad, ramdenadac satelevizio eTeris didi nawili swored maT mier aris aT-visebuli, xolo arasamTavrobo seqtorTan TanamSromlobis warmatebul magaliTad erT-erTi politikosi asaxelebs par-lamentis Sesabamisi komitetis mier `cxovelTa uflebebis~ dacvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis momzadebas:

ès Zalian evropuli kanonproeqti miviReT da is iqce-va albaT kanonad, magram es aris calkeuli ènjioebis~ aqtivistebisa da parlamentarebis TanamSromlobis Se-degi da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze es imoqmedebs imi-tom, rom viRac mainc rom moawyobs gardabanSi mamlebis an ZaRlebis Cxubs, policia Tvals dauxuWavs, Tumca ka-noni gveqneba, rom isini ukanonod iqcevian. axla kanonic ki ar gvaqvs, rom isini ukanonod iqcevian~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

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rac Seexeba politikasTan dapirispirebul sazogadoebriv instituts, siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxu-li erT-erTi politikosis mier dasaxelda eklesia. Tumca, igi miiCnevs, rom eklesiis gavlena zedapirulia da eklesisadmi ndobis maRali xarisxi metwilad ganpirobebulia adamianebis moTxovnilebiT, ipovon raime myari safuZveli dinamikur da meryev politikur garemoSi. winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosi miuReblad miiCnevs poli-tikosTa miswrafebas, Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba mora-lis sferoSi. respondentis azriT, morali ar unda iyo poli-tikosebis sazrunavi da dauSvebelia politikuri da zneobrivi sakiTxebis erTmaneTSi aRreva:

`politikosebi cdiloben, rom gaxdnen zneobis modara-jeni, eklesiis funqcias iReben, maSin, roca maTi amoca-naa, icavdnen adamians, isini icaven RmerTs adamianisgan, isini icaven eklesias adamianisgan~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, politikosi).

rac Seexeba politikuri aqtorebis winaSe dResdReobiT ar-sebul gamowvevebs, gamokiTxuli politikosebis mier umTavres prioritetad ganaTleba dasaxelda.

eklesia eqspertebis perspeqtividan

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxulma TiTqmis yvela eqspertma nacionalur identobaze gavlenis momxden aqtorTa Soris dResdReobiT yvelaze Zlier institutad ek-lesia daasaxela. eklesiis siZliere efuZneba mis mimarT sazo-gadoebis ndobas. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 81% Tavs marTlma-didebel qristianad miiCnevs (CRRC. ̀ kavkasiis barometri, 2013). 2015 wlis kavkasiis barometris raodenobrivi monacemebis Ta-naxmad, religiur instituts, romelsac respondentebi mie-kuTvnebian: sruliad endoba 46%, garkveulwilad endoba 34%, arc ndoba aqvs da arc undobloba 14%-s, garkveulwilad ar endoba 2% da sruliad ar endoba mxolod 1% (CRRC. `kavkasiis barometri, 2015). rogorc raodenobrivi monacemebi gviCve-nebs, religiuri institutis mimarT ndobis jamuri maCvenebe-li (pasuxebi: sruliad vendobi, garkveulwilad vendobi) 80%-ia, xolo undoblobis jamuri maCvenebeli (pasuxebi: garkveul-

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wilad ar vendobi, sruliad ar vendobi) _ mxolod 3%. eklesis mimarT arsebuli ndobis Sesaxeb Cveni kvlevis farg-

lebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis mosazrebebi, ZiriTadad, emTx-veva kavkasiis barometris raodenobriv monacemebs. eqspertTa SefasebiT, amJamad yvelaze didi sazogadoebrivi ndoba ekle-sias aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom nacionaluri identobis Camoya-libebis procesze yvelaze did gavlenas swored es instituti axdens. garda amisa, ndobis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovan figu-rad ganixileba saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II:

`Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, am mxriv yvelaze metad aqtiuria is, visac mosaxleobis umravlesoba aRiarebs, rogorc Tavis sulier winamZRols, ara maincdamainc in-dividis saxiT, Tumca es individic did rols asrulebs, aramed instituciac mTlianobaSi~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eqsperti).

Cven mier gamokiTxuli eqspertebi, sapatriarqosa da patri-arqis mimarT sazogadoebis didi ndobis mizezad, moderniza-ciisTvis damaxasiaTebel ryevebs asaxeleben. maTi azriT, swo-red cvalebadobisadmi da gaurkvevlobisadmi SiSi aiZulebs adamianebs iseTi sayrdenis Ziebas, romlebic simyaresTan da ucvlelobasTan asocirdeba. eqspertTa ganmartebiT, adamian-ebi, erTi mxriv, xedaven politikur Zalebs, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi ver axerxeben cvlilebebis procesTan dakavSire-buli problemebis gadaWras, xolo, meore mxriv, _ eklesias, romelic am cvlilebaTa Semaferxebl da tradiciebis damcvel instituts warmoadgens. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom eklesiis, rogorc Zlieri avtoritetis Camoyalibeba daiwyo 1990-ian wlebSi, im fonze, rodesac TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo da sazo-gadoebrivi institutis avtoriteti daeca maTze dakisrebuli funqciebis Seusruleblobis gamo.

eqspertTa TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT sazogadoebis loialuroba aixsneba ara re-ligiuri da sulieri kanonzomierebebiT, aramed ufro poli-tikuri faqtoriT _ dResdReobiT marTlmadidebloba igivde-ba erovnulobasTan, patriotizmTan da, upirvelesad, swored es ganapirobebs eklesiis dawinaurebas.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT,

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marTlmadidebeli eklesiis narativi, romelic saqarTvelos gabrwyinebasa da mesianizms gulisxmobs, marTlmadideblobas warmoaCens eqskluziur, gamorCeul aRmsareblobad, riTac sa-frTxes uqmnis ufro inkluziuri da sayovelTao samoqalaqo nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibebas. eqspertebis SefasebiT, religiurobis is aRqma, romelic umravlesobas aqvs, sazoga-doebis erT-erT mTavar problemad unda CaiTvalos, radgan gansxvavebuli jgufebis eqskluzias axdens.

eklesiis siZlieris erT-erT mTavar mizezad dasaxelda saxelmwifos mier am institutis didi TanxebiT dafinanseba. gamokiTxulTagan uklebliv yvela eqsperti miiCnevs, rom da-finansebis arsebuli forma mcdaria da garkveul cvlilebebs saWiroebs. Tumca, am mimarTulebiT realuri nabijebis ga-dadgmisTvis mzadyofnas dRevandel politikur elitaSi ver xedaven.

eklesia fokus jgufebis respondentTa perspeqtividan

axalgazrda (18-30) respondentebis azriT, sarwmunoeba aris erT-erTi mTavari Rirebuleba, romlis garSemoc sazogadoe-ba unda gaerTiandes, magram dRevandel etapze zogjer is RirebulebaTa konfliqtTan asocirdeba, roca sazogadoeba morwmuneebad da urwmunoebad iyofa. axalgazrdebis azriT, konfliqtis TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa 2013 wlis 17 mai-si, rodesac garkveuli sasuliero pirebisa da maTi mrevlis protestma agresiuli forma miiRo. 17 maiss ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi respon-dentebi negatiurad afaseben konkretuli sasuliero pirebis qcevas, radgan miuReblad miaCniaT eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mier Zaladobisa da agresiis gamovlena. ufro asakovani Taobis (31-45) respondentebi eklesias miiCneven institutad, romelic saqarTvelos erovnuli saxis SenarCunebaze zrunavs da, maTi azriT, eklesia swored am funqcias unda asrulebdes. ufrosi Taobis (46+) respondentebisTvis marTlmadidebloba, eklesia-Si siaruli da qarTveli wmindanebis mowameobrivi istoriebi siamayis safuZvelia.

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eklesiis warmomadgenlis pozicia

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eklesiis warmo-madgenlis ganmartebiT, rodesac eklesiaze, rogorc institu-tze vsaubrobT, am SemTxvevaSi eklesias ar ganvixilavT, ro-gorc qristes mistiur sxeuls, aramed administraciul er-Teuls, romelic asrulebs e.w. buferis rols WeSmarit ekle-sias (mistiur sxeulsa) da gare samyaros Soris. eklesiis war-momadgenlis azriT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias udidesi gavlena aqvs nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibebis procesze. misi SefasebiT, marTlmadidebelma eklesiam didi biZgi misca qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebas:

`vinmes SeuZlia damisaxelos qarTul kulturaSi ise-Ti ram, rac eklesiis mier ar iyos gamyarebuli da moce-muli? da Tu rames ipoviT aseTs, es iqneba warmarTuli gadmonaSTi, romelic amaxinjebs Cvens yofas dResac (...) marTlmadidebloba iyo erTaderTi ram saqarTvelos istoriaSi, romelSic viTardeboda sakuTriv erovnuli kultura. amitom axla rogor vxedav da eklesiis gareSe me saqarTvelos ver vxedav, verc evrokavSiri da verc sxva iseve rogorc komunizmi ver Seqmnida qarTul kulturas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli sasuliero piri ara-samTavrobo seqtoris saqmianobas ùzneobis aneqsias~ uwodebs. igi aragonivrul nabijad miiCnevs dasavleTis mier saqarTve-loSi moRvawe arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa dafinansebas:

`me rom var dasavleTis mmarTveli, am doneze ar medar-deba Cemi megobari saqarTvelo, rom mivxvde iqaur xalxs ra awuxebs? am doneze ar medardeba, rom Tu Cemi viRac pa-tar-patara organizaciebi raRac arasamTavroboebs afi-nanseben da Tu vxvdebi, rom imaTi aqtiuroba am Tavisuf-lebismoyvare xalxs dasavlur da amerikul fobias uCens, im doneze ar medardeba, rom es ar avlagmo da gavaCero?~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli)

sasuliero pirTan Catarebuli siRrmiseuli intervius Se-degebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amJamad eklesiis winaSe arsebuli umTavresi gamowveva aris, rogorc mrevlis, aseve sasuliero pirebis gaunaTlebloba. eklesiis warmomad-

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genlis azriT, mrevls, upirvelesad, swored eklesiam unda misces dadebiTi magaliTi.

media, erovnul identobaze gavlenis mqone aqtorTa da eqspertTa SefasebiT

kavkasiis barometris raodenobriv kvlevaSi gamokiTxuli re-spondentebis 54 % mediis mimarT neitralur pozicias afiq-sirebs (anu arc endoba da arc undoblobas ucxadebs). medias sruliad endoba respondentTa mxolod 4 %, garkveulwilad endoba 18 %, nawilobriv ar endoba 10%, xolo sruliad ar endoba 6 %. rogorc monacemebidan Cans, mediis mimarT arc ndobis da arc undoblobis maCvenebeli ar aris iseTi mkveTri, rogoric politikuri partiebis an eklesiis SemTxvevaSi dafi-qsirda (CRRC. `kavkasiis barometri, 2015).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa azriT, rom ara media, SeuZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebrivi TviTaRqmis swrafi Secvla. isini miesalmebian mediis mraval-ferovnebas da miiCneven, rom mediapluralizmi xels uwyobs gansxvavebuli xedvebisa da Rirebulebebis miRebas:

`Cveni sazogadoeba iwyebs dakvirvebas, rom adamiane-bi gansxvavdebian, rom yvelas erTnairi cxovrebis wesi SeiZleba ar hqondes da adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT gansxvavebuli azri da gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da aseve genderul rolebze an ZaladobasTan dakavSirebu-li warmodgenebi Zalian swrafad da dinamiurad icvleba da amas, ra Tqma unda, xels uwyobs media~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo se-qtoris warmomadgeneli politikur partiebs calkeul me-diasaSualebebs ukavSirebs da miiCnevs, rom dRis wesrigebs arsebiTad politikuri partiebi da maTi mediebi qmnian da socialuri jgufebisTvis, aqtivistTa jgufebisTvis mediaze zemoqmedeba rTulia. igi akritikebs medias socialuri sakiT-xebis politizebis gamo. arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmo-madgeneli medias adanaSaulebs aseve arapopularuli Temebis arasaTanadod, rig SemTxvevebSi ki, mikerZoebulad gaSuqebis gamo:

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ìmis gamo, rom winasaarCevno periodi iyo (igulisxme-ba 2013 wlis 17 maisi), yvelaze kritikulma opoziciur-ma televiziebmac meinstrim gadacemebSi ar gauSves 17 maisis ambavi, an gauSves, rom eklesia aRniSnavda ojaxis siwmindis dRes da konteqsti rac am ambavs hqonda, 2013 wlis maisis ambebi, saerTod ar gaaSuqes. amdenad, Zalian kargad Cans ramdenad politizirebulia media da kon-kretuli partiuli interesebis gamtari rig SemTxve-vebSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaT-leblo sferos warmomadgeneli problemad miiCnevs imas, rom mediis meSveobiT ucxoeTis siaxleebi mxolod uaryofiTi TvalsazrisiT Suqdeba, anu siuJetebi keTdeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra cudi ambebi xdeba msoflioSi. respondentis azriT, aseTi midgomis gamo, mayureblebs eqmnebaT STabaWedileba, rom saer-TaSoriso asparezze dadebiT movlenebs arc unda elodon, rac maT izolacionizmisken ubiZgebs.

gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, mediam ufro meti dro unda dauTmos eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiT-xebs da unda gazardos maTi CarTuloba Tavis gadacemebSi. eqspertebis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia qarTulenovani mediis dafarvis zonis gazrda, radgan javaxeTSi da qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi adamianebi, umetesad, rusulenovani, somxurenova-ni an azerbaijanulenovani mediasivrcis momxmareblebi arian. eqspertebi aRniSnaven, rom, marTalia, am sakiTxebis mogvarebas dro sWirdeba, magram isini am mimarTulebiT intensiur muSao-bas ver xedaven.

media, fokus jgufebis monawileTa SefasebiT

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufebSi media, ZiriTadad, nacionaluri identobis dakargvis safrTxesTan asocirdeba. respondentebis azriT, media xels uwyobs aseve sazogadoebis gaxleCas.

erT-erTi axalgazrda (18-30) respondentis TqmiT, media aris aqtori, romelic mcdari Rirebulebebis propagandas eweva. 31-45 asakobrivi jgufis respondentebi miiCneven, rom

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gaukontrolebeli informaciis miwodeba SeiZleba axalgazrda Taobis mrude gziT ganviTarebis safuZveli gaxdes. am asako-brivma jgufma media sazogadoebis gaxleCis process daukavSi-ra. 46-55 asakis respondentebis SefasebiT ki, televizia gaje-rebulia iaffasiani gadacemebiT, rac axali Taobis Camoyali-bebaze damRupvelad moqmedebs. respondentebma aRniSnes, rom maTi TaobisTvis miuRebelia lgbt Temi, romlis àfiSirebac~ mediis mudmiv saqmianobad iqca. 46-55 asakobriv kategoriaSi medias manipulatorad aRiqvamen da uaryofiTad afaseben te-leviziis meSveobiT globalizaciisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmnis mcdelobas. maTi azriT, mediis mier gavrcelebuli in-formacia xSirad erovnuli Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdego xa-siaTisaa da safrTxes uqmnis axali Taobis marTebuli gziT ganviTarebas:

`rogorc saxelmwifoa Seumdgari, asevea sazogadoebac, rac ar unda aqtiuri iyo komunikaciebi antis giqadage-ben da momavali Taoba kidev rogori iqneba kacma ar icis. es qarTvelobis mospobaa~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

56+ asakobriv jgufSic respondentebi akritikeben sate-levizio arxebidan wamosul negativs, ùzneobasa~ da ànti-qarTuli Rirebulebebis propagandas~. respondentTa az-riT, media xels uwyobs qarTuli tradiciebisa da Rirebu-lebebis dakargvas, aseve adamianebSi siZulvilisa da Su-ris gaRvivebas, rac sazogadoebis gaxleCis sawindaria.

media, mediawarmomadgenlebis SefasebiT

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli mediawarmomad-genlebis Tanaxmad, demokratizaciis procesSi medias sakvanZo roli eniWeba. rogorc erT-erTi mediawarmomadgeneli ganmar-tavs, mediam, erTi mxriv, daumaxinjeblad, miukeroeblad unda warmoaCinos qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebi da, meore mxriv, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, unda axsnas kidec es procesebi da, amasTanave, xeli unda Seuwyos pozitiuri procesebis ganvi-Tarebas. amisTvis mediam unda Seqmnas sainformacio sivrce, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba msjeloba sazogadoebisTvis saWir-boroto sakiTxebze, rac, Tavis mxriv, gaamartivebs saxelmwi-

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foebrivad mniSvnelovani mimarTulebebis gansazRvras:

`mediam unda Seqmnas platforma imisTvis, rom msje-lobebi gaimarTos sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovan sa-kiTxebze. oRond es msjeloba unda iyos, bunebrivia, sagnobrivi, es msjeloba ar unda daemsgavsos or dapi-rispirebul mxares Soris usagno kinklaobas da a.S. unda gaCndes agora imisaTvis, rom adamianebma moiTaTbiron, ra undaT. Cven xom realurad ar gadagviwyvetia ra gvin-da. ar gviTqvams, ra tipis saxelmwifos vaSenebT, ra ur-TierTobebi unda iyos moqalaqeebs Soris, ra tipis ur-TierTobebi unda iyos saxelmwifo instituciebs Soris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, media sferos warmomadgeneli).

mediawarmomadgenlebis SefasebiT, qarTul medias rTu-li gamocdileba aqvs mikerZoebulobis da politikuri dRis wesrigis TvalsazrisiT. erT-erTi gamokiTxuli Jurnalistis azriT, mediasaSualebebi saqarTveloSi dResac mikerZoebuli arian politikuri Tu ekonomikuri jgufebis mimarT, rac maT Sesabamisi jgufebis interesTa farglebSi aqcevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom respondenti am procesSi ver xedavas legitimurobis problemas, misi azriT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli polarizaciis didi masStabis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvadasxva interes-jgufebis warmomadgeneli mediasaSualebebis arseboba negatiurad aisa-xeba mayureblebis, partiebisa da Tavad im mediasaSualebebis urTierTobaze, romlebic am urTierTsapirispiro `poluseb-ze~ aRmoCndnen.

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi mediawarmo-madgeneli qarTul medias akritikebs imis gamo, rom negativi dRemde rCeba axali ambebis amosaval wertilad. respondentis ganmartebiT, konstruqtivizmi saqarTveloSi popularuli ar aris, Tumca, dasavlur mediaSi aseT midgomas didi yuradReba eTmoba:

`konstruqtivizmi ar gulisxmobs propagandas raRac movlenebis, konstruqtivizmi gulisxmobs imas, rom Sen ar eridebi pozitiuri tendenciebis gaSuqebas imitom, rom isini pozitiurebi arian~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, media sferos warmomadgeneli).

mediawarmomadgenlis SefasebiT, politikuri, socialuri

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da kulturuli movlenebis mudmivad negatiur konteqstSi ga-SuqebiT media sazogadoebas uqmnis sruli nihilizmis ganc-das, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv procesebSi mo-saxleobis CarTulobis xarisxze. respondentis mier mediaSi konstruqtivistuli midgomis ararsebobis dakavSireba sazo-gadoebis nihilistur ganwyobilebasTan gansakuTrebiT sayur-adReboa winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis monacemTa ganxilvis fonze, romelic cxadyofs mo-saxleobis imedgacruebasa da ukmayofilebas, rogorc politi-kuri speqtris, aseve mediis mimarT.

rac Seexeba mediisTvis prioritetul Temebs, mediawarmo-madgenelTa mier, upirvelesad, dasaxelda politika. erT-erT-ma respondentma yuradReba gaamaxvila aseve kulturaze, qvey-nis kulturuli mravalferovnebis warmoCenisa da kulturu-li identobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. dasaxelda agreTve sportic, rogorc eris gamaerTianebeli sfero:

`magaliTad, erovnuli nakrebis gulSematkivrebs eTni-kuri niSani ar gaaCniaT, arc religiuri, isini yvelani erTad gulSematkivroben garkveul sportul movlenas im qveynis warmomadgenlebs, romel qveyanasac isini war-moadgenen~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, media sferos warmo-madgeneli).

rac Seexeba axal ambebs, kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxu-li erT-erTi Jurnalistis TqmiT, sainformacio gadacemebis struqtura yovelTvis gulisxmobs sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas: politikas, ekonomikasa da socialur Temebs. misi SefasebiT, dRevandeli socialur-ekonomikuri fonidan gamomdinare, so-cialuri Temebi sazogadoebisTvis xSirad ufro sainteresoa, vidre politikuri.

mediis warmomadgenlebTan Catarebuli interviuebis Tanax-mad, isini samauwyeblo badis Sedgenisas, ZiriTadad, mayure-blis interesebiT xelmZRvaneloben:

ìs rac aqtualuria sazogadoebaSi, saboloo jamSi, imas aSuqebs media, Tumca ganviTarebul mediebSi zogjer pi-riqiT xdeba. media xdis aqtualurs raRac movlenebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediawarmomadgeneli).

erT-erTi gamokiTxuli respondenti mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs

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mediis rols sazogadoebaSi prodasavluri Rirebulebebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT. igi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs am mxriv misi telearxis mikerZoebul pozicias:

`Tu viRac gveZaxis Cven, rom Cven varT tendenciurebi, diax, varT tendenciurebi im mimarTulebiT, rom Cveni kari yovelTvis Riaa im subieqtebisa da im xalxisTvis, vinc Tvlis, rom saqarTvelos momavali aris evropaSi da natoSi (...) Cveni saredaqcio politika viTardeba ise, rom maqsimalurad davexmaroT, saxelmwifos, am kuTxiT Cven varT absoluturad mokavSireebi Tundac mTavro-bis da Tundac saxelmwifosi, rom qveyana rac SeiZleba swrafad gaxdes evro-atlantikuri struqturebis we-vri~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, media warmomadgeneli).

rogorc erT-erTi gamokiTxuli mediawarmomadgeneli gan-martavs, Tavad mayurebeli aris dainteresebuli emociuri TemebiT, rac yurebadobis da reitingis mixedviT ganisazRvreba:

`rodesac, magaliTad, raRac miRwevebze vsaubrobT, Tundac qveynis aRmSenebloba an aseTi Temebi gvaqvs, maSin es naklebad yurebadia. dakvirvebuli var, rom, Zi-riTadad, interesi ufro aris emociuri Temebis mimarT, rac xalxSi emocias tovebs, igive kriminali, igive so-cialuri Tematika, vinaidan Zalian emociuri Temebia, es ufro aqtualuria da mayureblis mxridanac maRali yurebadobiT gamoirCeva~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, me-diawarmomadgeneli).

erT-erTi gamokiTxuli Jurnalisti imeds gamoTqvams, rom mediasaSualebebis finansuri damoukideblobis gazrdasTan erTad samomavlod gaizrdeba SemecnebiTi gadacemebis rao-denobac. sxva Jurnalisti ki aRniSnavs, rom arxi, romelsac is warmoadgens, uars ambobs iseTi produqciis Seqmnaze, ro-melic movlenebis mxolod zedapirul gaSuqebas warmoadgens. respondentis TqmiT, yuradReba eqceva samoqalaqo institu-tebis ganviTarebasa da mayureblis eTikuri da esTetikuri msoflmxedvelobis gafarToebas:

`televizia verasdros iqneba saganmanaTleblo centri, aq leqcias ver Caatareb, rTuli amocanaa. yvelaze mniSv-nelovani aris imdeni informaciis miwodeba, ramdeni informaciac gamoiwvevs momxmarebelSi, ase davarqvaT

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axla am adamianebs, survils, rom ufro meti gaigos im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelic Sen mas miawode da ukve Sens gareSe, damoukideblad daiwyos es yvelaferi~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, mediawarmomadgeneli).

rac Seexeba mediis rols saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnu-li umciresobebis integraciis TvalsazrisiT, mediawarmomad-genlebis Tanaxmad, maTi upirvelesi amocanaa erovnul umcire-sobaTa Sesaxeb informaciis dakavSireba mTlian sainformacio suraTTan da misi CarTva saerTo sainformacio velSi.

mediis warmomadgenlebma isaubres aseve seqsualur umci-resobaTa Tematikis gaSuqebis Sesaxebac. gamokiTxul Jurna-listTa nawilis SefasebiT, aseT Temebs satelevizio eTeri aqtualobis mixedviT eTmoba. Tumca, zogadad, isini cdilo-ben, gazardon mimRebloba lgbt pirebis mimarT:

`yovelTvis vcdilobT, davanaxoT, rom es (igulisxmeba socialuri miuRebloba umciresoebis mimarT) ar aris normaluri, es Cveni sazogadoebis nawilia da zustad iseTive adamiania, rogorc me, rogorc Tqven da danar-Ceni sxva da im seqsualuri an religiuri orientaciiT adamianis garCeva ar SeiZleba, rodesac Sen gaqvs preten-zia, rom xar evropeli da migaCnia, rom im Rirebulebebs iziareb, romelsac evropa da dasavleTi zogadad izi-arebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediawarmomadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli mediawarmomadgenlebi sau-broben resursebis simcirezec. erT-erTi respondenti wuxs imis gamo, rom saerTaSoriso Temebi saTanadod ar Suqdeba, radgan saerTaSoriso asparezze mxolod erT wertilSi hyavT korespondenti.

mediawarmomadgenelTa azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ga-mowveva, romelic amJamad aqtualuria televiziisTvis, inter-netis mzard konkurencias ukavSirdeba. maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom axalgazrda Taoba sul ufro naklebad iyenebs televiziasa da radios. amitom, Tu maT surT, hyavdeT axalgazrda momxmarebeli, maSin aucileblad unda izrunon in-ternetis sivrceSi TavianTi produqciis ukeT warmoCenaze.

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saganmanaTleblo sfero, eqspertTa SefasebiT

erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrce, nacionalizmis Teoretiko-sTa azriT, sakvanZo faqtors warmoadgens kulturis sayo-velTao gagebis SemuSavebisa (gelneri, 2003) da `warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis~ CamoyalibebisTvis (andersoni, 2003), aseve sa-ziaro tradiciebis, miTebis, Rirebulebebisa da simboloebis gavrcelebisTvis (Smith, 2009). saganmanaTleblo sistema mniSv-nelovania aseve imdenad, ramdenadac warmoadgens socializa-ciis erT-erT umTavres agents, romlis mier danergili Rire-bulebebi gansakuTrebiT Rrmad rCeba individis cnobierebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom saganmanaTleblo sfero, kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxulma eqspertebmac da fo-kus jgufebis monawileebmac, nacionaluri identobis formi-rebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes institutad daasaxeles. gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, skola, rogorc kulturu-li normebis Camoyalibebis, aseve saziaro warsulis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis mxriv, erT-erTi umZlavresi instrumentia. isini ganmartaven, rom, nacionaluri identobis gavrcelebis Tvalsaz-risiT, yvelaze ufro qmediTia sayovelTao ganaTlebis pirobebSi Seqmnili qrestomaTiebi da literaturuli teqstebi, romlebic moswavleebs `WeSmariti~ qarTvelis saxes awvdian. eqspertTa Ta-naxmad, swored skolis mier Camoyalibebul kulturul normad unda CaiTvalos is, rom qarTvelebi mudmivad didi saxelmwifoe-bis msxverpli iyvnen da yovelTvis eklesiis meSveobiT icavdnen TavianT identobas. gamokiTxul eqspertTa SefasebiT, saganma-naTleblo kurikulumebSi, saskolo programebSi da saxelmZRva-neloebSi Zalian Zlieria eris kulturuli gageba.

rac Seexeba dRevandeli saganmanaTleblo sferos gavlenas RirebulebaTa formirebis procesze, respondentebis azriT, ganaTlebis sistema pasiuri moqalaqis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo se-qtoris warmomadgenelis SefasebiT, erTaderTi, rasac dRevan-deli ganaTlebis sistema akeTebs, aris moswavleebSi avtori-tetebisadmi upirobo siyvarulisa da morCilebis danergva, rac aseve gulisxmobs zedmeti SekiTxvebisgan TavSekavebas.

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erT-erTi gamokiTxuli eqsperti saganmanaTleblo sistemis upirveles problebad miiCnevs maswavleblebsa da skolebis ad-ministracias. respondentis azriT, Tu samaswavleblo korpusi sabWoTa periodSi partiul ideologias emsaxureboda, amJamad igi marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebis danergviT aris dakave-buli. eqspertTa SefasebiT, alternatiuli, araeqskluziuri diskursis Seqmnaze dResdReobiT zrunavs mxolod ramdenime umaRlesi saswavlebeli.

saganmanaTleblo sfero, fokus jgufebis respondentTa SefasebiT

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufebSi ganaTleba Taobebis ganmasxvavebel niSnad gamoikveTa. axal-gazrdebs miaCniaT, rom isini, maTi mSoblebis Taobisgan gansx-vavebiT, ufro metad arian orientirebuli ganaTlebaze. 46-55 asakis respondentebi swored ganaTlebis sistemas adanaSaule-ben, rom axalgazrdebs gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi aqvT. 46-55 asakis respondentebs miaCniaT, rom maT Taobas ufro farTo ganaTleba hqonda, axalma Taobam ki bevri elementaruli ram ar icis. 56+ asakis respondentis azriT, SeiZleba dRevandel axalgazrdebs ukeTesi ganaTleba aqvT, magram guldasawyvetia, rom maTTvis meorexarisxovania tradiciuli qarTuli Rire-bulebebi. 56+ asakis respondentebi karg ganaTlebas miiCneven iseTi gamaerTianebeli Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebis winapiro-bad, rogoricaa: tradiciuloba, tolerantoba, religia, sam-Soblos siyvaruli da zneoba.

saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenelTa pozicia

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sfe-ros warmomadgenlebis SefasebiT, saqarTvelos dRevandeli ganaTlebis sistema Zalian sustia, saganmanaTleblo diskursSi ki kulturuli nacionalizmis Temebi dominirebs:

`maswavleblebs aqvT warmodgena, rom TavianTi moswav-leebi unda aRzardon patriotebad im gagebiT, rom am xalxma SeinarCunos Tavisi identoba, vTqvaT, igive re-ligiuri kuTxiT da es mniSvnelovani problemaa~ (siRr-

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miseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomad-geneli).

erT-erTi respondentis ganmartebiT, maswavleblebis na-cionalistur diskursSi yuradReba maxvildeba dasavleTidan momdinare gare safrTxeebze, rogoric SeiZleba iyos, maga-liTad, erovnuli tradiciebis an enobrivi kuTvnilebis da-kargva. saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenlis azriT, swo-red aseTi damokidebuleba ayalibebs moswavleebSi qsenofobi-ur ganwyobebs:

`Cven gvzrdian dasaqmebis bazrisTvis da ara imisTvis rom iyo bednieri, SemoqmedebiTi, socialurad orienti-rebuli, cvlilebebze orientirebuli. ZiriTadad aris Seni socialuri funqciebis kargad morgebaze orien-tirebuli saganmanaTleblo sistema. Sen unda iyo namd-vili patrioti, kargad imuSao, kargad dasaqmde, kargad iswavlo, bevri Svili gaaCino, unda iyo morCili deda~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos war-momadgeneli).

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli sagan-manaTleblo sferos erT-erTi warmomadgeneli ganaTlebis sistemas akritikebs imis gamo, rom is moswavleebs ar uner-gavs iniciativis unars, ar uCens survils, rom maT rame axali scadon da axals gaecnon. respondentis azriT, Sinaarsobriv sakiTxebTan erTad, CamorCenilia teqnikuri mxarec da saqarT-velos ganaTlebis sistema ver pasuxobs Tanamedroveobis moT-xovnebs (magaliTad, moswavleebs ar aswavlian komunikaciis Tanamedrove meTodebs, Tundac, werilis dasawerad mobiluri telefonis an eleqtronuli fostis gamoyenebas). garda amisa, problemad dasaxelda isic, rom maswavleblebi ar icnoben im mxatvrul literaturas, romelsac moswavleebi kiTxuloben. saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgeneli miiCnevs, rom ide-alur SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebis sistema unda ayalibebdes Tavi-sufal da kanonmorCil Semoqmeds, magram amas, upirvelesad, Sesabamisi `sivrce~ sWirdeba, rasac qarTul realobaSi soci-umi individs ver uqmnis. rac Sexeba realobas, respondentis azriT, sistema isev rCeba orientirebulad informaciis kon-servirebaze da ara unarebis Camoyalibebaze. igi akritikebs

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zogadi unarebis qarTul modelsac, romelic calke sagnad aris mowodebuli:

`zogadi unarebi imitomaa zogadi, rom es unari unda moiazrebodes mis yvela sagnis codnaSi da ara konkre-tulad gatanil romelime saganSi. sagani ki ar unda iyos, programa unda iyos orientirebuli swored aseTi una-rebis Camoyalibebaze. Sesabamisad, unda moxdes orien-tireba programis ise, rom moswavle marTla iyos una-riani da es iqneba mTavari Rirebuleba im brendisa, rasac erqmeva Tanamedrove moswavle~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenlebi yuradRebas amaxvileben kerZo skolebze, romlebic sagangebod identobis CamoyalibebisTvis aris Seqm-nili. amis magaliTad saxeldeba sapatriarqos skolebi, sadac swavla ufasoa an Zalian mcire gadasaxadia da es izidavs momx-marebels.

erovnuli identobis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa samo-qalaqo ganaTlebis swavlebis sakiTxi. respondentTa azriT, kvalificiuri pedagogis problemis gamo, saxelmwifo cdi-lobs samoqalaqo ganaTlebis paraleluri sistemis Seqmnas, ma-gram realurad samoqalaqo ganaTlebis maswavleblebi isev ar-sebuli kontingentidan irCeva. saganmanaTleblo sferos war-momadgenelTa SefasebiT, samoqalaqo ganaTlebas, sabolood, iseTi adamianebi aswavlian, romlebic Tavad ar iziareben sa-gnis farglebSi moswavlisTvis gadasacem Rirebulebebs:

ès maswavlebeli aswavlis imas, risic TviTonac ar sje-ra imitom, rom sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis swavle-ba, im Rirebulebebis swavleba, romelic gamoyenebadi ar aris am sazogadoebaSi, maswavlebelsac ayenebs uxerxul mdgomareobaSi da moswavlesac~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgeneli).

rac Seexeba sxva aqtorebTan TanamSromlobas, saganmana-Tleblo sferos warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom ganaTlebis sistemas, ZiriTadad, urTierToba aqvs saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebTan da aseve iseT arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, romlebic saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT sargebloben. saganmana-

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Tleblo sferos erT-erTi warmomadgenlis SefasebiT, gana-Tlebis sistemas mudmivi konkurencia aqvs eklesiasTan, rac garkveul procesebze ufro meti gavlenis mopovebis survils ukavSirdeba.

gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgenle-bi problemad miiCneven grZelvadiani saxelmwifo politi-kis ararsebobas, rac ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebasac mniSvnelovnad aferxebs, upirvelesad, droSi orientaciis TvalsazrisiT. respondentebi ganmartaven, rom grZelvadi-ani strategiuli xedvis gareSe, reformis procesi, saboloo Sedegis nacvlad, mTlianad procesze orientirebuli xdeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, reformis miznisa da arsis gageba sul ufro rTuldeba:

`procesze orientirebuloba iwvevs imas, rom nebismieri koreqtireba xdeba mxolod procesis gaTvaliswinebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi es koreqtireba saboloo miznis ar-qonis gamo iwvevs mimarTulebis gaurkvevlobas, saiT midis es reforma? xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRmoCndeba, rom gvgonia, reforma win midis da xomalds hgavs, romelsac kompasi ar aqvs. mizanze orientirebuli ar aris, es aris albaT am reformis yvelaze seriozuli problema. ar SeiZleba strategia sworad dagegmo, Tu ar gaqvs sabo-loo mizani gansazRvruli~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, sa-ganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sferos erT-erTi warmomadgeneli mcdar nabijad miiCnevs 2004 wels dawyebuli saganmanaTleblo reformebis ganxorcielebas Zveli sistemis sruli uaryofiT. Tumca, respondenti pozi-tiurad afasebs im tendencias, romlis Sedegad, 2004 wlidan moyolebuli, saswavlo procesis centrSi nel-nela moswavle dgeba, xolo maswavlebelTa codna ganaTlebis Teoriebis Ses-axeb sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda.

ganaTlebis sferos sxva warmomadgeneli yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs dRevandeli axali TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebule-bebze da am mxriv momxdar dadebiT cvlilebebze. misi Sefase-biT, axali Taoba eCveva Tavisufal azrovnebas, mas aRar aqvs azris gamoTqmis SiSi da kargad icis Tavisi uflebebi. miuxe-

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davad imisa, rom ufrosi Taoba xSirad sayvedurobs axalgaz-rdebs movaleobaTa ugulebelyofis gamo, respondentis az-riT, uflebebSi gaTviTcnobiereba gacilebiT ufro bazisuri etapia da amas movaleobaTa gacnobierebac mohyveba. sagan-manaTleblo sferos warmomadgenli miiCnevs, rom dRevandel moswavleebs ukve Camoyalibebuli aqvT informaciis moZiebis unari, Tumca, informaciis diferencireba da SerCeva naklebad exerxebaT. pozitiur tendenciad gamoiyo aseve, wina TaobebTan SedarebiT, axali Taobis ukeT organizebuloba, drois Tval-sazrisiT, da Tavisuflebis siyvaruli, rogorc damoukidebel qveyanaSi dabadebuli Taobis damaxasiaTebeli niSani.

saganmanaTleblo sferos gamokiTxuli warmomadgenlebi mi-iCneven, rom saganmanaTleblo sistema ar aris avtonomiuri da saxelmwifos ar surs xelidan gauSvas skolis, rogorc eleq-toratze gavlenis mqone instrumentis marTvis sadaveebi:

`saxelmwifo, vidre skolas ganixilavs rogorc ele-qtorats, potenciur eleqtorats, verafers ver vizamT. skola zogadad aris erTaderTi institucia, romelic faravs mTels sazogadoebas, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelo-baSi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs Tavisi zemoq-medebis efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT, skola aris meore institucia, romelic efeqturad moqmedebs eleqto-ratze. Sesabamisad, amis xelidan gaSveba, saxelmwifos ar unda isev imitom, rom saxelmwifo ar aris obieqturad ganviTarebis Sedegebze orientirebuli~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos warmomadgeneli).

saganmanaTleblo sferos erT-erTi warmomadgeneli skolis avtonomiurobis sakiTxs eklesiis gavlenis konteqstSi ganixi-lavs da ganmartavs, rom dResdReobiT skolaSi ar aris daculi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sekularuli principi, magaliTad, maswavlebelma SeiZleba sanTeli aanTos gakveTilze da skolis direqtori aseT faqts uyuradRebod datovebs. respondentis azriT, direqtorebic ar arian motivirebuli, rom rame Secva-lon skolaSi damkvidrebul araformalur praqtikaSi, radgan kanonis dacvis SemTxvevaSi maT eklesiasTan mouwevT dapiri-spireba.

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arasamTavrobo seqtori, eqspertTa SefasebiT

Teoriis doneze, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dRis wesrigi scdeba lokalur sivrces, radgan rogorc aizenStadi ganmar-tavs, isini `multikulturul~ da `postmodernul~ moZrao-bebs ganekuTvnebian da saxelmwifos rekonstruqciis nacvlad, globalur problemebze arian orientirebuli da avtonomiur politikur, socialur da kulturul sferos qmnian (Eisenstadt, 2000). Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom arasamTavrobo seqtoris avtonimiurobasa da multikultu-rul ganzomilebas mosaxleoba safrTxis Semcvelad aRiqvams. arasamTavrobo seqtoris mimarT ndobis nakleboba dasturdeba 2015 wels Catarebuli kavkasiis barometris bazaSic _ gamokiT-xulTa yvelaze didi raodenoba (42%) Sualedur pasuxs afiq-sirebs, anu arc endoba da arc undoblobas gamoxatavs, xolo rac Seexeba srul ndobas, aseTi damokidebuleba mxolod 4%-s aqvs (CRRC. `kavkasiis barometri, 2015). Cveni kvlevis Sedege-bidan irkveva, rom arasamTavrobo seqtorisadmi undoblobas xSirad ganapirobebs TviTon is Temebi, romlebic aqcentire-bulia arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqmianobaSi da romelTa mimarT mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils miuRebloba aqvs.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa TvalsazrisiT, amJamad saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo seqtori umTavresia im institutebs Soris, romlebic samoqalaqo ero-vnuli identobis Camoyalibebaze zrunaven, riTic TavisTavad upirispirdebian eTno-kulturul erovnul identobas. eqsper-tebi dadebiTad afaseben arasamTavrobo seqtorSi radikalu-rad gansxvavebuli midgomebis arsebobas da fiqroben, rom es pluralizmis Zalian mniSvnelovan Strixs warmoadgens iden-tobis Camoyalibebis procesSi.

eqspertebTan Catarebul siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamoi-kveTa pozicia, romelic arasamTavrobo seqtors ganixilavs Sualedur rgolad sxvadasxva institutebsa da sazogadoebas Soris. am poziciis Tanaxmad, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis reaqciebi xSirad sazogadoebas aiZulebs dafiqrdes da kar-gad gaiazros, Tu ramdenad marTebulia is, rac sxva insti-tutebis mier `WeSmaritebis saxeliT~ moewoda. swored amitom,

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eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori xels uwyobs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas im adamianebSic ki, romle-bic maT mimarT uaryofiTad arian ganwyobili:

àrasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli, am SemTxvevaSi, imaSi gamoixateba, rom isini, Tu ar cvlian, yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, ubiZgeben ifiqron danarCenebma, vinc ar arian arasamTavrobo organizaciis wevrebi da moqmedi pirebi da vinc SeiZleba sulac ar aris maT mimarT simpaTiiT ganwyobili, piriqiT, SeiZleba Zalian agresiuli damoki-debulebac hqondes~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis Sefase-biT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi erovnuli identobis Camoy-alibebis alternatiul models gvTavazoben da nacionalizmis maTi xedva, ZiriTadad, adamianis samoqalaqo uflebebzea ageb-uli. eqspertTa Tanaxmad, swored alternatiuli nacionaluri identobis Seqmnis amgvari mcdeloba ganapirobebs eklesiisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis urTierTdapirispirebas:

àxali identobis formirebaSi eklesias hyavs mowinaaRm-dege swored am liberaluri jgufebis saxiT. eseni arian feministebi, sxvadasxva umciresobis, religiuri, se-qsualuri, eTnikuri umciresobebis damcvelebi da adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben xelaxla gaiazron, ara tradciulad, ara eklesiidan gamomdinare, aramed sxva sayrdenebi mouZebnon qarTul identobas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis erTi nawilis azriT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis muSao-bas ukavSirdeba sazogadoebaSi garkveuli ideebis danergva da stereotipul SexedulebaTa cvlilebebis mimarTulebiT erTgvari tendenciis Seqmna, magaliTad, qalebze Zaladobis miuRebloba, genderuli Tanasworoba da a.S. Tumca, miuxeda-vad am pozitiuri Sefasebisa, eqspertebi miiCneven, rom saWi-roa arasamTavrobo seqtoris muSaobis strategiis gadaxedva, radgan didi resursis xarjvis miuxedavad, Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, isini ver xedaven iseTi masStabis cvlilebebs, rogoric daaxloebiT ocwlian muSaobas unda mohyoloda. eqspertTa nawilis SefasebiT, marTalia, arasamTavrebo or-

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ganizaciebi progresuli ideebiT gamorCevian da sazogadoe-bis ganviTarebas xels uwyoben, magram sazogadoeba naklebad endoba maT, Sesabamisad, maTi gavlena sazogadoebaze SezRudu-lia da amitom maTi wvlilic erovnuli identobis formirebis procesSi Zalian mcirea.

arasamTavrobo seqtoris pozicia

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi TavianT Zal-isxmevas dadebiTad afaseben imdenad, ramdenadac miaCniT, rom bevri ram gaakeTes qveynis progresisTvis _ kanonmdeblobis daxvewisa Tu sxvadasxva diskriminirebuli jgufebis mdgomare-obis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. amis miuxedavad, gamokiTxu-li arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi ar fiqroben, rom samoqalaqo seqtorma sazogadoebis Rirebulebebze didi gav-lena iqonia. maTi azriT, dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebaze naklebad muSaoben da maTi ZiriTadi saqmianobis sfero saxelm-wifos kritika da monitoringia, rac, sabolood, sazogadoebis-gan maT daSorebas iwvevs. siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgeneli am tendenciis gamo akritikebs arasamTavrobo seqtors:

`maT politikuri ganzomileba ufro aqvT, xelisufle-bis kritikaze da masTan winaaRmdegobazea orientire-buli, vidre socialuri ganzomileba, romelic swored aseTi tipis sakiTxebze muSaobs. principSi, swored imis gamo, rom ènjioebs~ ar aqvT aseTi ganzomileba, ar aqvT kavSiri sazogadoebasTan, rac iwvevs maT da sazogadoe-bas Soris Zalian seriozul ganxeTqilebas. maT SeiZleba erTmaneTis enac ki ar esmodeT da rac yvelaze mTavaria, sinamdvileSi raRac tipis ukmayofileba ènjiobis~ mi-marT SeiZleba ganapirobos im Rirebulebebis mimarT ukmayofilebac da frustrirebac, romlis Teoriuli gamoxatulebebi arian ènjioebi~, magaliTad, adamianis uflebebis, qalTa Tanasworobis da a.S.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli)

arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebi arasamTavro-bo seqtorisadmi sazogadoebis undoblobas imiTac xsnian, rom,

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zogadad, maTi organizaciuli struqtura Zalian Caketilia da maTi aqtivoba, sazogadoebasTan uSualo kontaqtis mxriv da-bal donezea (beneficiarebTan, interesTa jgufebTan muSaoba, komunikacia). maT mimarT sazogadoebrivi ndobis deficits arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi ukavSireben im faqtsac, rom isini nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben sazoga-doebis umravlesobisTvis mtkivneul da aqtualur sakiTxebs. respondentebi fiqroben, rom, erTi mxriv, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqcia ar aris umravlesobis interesebis dacva an misi problemebis mogvareba, magram, meore mxriv, isi-ni xedaven TavianT saqmianobaSi socialuri sakiTxebis aqtu-alizaciis saWiroebas. siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa azriT, arasamTavroboebis mimarT negatiur damokidebulebas aZlierebs is dapirispireba, romelic eklesiasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris arsebobs. isini miiCneven, rom dRes ekle-sia da xelisufleba SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben, xolo realuri oponenti eklesiisTvis arasamTavrobo seqtoria.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasam-Tavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebis TvalsazrisiT, arasam-Tavroboebisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis naklebobas xels uwyobs aseve am seqtoris politizaciis mcdeloba. respondentebi miiC-neven, rom zogierT arasamTavrobo organizacias marTlac aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli politikuri kavSirebi, rac uaryofiTad aRiqmeba sxva politikuri jgufebis mxardamWerTa mier, xolo, rodesac msgavsi arasamTavroboebi samarTlianad gamoTqvamen kritikas xelisuflebis mimarT, xSiria maRalCinosnebis mier maTi dadanaSauleba politikur mikerZoebulobaSi. responden-tebi dasZenen, rom negatiuri propagandis nawilia e.w. `granti-Wamiobis konceptic~, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi se-riozulad ar aRiqvamen arasamTavroboebis muSaobas da maT saqmianobas sazogadoebisTvis araaqtualuri Temebis xelovnu-rad gamogonebasa da TaRliTobasTan akavSireben.

gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomad-genelTa SefasebiT, realurad, konkretul samizne jgufebze gavlena yvela arasamTavrobom moaxdina, magram RirebulebaTa cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, isini ver xedaven farTomasStabian

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Zvras, romelic mTels sazogadoebaze gavrceldeboda. Tumca, respondentebis SefasebiT, maTdami damokidebuleba nel-nela pozitiurad icvleba. magaliTad, ojaxuri Zaladobis prob-lemas sul ufro da ufro meti qali aRiqvams seriozulad, magram, zogadad, jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo seqtori mainc SedarebiT marginalizebulad rCeba.

rac Seexeba sxva aqtorebTan TanamSromlobas, kvlevis far-glebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomad-genelTa TqmiT, isini, upirvelesad, partniorobas uweven sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. maTTvis mniSvnelovani part-niorebia aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic medi-atoris rols TamaSoben maTsa da xelisuflebas Soris. rac Seexeba uSualod arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da politikuri jgufebis partniorobas, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomad-genelTa SefasebiT, es sakmaod rTuli procesia, Tumca maT-Tvis gardauvalia politikur aqtorebTan urTierToba. maTi TqmiT, xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobaze gavlenas axdens mmarTveli Zalis cvlileba. amJamad maT problemas uqmnis 2012 wlidan parlamentis umciresobaSi aRmoCenili èrTiani nacio-naluri moZraobis~ Ria mxardaWera, magaliTad, lgbt pirebis uflebebis dacvis mxriv. amgvari mxardaWera arasamTavrobo organizaciebisTvis xelsayrelia politikuri Zalis mokavSir-eobis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, wamgebiania konkretul politi-kur jgufTan asocirebis gamo:

`Cveni moZraoba yovelTvis arasworad iyo mibmuli saa-kaSvils, TiTqos saakaSvili gafinansebT, nacmoZraoba gafinansebT, rac bunebrivia, ar Seesabameba simarTles da is faqti, rom Zalian xmalamoRebulebi gvicaven xol-me Cvens reputaciaze maincdamainc kargad ar moqmedebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris war-momadgeneli).

rac Seexeba dRevandel xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobas, gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven, rom am mxriv mravaljer Seicvala situacia. maTi TqmiT, `qarTuli ocnebis~ xelisuflebaSi mosvlis sawyis etapze biZina ivaniSvilisgan hqondaT sityvieri mxardaWera, rac bevr rames cvlida maTdami damokidebulebis Tvalsaz-

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risiT. dRevandeli xelisuflebis mxardaWeris sailustra-ciod isini asaxeleben 2014 wels antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miRebas. rogorc erT-erTi arasamTavrobo organizaciis war-momadgeneli ambobs, mogvianebiT politikuri amindi Seicvala da amJamad maT gacilebiT ufro uWirT cvlilebebis ganxor-cieleba da amisaTvis xelisuflebis mxardaWeris mopoveba. gamokiTxuli respondentebis TqmiT, isini ZiriTadad aRmas-rulebel xelisuflebasTan TanamSromloben, radgan aRmas-rulebel StoSi dasaqmebul pirebs, miuxedavad maTi partiuli mikuTvnebulobisa, samsaxurebrivi movaleobebi aqvT da arasam-Tavroboebic swored am formaluri valdebulebebis fargleb-Si sTxoven reagirebas. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmo-madgenelTa SefasebiT, aRmasrulebel StosTan TanamSromloba ufro martivia, vidre politikur partiebTan, Tumca, xSirad, gansakuTrebiT, winasaarCevno periodebSi, aRmasrulebeli xe-lisuflebac bevr dabrkolebebs uqmnis maT:

`cdiloben naklebad angaJirebulebi iyvnen, raRac iseT sakiTxebSi, romelsac skandalurad moiazreben, maT Soris eklesiis risxva SeiZleba gamoiwvios, aseve ucn-aurad xdeba xolme imitom, rom transgenderi adamian-ebisTvis sqesis samarTlebriv aRiarebaze vmuSaobdiT didi xani Cven da saministrodan iyo mwvane Suqi TiTqos imaze, rom praqtikis Secvla undodaT, daviwyeT amaze muSaoba da mere erT dRes ministrma ubralod gadaifi-qra~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebis warmomadgenelTa azriT, mniSvnelovan problemas qmnis is, rom, saministroebSi momuSave mravali motivirebuli adamianis miuxedavad, sabolood, sakvanZo sakiTxebi mainc min-istris da ministris moadgilis doneze wydeba da sazogadoe-brivi masStabis Temebi viwropartiul politikamde daiyvaneba. arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa azriT, arasam-Tavroboebis umravlesoba araTu ver TanamSromlobs, aramed aSkarad dapirispirebulia eklesiasTan.

gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebis azriT, mcire cvlilebebi sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sfer-

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oSi, ganpirobebulia im mwiri resursebiTa da problemebiT, rac arasamTavrobo seqtors aqvs. respondentebis Tanax-mad, maT brZola uwevT resursebisaTvis im organizaciebTan da jgufebTan, romlebic maTi partniorebi unda iyvnen. es yvelaferi erTad SeuZlebels xdis imas, rom arasamTavrobo seqtorma sazogadoebis Rirebulebebze didi gavlena moaxdi-nos. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa Sefase-biT, maTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovani resursi aqvT politikosebs da eklesias, amitom, umTavresad, swored isini axdenen gavlenas sazogadoebriv azrsa da Rirebulebebze.

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebisadmi mosaxleo-bis damokidebulebis analizma gviCvena, rom erT-erTi sakvanZo faqtori aris ndoba konkretuli institutis mimarT. eklesia amJamad swored ndobis maRali maCveneblis safuZvelze ikveTe-ba yvelaze gavlenian institutad, politikuri partiebisadmi ndobis nakleboba ki gansazRvravs mosaxleobis dabal aqtivo-bas politikur da samoqalaqo sferoSi. politikuri partie-bisa da saganmanaTleblo institutebis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTad problemad unda CaiTvalos grZelvadiani xedvis ararseboba, rac politikur partiebs aiZulebs amomrCevlis cvalebad gan-wyobilebebs moergon da populistur subieqtebad iqcnen. me-diisa da arasamTavrobo sferos warmomadgenlebma, maT winaSe arsebul erT-erT mTavar gamowvevad daasaxeles resursebis nakleboba, rac mediis SemTxvevaSi aiZulebs maT saeTero bade naklebad xarisxiani produqciiT daakompleqton.

kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom respondentebi mgrZnobiared reagireben mo-dernizaciis procesisTvis damaxasiaTebel gaurkvevlobasa da ryevebze da maT qarTuli erovnuli identobisTvis safrTxed aRiqvamen. amasTanave, iseT institutebs, rogoricaa politi-kuri partiebi, media da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, gark-veulwilad, moiazreben antiqarTuli Rirebulebebis Semom-tanad da gamavrceleblad. fokus jgufebis Sedegebidan ga-momdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respondentebis gaRizianebas iwvevs evropis mier Rirebulebebis `Tavsmoxveva~ qarTveli

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sazogadoebisTvis. fokus jgufebis monawileebi akritikeben medias seqsualur umciresobaTa `propagandis~, xolo poli-tikur partiebs religiuri umciresobebisa da lgbt pirebis interesTa dacvis gamo. instituti, romelic respondentTa azriT, erovnuli Rirebulebebis SenarCunebisTvis iRvwis, aris saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia (eqspertTa Se-fasebiT ki, amgvari damokidebuleba SezRuduli, eqskluziuri identobis gavrcelebas uwyobs xels da aferxebs samoqalaqo erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebas).

3.2.2. Tanamedrove msoflio procesebis mniSvneloba qarTuli erovnuli identobisTvis

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso procesebidan, romlebic qarTu-li erovnuli identobis saxecvlilebas iwvevs, eqspertTagan yvelaze xSirad globalizacia dasaxelda. erT-erTi eqspertis ganmartebiT, `msoflios xalxebi nel-nela erTmaneTs vems-gavsebiT, erTnairad gvacvia, erTnair saWmelebs vWamT, erT-nair musikas vusmenT da es cvlis yvelafers~. igi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos farTo sazogadoebisTvis rTulia am cvli-lebebTan Segueba, radgan umravlesobisTvis ufro martivia ukve nacnobi wes-Cveulebebis SenarCuneba, Tumca, eqspertis daskvniT, ìstoriis logikis SeCereba SuZlebelia~. eqspert-Tagan dadebiTad Sefasda evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos daax-loebis procesi. maTi azriT, evropul struqturebTan saqa-rTvelos mWidro urTierToba gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens qarTuli erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebis procesze. evro-pasTan integracia mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs iwvevs saqarT-veloSi da am cvlilebebis sxvadasxva aspeqti sazogadoebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Tvalsaz-risiT. erT-erTi eqsperti SeniSnavs, rom evropis mimarT saqa-rTvelos gaxsniloba mosaxleobisTvis, garkveulwilad, SiSis momgvrelicaa. misi ganmartebiT, mosaxleobis did nawils, erTi mxriv, gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom globalizacia, evro-peizacia qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis kargia, magram, meore mxriv, kulturuli da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, es Tanamedrove procesebi erTgvar safrTxes warmoadgens erov-nuli identobisTvis:

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`(...) safrTxes ufro am kuTxiT anu tradiciebis dakargis kuTxiT ufro vxedav. rac Seexeba ekonomikuri kuTxiT, ara mgonia sazogadoebas negatiuri aRqma hqondes amas-Tan dakavSirebiT. piriqiT, am kuTxiT dadebiTad fas-deba. Cemi azriT, sazogadoebas aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom globalizacia Sedegs iRebs, swored ekonomikuri kuTxiT, magram acnobiereben imasac, rom amas aqvs cudi Sedegebi politikuri TvalsazrisiT~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, eqsperti).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqsper-ti miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio procesebSi CarTu-loba ZiriTadad ùrbanuli elitis privilegiaa~. misi Sefa-sebiT, mwiri informirebulobis gamo, qarTveli mosaxleobis didi nawili gamoTiSulia am procesebisgan da es qveynisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamowvevad unda CaiTvalos. meore gamowvevad eqspertma saqarTveloSi globaluri kulturis Semosvla daasaxela, romlis mimarTac mosaxleobis nawilSi garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. eqspertis ganmartebiT, Tanamedrove procesebSi CarTulobis xarisxs swored rom mo-saxleobis informirebuloba gansazRvravs da amis safuZvelze sazogadoeba or nawilad aris gayofili _ erTisTvis xelmis-awvdomia globaluri kulturisa da im cvlilebebis gaazreba, romlebic msoflio procesebs moaqvs, xolo sazogadoebis meore nawili, romelsac xeli ar miuwvdeba am tipis informa-ciaze, ewinaaRmdegeba am procesebs da maTi winaaRmdegoba ga-sagebia. igive eqsperti aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove procesebSi CarTuloba ganapirobebs erovnuli identobis cvalebadobas, identoba aRar gvevlineba, rogorc `raRac gaSeSebuli da er-Txel da samudamod mocemuli~, aramed is mudmivi cvlilebebis procesia. aqedan gamomdinare, eqspertis TvalsazrisiT, Tu

`(...) es CarTuloba ar arsebobs, Sen TiTqmis ganwiruli xar imisTvis, rom ubralod akeTo kultivireba imisa, rac manamde Seqmnila da maqsimalurad Seecado Seinaxo. Sen unda gaaqvavo, sazrisisgan dacalo es yvelaferi. es gaxsniloba aseve gulisxmobs gadaazrebas sakuTari kulturisa politikur konteqstebSi. ase vTqvaT, mixve-dras imisa, rom es erTaderTi horizonti ar aris, Sen mx-olod xar am kulturis matarebeli, magram globaluri

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kulturis horizonti aris Zalian didi mravalferovne-ba. meore mxriv, cxadia, rom yvelas amis Sansi ar aqvs. Tanasworobis ideali Cvens qveyanaSi ar aris. da Sesabam-isad, Zalian bevri adamiani yvelaferi amis gareT rCeba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertTa azriT, Cvens sazogadoebaSi bevri ram unda ga-keTdes imisTvis, rom sazogadoebis mier Tanamedrove, glo-baluri procesebi marTebulad Sefasdes da maTdami mimRe-bloba gaizardos. maTi TqmiT, am mimarTulebiT aucilebelia saTanado reformebis ganxorcieleba da aRniSnuli procesebis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informirebulobis gazrda.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul mediawarmo-madgenlebs eTxovaT SeefasebinaT, Tu romeli Temebia dRes yvelaze metad/naklebad aqtualuri qarTveli sazogadoebisT-vis. erT-erTma mediawarmomadgenelma aRniSna, rom qarTveli mayurebeli Caketilia Tavis sivrceSi, ufro lokalur axal ambebs ecnoba da sxva qveynebSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb naklebad interesdeba. Tumca, misive ganmartebiT:

`mainc vcdilobT (igulisxmeba gamokiTxuli respon-dentis satelevizio arxi), rom ar avcdeT msoflio movlenebs da mainc gavaSuqoT xolme imitom, rom Cvenc msoflios nawili varT da vTvli, rom rac xdeba msoflioSi, garkveulwilad, unda asaxo Sen imisda mi-uxedavad, ramdenad miiRebs an ar miiRebs mayurebeli amas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediawarmomadgeneli).

sxva mediawarmomdgenlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mier evro-puli ganviTarebis gzis arCeva Cveni qveynis nacionaluri in-teresia da amgvari arCevaniT qveyanas Tavisi suverenitetis garkveuli nawilis daTmobac uwevs, imisTvis, rom natosa da evrokavSirSi gaerTiandes.

saqarTvelos evropul ganviTarebasa da dasavlur struqtu-rebSi integraciisken swrafvas, Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamo-kiTxuli qarTveli politikosebic, garkveulwilad, qveynis na-cionalur interesad gansazRvraven. maTi ganmartebiT, saqarT-velos erovnuli interesi efuZneba upirvelesad, Tavisufle-bas, damoukideblobas, qveynis suverenitetsa da teritoriul mTlianobas da amasTanave, rogorc es erT-erTma politikosma

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aRniSna, imisTvis, rom saqarTvelom Tavisi adgili daimkvidros warmatebul qveynebs Soris da gauZlos konkurencias, is unda ganviTardes da Camoyalibdes Tanamedrove sazogadoebad, rac saxelmwifos mier modernizaciis procesis Semdgom gaRrmavebas gulisxmobs. am konteqstSi erT-erTi politikosi dasZens, rom qarTuli politikuri partiebis udides nawilSi ukve didi xania arsebobs konsesusi erT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT _ saqarTvelo natosa da evrokavSiris wevri unda gaxdes.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis Se-degebis Tanaxmad, gamokiTxuli respondentebi Tanamedrove procesebs dadebiTad da, amavdroulad, kritikuladac afase-ben. globalizaciis process axalgazrda respondentTa (18-30) erTi nawili rTul, kompleqsur procesad ganixilavs. erT-erTi respondentis azriT, `didi qveynebis xelSi patara qvey-nebi morCili TixasaviT arian xolme~. Sesabamisad, saqarTve-loze dasavleTis gavlenas is patara qveyanaze erTgvar mani-pulaciad aRiqvams, xolo globalizacia misTvis qaosur cvli-lebebTan asocirdeba, radgan am procesSi ucxouri normebisa Tu standartebis gadmoReba `gauazreblad~ xdeba. misi TqmiT, aucilebelia sakuTari saxis SenarCuneba, ise rogorc ès saqa-rTvelosTvis aris misaRebi~:

`Cven mcire qveynebs ar gvaqvs imis unari, rom SevewinaaRm-degoT da gvinda- argvinda viqceviT xolme maT xelSi imad, rac undaT rom viyoT~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30).

axalgazrda respondentTa didi nawilis TvalsazrisiT, globalizaciis procesis gavlena da Semosvla saqarTveloSi gardauvali procesia, radgan globalizacia sayovelTaoa da masTan dapirispirebas azri ar aqvs. Tumca, iqve aRniSnaven, rom RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia sifrTxile, rac siaxleebis marTebulad gagebasa da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. amgvari unarebis dauflebis gzas ki isini ganaTlebaSi xedaven.

saSualo asakis respondentebi (31-45) saubroben global-izaciis rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT mxareebze. maTi az-riT, globalizaciis Sedegad mimosvla advildeba, gzebi ix-sneba da axalgazrdebs saSualeba eZlevaT sxvadasxva qveyana daaTvalieron, sxvadasxva xalxi da maTi kultura gaicnon. re-spondentebi aRniSnaven, rom evropuli civilizacia unda Se-

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movides saqarTveloSi, Tumca, sakuTari Rirebulebebi ar unda davkargoT am procesSi:

`globalizacia (...) dadebiTs, evropuli civilizacia unda Semovides. qarTul ambiciaSi devs evropisken swrafva, Tu gvinda, rom es miviRoT, unda miviRoT. Tu ar gvinda vuTxraT da viyoT ise, rogorc varT da nuRar gvaqvs pretenzia. iyavi saqarTeloSi, afase mTa-bari da sarwmunoeba, eklesia. Rirebulebebi ar unda davkargoT, Torem evropa ar aris cudi~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

erT-erTi respondenti qalis azriT, qarTveli eri is eria, romelsac ekonomikurad Zalian uWirs da gadarCenisTvis ibrZ-vis, misTvis misi ekonomikuri keTildReoba umTavresia, ami-tom evropul Rirebulebebze saubari da dasavleTSi mimdinare procesebis Sefaseba qarTvel ers meorexarisxovnad miaCnia:

~damerwmuneT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1 milions unda 4 milionidan. es sagareo poilitikis da sagareo ekono-mikis Temaa, iyo saubari, rom msoflio unda gaerTiandes da kulturebi unda daviviwyoT. Tu raRac siaxlisken miviswrafiT, CavataroT kvleva da vikiTxoT vis unda da vis ara. eri, romelic miiyvanes iqamde, rom kuWis pro-blema yvelaze win dgas, romel Rirsebebzea iq saubari? elementarulad viazrovnoT, rodesac gSia tvini ixSo-ba da imis iqiT veraraferze fiqrobs. adamiani, romelic gamomuSavebaze da dRiur sazrdoze fiqrobs, imas arc evropuli Rirsebebi adardebs, arc amerikuli civili-zacia ainteresebs, is ubralod gadarCenisTvis ibrZvis. Cven is eri varT, romelic am stadiaSi varT, vibrZviT ga-darCenisTvis~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

ufrosi Taobis respondentebis (46-55 da 55+) SefasebiT globalizacia da axali teqnologiebis ganviTareba uaryofiT gavlenas axdens axalgazrda Taobaze. isini dasavleTidan Se-mosul siaxleebs kritikulad aRiqvamen da amboben, rom axal-gazrdebma ̀ kompiuteri iswavles da tradicias aRar uyureben~.

Tanamedrove procesebisadmi damokidebulebis ufro naTel suraTs gvaZlevs socialur mecnierebaTa centris 2013 wlis ISSP-is èrovnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb kvleva. gamokiTxvis erT-erT nawilSi respondentebs skalaze (1-dan 5-mde, Sesabamisad, sruliad veTanxmebi da saerTod ar veTanxmebi) unda ganesaz-

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RvraT, Tu ramdenad eTanxmebian cxrilSi # 10 warmodgenil debulebebs, romlebic TavianTi SinaarsiT gamoxataven, ro-gorc globalizaciis momwinaaRmdegeTa, aseve am procesis momxreTa pozicias.

cxrili # 10: globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi da momxreebi

globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi

globalizaciis momxreebi

erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, magaliTad, ga re mos dabinZurebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi.

didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi.

Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi ukeTesi produqtebi xdeba xelmisawvdomi.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven.

zogadad, saqarTvelom im saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa, maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba.

erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda Sez-Rudos ucxouri produqciis importi _ am sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebiT, globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvi (50,6 %) Warbobs momxreTa ricxvs (31,8 %). analogiuri tendencia fiqsirdeba didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebisadmi damokidebulebaSic: gamo-kiTxulTa 50,5 procentisTvis didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTve-loSi da gamokiTxulTa mxolod 18,5 procenti ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebas, 31 procents ki uWirs pasuxis gacema. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleoba keTilganwyobilia Tavisufali vaW-robis mimarT. gamokiTxulTa 61,7% miiCnevs, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi ukeTesi produqtebisadmi xe-lmisawvdomoba izrdeba (ix. cxrili #11 da diagrama #17 ).

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cxrili # 11: globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi

sru

lia

d

veT

anxm

ebi

veT

anxm

ebi

arc v

eTan

xmeb

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a ar

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anxm

ebi

ar v

eTan

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i

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erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi.

23,2% 27,4% 12% 25,3% 6,5% 5,5% 2,92

didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi

18,3% 32,2% 16,9% 15,8% 2,7% 14,1% 3,23

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven

8,8% 27,6% 22,6% 19,6% 3,8% 17,6% 3,7

diagrama: # 17 globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi

globaluri politikis mimarT respondentebis damokide-buleba SeiZleba ambivalenturad Sefasdes: gamokiTxulTa 52,2 procentisTvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problemis gadawyvetisas, unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba; am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba 28,1%. zogadad, saqarTvelom im saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa,

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im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba _ aseT pozicias gamokiTxulTa 39,4% ar iziarebs, gansxvavebiT im 28,4 procentisgan, romlisTvisac aseTi midgoma misaRebia. gamok-iTxulTa 36,4% eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven, 23,4 % ki ase ar fiqrobs (ix. cxrili #12 da diagrama #18 ).

cxrili #12: globalizaciis momxreebisr

ul

iad

veT

anxm

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eTan

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a ar

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sru

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alo

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema

17,8% 34,4% 10,7% 19,6% 8,5% 9,1% 3,12

Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi ukeTesi produqtebi xdeba xelmisawvdomi

19,2% 42,5% 13,6% 12,4% 3,7% 8,7% 2,83

zogadad, saqarTvelom im saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa, maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba

6,4% 22% 18,8% 29,8% 9,6% 13,3% 3,81

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diagrama #18: globalizaciis momxreebi

gamokiTxul respondentTaTvis erovnuli politika, eko-nomika da kultura prioritetulia. es mkafiod Cans Semde-gi maCveneblebidan: gamokiTxulTa 44,9 procenti, gansxvave-biT 36,5 procentisgan, miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelom sakuTari intresebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos maSinac ki, Tu es sxva erebTan konfliqts gamoiwvevs. gamokiTxulTa 73,5% acxadebs, rom ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba, xolo 74,8 procentis azriT, saqarTvelos televizia upiratesobas qarTul filmebsa da programebs unda aniWebdes.

erovnuli politika globalizaciis procesSi

gamokiTxul respondentTa damokidebuleba erovnuli poli-tikisadmi, saerTaSoriso konteqstSi, erTgvarovania, rogorc asakis, aseve sqesis mixedviT. es niSnavs, rom mosaxleobis um-ravlesobis azriT, saqarTvelom, upirvelesad, Tavisi erovnu-li interesebidan gamomdinare unda imoqmedos, Tundac amas sxva qveynebTan konfliqti mohyves. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoikveTa ucxoelebze miwis gayidvis sakiTx-Tan dakavSirebiT da es uaryofiTi tendencia izrdeba asakis matebasTan erTad. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba aseve respondentTa uaryofiTi damokidebule-ba saerTaSoriso organizaciebisadmi da im debulebis momxre-Ta raodenoba, romlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

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saqarTvelos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven. axalgazrda respondentebi, ufrosi asakis respondentebTan Se-

darebiT, ufro metad fiqroben, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT saqarTvelos xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, magaliTad, garemos dabi-nZurebis SemTxvevaSi. respondentTa umravlesoba ar eTanxmeba Semdeg mosazrebas: ̀ zogadad, saqarTvelom im saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa, ma-Sinac ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba~. qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili # 13 da cxrili #14 gviCvenebs dadebiTad gacemul pasuxTa procentul maCveneblebs asakisa da sqesis mixedviT:

cxrili: #13

kiTxva qali kacisaerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema

57,6% 55,9%

saqarTvelom sakuTari interesebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos maSinac ki, Tu es sxva erebTan konfliqts gamoiwvevs

45,7% 53,2%

ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba 77,5% 74,9%zogadad, saqarTvelom im saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa, maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba

33,1% 31,3%


42,5% 47,4%

cxrili: #14

kiTxva 18-30 31-45 46-55 56+saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema

59,3% 63,5% 50% 54,4%


46,9% 51,1% 46,6% 50,7%

ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba

65,8% 74,2% 75% 84,6%


30,4% 34,9% 33,8% 31,1%


34,2% 42,4% 48,2% 51,4%

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erovnuli ekonomika globalizaciis procesSi

ufrosi asakis (46-55, 55-100) respondentTa umravlesoba (57,9%, 62%), axalgazrda (18-30, 31-45) respondentebTan SedarebiT (39%, 51,7%), iziarebs mosazrebas, rom erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produ-qciis importi. ufrosi Taobis respondentebi aseve miiCneven, rom didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayene-ben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi. Tavisufal vaWrobas orive Taobis umravlesoba uWers mxars (63%+), Tumca, axal-gazrda respondentebSi am mxardaWeris maCvenebeli ufro ma-Ralia (69,7%, 72,1%) vidre ufros TaobasTan (ix. cxrili #15). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sqesis mixedviT, gansxvaveba ar fi-qsirdeba (ix. cxrili # 16).

cxrili: #15

kiTxva 18-30 31-45 46-55 56+erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi

39% 51,7% 57,9% 62%


53,4% 56,4% 60,5% 64,9%


69,7% 72,1% 66,4% 63,6%

cxrili: #16

kiTxva qali kacierovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi

51,2% 56,9%


57,2% 61,9%


67,2% 67,7%

kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis monawileni mkafiod gamoxataven TavianT dadebiT damokidebulebas qar-Tuli filmebisa da satelevizio programebisadmi. gamokiT-xulTa umravlesoba, rogorc qali (76,8%), aseve kaci (79,5%) acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos televizia upiratesobas qarTul

_ 242 _

filmebsa da teleprogramebs unda aniWebdes. aqve unda aRi-niSnos, rom amgvari damokidebuleba asakis matebasTan erT-ad izrdeba da ZiriTadad ufrosi Taobis respondentebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani qarTuli filmebisa da programebis prio-riteti teleeTerSi (ix. diagrama #19 ):

diagrama: #19

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba sifrTxiliT da garkveuli SiSiT ekideba erovnuli politikisa da ekonomi-kis CarTulobas saerTaSoriso sivrceSi _ aseT daskvnas kv-levis farglebSi Catarebuli faqtoruli analizic adastu-rebs. saerTaSoriso sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebaSi erov-nuli politikis dacvis tendencia igrZnoba, rasac Sesabamisi parametrebis or faqtorad ganawilebac gviCvenebs. pirvels `SezRudvebis~ faqtori SeiZleba ewodos, meores ki _ `sagareo orientirebi~ (ix. cxrili #17).

_ 243 _

cxrili: #17

faqtori saSualoebi

1 2

1-sruliad veTanxmebi; 5 sruliad ar veTanxmebi

erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi

.593 .334 2.63

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema

-.075 .698 2.65


.167 .672 2.82

ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba

.702 .116 1.88

saqarTvelos televizia upiratesobas qarTul filmebsa da programebs unda aniWebdes .748 -.236 1.84

`SezRudvebis~ faqtorSi sami cvladi erTiandeba: èrovnu-li ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi~, ùcxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba~ da `saqarTvelos tele-vizia upiratesobas qarTul filmebsa da programebs unda ani-Webdes~.

demografiuli cvladebidan `SezRudvebis~ faqtori damo-kidebulia iseT cvladebze, rogoricaa: asaki (p=.000), gana-Tlebis done (p=.000) da dasaqmebis tipi (p=.000). `SezRudvebis~ faqtori ufro metad 55 welze ufrosi asakis respondentebs axasiaTebs (0.30), ufro naklebad ki 18-24 wlis respondentebs (-0.55). amasTan, `SezRudvebis~ faqtori ufro Zlieria saSua-loze dabali ganaTlebis mqone jgufebTan ( 0.28) da sustia magistrze ufro maRali ganaTlebis xarisxis mqone pirTaTvis (-0.24). `SezRudvebis~ faqtori ufro metad axasiaTebs amJa-mad umuSevar respondentebs, romlebsac adre hqondaT anaz-Raurebadi samuSao (0.17), xolo SedarebiT naklebad axasiaTebs maT, visac arasdros hqonia anazRaurebadi samuSao (-0.18). orive SemTxvevaSi tendencia sustadaa gamoxatuli. SezRud-

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vebis faqtori ufro Zlieria sajaro moxeleebisTvis (0.19), xolo susti _ kerZo moxeleebisTvis ( -0.12). tendencia aqac sustadaa gamoxatuli. `SezRudvebis~ faqtori naklebad axasi-aTebT moswavle/studentebs (-0.71), internebsa (-0.66) da samx-edro an sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulebs (-0.63).

`sagareo orientirebis~ faqtorSi ori cvladi erTiandeba: `saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisuflebaze zewolis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, mag-aliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema~ da `saqarTvelom sa-kuTari interesebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos maSinac ki, Tu es sxva erebTan konfliqts gamoiwvevs~. demografiuli cv-ladebidan `sagareo orientirebis~ faqtorisTvis statisti-kurad mniSvnelovania mxolod ganaTlebis donis aRmniSvneli cvladi (p=.000). `sagareo orientirebis~ faqtori ufro metad axasiaTebs magistrze maRali ganaTlebis mqone pirebs (0.44). statistikurad umniSvneloa Semdegi cvladebi: sqesi (p=.143), asaki (p=.067) da daqmebis tipi (p=.06).

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciebis mimarT damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli parametrebi or fa-qtorad daiyo (ix. cxrili #18 ) da maT ̀ zianis~ da ̀ sargeblis~ faqtorebi SeiZleba ewodos.

`zianis~ faqtorSi ori cvladi erTiandeba: `didi saerTaSori-so kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv biz-ness saqarTveloSi~ da `saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarT-velos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven~. demo-grafiuli cvladebidan `zianis~ faqtorisTvis statistikurad mniSvnelovania iseTi cvladebi, rogoricaa: sqesi (p=.000), asaki (p=.000) da ganaTlebis done (p=.03).

im respondentTa Soris, romlebic zianis momtanad aRiqva-men saerTaSoriso politikur da ekonomikur institutebs, asakis mixedviT Semdegi tendencia dafiqsirda: 18-25 wlamde (-.027) da 26-dan 34 wlamde (-.015) asakobrivi jgufis warmomad-genlebi naklebad avlenen uaryofiT damokidebulebas am in-stitutebisadmi, xolo 55+ wlis respondentebi, piriqiT, sxva asakobriv jgufebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze ufro negatiurad

_ 245 _

arian ganwyobili saerTaSoriso institutebisadmi (.012), anu asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba im respondentTa raodenoba, romelTa mier saerTaSoriso institutebis saqmianoba saqarT-velosTvis sazianod aRiqmeba.

rac Seexeba ganaTlebis donis cvlads _ saSualoze dabali ganaTlebis mqone jgufebSi ufro metad vlindeba susti ten-dencia, rom `zianis~ momtanad aRiqvan saerTaSoriso politi-kuri da ekonomikuri institutebi (.015). rac ufro izrdeba ganaTlebis done (magistris xarisxi da ufro zemoT) (-.020), miT ufro mcirdeba aRniSnuli tendencia.

sayuradReboa, rom arc erT faqtorSi ar gaerTianda da arc calke faqtorad gamoiyo cvladi _ `sakuTar Tavs msoflio moqalaqed ufro vTvli, vidre romelime qveynis~. amasTan, am cvladma mkveTrad uaryofiTi saSualo Sefaseba miiRo (4.39).

cxrili: #18


ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT mocemul debulebebs?

faqtori saSualoebi

1 2

1-sruliad veTanxmebi; 5 sruliad

ar veTanxmebi

didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi .764 -.088 2.43


.020 .697 2.34


.024 .775 3.17

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven .779 .025 2.77

sakuTar Tavs msoflios moqalaqed ufro vTvli, vidre romelime qveynis

-.228 .340 4.39

`sargeblis~ faqtorSi aseve ori cvladi gaerTianda: `Tavi-sufali vaWrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi ukeTesi produqte-bi xdeba xelmisawvdomi~ da `zogadad, saqarTvelom im saer-TaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda

_ 246 _

imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa, maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba~. demografiuli cvladebidan ̀ sargeblis~ fa-qtorisTvis statistikurad mniSvnelovania: asaki (p=.001), ga-naTlebis done (p=.01), dasaqmebis tipi (p=.01) da umniSvneloa sqesis cvladi (p=.991). asakis matebasTan erTad `sargeblis~ faqtorisadmi damokidebuleba mcirdeba (ix. cxrili #19):

cxrili: #19

1 18-24 2 25-34 3 35-44 4 45-54 5 55-64 6 65 da meti

0.07 0.08 0.13 0.05 -0.06 -0.19respondentTa ganaTlebis done SesabamisobaSia Tavisufa-

li vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebisadmi keTilgan-wyobasTan _ rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, miT ufro izrdeba keTilganwyoba, xolo arasruli saSualo ganaTlebis mqone respondentebi yvelaze naklebad aRiqvamen Tavisufal vaWrobasa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs saqarTvelosTvis sargeblis momtanad (ix. cxrili #20):

cxrili: #20

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maqv

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dip

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dip

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maqv

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-0.44 -0.01 -0.05 0.01 0.04 0.35 0.11

faqtoruli analizisa da saSualoebis mixedviT, SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom erovnuli politikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi saerTaSoriso Carevis mimarT respondentTa damokidebulebaSi sifrTxile da undobloba Cans.

sabolood, globaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri pro-cesebisadmi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis skeptikuri da uaryofiTi ganwyoba warmoaCens globalizaciisadmi araerTg-varovan damokidebulebas da erovnuli politikisa da ekono-mikisadmi erTgulebas.

_ 247 _

ZiriTadi mignebebi

respondentTa umravlesobis azriT, erovnuli ekonomi-kis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxou-ri produqciis importi;

respondentTa didi nawili, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi Taobis respondentebi, uaryofiTad arian ganyobili didi saerTaSo-riso kompaniebisadmi, radgan, maTi azriT, es kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi;

respondentTa umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda (18-30) da saSualo (30-45) asakis Taoba, keTilganwyobi-lia Tavisufali vaWrobis mimarT da miaCnia, rom Tavi-sufali vaWrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi izrdeba ukeTe-si produqtebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba;

gamokiTxuli respondentebis didi nawilis azriT, sa-qarTvelom sakuTari interesebis mixedviT unda imoqme-dos maSinac ki, Tu es sxva erebTan konfliqts gamoiwvevs;

gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba acxadebs, rom ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba da am sakiTxisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba izrdeba asakis matebasTan erTad;

respondentTa nawili, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi asakis re-spondentebi, uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamoxataven saerTSoriso organizaciebisadmi da eTanxmebian mosazre-bas imis Sesaxeb, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarT-velos mTavrobas mniSvnelovan Zalauflebas arTmeven;

respondentTa umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT axalgazr-da (18-30) da saSualo asakis (30-45) Taoba, miiCnevs, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT xelisufle-baze zemoqmedebis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gada-sawyvetad, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema;

respondentTa umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi Tao-ba miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos televizia upiratesobas unda aniWebdes qarTul filmebsa da programebs.

_ 248 _

3.2.3. saerTaSoriso safrTxeebi qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis

qarTveli sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli saerTaSoriso safrT-xeebis gansazRvrisas, winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi, gamoi-kveTa ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. respondentebis um-ravlesobam yvelaze ufro mwvave safrTxed ruseTi daasaxela, romelic, maTi azriT, ara mxolod teritoriuli Tvalsazri-siT uqmnis saSiSroebas saqarTvelos, aramed antidasavluri Rirebulebebis agitaciisa da gavrcelebis mxrivac. siRrmis-euli interviuebisa da fokus jgufebis Sedegebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad safrTxeebs Soris dasaxelda: geopolitikuri garemoebebi, terorizmi, demografiasa da mi-graciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. gamokiTxuli eqsper-tebi saubroben safrTxeebis mimarT sazogadoebis erTiani SeTanxmebis aucileblobazec, romlis gareSec rTuli iqneba maTi Tavidan acileba.

ruseTi, rogorc mTavari safrTxe

yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino safrTxed, rogorc kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebisa da erovnuli identobis formirebis procesSi CarTuli aqtorebis, aseve fokus jgu-febis respondentebis mier dasaxelda ruseTi. saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynis safrTxed aRqma ramdenime ZiriTad ganzomi-lebad iSleba:

• ruseTi, rogorc saerTaSoriso safrTxe ara mxolod saqarTvelosTvis, aramed nebismieri qveynisTvis;

• ruseTi, rogorc safrTxe saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis;

• rusuli `rbili Zalis~ gaaqtiureba, rac antidasavluri Rirebulebebis mizanmimarTul danergvasa da prorusul propagandaSi gamoixateba.

ruseTi, rogorc mravalmxrivi safrTxe, kargad Cans Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosis in-terviuSi:

_ 249 _

`ruseTi aramarto saqarTvelos, aramed saerTod sa-frTxes warmoadgens, Cemi azriT, misi politika, misi dRevandeli xelisufleba, mentalurad, pragmatulad, samxedro-politikurad, propagandistulad Tu ekono-mikur-energetikulad, romeli erTi davasaxelo, yvel-aferi Tavs iyris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqsper-tebis SefasebiT, ruseTi da misi miswrafebebi zesaxelmwifos statusis dabrunebisken, upirvelesad, im saxelmwifoebs emu-qreba, romlebsac igi sakuTari gavlenis sferoSi moiazrebs:

`zesaxelmwifo qveyana ver iqneba, Tu misi gavlena mxo-lod mis sazRvrebs SigniTaa, mas aucileblad sWirdeba saxelmwifoebi, romlebic misi gavlenis arealSi arian. aseTi saxelmwifoebia yofili sabWoTa respublikebi. baltiispireTi dakarga ruseTma, magram danarCenebis dakargvas ar apirebs. amitom misi mizania, rom yvela qveyana ruseTis orbitaSi moaqcios, rogorc somxeTi moaqcia, rogorc yazaxeTia, rogorc belorusia, taji-keTi, yirgizeTi. amitom, misTvis warmoudgenelia, rom romelime respublika, am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo, mol-dova da ukraina, pirvel rigSi, am orbitas mowydes da evropul orbitaze gadavides~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politikosebis didi nawi-li qveynis mTavar safrTxed ruseTis ìmperialistur politi-kas~ miiCnevs. amasTanave, ruseTi mudmiv safrTxed rCeba eko-nomikuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan mis xelSi mZlavri ekonomi-kuri berketebia, rac Tundac ekonomikuri embargos daweseba/ardawesebaSi gamoixateba.

ruseTs, romelsac dResdReobiT saqarTvelos teritoriis 20% aqvs okupirebuli, umTavres safrTxed aRiqvams winamde-bare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis respon-dentTa didi nawili. maTi azriT, yvelaze didi safrTxe Crdi-loeli mezoblis sagareo politikaa, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobas daSlisken aris mimarTuli. fokus jgufebis respondentebi miiCneven, rom saqarTvelos safrTxes uqmnis aseve misive geopolitikuri mdebareoba.

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxulma mediis warmomadgenlebma

_ 250 _

aseve gansakuTrebiT aRniSnes ruseTis, rogorc okupanti qvey-nis faqtori, romelic moqmed safrTxes warmoadgens saqarT-velos suverenitetisTvis.

`ruseTi mTavari safrTxea, rac qveyanas hyavs, faqtia. rogorc ar unda vilaparakoT, rom gvinda urTerTobe-bis dalageba da gvinda, rom raRac, faqti erTia, rom rac ar SevTavazeT ruseTs, iqedan mudmivad muqaras viRebT. yvelas gvaxsovs 2008 wels rac moxda am qveyanaSi da me ar vici, ver vigeb im politikosebis ase vTqvaT keTilganwy-obas am qveynis mimarT, rodesac marTla 40 kilometrSi ucxo qveynis jari gvidgas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, me-dia warmomadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqspertis az-riT, saqarTvelosTvis mTavari safrTxe aris ara ruseTi, aramed misi dambalansebeli zesaxelmwifos sisuste (respon-denti aSS-s gulisxmobs), radgan ruseTi darCa ukontrolo garemoSi, sadac ar aris `policieli~, romelic mis ukanonobas aRkveTs. eqspertis azriT, amis kargi magaliTia 2008 wlis àg-vistos omi~, rodesac ruseTma TandaTan mosinja niadagi da rodesac mixvda, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli provokacie-bi saerTaSoriso asparezze ar iqneboda dasjili, kidev ufro masStaburi dartyma mogvayena:

`zogadad patara qveynebi, romlebsac gverdiT agre-siuli didi mezoblebi hyavT, an zogadad iseTi li-beraluri ideebi, rogoricaa adamianis uflebebi, es SeiZleba gadarCes mxolod iseT SemTxvevaSi, Tuki saer-TaSoriso sistemaSi arsebobs iseTi hegemonuri Zala, romelsac TviTon aqvs es faseulobebi: liberaluri fa-seulobebi, romlebic, maT Soris, gulisxmobs umcire-sobaTa uflebebis dacvas, adamianTa uflebebis dacvas, erTa gamorkvevis principis dacvas, teritoriuli mT-lianobis da a.S.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxuli zogierTi respon-denti 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis gamo pasuxismge-blobas wina (prezident saakaSvilis) xelisuflebas akisrebs da erideba ruseTis dadanaSaulebas. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosis azriT, saakaSvilis xe-lisuflebas ar eyo `Wkua da SorsmWvreteloba~ qveynisTvis

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aecilebina samxedro dapirispireba. igi miiCvevs, rom momaval-Si qarTvelebma okupirebuli teritoriebis dabrunebisaTvis Zala ar unda gamoiyenon. msgavs azrs afiqsirebs Cvens kvl-evaSi gamokiTxuli sasuliero piric. misi ganmartebiT, ruse-Ti saqarTvelosTvis namdvilad warmoadgens safrTxes, Tumca, amavdroulad, igi angariSgasawevi saxelmwifoa, romelTan da-vis SemTxvevaSi masTan frTxilad unda iyo.

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo seqto-ris warmomadgenlisTvis ruseTi gansakuTrebiT saSiSi gaxda ukrainaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdeg:

ùkrainis magaliTis mere saerTod ar maqvs imis iluzia, putinma erT mSvenier dRes rom moindomos, kidev ori regioni miayolos afxazeTs da samxreT oseTs, rom Cven araferi gamogviva, SevecdebiT, magram mainc, es Zalian maSinebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqto-ris warmomadgeneli).

rogorc siRrmiseulma interviuebma gviCvena, eqspertebic da nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibebis procesSi CarTuli aqtorebic sayuradRebod miiCneven saqarTveloSi ruseTis mier e.w. `rbili Zalis~ gaaqtiurebas. maTi SefasebiT, dRes-dReobiT ruseTi saqarTvelos samxedro dartymebs ar ayenebs, magram cdilobs winaRobebi Segviqmnas saxelmwifoebrivi gan-viTarebisa da evrointegraciis gzaze da amisTvis, sxva berke-tebTan erTad, `rbil Zalas~ iyenebs.

politikosebi da mediis warmomadgenlebi rusuli `rbili Zalis~ gaaqtiurebas, upirveles yovlisa, moaxloebul arCev-nebs ukavSireben30. erT-erTi gamokiTxuli politikosis azriT, Tu ruseTi ukrainaSi amJamad `hibriduli omis~ taqtikas mi-marTavs, saqarTveloSi `rbil Zalas~ iyenebs, rac yvelaze mka-fiod saarCevno procesSi prorusuli Zalebis dafinansebaSi gamoixateba. mediawarmomadgenlis azriT, ruseTis mier fin-ansdeba ara mxolod politikuri partiebi, aramed mediasaSu-alebebi, romlebic mizanmimarTul propagandas ewevian:

ès safrTxe kidev ufro gaaqtiurdeba arCevnebis win qveyanaSi imitom, rom sakmaod didi fuli Semodis ruse-Tidan, sruliad gaukontrolebeli, romelic sxvadasxva

30 igulisxmeba 2016 wlis 8 oqtombris saqarTvelos saparlamento arCevnebi.

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mediasaSualebebSi midis, propagandaSi midis da es Zali-an cud Sedegs gamoiRebs, saboloo jamSi. me vfiqrob, am mimarTulebiT aris samuSao da gasaaqtiurebeli qveynis mTavrobis muSaoba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediis war-momadgeneli).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis mier rusuli `rbili Zalis~ xelSemwyob faqtorad dasaxelda sarwmunoebri-vi faqtori _ marTlmadidebloba. eqspertebis SefasebiT, marTlmadideblobisa da qveynis sagareo politikuri kursis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad gamiznuli propagandistuli muSaoba mimdinareobs:

`radgan marTlmadidebloba CvenTan identifikaciis se-riozuli faqtoria, rasac iyenebs ruseTi `rbili Zalis~ saSualebiT, amiT bunebrivi gadabma da identificireba SeiZleba moxdes ruseTTan da evraziul kulturasTan. rogorc ruseTi ambobs, rom Cven ar varT evropuli, ara-med calke identobis mqone eri, gvaqvs evraziuli iden-toba, es SeiZleba Zalian advilad gasaRdes saqarTvelo-Si. es safrTxe aris rac identobas ukavSirdeba. sagareo politikuri Sedegis mqone, prorusuli, promarTlmadi-debluri, oRond ruseTTan mibmuli identoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT vrceldeba miTebi, muSaobs propaganda~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis Sedegebi-dan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respondentebSi ruseTis mimarT siaxlovis gancda, garkveulwilad, marTlac sarwmu-noebrivi TanxvedriT aris ganpirobebuli. saSualo (31-45) da ufrosi (55+) asakis respondentebis mier gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom qarTvelebi, Rirebulebebisa da kulturis mxriv, yvelaze axlos rusebTan varT da swored am konteqstSi figurirebs erTmorwmuneobis sakiTxic.

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosis az-riT, ruseTis interess emsaxureba saqarTveloSi ultranacio-nalisturi ideebis gavrcelebac, radgan am mimarTulebiT svla demokratiuli kursidan gadaxvevas niSnavs da, sabolood, es procesi SesaZloa realuri suverenitetis dakargviTac dam-Tavrdes:

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`SeiZleba suverenitetis iluzia SevinarCunoT da dav-kargoT demokratia, adamianis uflebebi. am principebis dacva: kanonis uzenaesoba, ukanonobasTan brZola, ko-rufciasTan brZola, kriminalTan brZola, asocirdeba dasavleTTan, miiRweva dasavleTTan integraciiT. Tu amas movwydiT, es dagvtovebs Zalian arademokratiuli principebis amara, romelsac ganasaxierebs ruseTi. mas es ar adardebs da piriqiT awyobs kidec, rom saqarTve-lo iyos araintegrirebuli, daSlili, gaTiTokacebuli sazogadoeba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqspertis az-riT, xSirad xdeba ruseTis, rogorc safrTxis ugulebelyofa da naklebad mniSvnelovan safrTxeebze yuradRebis gadatana, magaliTad, saqarTvelos sxva mezobleb qveynebze, mahmadianur samyaroze da a.S. eqsperti miiCnevs, rom es yvelaferi mxolod realuri safrTxis gadafarvis mcdelobaa.

rac Seexeba ruseTis, rogorc safrTxis warmoCenas sazoga-doebis winaSe, Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli mediawar-momadgeneli fiqrobs, rom misi telekompaniis mier ruseTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi yovelTvis obieqturad Suqdeba da am Tematikas iseTi yuradReba eTmoba, rogoric unda eTmobodes qveynisTvis yvelaze didi safrTxis Cvenebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTadi sagareo safrTxis gansaz-Rvrisas ruseTi TiTqmis yvela eqspertma da aqtorma daasa-xela, maTi SefasebiT, zemoxsenebuli safrTxis aSkara ga-mokveTilobisa da TvalsaCinoebis miuxedavad, ar arsebobs saboloo konsensusi, romlis safuZvelzec vityodiT, rom qarTvel sazogadoebas ruseTis mimarT erTiani pozicia aqvs. SeuTanxmeblobis mizezad, siRrmiseuli interviuebis farg-lebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis mier, erTi mxriv, dasaxelda elita, romelic dRemde ver Camoyalibda ruseTis faqtorTan dakavSirebiT da, meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirSi socializebu-li adamianebis nostalgia ruseTis mimarT.

rac Seexeba elitas, gamokiTxuli eqspertebis ganmartebiT, sazogadoebis zeda fenebSi ar Cans erTiani pozicia, ruse-Tis, rogorc saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli mTavari safrTxis Taobaze, Sesabamisad, farTo masebSic ver gavrcelda ruse-

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Tis mimarT erTgvarovani, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. metic, eqspertTa SefasebiT, elita ver acnobierebs, rom prorusuli orientacia miuRebelia.

ruseTis mimarT ambivalenturi damokidebulebis erT-erTi mTavari wyaro, gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, aris Suaxnis asakis da ufro xandazmuli respondentebis nostalgia sab-WoTa kavSiris mimarT:

`mistirian am ruseTs imitom, rom maT funqcia dakarges, adgili maT ar darCaT, ganaTleba miiRes sxva qveynisT-vis, is qveyana aRar arsebobs, samsaxuri ar aqvT, evro-paSi magaT aravin miiRebs da aRarc asaki aqvT iseTi, ra unda gaakeTo. hgoniaT, ruseTSi rom dabrundnen, isev is cxovreba iqneba~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqsperti miiCnevs, rom rusul models saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro meti mxardamWeri hyavs saSualo asakis adamianebis saxiT. misi ganmartebiT, erTaderTi, rac xels uSlis rusebis ufro Rrma zegavlenas saqarTveloze, aris maTive imperialisturi zraxvebi, romlebic prorusulad ganwyobil qarTvelebsac ki afrTxobs.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi dafiqsirda ufro optimisturi mosazrebac. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT, ruseTis mxridan ukrainaSi ganxorcielebulma Ria agresiam seriozuli ziani miayena mis imijs da am mxriv dasavleTis qveynebis kon-solidacia gamoiwvia. saqarTvelosTvis ki am procesma pozi-tiurad imoqmeda im TvalsazrisiT, rom daasusta prorusuli Zalebis pozicia.

ruseTis mimarT nostalgiis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli fokus jgufebis respondentTa pasuxebi kiTxvaze: `romel maTganTan (evropa, ruseTi, kavkasia) grZnobT siaxloves?~ Suaxnis da ufrosi asakis respondentebSi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba dafiqsirda da gairkva, rom isini siaxlovis gansazRvrisas pirad gamocdilebas eyrdnobian. àxlandel~ ruseTTan saerTos ver pouloben, magram ixseneben, rom komunistur warsulSi ruseTTan da rusebTan Zalian kargi urTierToba hqondaT da, Sesabamisad, siaxloves dRemde ufro ruseTTan grZnoben, vidre evropasTan. respondentebi, erTi

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mxriv, acnobiereben, rom ruseTi amJamad okupantia, Tumca, meore mxriv, misi gadamtereba aragonivrulad miaCniaT. kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs, rom ruseTTan damokidebulebaSi wyal-gamyofi xazi mainc 2008 wlis agvistos omia _ respondentebs uWirT erTmniSvnelovani simpaTia gamoxaton im qveynis mimarT, romelmac saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba daarRvia da dRemde umTavres safrTxed rCeba.

dasavleTi _ liberaluri Rirebulebebi, rogorc safrTxe qarTuli erovnuli identobisTvis

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqsperte-bi ganmartaven, rom safrTxeebis gansazRvris safuZveli aris is, Tu ra tipis Rirebulebebs iziarebs adamiani. miuxedavad ruseTis, rogorc realuri safrTxis arsebobisa, eqspertebis azriT, antiliberalurad ganwyobili qarTvelisTvis SeiZleba safrTxes warmoadgendes ara mxolod ruseTi, aramed evropa da masTan dakavSirebuli liberaluri Rirebulebebi. erT-erTi gamokiTxuli eqspertis dakvirvebiT, qarTvelebisTvis evropa, upirvelesad, asocirdeba cxovrebis karg pirobebTan, magram, amavdroulad, maT ar surT evropuli cxovrebis wesis srulad miReba, Tavisuflebis bolomde gaziareba. maT aqvT SiSi, rom es Tavisufleba qarTul identobas da Rirebulebebs daangrevs.

gamokiTxuli eqspertebis SefasebiT, dResdReobiT devizi: `me var qarTveli da maSasadame me var evropeli~31- jer kidev ar aris qarTuli nacionaluri identobis nawili. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesobam icis, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, evropasTan daaxloebis SemTxvevaSi Zalian bevri problema mogvardeba da eqspertebi, ZiriTadad, swored am fa-qtoriT xsnian evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis mimarT umravlesobis mxardaWeras. maTi azriT, es pozitiuri faqtoria, Tumca arcTu myari, radgan qarTuli erovnuli identoba jer kidev iqmneba, gavlenas advilad eqvemdebareba da aseT viTarebaSi saerTaSo-riso faqtorebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

31 `me var qarTveli da maSasadame me var evropeli!~ _ saqarTvelos yofili premier-ministris zurab Jvanias mier 1999 wels, evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityvebi.

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Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis Sedege-bidan irkveva, rom safrTxed aRiqmeba TviT saqarTvelos geo-grafiuli mdebareoba, rac, respondentebis azriT, ara mxo-lod ruseTis, aramed evropisa da amerikis interesis safuZ-vels warmoadgens. amerika axalgazrda respondentebis nawilis mierac dasaxelda safrTxed, xolo ufrosi Taobis responden-tebisTvis (55+) ZiriTad saerTaSoriso safrTxed swored ame-rika moiazreba. 55+ asakobrivi jgufis mier gare safrTxed da-saxelda, aseve saerTaSoriso korporaciebi da organizaciebi.

dasavleTisa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT qarT-vel sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobileba Zalian hgavs SfoT-vas, romelsac Teoriul nawilSi ukve naxsenebi jerard de-lanti am saukunis damaxasiaTebel Strixs uwodebs (Delanty, 2008). denaltis ganmartebiT, SfoTva aris egzistencialuri mdgomareoba, upirvelesad, fsiqologiuri, Tumca mas aqvs ase-ve ufro farTo socialuri da politikuri gamoyeneba Tana-medrove sazogadoebisTvis. TanamedroveobisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli SfoTva warmoiSva daucvelobis donis amaRlebis fonze, riskisa da gaurkvevlobis im siWarbesTan erTad, romelsac gza gauxsna globalizaciam.

ultramemarjvene jgufebis gaZliereba _ radikaluri nacionalistebis gaZlierebis safrTxe

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politiko-sebi, mediisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgen-lebi qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis aqtualur saerTaSoriso sa-frTxed miiCneven evropaSi ultranacionalisturi ganwyobebis gaZlierebas. aRniSnul problemas mimoixilavs jerard delanti, romelic ganmartavs, rom evropaSi migraciasTan dakavSirebu-li SfoTva ebmis SiSs civilizaciaTa Sejaxebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. socialuri ukmayofileba, romelic ki-dev ufro Rvivdeba socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebiT, Zirs uTxris identobis tradiciul safuZvels da gasaqans aZlevs qsenofobiur da nacionalistur dinebebs. ultramemerjvenee-bis aRzeveba mTel evropaSi, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, aris socialuri SiSebis Sedegi. es ukavSirdeba ganzogadebul SfoT-

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vas, romelic gamoixata `sxvebisadmi~ SiSSi. imigrantebi arian daufaravi samizneebi im partiebisTvis, romlebmac moaxerxes imigrantebis mimarT SiSis SeTavseba dasaqmebisa da keTild-Reobis mxriv arsebul SfoTvebTan. aseTi SfoTvebi, Serwymuli erovnuli suverenitetis dakargvisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi mim-dinare cvlilebebis arsis SegrZnebasTan, nayofier nidags qmnis qsenofobiuri ganwobilebebisTvis (Delanty, 2008).

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi arasamTav-robo organizaciis warmomadgenlis SefasebiT, saqarTvelosT-vis samomavlod yvelaze saxifaTo SeiZleba aRmoCndes dasav-leTSi ultramemarjvene jgufebis gaZliereba, im mxriv, rom SesaZloa aqac daiwyos maTi mimbaZveli jgufebis momZlavreba-gaaqtiureba, romlebic iyeneben evropuli ultramemarjvene jgufebis ideebsa da simbolikas. arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlis SefasebiT, aseT jgufebs ruseTic mxars uW-ers, Tumca maTi saqmianobis dakavSireba evropul radikalur ideologiebTan maT ufro met `legitimurobas~ sZens:

`darwmunebuli var, rom qsenofobiis talRa Zalian ad-vili SesaZlebelia, rom gadmovides saqarTveloSi, miT umetes, rom amis safuZveli arsebobs~. (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli)

arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebis azriT, qseno-fobiis eqsportirebas ruseTi Zalian kargad axerxebs sxva qveynebSi:

`mza konceptebi homofobiuri da qsenofobiuri, rac ru-seTidan gadis, magis replicireba xdeba sxva qveynebSi, maT Soris evropis iseT qveynebSi, rogorc aris CexeTi, slovakeTi, poloneTi, gansakuTrebiT, postsabWoTa qveynebis sivrceSi. es realurad Zalian saSiSi aris, rad-gan konsolidirebuli procesebi aqvT xolme am adamian-ebs~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli)

rogorc am TemasTan dakavSirebulma monacemebma gviCvena, siRrmiseuli interviuebis respondentebi ultramemarjvene ganwyobilebebis gaZlierebas ruseTis interesebTan akavSire-ben, Tumca miiCneven, rom aRniSnuli procesi gansakuTrebiT saSiSi SeiZleba gaxdes, Tu evropaSi es procesi zrdas ga-

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nagrZobs. respondentTa SefasebiT, qarTuli jgufebi, rom-lebic ultranacionalisturi ideebis generatorebad gvev-linebian, arsebiTad, rusuli modelis meSveobiT moqmedeben, Tumca evropaSi gaZlierebuli nacionalisturi ganwyobebi maT `legitimacias~ ufro metad uwyobs xels.

sxva geopolitikuri safrTxeebi

zog SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis mier erovnul identobasTan da-kavSirebuli Rirebulebebis gaqrobis safrTxis aRqma mWidrod ukavSirdeba religiur faqtors. gamokiTxuli eqspertebis SefasebiT, amgvari midgoma gansakuTrebiT mwvaved igrZnoba TurqeTis mimarT. miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTTan TanamS-romloba momgebiania ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, aris gancda, rom igi saSiSia islamisa da Turquli ìmperiuli~ gavlenis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT:

`yvela aRiarebs imas, rom TurqeTTan urTierTobiT saqarTvelo bevrs igebs, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri urTierTobiT, aman mainc ver gadafara is negatiuri da stereotipuli Sefasebebi TurqeTis aRqmasTan da-kavSirebiT, rom TurqeTi kvlav aris saqarTvelosTvis safrTxe, TurqeTi avrcelebs islams da es aZlierebs saboloo jamSi Turqofobiur ganwyobilebas da aRqmas, rom SeiZleba TurqeTma safrTxe Seuqmnas saqarTvelos erovnul identobas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

gamokiTxuli eqspertebis SefasebiT, TurqeTs ara mxolod mosaxleoba, aramed sajaro moxeleebic safrTxed aRiqvamen, muhmadianur Zalad, romelic did investiciebs axorcielebs, maT Soris, afinansebs religiur, islamur saswavleblebs:

`fiqroben rom qarTul identobas SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas TurqeTma, TurqeTizacia moxdes, Turqebi Ca-saxldnen, baTumi da aWara gaTurqdes. sazogadoebaSi aS-karad arsebobs es SiSi. baTumSi taqsiSi rom Cajdebi yve-la mZRoli, adre gansakuTrebiT da axlac, amboben, rom Camodian Turqebi, Turqebis xelSi varT da a.S.~ (siRrmi-seuli interviu, eqsperti)

msgavsi damokidebuleba Cans Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamok-iTxuli sasuliero piris interviuSic:

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`me mimaCnia, rom safrTxe aris teritoriebis dakargva da verdabruneba, baTumis dakargva, kerZod, es islamuri eqspansia mimdinareobs iqeT, vinc icis met-naklebad is regioni~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadge-neli)

amave kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufis Sede-gebiTac dasturdeba TurqeTis, rogorc garkveuli safrTxis aRqma. fokus jgufis axalgazrda (24-30) respondentis azriT, TurqeTs aqvs Tavisi interesebi aWaris mimarT. respondentis TqmiT, dResdRobiT TurqeTSi arsebobs istoriis saxelmZRva-nelo, sadac aWara figurirebs, rogorc TurqeTis teritoria.

terorizmis safrTxe

Cveni kvelevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebi, poli-tikosebi, mediisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgen-lebi qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis aqtualur saerTaSoriso safrTxed moiazreben terorizmsac. es problema, garda saer-TaSoriso konteqstisa, saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom muslimi qarTvelebis garkveuli nawili midis si-riaSi. am safrTxeze gansakuTrebiT gaamaxviles yuradReba Cven mier gamokiTxulma mediis warmomadgenlebma:

`Zalian mniSvnelovani aspeqtia is, rac xdeba axlo aRmo-savleTSi, radgan Cvenganac iq adamianebi monawileoben da iReben brZolaSi monawileobas aralegalur jgu-febSi, vgulisxmob e.w. islamur saxelmwifos~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, media warmomadgeneli).

erT-erTi gamokiTxuli mediawarmomadgeneli miiCnevs, rom ìslamuri saxelmwifo~ am etapze saqarTvelos uSualod ar exeba, Tumca, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi midian iq da pankisis xeobidan ukve bevri axalgazrda daiRupa. misi azriT, teror-izmi msoflio safrTxea da mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saqarT-velomac Tavisi wvlili unda Seitanos, rasac akeTebs kidec samSvidobo misiebSi qarTveli jariskacebis monawileobiT.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul politikosebsac sayu-radRebod miaCniaT aRniSnuli safrTxe. erT-erTi politiko-si gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas TurqeTze, rogorc

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saqarTvelos mezobel saxelmwifoze, romelic masStaburi teroristuli aqtebis erT-erTi mTavari samiznea.

ganaTlebis standartizacia, rogorc safrTxe

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo sfe-ros warmomadgenlis azriT, mniSvnelovani safrTxe arsebobs ganaTlebis standartizaciis TvalsazrisiT. respondentis SefasebiT, didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, cdiloben im ideis gavrcelebas, rom ganaTleba standartuli procesia da ar aqvs kulturuli safuZveli an kulturuli safuZveli ar aris imdenad mniSvnelovani:

`gauTavebeli Sefasebebi, Sedarebebi qveynebis erTma-neTTan amas mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels. amgvari mid-gomebi nergavs imas, rom Sen sul iZulebuli xdebi Sens warmosaxvaSi, rom SemoiRo raRacebi rac aqvs sxvas, ise, rogorc aqvs sxvas da im saxeliT, rogorc aqvs sx-vas. sinamdvileSi es saWiroebebi SeiZleba arc gqondes~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, saganmanaTleblo sferos war-momadgeneli).

aRniSnuli safrTxe, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, axlos aris jon meieris statiasTan, romelSic msoflio sazogadoebisa da Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos urTierTkavSirs mimoixilavs (Meyer, et al.,1997). meieris Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwi-fos bevri maxasiaTebeli warmoqmnilia globaluri kulturu-li da gamaerTianebeli procesebis mier agebuli da gavrcele-buli msoflio masStabis modelebidan. es modelebi da mizne-bi, romlebsac isini isaxaven, magaliTad, Tanasworoba, so-cialur-ekonomikuri progresi, adamianis ganviTareba (Human development) uaRresad racionalizebuli, artikulirebuli da gasaocrad SeTanxmebulia. msoflio modelebi gansazRvraven adgilobriv doneze mimdinare procesebis dRis wesrigsa da legitimacias, eri-saxelmwifoebisa da sxva nacionaluri aq-torebis struqturebsa da strategiebs yvela mimarTulebiT, iqneba es biznesi, politika, ganaTleba, medicina, mecniereba Tu ojaxi, religiac ki. am modelebs pretenzia aqvT univer-salur msoflio Sesabamisobaze. magaliTad, varaudoben, rom

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ganviTarebis ekonomikuri modelebi Sesaferisi iqneba ara mx-olod garkveul regionebSi, aramed yvelgan, msoflios nebi-smier qveyanaSi. meieris azriT, rodesac msoflio modelebi dedamiwis gansxvavebul regionebSi inergeba, maT mier motani-li Sedegebi ver CaiTvleba `funqciurad~ yvela im sazogadoe-bisTvis, sadac isini gamoiyenes (Meyer, et al.,1997).

migracia da masTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqspertis az-riT, saqarTvelosTvis Zalian seriozuli problemaa SromiTi migracia, radgan es pirdapir aisaxeba demografiul maCveneb-lebze:

`3.5 milioni adamiani cxovrobs saqarTveloSi da milio-ni wavida saqarTvelodan SromiT migraciaSi~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, eqsperti)

migracia, rogorc qveynis winaSe arsebuli saSiSroeba ga-moikveTa amave kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgu-febSic. ufrosi Taobis (55+) zogierTi respondenti safrTxes qarTveli mosaxleobis sazRvargareT gadinebaSi xedavs. erT-erTi respondenti acxadebs, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli gaWirveba qmnis imis safuZvels, rom Wkviani xalxi aqedan midis da qveyana ucxoeTis daxmareba-investiciaze xdeba damokidebuli.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi politikosi seriozul safrTxed miiCnevs demografiuli suraTis mkveTr cvlilebas. misi SefasebiT, saakaSvilis xe-lisufleba ar iTvaliswinebda moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis moTxovnebs32 da Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTuli sax-elmwifos interesebis sazianod aniWebda qveynis moqalaqeobas sxvadasxva pirovnebas:

ès adamianebi organuli kanonis moTxovnebis sawinaaRm-degod, ar flobdnen arc samarTalwarmoebis enas, qar-Tul enas, ar flobdnen codnas qarTuli kanonmdeblo-bis kuTxiT, is ra moTxovnebic arsebobs da mxolod for-maluri safuZveli iyo biznesis dawyeba Cveni qveynis

32 igulisxmeba 1993 wlis 25 marts miRebuli `saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~, romlSic calkeul punqtebSi mogvianebiT aris Sesuli cvlilebebi. http://mra.gov.ge/res/docs/2013110412031013274.pdf

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teritoriaze. da es biznesis dawyeba aRmoCnda mTavari ganmsazRvreli piroba imisa, rom adamiani sakuTari oja-xiT Semogeyvana, dagesaxlebina qveynis terotoriaze (...) es ar aris qsenofobia, es aris Cveni qveynis erovnuli in-teresi da erovnul interesSi viwro eTnikur interess ar vdeb. me ubralod vacxadeb, rom demografiuli sura-Tis xelovnurad cvlileba _ es aris mtruli ganwyobis realizacia sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdeg konkretuli sargeblis sanacvlod~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politi-kosi).

imave respondentis azriT, problemas qmnis imigraciis sferoSi mimdinare qaoturi procesebic. mas miaCnia, rom de-mografiuli politikis ararsebobam da mkvidri mosaxleobis mier qveynis datovebis maRalma maCvenebelma SeiZleba eg-zistencialuri safrTxis winaSe daayenos saqarTvelo da qa-rTvelebi sakuTar teritoriaze umciresobad aqcios.

fokus jgufebSi gamokveTili sxva safrTxeebi

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi Catarebul fokus jgufTa SedegebSi gamoikveTa ramdenime iseTi safrTxec, romlebic ar yofila naxsenebi siRrmiseul interviuebSi. 31-45 asakobriv jgufSi sagareo safrTxeebs Soris dasaxelda erovnuli valutis da-mokidebuleba sxva valutebze da msoflio ekonomikuri kri-zisis zegavlena saqarTveloze. imave asakobriv jgufSi, saer-TaSoriso masStabis saSiSroebaTa Soris, umetesad, aRiniSna birTvuli omi, ekologiuri katastrofebi da genmodificire-buli sakvebi.

ramdenime respondentis mier dafiqsirda aseve mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, sagareo safrTxeebs is Sida safrTxeebi qm-nis, romlebic mravlad aqvs qveyanas. erT-erTi respondenti qalis azriT, yvelaze did safrTxes qarTvel sazogadoebas Tavisive Sida problemebi uqmnis. igi aseT problemad sakuTari resursebis da SesaZleblobebis ver aTvisebas, aseve indivi-dualur da koleqtiur upasuxismgeblobas asaxelebs:

`(...) viRac Semova, viRac dasaxldeba, viRac gava, magram qarTveli unda darCe qarTvelad. safrTxe garedan ar aris, Cvens SigniTaa, Cvens qveyanaSia safrTxe, Cven ver

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vufrTxildebiT, Cven ver viyenebT Cvens potencials da nu davabralebT yvelafers sxvas~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 55 +).

axalgazrda respondentebma (18-30) saqarTvelos winaSe ar-sebul erT-erT mTavar safrTxed daasaxeles ganaTlebis sfe-roSi arsebuli mdgomareoba.

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamokiTxulTa mosazrebebi saerTaSoriso safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT, Zi-riTadad, orad iyofa: erTi mxriv saxeldeba ruseTi, rogorc politikuri mteri da qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis dam-rRvevi da, meore mxriv, evropa da amerika, saidanac globali-zaciis procesi moedineba, romelic qveynis erovnul-kultu-rul Rirebulebebs emuqreba.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis SedegebSi ruseTi gamoikveTa, rogorc saqarTvelos ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso safrTxe, ro-melic garda samxedro saSiSroebisa, `rbili Zalis~ meSveobiT, antidasavluri Rirebulebebis eqspansias axorcielebs saqarT-veloSi. am safrTxesTan gasamklaveblad, siRrmiseuli inter-viuebis respondentTa azriT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Tavad dasavleTSi mimdinare procesebze dakvirveba da evro-paSi arsebuli problemebis analizi. Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli mediawarmomadgeneli ganmartavs, rom dResdReo-biT evropaSi mimdinare problemebis gaSuqeba saqarTveloSi antievropul ritorikad aris aRqmuli, amitom aseT Temebs saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva. respondentis SefasebiT, Tu evrokavSirSi integracia saqarTvelos nacionaluri proeqtis nawilia, aucilebelia, rom meti yuradReba daeTmos evropul sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropaSi mimdinare cv-lilebebs.

respondentebi sayuradRebod miiCneven ìslamuri saxelm-wifos~ gaZlierebasac, romelic gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri SeiZleba aRmoCndes saqarTvelosTvis pankisis xeobis muslimi mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa siriaSi mimdinare procesebSi monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT. kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTx-

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ulma zogierTma politikosma safrTxeebis mSvidobiani gzebiT mogvarebis saWiroebaze gaamaxvila yuradReba, xolo zogi-erTi politikosis SefasebiT, samxedro safrTxeebi mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis gaZlierebis aucileblobas adasturebs.

siRrmiseul interviuebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa mosazre-bebs Soris dafiqsirda pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac, safrT-xeebTan gasamklaveblad yvelaze qmediTi gza qveynis ganaTle-bis sistemis ganviTarebaa. eqspertebi mniSvnelovnad miiCneven aseve samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRlebas. niSandoblivia, rom isini yuradRebas amaxvileben sagareo safrTxeebTan dakavSire-biT sazogadoebrivi konsensusis ararsebobaze da, Sesabamisad, am etapze swored aseTi erTiani SeTanxmebis miRwevas asaxele-ben erT-erT upirveles amocanad.

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3.3. diqotomia `Cven~ da `sxva~ _ konfliqti da

integracia Tanamedrove qarTvel sazogadoebaSi

erovnuli identoba erTan identifikaciis safuZvelze yalib-deba. eri-saxelmwifo Cven-jgufs (Sida jgufs) qmnis, romels-ac individebi Tavs miakuTvneben. meore mxriv, Sida-jgufis arseboba TavisTavad moiazrebs gare jgufebsac, radgan imi-saTvis, rom arsebobdes `Cven~, aucileblad unda arsebobdes misi sapirispiro maxasiaTeblebis mqone `sxvac~, visganac `Cven~ Tavs gamoarCevs da amgvarad sakuTar identobas Camoayalibebs (Bauman 1998). `Cven~ Tavis Tavs imiT gansazRvavs, rom emijneba `sxvas~ _ Sida wevrebis inkluzias da gare jgufebis wevrTa eqskluzias axdens. jenkinsis mixedviT, identobis Camoyalibe-ba gansazRvris or process moicavs _ internalursa da eqster-nalurs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli mniSvnelobebisa da Ri-rebulebebis safuZvelze, Tavisi Tavis saxeldeba xdeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, ~Cven~ jgufs swored gare jgufebis wevrebi gansazRvraven iseve, rogorc Tavis mxriv, `Cven~ gansazRvravs `sxvebs~ (Jenkins 1997). amgvarad, erovnul identobasac mniSvne-loba mxolod `sxvebTan~ mimarTebaSi eniWeba _ internaluri gansazRvreba am SemTxvevaSi eris, rogorc warmosaxviTi er-Tobis, gamaerTianebeli kulturuli, politikuri, istoriuli da teritoriuli markerebis safuZvelze xdeba, eqsternalur process ki, meore mxriv, jgufs gare wevrebTan, `sxvebTan~ in-teraqcia warmoqmnis (Triandafyllidou, 2002).

nacionaluri identobis konteqstSi `sxvebs~, ZiriTadad, sxva erebi da aseve transnacionaluri erTeulebi warmoadge-nen, Sesabamisad, identobis formirebis procesSi maTsa da Sida jgufs Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis xazgasma xdeba. Tumca, sagulisxmoa, rom nacionaluri `Cven~ jgufis gansazRvrisas, apelireba òbieqtur~ ganmasxvavebel faqtorebze ki ar xde-ba, aramed ZiriTadad kulturul elementebze _ Rirebule-bebze, cxovrebis wesze, tradiciebze, religiaze, enaze da a.S. (Smith, 2009). rac ufro aramyaria nacionaluri identoba da rac ufro aqtualuria Tavisi kulturisa da identobis mimarT safrTxis gancda jgufis wevrebs Soris, miT metia identobis

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gansamtkiceblad gare jgufebisgan Tavis ufro Zlierad ga-morCevis tendencia (Triandafyllidou, 2002).

gare jgufebs Soris iseTi `mniSvnelovani sxvebi~ gamoiyo-fa, vinc danarCenebTan SedarebiT sakvanZo rols asrulebs `Cven~ jgufis TviTgansazRvraSi, magaliTad, sanimuSo, pozi-tiur models warmoadgens eris ganviTarebisaTvis, an piriqiT, misi arsebobisTvis safrTxed aRiqmeba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, eris wevrebis aRqmaSi, `mniSvnelovan sxvas~ aqvs yvela is dade-biTi an uaryofiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani, rac ar gaaCnia Sida jgufs, da piriqiT, ar aqvs Sida jgufis Taviseburebebi (Tri-andafyllidou, 2002).

imis gamo, rom nacionalur `Cven~ jgufs garkveuli Tavise-burebebi miewereba, igi wevrebis mier erTian, homogenur er-Tobad aRiqmeba. meore mxriv, vinaidan eris `qolgis~ qveS sxva-dasxva Sexedulebis, Rirebulebisa da identobis mqone adami-anebi iyrian Tavs, msgavsi homogenuroba mxolod pirobiTobaa. nacionaluri identobis Tanamedrove mkvlevari triandafili-du miiCnevs, rom `mniSvnelovani sxva~ am SemTxvevaSi mxolod eri-saxelmwifos gareT ki ar unda veZeboT, aramed Tavad mis farglebs SigniTac, Sesabamisad is `sxvebs~ eqsternalur da internalur `sxvebad~ hyofs _ Tu eqsternalur `sxvebs~ poli-tikuri erTobis gareT arsebuli erebi da transnacionaluri erTobebi qmnian, internalur `sxvebs~ eTnikuri umciresobebi da imigrantebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT. isini simbolurad da geografiulad, marTalia, `Cven~ jgufTan axlos arian, magram gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamo Sida jgufis kategoriaSi upirobod ver Tavsdebian, amitomac maTi arseboba erTiani teritoriisa da kulturisTvis safrTxed aRiqmeba (Triandafyllidou, 2002).

aqedan gamomdinare, eTnikuri umciresobebi da imigrantebi, faqtobrivad, arc mTlad Sida jgufis wevrebad aRiqmebian da arc mTlianad gare jgufis wevrebad _ maTi eri-saxelmwifos farglebSi arsebobis gamo. Tumca, radganac eri sakuTar iden-tobas kulturuli faqtorebisa da Rirebulebebis safuZvelze ayalibebs, savaraudoa, rom msgavs, mkafiod ganusazRvrel ka-tegorias mxolod zemoxsenebuli jgufebi ki ar miekuTvnebian, aramed yvela, vinc erisTvis miweril kulturul da Rirebu-

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lebiT sistemasTan SeuTavseblad ganixileba. msgavsi tipis ìn-ternalur sxvebs~ baumani ̀ ucxoebs~ uwodebs (Bauman 1991). imis gamo, rom yvela sakvanZo markeris gaTvaliswinebiT, ùcxos~ mkafiod kategorizacia, `Cven~ an `sxva~ jgufis warmomadgen-lad, problemuria, igi SfoTvis gancdas iwvevs _ ganusazRvreli ùcxo~ kidev ufro saxifaTod ganixileba, vidre gansazRvruli `sxva~, radgan is erTdroulad mtericaa da moyvarec, `Cvenc~ da `sxvac.~ imisaTvis, rom SfoTva Semcirdes, ùcxo~ unda ga-nisazRvros _ igi unda ganidevnos `Cven~ jgufidan da `sxva~ gaxdes, an misi sruli asimilacia unda moxdes imgvarad, rom martivad miekuTvnos Sida jgufs. am SemTxvevaSi homogeniza-ciis gziT ùcxos~ gaqrobis funqcia er-saxelmwifos eniWeba. Tumca, meore mxriv, vinaidan, zogadad, detradicionalizaciisa da individualisturi tendenciis zrdis kvaldakval adamianis avtonomiuroba ufro metad mniSvnelovani xdeba, ùcxos~ aqti-vobac izrdeba da xisti kategorizaciis meSveobiT misi Tavidan arideba rTuldeba. eri-saxelmwifos ,,qolgis~ qveS politikur da socialur arenaze sxvadasxva interesebisa da Rirebulebe-bis mqone jgufebi aqtiurdebian, romelTagan zogi metad asa-xavs umravlesobisTvis damaxasiaTebel saerTo RirebulebiT sistemas, xolo zogi masTan winaaRmdegobrivad ganixileba da `Cven~ jgufis homogenurobas safrTxes uqmnis. zemoxsenebuli jgufebi cdiloben TavianTi interesebis mixedviT gansazRvron saxelmwifos politika _ es ki Tavis mxriv saSinao arenaze Ri-rebulebiT da interesTa konfliqtebs warmoSobs (Eisenstadt, 2000). im pirobebSi, rodesac ùcxo~ kidev ufro aSkarad Cnde-ba socialur-politikur arenaze da cdilobs misi interesebi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, ufro aqtualuri xdeba am ukanasknelis kategorizaciis moTxovnilebac _ Tu ùcxo~ ar asimilirdeba da yvela markeris safuZvelze `Cven~ jgufs ar emsgavseba, maSin igi unda ganidevnos da mTlianad `sxvad~ iqces. am SemTxvevaSi ùcxo~, faqtobrivad, ukve isazRvreba, rogorc `sxva~, romlis-ganac ZiriTadad safrTxea mosalodneli.

qarTuli erovnuli identobis magaliTi swored msgavs Ta-viseburebebs avlens _ qarTuli `Cven~ jgufi aseve gamoyofs ùcxoebs~, romlebic mosaxleobis mier aRqmul eris konstru-qtSi naklebad Tavsdebian.

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Cveni kvlevis farglebSi mosaxleobasTan Catarebuli fo-kus jgufebi aCvenebs, rom qarTvelebisTvis aseT ùcxoebs~ ZiriTadad eTnikuri, religiuri, seqsualuri umciresobebi da imigrantebi warmoadgenen. amasTan, sagulisxmoa, rom Cven mier fokus jgufebisTvis Sedgenili sadiskusio gegma Tavad iTvaliswinebda ìnternaluri sxvebis~ (imigrantebisa da eT-nikuri umciresobebis) Temas eTno-kulturuli gansxvavebebis safuZvelze, Tumca, religiuri da seqsualuri umciresobebis sakiTxi respondentebma Tavad wamoWres da CvenTan saubarSi isini `Cven~ jgufidan gamoacalkeves. Sesabamisad, Cveni kvle-vis farglebSi miRebuli Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTu-li erovnuli identobisTvis ùcxoebi~ SesaZloa or jgufad daiyos: pirvel jgufSi eTnikuri umciresobebi da imigrantebi erTiandeba, xolo meore jgufSi _ religiuri da seqsualu-ri umciresobebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqcenti ZiriTadad eT-nikur gansxvavebebze keTdeba, sadac eri (~Cven~ jgufi) ufro eTnikuri tipis erTobad ganixileba, vidre samoqalaqod. amis sapirispirod, meore jgufi erTobisTvis (erisTvis) miweril RirebulebiT sistemasTan avlens SeuTavseblobas da ara eT-nikurobasTan. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, religiur da eTnikur umciresobaTa kategoriebi xSirad urTierTgadam-faravia (magaliTad, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri azer-baijanlebis umetesoba muslimia, xolo somxebis _ grigoriane-li qristiani), mainc, eTnikuri umciresobebis `Cven~ jgufidan gariyva da `sxvad~ kategorizacia, upirvelesad, ara religiis, aramed eTnikurobis markeris safuZvelze xdeba.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Sida jgufisTvis ̀ sxvebi~ safrTxed gansakuTrebiT maSin aRiqmeba, rodesac saqme am ukanasknelTa socialur-politikur arenaze gamosvlasa da TviTgamoxatvas exeba (Eisenstadt, 2000). eqspertebTan interviuebSi vlindeba, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi TviTgamoxatva TavisTavad naklebad waxalisebul Rirebulebas warmoadgens (Inglehart, Weltzel, 2005; WVS, 2015), rac `Cven~ jgufisadmi miwerili maxasiaTeblebisgan gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimReblobas kidev ufro arTulebs.

TviTgamoxatvasTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs mkvlevari ronald ingleharti (Inglehart, Weltzel, 2005) gadarCenasTan da-kavSirebul Rirebulebebs upirispirebs _ sazogadoebebi gansx-

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vavdeba imis mixedviT Tu ra tipis Rirebulebebia konkretul maTganSi wamyvani _ TviTgamoxatvis (magaliTad tolerantoba, ndoba, samoqalaqo aqtivizmi da a.S.), Tu misi sawinaaRmdego, _ gadarCenis Rirebulebebi. TviTgamoxatvis Rirebulebebi Se-darebiT didi Semosavlisa da cxovrebis maRali standartis mqone sazogadoebebSia aqtualuri, sadac garemo stabiluria, xolo gadarCena garantirebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva saxis umciresobebis politikuri TviTgamoxatva da maTTvis Tanabari uflebebis miniWeba waxalisebulia, xolo kulturuli mravalferovneba pozitiurad aRiqmeba. amis sapirispirod, Sez-Ruduli resursebis arsebobisa da egzistencialuri safrTxis aqtualobis pirobebSi upiratesoba gadarCenis Rirebulebebs eniWeba. imisaTvis, rom ganusazRvreli, arastabiluri garemos prognozirebadoba gaizardos, mosaxleoba myar, tradiciul kulturul normebs eWideba, maT absolutur mniSvnelobas mi-awers da gansxvavebuli socialuri jgufebis mimarT ufro met undoblobas amJRavnebs (Inglehart, Weltzel, 2005).

postsabWoTa qveynebSi (maT Soris, saqarTveloSic), aqtualuria swored gadarCenis Rirebulebebi. am konteqst Si daucvelobisa da mudmivi safrTxis gancdaze pasuxismgebloba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom travmul gamocdilebas miewe-reba _ socialuri da politikuri sistemebis uecari ngrevis gamo garemo sruliad arastabiluri gaxda, xolo cxovrebis done mkveTrad daeca. miCneulia, rom es yovelive sazogadoe-baSi gadarCenis Rirebulebebis aqtualobas zrdis, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs gansxvavebuli jgufebisadmi mimReblobas (Ingle-hart, Weltzel, 2005). am konteqstSi sayuradReboa, rom eTnikur umciresobebsa da imigrantebTan dakavSirebiT, SezRudul re-sursebze konkurenciis argumenti Cvens fokus jgufebSic ga-movlinda (es sakiTxi qvemoT dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli).

TviTgamoxatva-gadarCenis ganzomilebis garda inglehartis mier SemoTavazebuli meore ganzomileba Rirebulebebs tradi-ciul da sekularul/racionalur konteqtsSi aTavsebs. iseT sa-zogadoebebSi, sadac tradiciuli Rirebulebebia dominanturi, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ojaxs, religias, ers da, zogadad, ko-leqtivistur tendenciebs _ adamianisTvis umTavresi xdeba Sida jgufi da masTan mikuTvnebuloba Seucvlel faqtad aRiqmeba.

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TviTgamoxatva-gadarCenisa da tradiciuli-sekularuli gan-zomilebebis safuZvelze ingleharti RirebulebaTa da kultu-raTa rukas gvTavazobs, romelzec qveynebi, RirebulebaTa tipis mixedviT, sxvadasxva adgils ikaveben, magaliTad, protestantul evropas TviTgamoxatvisa da sekularuli Rirebulebebis, maT Soris, gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimReblobis maRali maCvenebe-li aqvs kaTolikur an marTlmadideblur evropasTan SedarebiT. sazogadoebebis RirebulebiTi orientacia konkretuli qveynis an qveyanaTa jgufis iseTi maxasiaTeblebiT aixsneba, rogori-caa: religiis dominanturi tipi, qveynis mTliani Sida produ-qti erT sul mosaxleze, dasaqmebis dominanturi seqtori da a.S. rogorc msoflio masStabiT Rirebulebebis kvlevis bolo, mee-qvse talRa gviCvenebs (WVS, 2015), aRniSnuli ori ganzomilebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi aqtualuri swored tradiciuli da ga-darCenaze orientirebuli Rirebulebebia. Sesabamisad, naklebia mimRebloba gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimarTac.

egzistencialuri safrTxis gancdas, inglehartis Tanax-mad, konkretuli qveynebi konkretul TaviseburebaTa gamo amJRavneben, Tumca, meore mxriv, SfoTva SeiZleba ufro glo-balur movlenadac ganvixiloT. delantis (Delanty, 2008 ) az-riT, es aris 21-e saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Strixi, rome-lic globalizaciis Tanmdevi arastabilurobis, gaurkvevlo-bisa da daucvelobis gancdis safuzvelze warmoiSoba. nacio-naluri sazogadoebebi SfoTaven, rom SesaZloa nacionaluri identoba sxvadasxva migrantul da eTnikur identobebs ver gaumklavdes da socialuri orientiris funqcia dakargos. sa-pasuxod, gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimarT qsenofobiuri ganwy-obebi aqtiurdeba, ris magaliTadac evropaSi ultramemarjve-ne, populistur-nacionalisturi partiebis momZlavreba da maT mimarT amomrCevlis mzardi mxardaWera saxeldeba.

imigrantuli identobebis gamoCena globalizaciis konte-qstSi ganixileba saqarTveloSic. Tumca, meore mxriv, glo-balizacia evropeizaciasac ukavSirdeba. delantis Tanaxmad, im qveynebSi, sadac evropeizaciis procesi mimdinareobs, evropeizacia da globalizacia erTmaneTTan asocirdeba da mTlianobaSi, garkveulwilad, erovnuli identobis dakarg-vis safrTxed aRiqmeba, ris gamoc, Sesabamis SfoTvas iwvevs.

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saqarTveloSi Catarebuli raodenobrivi kvlevis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom evrokavSiris mimarT mxardaWeris miuxedavad, gamokiTxulTa TiTqmis naxevari miiCnevs, rom evrointegraciis procesi qarTul tradiciebs emuqreba (Knowledge and attitudes toward the EU in Georgia, CRRC, 2015). rogorc eqspertuli in-terviuebi da fokus jgufebi gviCvenebs, e.w. RirebulebiTi sistemis safuZvelze gamoyofili `sxva~ (religiuri da gansa-kuTrebiT, seqsualuri umciresobebi da maTi gaaqtiureba) Zi-riTadad swored evropeizaciis produqtad ganixileba.

qvemoT cal-calke, raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monaceme-bis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxilulia is Taviseburebebi, romelTa mixedviTac erovnuli identobidan eTno-kulturul an Ri-rebulebiT safuZvelze ùcxoebis~ (`sxvebis~) gamoyofa xde-ba. ganxilvisas, erTi mxriv, gamoyenebulia raodenobriv mo-nacemTa arsebuli bazebis meoradi analizi, xolo, meore mx-riv, interviuebi mosaxleobasTan, fokus jgufebis saxiT, da siRrmiseuli interviuebi, rogorc relevantur eqspertebTan, aseve maT mierve identificirebul sazogadoebrivi azris Sem-qmnelebTan (politikosebTan, mediis, eklesiis, ganaTlebis si-stemisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebTan).

3.3.1. eTno-kulturuli `sxva~

eTnikuri umciresobebi


2013 wlis ISSP-is (International Social Survey Programme) èrov-nuli identobis~ Sesaxeb kvlevis farglebSi moqalaqeebs dau-sves kiTxva saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur (erovnul) umci-resobebTan dakavSirebiT. pasuxebis mixedviT, eTnikuri umci-resobebisadmi gamokiTxulTa damokidebuleba tolerantulia. respondentTa daaxloebiT 72,4% eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom mTavroba unda daexmaros eTnikur umciresobebs sakuTari wes-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebaSi. mxolod gamokiT-xulTa 10,4% ar eTanxmeba saxelmwifos monawileobas im pro-cesSi, romelic eTnikur umciresobaTa Sidasaxelmwifoebriv integracias emsaxureba (ix. diagrama #20).

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diagrama #20: mTavrobis CarTuloba eTnikur umciresobaTa integra-

ciis procesSi

kvlevis procesSi respondentebs ori winaswar gansazRvru-li debulebidan (pirveli _ sazogadoebisTvis umjobesia, Tuki es jgufebi gansxvavebul wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs Sein-arCuneben (integracia) da meore _ umjobesia, Tuki am jgu-febis danarCen sazogadoebasTan adaptacia moxdeba da masSi gaiTqvifebian (asimilacia) unda aerCiaT erT-erTi, romelic maT Tvalsazriss ufro Seesabameboda.

kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa 51,6%-s miaCnia, rom sazogadoebisTvis umjobesia, Tuki es jgufebi gansxvave-bul wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs SeinarCuneben, xolo 38,1 %-s azriT, umjobesia Tuki es jgufebi sazogadoebasTan asimi-laciis gziT masSi gaiTqvifebian; 10,3 %-s uWirs pasuxis gacema (ix. diagrama #21).

diagrama #21: eTnikur umciresobaTa sazogadoebaSi integracia da asi-

milacia

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gamokiTxuli respondentebis nawili, kerZod, qalebis 41,2% da mamakacebis 33,4% eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia im adamianTa srulad gaqarTveleba, romlebic saqarTvelos wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs ar iziareben. am mxriv mciredi gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba asakis mixedviTac, gan-sakuTrebiT ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi (56+) eTanxmebian (28%) aRniSnul debulebas (ix. diagrama #22 da diagrama #23 ).

diagrama: # 22

diagrama: # 23

gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba, qalebic (42,5%) da mamakace-bic (32,5%) iziareben im mosazrebas, rom mTavroba unda dae-xmaros eTnikur umciresobebs TavianTi wes-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebaSi. am debulebisadmi mxardaWeriT gansakuTrebiT ufrosi Taobis (56+) respondentebi gamoirCev-ian (28,3%) (ix. diagrama # 24da diagrama # 25).

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diagrama: #24

diagrama: #25

faqtorul analizSi orive debuleba erT faqtorad gaer-Tianda, romelsac èrovnul umciresobaTa integraciis~ fa-qtori SeiZleba ewodos. mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan erov-nuli umciresobebis integraciisadmi mimRebloba fiqsirdeba, Tanac im formiT, rom erovnulma umciresobebma TavianTi wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi unda SeinarCunon, ufro metic, sa-xelmwifo unda daexmaros maT amaSi (ix. cxrili #21):

cxrili: #21

Component Matrixa

faqtori saSualoebi

1 SeuZlebelia srulad gaqarTveldnen is adamianebi, romlebic saqarTvelos wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs ar iziareben

.713 2.05

mTavroba unda daexmaros eTnikur umciresobebs, rom sakuTari wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi SeinarCunon

.713 2.01

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demografiuli cvladebidan èrovnul umciresobaTa inte-graciis~ faqtorisTvis statistikurad mniSvnelovania asakis cvladi (p=.012). sxva danarCen cvladebze damokidebuleba ar ikveTeba. ZiriTadad ufrosi Taobis respondentebi eTanxmebian aRniSnul faqtorSi gaerTianebul debulebebs da miesalmebian erovnul umciresobaTa integracias qarTvel sazogadoebaSi (ix. cxrili #22):

cxrili: #22

1 18-24 2 25-34 3 35-44 4 45-54 5 55-64 6 65 da meti-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.13 0.11 -0.01

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba (orive sqesis), eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom mTavroba unda daexmaros eT-nikur umciresobebs TavianTi wes-Cveulebebisa da tra-diciebis SenarCunebaSi;

gamokiTxuli respondentebidan, gansakuTrebiT ufro-si Taobis warmomadgenlebi iziareben im pozicias, rom mTavroba CarTuli unda iyos eTnikur umciresobaTa in-tegraciis procesSi;

gamokiTxul respondentTa raodenoba, romelic eTni-kuri umciresobebis integraciis momxrea, aRemateba im respondentTa ricxvs, romlebic miiCneven, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis adaptacia danarCen sazogadoebasTan um-jobesia maTi asimilaciis gziT ganxorcieldes.


winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi mosaxleobasTan Catarebu-li fokus jgufebis Sedegebma araerTxel gviCvena, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi eri ufro eTno-kulturul erTobad ganixileba, romelic `Cven~ jgufSi, ZiriTadad, eTnikurad qarTvelebs moiazrebs, eTnikuri umciresobebi ki, faqtobrivad, mis gareT eqcevian. es, erTi mxriv, piradobis damadasturebel dokumen-tebSi erovnebis (eTnikurobis gagebiT) grafis arseboba/arar-sebobis sakiTxis Taobaze saubrisas gamovlinda, xolo, meore

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mxriv, uSualod eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli Teme-bis ganxilvis drosac dadasturda. eTnikur umciresobaTa Se-saxeb respondentebis mosazrebebi Semdeg aspeqtebs moicavs: ramdenad gaTviTcnobierebuli da mgrZnobiare arian fokus jgufebis monawileni eTnikur umciresobaTa problemebisad-mi, rogor xedaven saxelmwifos rols maT mimarT da rogor aRiqvamen maT CarTulobas qveynis politikur procesebSi.

erovnebis (eTnikuri gagebiT) aRniSvna piradobis damadasturebel dokumentebSi

erovnuli identobis eTnikuri markeris safuZvelze agebis tendencia naTlad ikveTeba, roca saubari Seexeba am konkre-tuli markeris aRniSvnas piradobis damadasturebel doku-mentebSi. saqarTvelos piradobis damadasturebeli dokumen-tebidan èrovnebis grafa~, romelic swored pirovnebis eT-nikur kuTvnilebas afiqsirebda, 1997 wels iqna amoRebuli im motiviT, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT politika ufro liberaluri gamxdariyo da aqcenti integraciaze gadasuli-yo (jonsi, 2013). am faqtma Tavis droze sazogadoebaSi gark-veuli SfoTva gamoiwvia. postsabWoTa realobaSi es iyo erT-erTi pirveli precedenti, roca, faqtobrivad, oficialur doneze, eri axleburad, moqalaqeobis safuZvelze ganisazRvra da misi sruluflebiani wevrobisTvis eTnikuroba naklebmniSv-nelovani gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom èrovnebis grafis~ sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT amJamad sajaro sivrceSi debatebi aRar mimdinareobs, mosaxleobasTan Catarebuli fokus jgufebi adasturebs, rom xSirad eTnikurobis aRniSvna respondente-bisTvis kvlavac sasurvelia.

respondentTa nawilisTvis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis identi-ficireba piradobis mowmobebSi, ZiriTadad, siamayis gancda-sTan asocirdeba. amasTan, monawileni SiSoben, rom, erT mxriv, globalizaciis konteqstSi, rodesac maTive TqmiT, mcire ere-bis Serwyma/gaqroba xdeba da, meore mxriv, qveynis SigniT mra-valerovani garemos pirobebSi, qarTvel ers safrTxe emuqreba. amitomac, èTnikuri qarTvelobis~ dafiqsireba aucilebelia. msgavsi Canaweri, garkveulwilad, `Cven~ jgufis `gaqrobisgan~ dacvis instrumentad aRiqmeba:

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ùnda arsebobdes (~erovnebis grafa~), Cven patara eri varT, moqalaqeobac unda eweros da aRniSnuli iyos eT-nikuroba da didi asoebiT eweros moqalaqeoba. radgan patara eri varT da rom ar gadavgvardeT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55)

eTnikurobis dafiqsireba piradobis damadasturebel doku-mentSi, daculobis gancdasTan erTad, respondentTa nawilis azriT, eTnikuri qarTvelebis upiratesobis aRiarebasac ukav-Sirdeba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi _ saqarT-velos legitimur macxovreblebad, maspinZlebad, umciresobe-bi ki stumrebad aRiqmebian da Sesabamisad arc `Cven~ jgufSi moiazrebian; ufro metic, maTi qarTvelTan gaTanabreba qarT-velis dakninebad ganixileba:

ùnda eweros aucileblad, raRaciT meti rom varT som-xebze da azerbaijanelebze qarTvelebi, raRaciT mainc unda iyos aRniSnuli~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-25).

`maT unda icodnen, rom stumrebi arian. qurTi da some-xi, Tundac 10 saukune iyos aq Camosuli, is stumaria da stumrad unda darCes samudamod. es Cveni samSobloa~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

ès Rirsebis saqmea, rogor unda wamarTvan erovneba da mamis saxeli da araraoba gamxadon? TaTars, qurTs da Cems Soris sxvaoba araferia? es Zalian didi Seuracxyo-faa~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55)

sainteresoa, rom ramdenime respondenti zustad amave ar-gumentiT ewinaaRmdegeba piradobis damadasturebel doku-mentSi eTnikurobis dafiqsirebas. maTi azriT, eTnikurobis aRniSvna eTnikurad qarTvelebs prioritetul mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs da umciresobebis marginalizebas gamoiwvevs:

èrovnebas roca wer, iq ukve apriori deb imas, rom Sen gansxvavebuli xar Cemgan da me raRac prioriteti maqvs~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+)

piradobis damadasturebel dokumentSi eTnikurobis xaz-gasmis oponentebi, romlebic ufro metad 18-30 asakobriv jgufSi gvxvdebian, yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom eT-nikurobis identificireba sazogadoebis danawevrebas, ur-

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TierTgaucxoebasa da potenciur konfliqtebs Seuwyobs xels. monawileebis azriT, eTnikurobis sagangebod gamoyofa am Sem-TxvevaSi umciresobebisTvis qsenofobiuri garemos Seqmnas ga-moiwvevs da Tanac, sapasuxod, maTSi avtonomiuri erTeulis moTxovnis survilsac gaaRvivebs:

ìsedac qsenofobiuri sazogadoeba varT da miT umetes Tu es iqneba sabuTebSi, amas kidev ufro gaamyarebs~ (fo-kus jgufi, qali, 25-30).

`rodesac maT ewerebaT somexi an azerbaijane-li, Zalian Tavisuflad SeZleben Semdeg moiTxovon avtonomia~(fokus jgufi, kaci , 25-30)

zemoxsenebuli argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelTa Tanaxmad, eTnikurobis dokumentebSi aRniSvna aucilebe-li, an piriqiT, saxifaToa, aseve gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom èrovnebis grafas~ mxolod formaluri da saidentifika-cio mniSvneloba aqvs da misi arseboba sinamdvileSi arafers Secvlis:

`me vfiqrob, rom es ubralod aris formaluri da CemT-vis magaliTad es aris identifikaciis gamomxatveli. Tu me minda rom vinmeze uaryofiTi STabeWdileba Seviqmna da gaxleCas rasac eZaxiT, gvariT SemiZlia igive gavake-To~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-24)

rogorc vxedavT, Tumca ̀ erovnebis grafis~ Tema amJamad sa-zogadoebaSi aqtualuri aRar aris, piradobis damadasturebel dokumentebSi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis aRniSvnis survili araer-Ti respondentis mier kvlavac gamoiTqva. kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqsperti miiCnevs, rom qarTvelebis SfoTva èrovnebis grafis~ gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT swored eTnikuri niSnis, `sisxlismieri qarTvelobis~ dominanturo-bis gamoZaxilia. misi azriT, es dResdReobiT xelisSemSlelia eris erTianobisTvis.

`(...) misTvis qarTveli aris mxolod sisxliT erToba, eT-nikuri erToba, (...) amitom iyo rom sazogadoeba winaaRm-degi wavida piradobis damadasturebel dokumentebSi erovnebis grafis amoRebisa, rodesac arcerT logikaSi ar jdeba, rom titularuli eri iyo winaaRmdegi amis. amas SeiZleba eTnikuri umciresobebi SeewinaaRmdegon,

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magram roca Sen imis nacvlad rom dainteresebuli iyo erTiani eri Camoyalibdes, amis winaaRmdeg gamodixar, Sens qveyanas erovnuli niSniT hyof~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, eqsperti).

eTnikur umciresobaTa problemebis mimarT mgrZnobeloba

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi mosaxleobasTan Catarebul fokus jgufebSi respondentebs unda ganesazRvraT eTnikur umciresobaTa problemebisadmi TavianTi damokidebuleba. am sakiTxis mimarT naklebi gaTviTcnobierebuloba da mgrZnobe-loba ZiriTadad 31-65 wlis respondentebisTvis aris damaxa-siaTebeli. monawileebi aRniSnaven, rom raime gansakuTrebuli tipis problemebi saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umcire-sobebs ar gaaCniaT. amasTan, maT arc TavianTi kulturisa Tu religiis SenarCuneba uWirT da arc qarTvelebisgan ganicdian raime Seviwroebas:

àranairi problema ar aqvT. Cvenze kargadac ki grZnoben

Tavs. arasdros ar hqoniaT problema im Tavidan dRemde da

ase gagrZeldeba yovelTvis, rom maT problema arasdros

ar SeeqmnebaT. ufro metad arian dafasebulebi da pativs

scemen da Cveni xalxi ar fasdeba sxva qveyanaSi, Torem sxva

yvela fasdeba.~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+)aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tumca eTnikuri umciresobebis

mier qarTuli enis arcodnas xazi ramdenjerme gaesva, am fa-qtis problemad aRqma naklebad xdeba. Tumca, erT SemTxveva-Si problemad gamoiyo umciresobebis kompaqturad dasaxleba, rogorc integraciisa da saxelmwifo enis SeswavlisaTvis xel-SemSleli faqtori:

`kompaqturad ar unda iyvnen dasaxlebulni. me mgoni

amaSia problema imitom, rom kompaqturi dasaxleba mainc

Tavis daRs asvams, ar xdeba integracia, enasac ver swavlo-

ben, ar swavloben imitom, rom ar sWirdebaT~ (fokus jgu-

fi, qali, 56+)sainteresoa, rom Tu, erTi mxriv, respondentebis azriT,

eTnikuri umciresobebi, ZiriTadad, Tavs kargad grZnoben sa-qarTveloSi, meore mxriv, saubrisas, monawileni xSirad Tav-adve mijnaven maT qarTvelebisagan, gulgrilobas gamoxataven

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an negatiurad moixsenieben maT, xolo eTnikurad qarTvelebs ufro prioritetul jgufad ganixilaven:

`maTze naklebad vfiqrob, me Cemi qarTveloba ufro ma-Relvebs~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

rogorc fokus jgufebi gviCvenebs, garda imisa, rom eTni-kur umciresobaTa problemebis identificireba umetesad ver xerxdeba, garkveul SemTxvevebSi isini eTnikur qarTvelebTan SedarebiT privilegirebulebadac ki aRiqmeba. eTnikuri umci-resobebis ufro xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi yofna responden-tebma ZiriTadad socialur-ekonomikuri argumentebiT axs-nes: aRiniSna, rom ramdenime enis codnis gamo isini eTnikur qarTvelebze ukeT saqmdebian, ufro martivad gadadian mezo-bel qveynebSi (mag. azerbaijanelebis SemTxvevaSi _ TurqeTSi), aseve karg miwebze saxloben da zogadad ukeTesi materialu-ri mdgomareoba aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi Cagrul jgufad swored eTnikuri qarTvelebia gamoyvanili, romlebsac, faqtobrivad, `sxvebi~ arTmeven resursebs:

`saqarTveloSi yvela kargad grZnobs Tavs, qarTvelis garda. is gadadis da gadmodis sazRvarze, me qarTvels sadme rom momindes wasvla, problema maqvs (fokus jgu-fi qali, 46-55).

`somexma icis somxuric, rusulic da qarTulic, amitom bevri enis codnis gamo samsaxursac advilad iwyeben~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

monawileebis azriT, umciresobebis `privilegirebuloba~, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos xelSewyobidan gamomdinareobs, ro-melic eTnikur umciresobebs gacilebiT met yuradRebas uT-mobs da met uflebebsac aZlevs, vidre eTnikur qarTvelebs, meore mxriv ki, Tavad qarTvelebis bunebidan, rom `sxvas pati-vi scen~ da `Tavisi~ daiviwyon:

`yvelaferSi privilegirebulebi arian saxelmwifosgan. saxelmwifo eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebs ufro met uflebebs aZlevs, vidre qarTvelebs. (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45)

`qarTvelebi ufro Seviwroebulebi varT, vidre eTni-kuri umciresobebi imitom, rom qarTvelebs aqvT buneba

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aseTi, sxvas pativi unda scen, sxvas Tavi unda dauxaron, sxva unda miiRon, gadayvnen da TavianTi qarTveli ar ain-teresebT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+)

sainteresoa, rom dapirispireba `Cven da sxva~ respondent-Ta msjelobaSi xSirad gvxvdeba. amavdroulad, garda imisa, rom saqarTveloSi `sxva~, materialuri keTildReobis mxriv, ufro SeZlebulad aRiqmeba, vidre eTnikurad qarTveli, yur-adReba maxvildeba imazec, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi Tavi-anTi am statusiT spekulireben, Tavs daCagrulad warmoaCenen da amiTac garkveul sargebels naxuloben:

`samwuxarod, erovnuli umciresobebi iqcevian cota daCagrulis rolSi, Tumca piriqiT, ukeTes poziciaSi arian. zogierTi, sargeblobs am privilegiiT, rom is iCa-greba ase da ase. rodesac Cven viciT, rom qveyanaSi aras-dros yofila aseTi mizezi, rom daCagruliyvnen erovnu-li umciresobebi~(fokus-jgufi, kaci, 56+)

eTnikuri umciresobebis `Cven~ jgufidan eqskluzia, aseve qarTvelebTan SedarebiT maTi ufro `privilegirebulad~ war-modgena dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis arseboba Sida jgufisTvis, garkveulwilad, safrTxed aRiqmeba. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT 31-65 wlis respondentebTan ikve-Teba. monawileebis azriT, eTnikur umciresobebs ufro momZ-lavreba da saqarTveloSi meti teritoriebis dasakuTreba surT:

èTnikur umciresobebs undaT gaZliereba saqarTvelo-Si. es unda ganixilos mTavrobam da specialurma organi-zaciebma~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45)

àqeT giCmaxeben. marneulis mxares qarTuli eklesiaa da TaTrebi Zroxebs aZoveben, Tbilisidan Casulma qarT-velma axalgazrdebma daSales da gamovida TaTari, ul-vaSebiani da Tqva aq Cemi papis papa cxovrobdao. is papis papa aq vin Camoasaxla? aqeT aqvT pretenzia, imedi aqvs rom daibrunebs~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

sayuradReboa, rom radganac eklesia qarTvelebisTvis na-cionaluri identobis nawilad aRiqmeba, winamdebare cita-ta, garkveulwilad, kulturul safrTxezec migvaniSnebs. am SemTxvevaSi fokus jgufebis monacemebi exmianeba triandafi-lidus mosazrebas, rom gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli ma-

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xasiaTeblebis gamo eTnikuri umciresobebi SesaZloa `Cven~ jgufis wevrebis mier teritoriisa da kulturis winaaRmdeg mimarTul safrTxed aRiqmebodes (Triandafyllidou, 2002).

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnikur umciresobebze saubrisas respondentebi afxazebsa da osebsac axseneben. afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis amJamad okupirebuli re-gionebi, faqtobrivad, teritoriasTan dakavSirebul travmul gamocdilebebs qmnis:

`kargad rom moveqeciT, teritoriebi miveciT da kul-tura davumkvidreT, imitom moxda es da metis Rirsebi varT~(fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

eTnikuri umciresobebis `gaZlierebasTan~ erTad proble-mad aRiqmeba maTi kompaqturad Casaxleba da gamravleba, rasac avtomaturad ukavSirdeba SiSi, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi eTni-kuri qarTvelebi Tavad gadaiqcevian saqarTveloSi ricxobriv umciresobad:

ùmciresoba iqneba 20 weliwadSi qarTvelebi da magaT (qarTvelebs) SeeqmnebaT Zalian didi problemebi, Tu ar mouvlian Tavs, es aris. aravis araviTari problema ar aqvs (umciresobebs). xelis Sewyoba meti aqvT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

àse xdeba yvela qveyanaSi, isini kompaqturad saxldebian da mravldebian~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa problemebis mimarT gaTviTcnobierebuloba da mgrZnobeloba ufro metad 18-30 wlis respondentebTan ikveTeba. isini yuradRebas amaxvileben eTnikuri umciresobebis qarTvelebisagan gaucxoebaze _ dasa-xelda intregrirebulobis nakleboba da umciresobaTa gamoTi-Suloba qveynis socialur-politikuri cxovrebidan, saqarTve-losTan TviTidentifikaciis ararseboba da negatiuri damoki-debulebebi qarTvelebis mimarT. monawileTa azriT, gaucxoebas xels uwyobs, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo enis arcodna, ganaTlebis nakleboba, informaciis xelmisawvdomobisa da dasaqmebis pro-blemebi, meore mxriv ki, qarTvelebis negatiuri damokidebuleba da tolerantobis nakleboba eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi. aseve aRiniSna qarTuli mediis mier eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSi-rebul sakiTxTa naklebad gaSuqebis problemac:

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ìdentifikacia ar aqvT, is, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqee-bi arian. Tavis mxriv, eTnikurad qarTvelebi aseve riya-ven da uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT da stereotipu-li damokidebuleba aqvT~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 25-30).

`problema eqmnebaT, enobrivi barieri aris, romelic TbilisSi mcxovrebs imdenad ar aqvs, magram regionebSi da kompaqtur dasaxlebebSi enobrivi barieri aris, rac iwvevs gaucxoebas ufro mets. aqedan gamomdinare, dasa-qmebis mxriv imdenad ar arian CarTulebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ar aqvT aRqma, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqee-bi arian~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 25-30).

saxelmwifos roli eTnikuri (erovnuli) umciresobebis mimarT

mosaxleobasTan Catarebul fokus jgufebSi ikveTeba, rom 30-65 wlis respondentebis didi nawili eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT saxelmwifos rols naklebad xedavs. es, garkveulwi-lad, imiT aixsneba, rom respondentebis SefasebiT, aRniS-nul umciresobebs gansakuTrebuli problemebi ar gaaCniaT da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos mier mosagvarebelic araferia. ufro metic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, rig SemTxvevaSi respon-dentebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen, rom saxelwifo eTnikur umciresobebs, eTnikur qarTvelebTan SedarebiT, garkveul privilegiebs uwesebs. amis sawinaaRmdegod, ramdenime respon-dents aqcenti gadaaqvs saxelmwifos valdebulebaze, daicvas eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi, magaliTad, maTi kultu-ris SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, amave dros, safrTxed aRiqmeba umciresobebisTvis religiuri salocavebis mSeneblo-ba. faqtobrivad, Tuki, erTi mxriv, SedarebiT tolerantuli damokidebuleba vlindeba eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturu-li TviTmyofadobis xelSewyobis mimarTulebiT, rogorc ki saqme religias exeba, dayofa `Cven~ da `sxva~ isev aqtiurdeba:

`daculi unda iyvnen, ra Tqma unda. Tavisi erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis Seuxebloba daculi unda iyos. Zalian be-vri eklesiebi ar unda aaSenebino oRond. erTi sami cali da eyofa~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

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sainteresoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri umciresobis kate-goria religiuri umciresobis kategoriasac gadafaravs, rac safrTxis gancdas zrdis. qarTvelebis SemTxvevaSi marTlmadide-bloba erovnuli identobis ganuyofeli nawilia. religiuri um-ciresobebis aqtiuroba ki marTlmadideblobis, Sesabamisad, qar-Tuli identobis dakargvis SiSs qmnis, rasac qvemoT, religiur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb saubrisas ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

zogadad, is pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, eTnikur umcire-sobebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvareba saxelmwifos funqciaa da aucilebelia misi Careva, ufro metad 18-30 wlis asakis respondentebTan fiqsirdeba. maTi azriT, saxelmwifos ekisreba aseve eTnikuri umciresobisa da umravlesobis kul-turaTa urTierTdaaxloebis xelSewyoba.

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic yvela asakobriv jgufSi aRi-niSna, eTnikuri umciresobebis mier qarTuli enis arcodnas ukavSirdeba. enis codna-arcodnis aqcentireba gulisxmobs, rom enobriv faqtors ̀ Cven~ jgufis TaviseburebebSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs. ena èTnikur sxvasTan~ asocirebul erT-erT kulturul faqtors warmoadgens da èTno-kultu-rul sxvas~ qmnis _ radganac eTnikuri umciresobebi ver sau-broben Sida jgufisTvis mSobliur enaze, Sesabamisad, isini Sida jgufis kulturuli sivrcis miRma rCebian.

saxelmwifo enis arcodnis problemam TiTqmis yvela asa-kobriv jgufSi gamoiwvia monawileTa mimarTebis dayofa imis mixedviT, vis akisreben pasuxismgeblobas am problemis mo-sagvareblad: Tavad eTnikur umciresobebs Tu saxelmwifos. pirveli mosazrebiT, qarTuli enis arcodna da ganaTlebis nakleboba isev da isev eTnikuri umciresobebis arCevania da enis problemis gadaWrac Tavad umciresobebis survilzea damokidebuli. amasTanave aRiniSna, rom qarTuli enis codna garkveuli valdebuleba unda iyos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi umciresobebisTvis:

ès ar aris saxelmwifos problema, es aris maTi proble-ma, rom ar aqvT. [qarTuli enis codna]~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-24).

respondentTa meore nawilis azriT ki, enis barieris aR-mofxvraSi umTavresi roli saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos da,

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rogorc enis swavlebis, aseve, zogadad, integraciis xelSewyo-bis mimarTulebiT sasurvelia misi aqtiuri Careva. aRiniSneba, rom amis miRweva SesaZlebelia intensiuri da dRes arsebulze ufro xarisxiani saganmanaTleblo programebis saSualebiT:

`saxelmwifom unda daainteresos eTnikuri umciresobe-bi, davuSvaT raRac adgilebi misces institutSi oRond im pirobiT, rom is enas iswavlis. minda, rom Camovidnen da gaiTqvifon imitom, rom Tu ar gaiTqvifebian, maSin yovelTvis iqnebian ucxoebi. aravin ar eubneba dakargos Tavisi ena, magram saxelmwifo ena unda icodes~. (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+).

`saxelmwifo albaT Suamavlis rols unda asrulebdes da garkveuli programebi unda ganaxorcielos, Tundac is, rom qarTuli enis Sewavlaze rom iyo, eg programa kargi ki iyo, magram ubralod vfiqrob, rom ar iyo xarisxiani. xarisxi aklda, Torem ideaSi kargi programa iyo~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 25-30).

eTnikuri umciresobebis politikuri CarTuloba

eris sruluflebiani wevroba TavisTavad gulisxmobs politi-kur procesebSi monawileobis uflebas, kerZod, gadawyvetile-bis mimReb poziciebze moRvaweobis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, fokus jgufis monawileebs vkiTxeT, ramdenad misaRebi iqnebo-da maTTvis eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebis xilva saqarTvelos pirvel pirebad (magaliTad, prezidentad/pre-mier-ministrad).

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, saSualo da ufrosi asa-kis (30+) respondentebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva, xolo umcrosi monawileebis (18-30) mosazrebebi SedarebiT erTgvarovania _ isini eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgene-lis pirvel pirebad arCevas misaRebad miiCneven, Tuki is saqa-rTveloSi cxovrobs da icis saqarTvelos problemebi _ maTi mTavari argumenti am SemTxvevaSi konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebaa. ramdenime respondentis azriT, Tumca araqarTveli prezidenti Tavadac examuSebaT, magram konstitucia da umaR-les Tanamdebobaze asarCevi kandidatis Sesabamisoba qveynis miznebTan nebismier SemTxvevaSi umTavresia:

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`kanonmdebloba aris idealuri sazomi, rom Tu Sen am-bob kanoniT, rom SeiZleba, e.i. misaRebia qveynisTvis zogadad (...)gana me ar mexamuSeba, mec mexamuSeba, magram raRacas grZnob, rom ver aris kargad. eg SeiZleba mec ma-qvs, rom araqarTveli iyos prezidentad, magram sinamd-vileSi saqme saqmeze rom midgeba da davdgebi saarCevno yuTTan, Cems Tavs vaiZuleb, rom Tu momwons es kandida-tura da vTvli, rom kargi prezidenti iqneba da vTvli, rom ukeTesad Seesabameba Cems interesebs da Cemi qveynis miznebs, avdgebi da Cems Tavs vaiZuleb, rom mivce am kacs xma, am TvalsazrisiT misaRebia srulad. (fokus jgufi, kaci, 25-30).

30 wlamde respondentebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom am etapze saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sakvanZo poziciebze eTniku-rad araqarTvel pirovnebas naklebad moisurvebs da amitomac arCevnebze igi xmebs ver miiRebs. monawileebi fiqroben, rom erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis amaRlebasTan erTad, TandaTan aseTi damokidebuleba Seicvleba da amerikuli sazo-gadoebis magaliTs imowmeben: Tu erT dros amerikelebs aSS-s prezidentad Savkaniani ver wamoedginaT, axla es ukve realobaa:

`veravin ver warmoidgenda, rom maT Savkaniani preziden-ti eyolebodaT, magram Seicvala yvelaferi, sazogadoe-ba ufro tolerantuli gaxda (...).~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 25-30).

30 welze ufrosi asakis respondentebis mosazrebebi orad gaiyo. erTi nawilisTvis eTnikurad araqarTveli pirveli piri misaRebi iqneba, Tuki is saqarTveloSi iqneba dabadebul-gazr-dili da saxelmwifoebrivad iazrovnebs. amgvari poziciis sa-sargeblod gamoTqmuli erT-erTi argumenti aris is, rom am SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi ufro meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekidebian saqmes, vidre eTnikurad qarTvelebi, rac nakleb korumpirebulobasa Tu nepotizms ga-napirobebs. sainteresoa, rom zemoxsenebuli argumenti, mar-Talia, eTnikur umciresobebs pozitiurad warmoaCens, magram, amasTanave, maT mainc eTnikuri qarTvelebisagan calke ganixi-lavs. am SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri umciresobis wamomadgeneli ga-nixileba `sxvad~, romelmac avtomaturad ufro meti pasuxism-gebloba unda igrZnos, vidre eTnikurad qarTvelma:

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`ratom ar unda iyvnen? Tu is ufro Wkviania, ufro mixedavs saqmes da ar Caidebs jibeSi, rogorc Cvenebi arian miCveu-lebi. (...) imas ufro SeeSindeba mTavrobaSi jdoma da aras-wori gadawyvetilebebis miReba. qarTvels ki sul eqneba saZmakacos da sanaTesaos imedi. yvela karg adgilas Tavis naTesavs daniSnavs~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

alternatiuli argumentis mixedviT, aqcenti moqalaqeobiT miniWebul uflebebze keTdeba da politikuri eqskluziis mi-zezad eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT arsebuli stereotipebi saxeldeba, romlebic maT mxolod memwvanileebad da vaWrebad xataven:

ìmitom, rom moqalaqea, zustad iseTive ufleba aqvs, rogorc Cven. Tu moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, maSin imis uf-lebac unda iyos daculi, rac unda hqondes, rom pirve-li piri gaxdes. CvenTvis stereotipebidan gamomdinare, ratom aris miuRebeli pirveli piri iciT? imitom, rom azerbaijaneli aris memwvanile, somexi aris vaWari an raRac sxva…~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+).

30 welze ufrosi asakis respondentebis meore nawilisTvis eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa umaRles Tanamdebo-bebze yofna kategoriulad miuRebelia. eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli am SemTxvevaSi `sxvad~ ganixileba, romlisTvi-sac qarTvelebis tradiciebi da istoria ucxoa. es yvelaferi, marTlmadideblobasTan erTad, umaRles Tanamdebobaze myofi piris aucilebel atributebad ganixileba:

`saqarTvelo unda marTos qarTvelma. erTi Wkviani qarTveli kaci dailia?~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

`qarTveli unda iyos, mainc qarTul tradiciebs da marTlmadideblobas gaatarebs.~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlis yofna saqarTve-los saTaveSi am monawileebisTvis eris TviTmyofadobis da-kargvasa da `degradaciasTan~ asocirdeba. sainteresoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba qarTvelebis mcirericxovnobazec maxvildeba. es, faqtobrivad, erT-erTi argumentia, romlis gamoc sakvanZo Tanamdebobaze eTnikurad araqarTvelis yofna miuReblad miiCneva. am konteqstSi mcirericxovnobis xazgas-

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ma gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoT ukve naxseneb SiSs _ gamokiTxulTa nawilisTvis eTno-kulturuli `sxvebisgan~ momdinare erT-erTi safrTxe da amiT gamowveuli SiSi swored qarTvelebis raodenobriv Semcirebasa da sabolo-od srul gaqrobas ukavSirdeba:

`SeiZleba araqarTveli iyos, magram Zalian bevr qarT-vels sjobdes, magram Cven varT Zalian patara eri da es dResdReobiT mainc vfiqrob, rom miuRebelia (fokus jgufi, qali, 56+).

`kategoriulad miuRebelia sxva eris warmomadgene-li. pirvel rigSi eris TviTmyofadobaze Zalian cudad imoqmedebs, sulierad moklavs tradiciebs, ar SeiZleba Sens qveyanaSi, miTumetes aseT mcirericxovan qveyanaSi ase gakeTeba, mentalurad gavnadgurdebiT. es eris de-gradacias, arasrulfasovnebas, dabeCavebas da gaunaT-leblobas niSnavs~(fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

sainteresoa, rom ramdenime respondentma saqarTvelo ojaxsac Seadara, romelSic ucxo adamiani SemoiWreba da mis marTvas iwyebs. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxis, e.i. `Cven~ jgufis we-vrebad mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi moiazrebian, eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi ki isev `sxvebad~, _ òjaxsgare wevrebad~:

`rogor SeiZleba marTos sxvam, ucxo tomis Svilma. es igivea, rom vinme Semovides Cems ojaxSi da Tqvas, rom me var axla ojaxis ufrosi da Cemi ojaxi me unda vmar-Too~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

im Sexedulebas, rom qarTvelebis mier eris aRqmaSi ZiriTa-dad eTnikuri, `sisxlismieri~ elementi Warbobs, Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebic iziareben. maTi Sefase-biT (da es fokus jgufebSic gamoCnda), kulturuli faqto-rebi, magaliTad, ena, istoria, religia, tradiciebi, swored eTnikurobasTan bmaSi ganixileba. Tumca, sinamdvileSi es fa-qtorebi Taobidan Taobas ara ̀ sisxlis~, aramed socializaciis gziT gadaecema:

`kulturuli identoba swored im identobad gvevlineba, romelic ar gadadis sisxliT, aramed socializaciis sak-maod rTuli meqanizmebis gavliT. magram, CvenTan am kul-

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turul identobas, marTlac mieca eTnikurobaze mibmuli interpretacia. (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

Sesabamisad, eTnikuri umciresoba, romelsac Tavisi, gansx-vavebuli kulturuli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia, `Cven~ jgufis wevrad naklebad aRiqmeba. erT-erTi respondentis mosazre-biT, maTi asocireba, eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT, maT istoriul samSoblosTan ufro metad xdeba, vidre saqarTve-losTan:

`yovelTvis xdeba maTi (eTnikuri umciresobebis) iden-tobebis mibma sxva saxelmwifoebTan, TurqeTTan, azer-baijanTan, CeCneTTan an sxva~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

am konteqstSi Tu ùcxos~ cnebas davubrundebiT (romelic SfoTvas warmoqmnis, radgan swored `Cven~ da `sxva~ diqotomi-as angrevs da, yvela markeris mixedviT, arc Sida da arc gare jgufSi Tavsdeba), aRmoCndeba, rom fokus jgufebSi gamovle-nili zemoxsenebuli tendencia ùcxos~ `sxvad~ gansazRvris mcdelobaa, `sxva~ jgufTan misi asocirebis gziT (Bauman, 1991). zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom ùcxos~ gansazRvris alter-natiuli gza aris misi asimilacia. zogi eqsperti varaudobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi `Cven~ jgufis wevrad SeiZleba eTnikur um-ciresobaTa iseTi warmomadgeneli aRiqmebodes, romelic met-naklebad iziarebs qarTvelebis mier TavianTi TavisTvis miwe-ril maxasiaTeblebs:

`mimRebloba, albaT yvela im adamianis mimarTaa, rome-lic zedapirul doneze daakmayofilebs im stereoti-pul azrovnebas, rac qarTvelobas udris. avlabreli somexic jigaria da iezidi valerac~. (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, eqsperti).

sainteresoa, rom msgavsi tendencia aseve exmianeba saqarT-veloSi somxebTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis Sesaxeb Cata-rebuli kvlevis monacemebs (The Perceptions about Armenia’s and Georgia’s Policy Towards Each Other among two State’s Youth. Myths and reality, 2015). irkveva, rom qarTveli respondentebisTvis metad misaRebia erovnuli umciresobis (eTnikuri somxebis) iseTi warmomadgeneli, romelic qarTvelisgan naklebad gamoirCeva _ qarTul enaze bunebrivad saubrobs, sazogadoebaSi integri-

_ 290 _

rebulia da Tavis identifikacias ufro metad qarTvelebTan axdens, vidre somxebTan. am SemTxvevaSi maT is stereotipebi ki aRar miewerebaT, romlebsac qarTvelebi, zogadad, somxebis daxasiaTebisas iyeneben, aramed is stereotipebi, riTac re-spondentebi TavianT jgufs, eTnikur qarTvelebs axasiaTeben. es ki niSnavs, rom `qarTvelebis msgavsi~ eTnikuri somxebis aR-qma `Cven jgufis~ wevrebad ufro iolad xdeba, vidre im eT-nikuri somxebisa, romelTa gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli identoba ufro `SesamCnevia~.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis ganmartebiT, eTnikuri umciresobebis umetesoba qveynis so-cialur, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovreba-Si naklebadaa CarTuli. isini, ZiriTadad, izolirebulad cxovroben, ar aqvT informacia saqarTveloSi mimdinare mov-lenebis Sesaxeb, ver saubroben qarTul enaze da amasTana-ve, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavadac naklebad aqvT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis survili.

ès umciresobebis gagebaSic aris. (...) ai, universitetSi ramdenad aqvT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb, saqarTvelos moqalaqe azerbaijanel an somex students aqtiuri ur-TierToba mis qarTvel TanatolebTan. rac me SevamCnie, calke arian, SeiZleba arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca erTad arian, magram umravlesobaSi jer calke arian. ase rom, aris paraleluri sazogadoeba. es wesiT ar unda xdebo-des~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

meore mxriv, eqspertebis mosazrebiT, TviTon eTnikurad qarTvelebis mxridan vlindeba naklebi ndoba umciresobebis mi-marT im argumentiT, rom maT saqarTvelo naklebad aRelvebT:

ìntegracia aris problematuri kulturul cxovreba-Si, politikur cxovrebaSi, socialur cxovrebaSi imi-tom, rom ndobis faqtori aris seriozuli xelis SemS-leli amisTvis, rom eTnikurad qarTveli SeiZleba ar endobodes eTnikurad somexs an eTnikurad azerbaija-nels imaSi, rom is marTlac loialuri aris saqarTve-los saxelmwifosadmi da is sxva saxelmwifo interesebs ar atarebs da a.S.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi ndobis naklebobas erT-erTi

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respondenti imiT xsnis, rom, faqtobrivad, qarTuli saxelmwi-fo swored separatizmis SiSTan erTad warmoiSva:

`Cveni Tanamedrove saxelmwifo daibada separatizmis SiSTan erTad. rodesac saqarTvelo daibada, is gaCnda or politikur, eTnikur konfliqtTan erTad, afxazeTSi da oseTSi. amitomac SiSi, rom nebismier momentSi SeiZ-leba raRaca moxdes, nebismier mTavrobas Tan sdevs da nebismier momdevnos gayveba Tan. amitomac, es momenti yovelTvis iqneba~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

eqspertebi erovnuli identobis eTnikuri markerisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebas istoriul faqtorebs ukavSireben. eqspertTa nawili yuradRebas amaxvilebs sabWoTa periodze da miiCnevs, rom swored im wlebSi iyo aqtualuri adamianis `jiSsa da jilagze~ saubari. amasTan, sabWoTa ideo-logia, marTalia, erTi mxriv, nacionalizmisgan Sors idga, Tumca, meore mxriv, axalisebda mas:

`sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistema rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, nacionalisturi iyo da qarTuli erovnuli jgufis wa-maxalisebeli iyo. (...) ara marto ganaTleba, zogadad xe-lovneba, kino, mwerloba, am yvelaferma ganapiroba sab-WoTa qarTuli identobis Camoyalibeba. ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa ideologia nacionalizmisgan Sors aris, magram realurad saboloo jamSi am sabWoTa ideologiam gana-piroba nacionalizmis gaRviveba. dResac, Tu davakvir-debiT, im politikuri jgufebisa da liderebis umrav-lesobas, vinc patriotizms qadagebs, umravlesobas ko-munisturi Zirebi da prorusuli damokidebuleba aqvs.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

eqspertTa nawili afiqsirebs tendencias, romelic poli-tikur doneze eris eTnikuri niSniT gansazRvris SesustebaSi gamoixateba: Tu saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirveli, gamsaxurdias periodi eTnikurobis xazgasmiT xasiaT-deboda, SevardnaZis periodSi am aqcentma TandaTan aqtualo-ba dakarga da saakaSvilis periodidan ukve gadaidga aqtiuri nabijebi samoqalaqo eris Camoyalibebisken.

kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebi da eqspert-Ta interviuebi gviCvenebs, rom, eTnikuri umciresobebi ero-vnuli identobis safuZvelze gansazRvrul `Cven~ jgufSi

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naklebad moiazrebian. gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli maxa-siaTeblebis gamo, isini `sxvebad~ aRiqmebian da Sida jgufis wevrebisTvis (romlebsac am SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi warmoadgenen) iseT safrTxeebTan asocirdebian, rogoric aris, magaliTad, teritoriis an ekonomikuri resursebis miTviseba. ufro zogadad ki, aRniSnuli tipis safrTxeebi qarTvelebis ricxobriv Semcirebasa da Tavis qveyanaSi umciresobad ga-daqcevis an saerTod gaqrobis SiSs ukavSirdeba. daaxloebiT msgavsi tendencia vlindeba imigrantebis mimarTac. am Temas ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT ganvixilavT.

imigrantebi

2014 wlis martSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis dadgenilebiT ZalaSi Sevida kanoni ùcxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pir-Ta samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~ [http://info.police.ge/images/pdf/ucxoelta]. am kanonis miRebiT Seicvala manamde arse-buli liberaluri midgoma da praqtika, romlis Tanaxmadac, 118 qveynis warmomadgenel, saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis arm-qone ucxoels 360 dRis manZilze SeeZlo saqarTvelos teri-toriaze uvizod darCena. axali dadgenilebis mixedviT ki, uvizod Semosvlis ufleba 24 qveyanas SeezRuda, maT Soris, CineTis saxalxo respublikas, indoeTs, erays da iranis isla-mur respublikas [https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2867361]. sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi imigrirebuli moqalaqeebidan am qveynis warmomadgenelTa xvedriTi wili sakmaod maRalia. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT [http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=172&lang=geo], 2015 wels ira-nis islamuri respublikidan 1766, erayidan 1618, xolo CineTi-dan 1267 adamiani imigrirda saqarTvelos teritoriaze. rac Seexeba saerTo suraTs, rogorc qvemoT warmodgenili cxri-lidan Cans (# 23), am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi masobriv mi-gracias adgili ar aqvs:

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cxrili #23 imigrantebis ricxovnoba, 2015 weli, saqarTvelos stati-

stikis erovnuli samsaxuri

qveyana raodenoba

ruseTis federacia 10 552

TurqeTi 5 810

somxeTi 4 143

azerbaijani 2 839

ukraina 2 886

iranis islamurirespublika 1 766

quveiTi 1 320

erayi 1 618

a.S.S. 1 081

CineTi 1 267

sxva qveynis moqalaqe 8 206

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi SevecadeT siRrmiseulad Segves-wavla, erTi mxriv moqalaqeebis damokidebuleba imigraciis procesisa da imigrantebis mimarT, xolo, meore mxriv, gag-verkvia am damokidebulebebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi. gaanalizebul iqna: 2013 wlis ISSP-is (International Social Survey Programme) raodenobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, Cven mier sx-vadasxva asakobriv jgufTan Catarebuli fokus jgufebis mo-nacemebi, aseve siRrmiseuli interviuebi eqspertebsa da Zi-riTad aqtorebTan, romlebic yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebriv azrze. es aqtorebi arian: politikose-bi, mediis, eklesiisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmo-madgenlebi.


winamdebare nawilSi warmodgenilia ISSP-is 2013 wlis rao-denobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romlebic asaxavs saqarTve-los moqalaqeebis damokidebulebas imigrantebis mimarT. Te-maze, igrZnoba Tu ara saqarTveloSi mcxovreb adamianTa Soris imigrantebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, mkafio tenden-

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ciis gansazRvra rTulia. qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis Tanaxmad (ix. cxrili #24), gamokiTxulTa 40,7 procenti, gansxvavebiT 32,1 procentisgan, ar iziarebs Sexedulebas, rom imigrantebi danaSaulis ricxvs zrdian. aseve respondentTa 40,7 procents, gansxvavebiT 34,2 procentisgan, ar miaCnia, rom imigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs uTxrian. rac Seexeba samuSao adgi-lebs, gamokiTxulTa 51,2 procentis azriT, imigrantebi sa-qarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven. amgvar pozicias ar eTanxmeba 28,9%.

cxrili: #24

sxva qveynebidan Camosul, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb imigrantebze sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs(ìmigrantebSi~ igulisxmeba is adamianebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad Camodian). ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT mocemul debulebebs?

sru

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arc v

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arc a

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ar v

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imigrantebi danaSaulis ricxvs zrdian 8,9% 23,2% 16,3% 33,2% 7,5% 10,8% 3,61

imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven

19,2% 32 % 11,7% 24,1% 4,8% 8,1% 3,04

imigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs uTxrian 11,3% 22,9% 16,3% 32% 8,7% 8,8% 3,48

qvemoT mocemuli diagrama #26 imigrantebisadmi uaryofi-Ti damokidebulebis saSualo maCveneblebs warmogvidgens. dia-gramis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi tendencia moqceulia or pasuxs So-ris _ àrc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi~ da ` àr veTanxmebi~.

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diagrama # 26: imigrantebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba (saSualo

maCveneblebi)

uaryofiTia respodentTa damokidebuleba (58,1%) im mosaz-rebis mimarT, rom imigrantebi axali ideebisa da kulturis Se-motaniT qarTvel sazogadoebas aumjobeseben (dadebiTad upa-suxa 16,3%-ma), xolo dadebiTi da uaryofiTi pasuxebi TiTqmis Tanabrad ganawilda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom imigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis, zogadad, kargia: 36,6 procenti eTanxmeba am debulebas, 32,5 % ki uaryofs. qvemoT mocemuli diagrama #27 aCvenebs gacemul pasuxTa saSualo maCveneblebs:

diagrama #27: imigrantebisadmi keTilganwyoba

uflebrivi Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT, gamokiTxulTa damokidebuleba imigrantebis mimarT kritikulia _ 60,6 %-s

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miaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi legalurad mcxovrebi, magram moqa-laqeobis armqone imigrantebi ar unda sargeblobdnen iseTive uflebebiT, rogoric aqvT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs. Tumca, amavdroulad, respondentTa umravlesoba (71,4%) fiqrobs, rom legaluri imigrantebisTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos sa-jaro ganaTleba, msgavsad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisa. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom gamokiTxulTa 38,5 procenti, 6,4 procen-tisgan gansxvavebiT, eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom saqarTvelom ufro mkacr zomebs unda mimarTos, raTa ar dauSvas arale-galuri imigracia.

kiTxvaze, unda gaizardos Tu Semcirdes imigrantebis rao-denoba saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa umetesoba pa-suxobs, rom bevrad unda Semcirdes. gacemul pasuxTa saSua-lo maCvenebeli aris 4,28. qvemoT mocemuli diagrama #28 ki gviCvenebs gacemul pasuxTa procentul maCveneblebs:

diagrama #28: damokidebuleba imigraciis procesisadmi

imigrantebis integraciisadmi saqarTvelos mosaxleobas aSkarad dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvs. gamokiTxulTa 77,6 procenti iziarebs im Sexedulebas, rom imigrantebma TavianTi kulturac unda SeinarCunon da saqarTvelos kulturac unda SeiTvison. 8,4 procenti fiqrobs, rom imigrantebma TavianTi kultura unda SeinarCunon da naklebad izrunon saqarTvelos kulturis SeTvisebaze. aseve 8,5 procenti acxadebs, rom imi-grantebma uari unda Tqvan TavianT kulturaze da saqarTve-los kultura unda SeiTvison.

pasuxebSi, kiTxvaze: ùnda hqondeT Tu ara imigrantebs, iseTive uflebebi, rogoric saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs~, gansx-vavebebi ar gamovlinda arc sqesis da arc asakis mixedviT.

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monacemebis Tanaxmad, 18-30 wlis respondentebis 68,2%, 31-45 wlis respondentebis 63,8% , 46-55 wlis respondentebis 65,2% da 56+ asakis respondentebis 63 % miiCnevs, rom imigran-tebs ar unda hqondeT iseTive uflebebi, rogoric saqarTve-los moqalaqeebs aqvT.

respondentebi, asakis miuxedavad, ufro ar eTanxmebian (37,2%) debulebas: ìmigrantebi zrdian kriminalis ricxvs~, vidre eTanxmebian mas (26, 1%). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, respondentebis poziciebi arc sqesis mixedviT gansxvavdeba mniSvnelovnad, radgan qalebis 54 % da mamakacebis 46 % ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebas.

kiTxvaze: ìmigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamian-ebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven?~, respondentebis pasuxebidan irkveva, rom, asakobrivi gansxavavebis miuxedavad, maTi ufro didi nawili (55, 6 %) eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, imigrantebi samuSao adgilebs arTmeven adgilobrivebs. xolo rac Seexeba pozicias _ uTxrian Tu ara imigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs _ am Sexedulebas arc erTi asakobrivi jgufis umravlesoba ar eTanxmeba.

miRebuli Sedegebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respondentebis damokidebuleba imigrantebisa da imigraciis procesis mimarT araerTgvarovania. sazogadoebas uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs imigrantebis raodenobis zrdis mimarT da momxrea, rom es maCvenebli mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes. gamo-kiTxulTa umravlesobis azriT, imigrantebi samuSao adgilebs arTmeven adgilobrivebs da ekonomikur sferoSi konkurencias uweven maT. umravlesoba winaaRmdegia, rom imigrantebs ise-Tive uflebebi mieniWoT, rogoric saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs.

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoeba imi-grantebs safrTxed aRiqvams ekonomikisa da demografiis sfe-roSi da swored am sakiTxebSi amJRavnebs uaryofiT damokide-bulebebs maT mimarT. meore mxriv, kulturisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi sazogadoebis didi nawili ar avlens uaryofiT damokidebulebas imigrantebisadmi. kerZod, gamo-kiTxulTa didi nawili ar eTanxmeba iseT mosazrebebs, rogo-ric aris: imigrantebi Zirs uTxrian erovnul kulturas, an imigrantebi zrdian kriminalis ricxvs.

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faqtoruli analizis mixedviT, qveynis umravlesoba imigran-tebis mimarT, konkretul aspeqtebSi, undoblobas amJRavnebs. cvladebi sam faqtorSi ganawilda: pirvels, ̀ legaluri imigran-tebis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebulebis~ faqtori SeiZleba ewodos, meores _ `legaluri imigrantebisadmi keTilganwyobis~ faqtori da mesame faqtors _ àralegaluri imigrantebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba~ (ix. cxrili #25):

cxrili #25


faqtori

saSualoebi1 2 3

imigrantebi danaSaulis ricxvs zrian .417 -.510 -.025 3.08

imigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos eko-nomikisTvis zogadad kargia -.673 .024 -.053 2.96

imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven .650 -.325 .124 2.61

imigrantebi axali ideebisa da kulturis SemotaniT qarTul sazogadoebas aumjo-beseben

-.717 -.027 -.148 3.62

imigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs uTx-rian .672 -.287 -.025 3.03

saqarTveloSi legalurad mcxovreb imigrantebs, romlebsac ar aqvT qveynis moqalaqeoba, iseTive uflebebi unda hqondeT, rogorc qarTvel moqalaqeebs

-.138 .646 -.374 3.51

saqarTvelom ufro mkacr zomebs unda mimarTos, raTa ar dauSvas aralegaluri imigrantebi

.118 -.006 .935 1.76

legaluri imigrantebisaTvis iseve unda iyos xelmisawvdomi sajaro ganaTleba (ufaso sajaro saSualo skolebi), ro-gorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis

-.024 .821 .121 2.05

pirvel faqtorSi (`legaluri imigrantebis mimarT uaryo-fiTi damokidebuleba~) gaerTianda Semdegi debulebebi: imi-grantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgi-lebs arTmeven da imigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs uTxrian. aRniSnul faqtorSi gaerTianda aseve: imigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis zogadad kargia da imigrantebi,

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axali ideebisa da kulturis SemotaniT, qarTvel sazogadoe-bas aumjobeseben. Sinaarsobrivi winaaRmdegobidan gamomdi-nare, ukanaskneli ori debuleba uaryofiTi niSniT aris war-modgenli, rac imas gamoxatas, rom gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba ar eTanxmeba maT. pirvel faqtorSi Semavali de-bulebebis saSualo maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobis mimRebloba qveyanaSi mcxovrebi imigrantebis mimarT mkafio ar aris.

demografiuli cvladebis mixedviT, pirveli faqtori (`le-galuri imigrantebis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba~) da-mokidebulia asakze (p=.000) da dasaqmebis tipze (p=.02), magram ar aris damokidebuli sqessa (p=.08) da ganaTlebis doneze (p=.26). respondentTa asakis matebasTan erTad dadebiTia respondent-Ta damokidebuleba ori debulebisadmi: ìmigrantebi saqarT-veloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven~ da ìmigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs uTxrian~ da, amavdrou-lad, uaryofiTia damokidebuleba Semdegi debulebebisadmi: ìmigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis zogadad kargia~ da ìmigrantebi, axali ideebisa da kulturis Semota-niT, qarTvel sazogadoebas aumjobeseben~ (ix. cxrili #26).

cxrili #26

1 18-24 2 25-34 3 35-44 4 45-54 5 55-64 6 65 da meti

-0.26 -0.13 -0.10 0.00 0.14 0.20

meore, `legaluri imigrantebisadmi keTilganwyobis~ fa-qtorSi gaerTianda iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa: ìmigran-tebi danaSaulis ricxvs zrdian~, `saqarTveloSi legalurad mcxovreb imigrantebs, romlebsac ar aqvT qveynis moqalaqeoba, iseTive uflebebi unda hqondeT, rogoric saqarTvelos moqa-laqeebs~ da `legaluri imigrantebisTvis iseve unda iyos xe-lmisawvdomi sajaro ganaTleba (ufaso sajaro saSualo sko-lebi), rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis~. uaryofiTi Sinaarsis gamo, logikuria, rom debuleba _ ìmigrantebi dana-Saulis ricxvs zrdian~ uaryofiTi niSniT aris warmodgenili dadebiTi ganwyobis amsaxvel cvladebTan SedarebiT.

calke, mesame faqtorad gamoiyo àralegaluri imigrante-

_ 300 _

bisadmi damokidebuleba~, romelic mxolod erTi debulebas moicavs: `saqarTvelom ufro mkacr zomebs unda mimarTos, raTa ar dauSvas aralegaluri imigrantebi~. aRniSnuli debu-lebis saSualo maCvenebeli aSkarad dadebiTia.

demografiuli cvladebis mixedviT, mesame faqtori damo-kidebulia mxolod ganaTlebis doneze (p=.01). debulebas: `sa-qarTvelom ufro mkacr zomebs unda mimarTos, raTa ar dau-Svas aralegaluri imigrantebi~, ZiriTadad, eTanxmebian umaR-lesi ganaTlebis mqone jgufebi (ix. cxrili #27):

cxrili #27

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-0.06 -0.11 -0.11 -0.01 0.12 0.02 0.36

amgvarad, zemoganxiluli monacemebi da maTgan gamomdina-re daskvnebi imaze metyvelebs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleo-bis umetesobas SiSnarevi da frTxili damokidebuleba aqvs imigrantebisadmi. aRniSnuli sakiTxebisadmi araerTgvarovani mimarTeba aCvena raodenobrivi monacemebis analizmac. ufro detaluri maCveneblebis misaRebad damuSavda fokus jgufis Sedegebi. fokus jgufebis farglebSi gamokiTxul respon-dentTa pasuxebis Sejerebis safuZvelze, asakis mixedviT, ori jgufi gamoiyo: axalgazrdebis, anu 18-30 wlis respondentebis da ufro zeda (31+) asakobrivi jgufi.

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom imigrantebi danaSaulis ricxvs ar zrdian.

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven;

_ 301 _

respondentebi ar eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom imigran-tebi axali ideebisa da kulturis SemotaniT qarTvel sazogadoebas aumjobeseben;

uflebrivi Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT, gamokiTxul respondentTa damokidebuleba imigrantebis mimarT kri-tikulia. umravlesobas miaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi le-galurad mcxovrebi, magram moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi (imigrantebi) ar unda sargeblobdnen iseTive uflebe-biT, rogoric aqvT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs;

respondentTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom imigrantebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi unda Semcirdes;

gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba iziarebs im po-zicias, rom imigrantebma sakuTari kulturac unda Sein-arCunon da saqarTvelos kulturac unda SeiTvison;

gamokiTxuli respondentebi imigrantebs safrTxed aRiqvamen ekonomikisa da demografiis TvalsazrisiT da, upirvelesad, swored am sakiTxebSi amJRavneben uaryo-fiT damokidebulebas maT mimarT.


imigrantebisadmi damokidebuleba

kiTxvaze, `Tqveni azriT, ra uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaree-bi aqvs saqarTveloSi imigracias~ (ucxoelebis Camosvla sac-xovreblad/samuSaod/saswavlad) axalgazrda respondenteb-ma imigraciis pozitiur mxareebad kulturuli mravalfero-vneba, tradiciebis gaziareba da savaWro urTierTobebi daa-saxeles. aseve, dadebiT konteqstSi iqna naxsenebi codnisa da ganaTlebis gaziareba da investiciebis Semodineba:

`dadebiTi is iqneba, rom SesaZlebelia SromiTi resursi gaizardos saqarTveloSi, studenturi programebi rom aris, meti codnis dagroveba, meti codnis gazireba, es SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi da kidev sainvesticio garemos Seqmna ` (fokus jgufi, kaci, 25-30)

axalgazrda respondentebma daasaxles ori uaryofiTi fa-

_ 302 _

qtori, rac SesaZloa imigraciis process davukavSiroT: pir-veli aris kriminalis zrda da meore _ dasaqmebis bazarze kon-kurenciis sakiTxi, romelic, monawileebis azriT, imigrante-bis sasargeblod wydeba. axalgazrdebis damokidebuleba imi-grantebis mimarT, ZiriTadad, uaryofiTi maSin xdeba, rodesac isini Tavs uTanasworo pirobebSi aRiqvamen da miiCneven, rom damsaqmeblebi upiratesobas imigrantebs aniWeben. aq isev Se-modis SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi aRmocenebuli `mtro-bis~ Tema, romelic xels uwyobs da aRvivebs Sida jgufisgan `sxvebis~ gamorCevisa da gariyvis process:

`marjaniSvilis moedanze iranelma qalma or biWs yuri moaWrao da aseTi ambebi vrceldeba, aiyvanes is irane-li qali. es ar unda xdebodes. ki, calkeul SemTxvevebze davdivarT, magram usafrTxoebis kuTxiT garkveul dis-balanss qmnis~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 25-30 ).

`radgan ucxoelia, ufro metad prioritetuli SeiZleba gaxdes. am mxriv, konkurencia unda iyos jansaRi, magram upiratesoba mxolod imitom mianiWo, rom ucxoelia, eg ukve arajansaRia ` (fokus jgufi, qali, 25-30).

axalgazrda respondentebma aseve Seafases sazogadoebis damokidebuleba imigrantebis mimarT da aRniSnes, rom is, Tu rogori damokidebuleba eqnebaT qarTvelebs Camosuli uc-xoelebis mimarT, damokidebulia sxvadasxva faqtorze, maga-liTad, maT warmomavlobaze, statusze, kanis ferze, ekonomi-kur SesaZleblobebze da a.S.:

`gaaCnia statuss, ra statusiT aris Camosuli, ramdens xans rCeba~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-24 ).

èg mindoda meTqva mec, rom gaaCnia, romeli qveynidan modis. qarTvelebs garTuleba gvaqvs raze, Savkanianze, somexze, azerbaijanelze~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 18-24 ).

respondentebma gaixsenes situaciebi, rodesac sazogadoeba uaryofiT damokidebulebas avlens Camosuli ucxoelebis mi-marT, magaliTad, Savkanianebis mimarT da maT diskriminacias eweva. es SeiZleba iyos gariyva studentebis mxridan, uaryo-fiTi molodinebi _ rom daavadebas gadasdeben vinmes da a.S.:

`samedicino universitetis studentebs aqvT Zalian

_ 303 _

didi problema. xSirad qarTveli studentebi imasac ar eubnebian, saseminarod ra aqvT, ar esaubrebian, ar vici ratom xdeba es yvelaferi~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-24).

Tumca, rogorc erT-erTi respondenti aRniSnavs, Tu ucxo-eli konkretul sargebels daanaxebs sazogadoebas, is maSinve misaRebi gaxdeba:

`davamateb da gavcdebi studentebis Temas, Tqven axse-neT, Camovida ucxouri kompania. rodesac Camova ucxo-eli da qarTvelebs SesTavazebs raRacas, vTqvaT dasa-qmebas, warmoebas, am SemTxvevaSi gaxdebian absolutu-rad mimReblebi maT mimarT~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-24).

axalgazrda respondentebis pasuxebidan naTlad Cans, rom sazogadoebaSi imigrantebis mimarT mkafiod uaryofiTi damo-kidebuleba ar ikveTeba, aramed uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SerCeviTia da ZiriTadad im imigrantebs exeba, romlebic, an ekonomikurad saqarTveloze ufro dabalganviTarebuli qvey-nebidan arian Camosulebi, an mkveTrad gansxvavdebian eTno-kulturuli faqtorebiT (religia, tradiciebi). swored isi-ni xdebian uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa da mtruli qcevis adresatebi, radgan arasasurvel `sxvebad~ ganixilebian, ro-melTaganac sargeblis miReba SeuZlebelia. xolo, Tu sazoga-doebam dainaxa, rom `sxva~ ekonomikur sargebels sTavazobs, aseT SemTxvevaSi ukana planze gadadis uaryofiTi winaswarg-anwyobebi da mimReblebi xdebian am konkretuli `sxva~ jgufis warmomadgenlis mimarT.

Tavad respondentebis azriT, amgvari SerCeviTi damokide-buleba gamowveulia `sxva jgufTan~ kontaqtisa da urTier-Tobis gamoucdelobiT, aseve `sxvebis~ mkveTri gansxvavebiT da Tavis jgufTan maTi identifikaciis SeuZleblobiT (mag. Sav-kanianebis):

`mimsgavseba ar xerxdeba am adamianebis Cvens TavebTan da ufro meti ganmasxvavebeli niSani ufro meti Cans, rad-gan isini Tundac garegnulad gansxvavdebian Cvengan, es imas niSnavs, rom sxva ramiTac gansxvavdebian da amitom ver iRebs sazogadoeba maT~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-25).

axalgazrdebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufrosi asakis responden-tebi met uaryofiT mxares xedaven da mkveTrad uaryofiTad

_ 304 _

arian ganwyobili im imigrantebis mimarT, romlebic saqarT-veloSi didi xniT darCenas apireben. amgvar damokidebulebas respondentebi imiT xsnian, rom imigrantebis Camosvla damate-biT konkurencias qmnis SromiT bazarze:

`samuSao Cven TviTon ar gvaqvs. me minda guliT vimu-Sao, samuSao adgilebisTvis Camodian da dasaqmebulebi arian~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56 +)

ufrosi respondentebis azriT, konkurenciis gamo, adgi-lobrivebi iCagrebian da ver axerxeben dasaqmebas. fokus jgu-fis monawileebi Civian, rom imigrantebi iseTi privilegiebiT sargebloben, rogoric qarTvlebs ar aqvT, kerZod, isini saSe-mosavlo gadasaxadisgan Tavisufali arian:

ùaryofiTi is aqvs, rom imaT ufro meti privilegia aqvT, vidre me. magaliTad, gldanSi Cinuri maRaziebia Za-lian bevria gaxsnili, isini rom xsnian, aranair Tanxas ar ixdian da ar ibegrebian, saSemosavlodan ganTavisufle-bulebi arian. ` (fokus jgufi, qali, 56 + )

aqve unda iTqvas, rom respondentis aRiniSnuli mosazre-ba saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan imigrantebis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb sinamdviles ar Seesabameba da saqarTvelos kanonmde-blobis Tanaxmad (kanoni ùcxoelTa samarTlebrivi mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb~), ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi iseve ibegrebian, rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi. es faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom monawileebs mwiri informacia aqvT aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

imigraciis erT-erT uaryofiT faqtorad dasaxelda agreT-ve SemTxvevebi, roca qarTvelebi ucxoelebze qorwindebian, rac respondentTaTvis miuRebelia:

`zogjer zangebs miyvebian colad, es ar momwons, ise-dac ramdeni rame gamoiara saqarTvelom, is rac dampy-roblebma ver dagvakles axla omis gareSe gvisruldeba raRacebi~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

àr unda darCnen, gadajiSebis safrTxea. kaci Tu co-lad moiyvans kidev arauSavs, gvari Tavisi eqneba, magram qalebi rodesac Txovdebian, es cudia~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ufros asakobriv jgufSi mkafiod Cans

_ 305 _

finansur-ekonomikur sferoSi konkurenciis faqtori, rac av-tomaturad iwvevs imigrantebis miuReblobas da `sxva~ jgufad ganxilvas. ekonomikur faqtorSi erTiandeba iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, imigrantebis mier adgilobrivebisTvis samuSao adgilebis warTveva, imigrantebis `privilegirebuli~ mdgomareoba samewarmeo-savaWro sferoSi da a.S.

calke sakiTxia qarTveli qalis imigrantze daqorwinebis sakiTxi, rac qarTuli eTnosis gadajiSebasTan asocirde-ba. qarTul kulturaSi qals momavali Taobebis gamgrZele-blis da eris gamravlebis gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria. Sesabamisad, demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, is umniSvnelovane-si agentia da qali, romelic eTnikurad qarTvelis nacvlad `sxvis~ gvars gaagrZelebs, problemurad ganixileba, radgan es yovelive isev demografiuli suraTis gauaresebasTan, isev da isev dominanturi eTnikuri jgufis Semcirebisa da fizikuri gaqrobis SfoTvebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

zogadad, ufrosi asakis respondentebis mimarTeba imi-graciisadmi, axalgazrdebTan SedarebiT, ufro uaryofiTia. ufrosi asakis respondentebTan Catarebul fokus jgufebSi ufro meti negatiuri faqtori dasaxelda imigrantebTan, ufro zustad ki, konkretuli qveynebis warmomadgenlebTan dakavSi-rebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom am àrasasurvel~ qveynebs respon-dentebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabal dones miaweren da TavianT antipaTias, upirvelesad, swored am faqtoriT xsnian:

àq vin unda Semovides? is xom ufro dabali donis qvey-nidan Semodis saswavleblad? me aq mWirdeba maRali kul-turis warmoamdgeneli, aqeT rom gvaswavlos da dagvex-maros~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31 -45).

àqvs, ra Tqma unda, evropidan Camosul turistebs da maswavleblebs ufro... sad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, afro-amerikelebi da sad inglisi, safrangeTi da ger-mania, aq Sedarebac ar aris. rac ufro erudirebuli ka-pitalisturi qveynidan Camova, ganaTlebuli da Zlieri gvirCevnia~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45 ).

savaraudoa, rom imigrantebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebu-leba zogjer Sromis bazarze konkurenciis SiSiT, zogjer ki eTno-kulturuli miuReblobiT aris gamowveuli. orive Sem-

_ 306 _

TxvevaSi aseTi damokidebulebebi eTnikuri qarTvelebis fi-zikuri gaqrobis SfoTvidan iRebs saTaves. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom fokus jgufis monawileebs uaryofiTi reaqcia ar aqvT ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebidan Camosuli imi-grantebis mimarT, maT ar aRiqvamen konkurentebad da arc maT `privilegirebulobaze~ amaxvileben yuradRebas:

ìsedac suls vRafavT da dabal doned viTvlebiT da frangi da ingliseli ar Semova~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31 -45).

piriqiT, maT ufro sasurvel imigrantebad moiazreben, Tumca aRniSnaven, rom isini naklebad Camodian saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad:

àn gaaCnia vin Camodis, erTi ingliseli Camosula?~ (fo-kus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropeli `sxvebi~, msoflios sxva re-gionebis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT ufro naklebad ucxoe-bi arian Cveni sazogadoebisTvis, radgan Sida jgufi, eTno-kulturuli markerebis mixedviT, nakleb gansxvavebas xedavs Tavis Tavsa da evropelebs Soris. piriqiT, mimdinare evropei-zaciis konteqstSi, roca saqarTvelo evropul struqturebSi integracias TandaTan aRrmavebs, bunebrivia, siaxlovis gancda evropelebTan gacilebiT maRalia, vidre azielebTan, afrike-lebTan da a.S. amasTan, evropeizacia da evropasTan daaxloe-ba qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania ekonomi-kuri winsvlisa da keTildReobis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT.

meore mxriv, àrasasurveli~ (ZiriTadad, aziisa da afrikis qveynebidan) imigraciisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba efuZne-ba eTno-kulturul, TvalSisacem gansxvavebebs, rasac emateba imis aRqma, rom es `sxvebi~ ekonomikurad Sida jgufze nakleb-ganviTarebulebi arian, anu isini ufro mogebulebi rCebian aq CamosvliT, vidre Sida jgufi. rac Seexeba imigraciis momx-re ufrosi asakis respondentebs, isini imigraciis dadebiT mxareebs Soris imave argumentebs asaxeleben, rasac axalgazrda respondentebi: kulturuli, socialuri daaxloeba, erTmaneTis gacnoba da ekonomikur-savaWro urTierTobaTa gaRrmaveba.

orive asakobrivi jgufis respondentebma daasaxeles imi-graciis rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi. Tum-

_ 307 _

ca, axalgazrdebis jgufi, ufrosi Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro meti mimReblobiT gamoirCeva imigraciis procesis mi-marT, rac am jgufis mier ekonomikuri sargeblianobisa da kulturuli mimocvlis SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeba. imigra-ciis uaryofiT aspeqtebad isini usafrTxoebis sakiTxs da uTanasworo pirobebSi konkurencias asaxleben. aqedan gamom-dinare, imigrantebs safrTxed mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aRiqva-men, Tu arajansaR da uTanasworo pirobebSi mouwevT maTTan konkurencia.

axalgazrda respondentebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufrosi asakis respondentebi ufro met miuReblobas amJRavneben imigrantebis mimarT, rac, umTavresad, ekonomikur sferoSi konkurenciasa (dasaqmebis/Sromis bazari, biznesi) da demografiuli suraTis gauaresebas (eTnikurad qarTvelebis Semcireba) ukavSirdeba. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom ufrosi asakis respondentebs, Cveulebriv, eTnikur gansxvavebebze gadaaqvT aqcenti, maTSi mainc vlindeba SerCeviTi damokidebuleba sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenlebis mimarT, rac imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom kul-turulad Tavs ufro axlos grZnoben, ZiriTadad, evropul qveynebnTan, vidre danarCenebTan (azia/afrikis qveynebi). Tavis mxriv, imis mizezi, Tu ratom grZnoben met siaxloves evro-pul da ara sxva regionis qveynebTan, kulturul faqtorTan erTad, am qveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobaSic unda veZeboT. àrasasurveli~ qveynebi, rogorc wesi, an mravalricxovani mo-saxleobiT gamoirCevian (Cinelebi, indoelebi) da demografiis mxriv aRiqmebian safrTxed dominanti eTnikuri jgufis mier, an demografiasTan dakavSirebul SfoTvas Tan erTvis SezRu-dul materialur resursebze konkurenciis faqtori.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, kvlevis farglebSi Cven mier Catarebul iqna siRrmiseuli interviuebi eqspertebTan da ze-moganxiluli Temebis konteqstSi daisva aseTi kiTxva: ̀ ras dau-kavSirebT imigraciis da emigraciis procesebs saqarTveloSi? rogor SeafasebT am procesebs, ra moaqvT maT CvenTvis?~.

imigraciisadmi eqspertebis azri araerTgvarovania. maTi na-wili aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi migraciis didi talRebi ar yofila, Sesabamisad, gadaWarbebulad miaCniaT imigraciasTan dakavSirebul safrTxeebze saubari:

_ 308 _

`rac Seexeba Semosvlas mosaxleobisas, didi nakadebi Cvens qveyanaSi ar Semodis, garda studentobisa, rome-lic Cvens saeWvo universitetebSi raRac codnas iRebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

`migracias rac Sexeba, axla rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelos gare migraciebi didad ar Sexebia, Tu ar CavTvliT pa-tar-patara talRebs, romelic iyo, magram iseTi maso-brivi, ar yofila es. am mxrivac iqneb SiSebi ufro metia, vidre realuri gavlenebi am migraciuli procesebis~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertebis nawili aRniSnavs, rom migracias dadebiTi mov-lenebi axlavs Tan, radgan Tu ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebs saqarT-veloSi cxovreba surT, e.i. isini aq garkveul SesaZleblobebs da saSualebebs xedaven:

`saqarveloSi migracia kargis meti arafris maCvenebe-li ar aris, obieqturad Tu vilaparakebT. Tu adamianebi sxva qveynebidan aq modian da SesaZleblobas xedaven, e. i. es aris qveyan, sadac SesaZleblobebi arsebobs~ (siRrmi-seuli interviu, eqsperti).

es argumentacia qveynis stabilurobas da ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebulobas ukavSirdeba, anu migraciis rac ufro didi tal-Ra iqneba, miT ufro ganviTarebul da mowesrigebul saxelm-wifod SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelo, romelSic sxva qveynis warmomadgenlebs surT Camosvla da saqmianoba.

eqspertebis azriT, migraciis uaryofiTi aspeqti aris usa-frTxoebis, kerZod, terorizmis problema, radgan Ria da li-beraluri savizo politikis pirobebSi qveynis sazRvrebis le-galurad gadmokveTa nebismieri pirisTvis sakmaod martivia:

`rodesac kanoni liberaluria, arsebobs misi borotad gamoyenebis safrTxe. SeiZleba vinme teroristuli miz-nebiT Semovides, me vfiqrob, rom saqarTveloSi Zalian advilia teroristuli aqtis mowyoba, radgan sazRvre-bi gaxsnilia, es SeRwevadoba garkveul riskebs Seicavs.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

eqspertebi mosaxleobis imigraciisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRniSnaven, rom sazogadoebaSi am Temis gan-xilvas uaryofiTi emociuri aspeqti axlavs Tan da miuReb-

_ 309 _

loba seriozul problemas warmoadgens. rac Seexeba imas, Tu ra iwvevs amgvar miuReblobasa da uaryofiT emociebs, eqsper-tebis azriT, es ganpirobebulia `sxvebis~ raodenobis zrdiT, rac safrTxed aRiqmeba qveynis mosaxleobis mier:

ès Zalian seriozul problemaa, gansakuTrebiT rac Seexeba migrantebis Camosvlas saqarTveloSi. es cxadia, rom zrdis umciresobis raodenobas da, Sesabamisad, ama-sTan dakavSirebul emociebs. Zalian problemuria Cve-ni mimReblobis ararseboba amis mimarT da vxedavT, rac moxda Cinelebis SemTxvevaSi, Turqebis SemTxvevaSi da a.S..~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

eqspertebi aseve aRniSnaven, rom sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebu-li uaryofiTi damokidebuleba imigrantebisadmi, garkveulwi-lad, eTnikuri nacionalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebule-bebiTac aris gamowveuli. eTnikuri nacionalizmisTvis damaxa-siaTebelia erovnuli upiratesobisa da dominanturobis ganc-da (Keil, 2006). iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelo eTnikurad qarTvelebis sakuTrebad ganixileba, sxva nebismieri jgufi, ro-melic ar aris eTnikurad qarTveli, apriori ̀ stumaria~. erT-er-Ti eqspertis azriT, am eTnikur nacionalizms kargad daabalan-sebda erovnuli identobis samoqalaqo gageba, romelic ufro meti tolerantulobiT gamoirCeva `sxva~ jgufebis mimarT:

`cxadia, rom samoqalaqo gageba am Cveni sakuTari iden-tobisa, Zalian seriozulad Seuwyobda xels, ufro to-lerantul damokidebulebas im adamianTa mimarT, rom-lebic cxovroben am qveyanaSi, Tumca, SeiZleba isini war-moSobiT am qveynidan ar iyvnen~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertis azriT, sazogadoebam imigrantebis mimarT ara-tolrantuli damokidebulebis gamo ekonomikuri sargebeli dakarga:

`faqtia, rom igive rac moxda vizebTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni ekonomika sastikad daazarala. me vityodi _ fsi-qologiurad ganpirobebulma warmodgenebma, rom Cven gveSnia, rom viRacebi ar Semovidnen, moitana is, rom eko-nomika dazianda, Zalian martivi bmaa am or raRacas So-ris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

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Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politikosebis mo-sazreba imigraciasTan dakavSirebiT, metwilad, dadebiTia. imigracia iseT faqtorebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoric aris kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia, ekonomikuri investicie-bis gazrda da codnis gaziareba:

ìmigracias rac Seexeba saqarTvelosTvis, me zogadad momxre var Tavisufali adamianebis Tavisufali gad-aadglebis, Tavisufali vaWrobis da a.S.. saqarTvelos mxriv, imigraciaSi rac SeiZleba kargi iyos aris is, rom droebiTi imigracia Tu xdeba, magaliTad, investori Se-movida, biznesi daiwyo da vTqvaT inJinrebi Semoiyvana, romlebisganac qarTvel muSebs SeuZiaT iswavlon bevri raRaceebi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi ).

sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ucxoelTaTvis miwis miyidvasTan dakavSirebiT

iseve rogorc imigrantebis mimarT, 2012 wlis Semdeg, saxelmwi-fo politika, garkveulwilad, Seicvala aseve ucxoelebisTvis miwis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis mxriv. 2013 wlis 17 ivliss saqarT-velos saxelmwifom moratoriumi daawesa sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebis gasxvisebis Taobaze. am mora-toriumis Tanaxmad, 2014 wlis 31 dekembramde aikrZala miwis gasxviseba ucxoelebze. am cvlilebebma uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvia samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. 2013 wlis seqtemberSi organizacia `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ mora-toriumi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra [http://transparency.ge/blog/utskhoelebistvis-mitsis-shedzenis-akrdzalva-konstitutsiis-darghveva-da-sainvestitsio-garemoze-uaryopiti-gavlena], ro-melmac moratoriumi arakonstituciurad cno [http://constcourt.ge/ge/news/saqartvelos-sakonstitucio-sasamartlos-gancxadeba-1407.page ]

rac Seexeba mosaxleobis damokidebulebas am sakiTxisadmi, rogorc 2013 wlis ISSP _ is (International Social Survey Programme) raodenobrivi kvleva gviCvenebs, gamokiTxulTa 73,5% acxadebs, rom ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis uf-leba. amasTanave, asakis matebasTan erTad vlindeba uaryofiTi damokidebulebis zrdis tendenciac (ix. cxrili #28 ):

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cxrili #28

18-30 w. 31-45 w. 46-55 w. 56+ w.

ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba (34) 65,8% 74,2% 75% 84,6%

aRsaniSnavia, rom teritoriuli mTlianoba da miwa erT-erT fundamentur erovnul Rirebulebas warmoadgens mosaxleo-bisTvis da kvlevis farglebSi araerTxel iqna dasaxelebuli respondentebis mier umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad.

axalgazrda respondentebs ucxoelebze miwis gasxvisebis sakiTxis Sesaxeb mkafio pozicia ar gaaCniaT. miwis gasxvise-bis momxreebi TavianT mosazrebas iseTi argumentebiT icaven, rogoric aris: investiciebis zrda, auTvisebeli miwebis damu-Saveba, biznesis ganviTareba da a.S. maTi ganmartebiT, es yvel-aferi mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels qveynis ekonomikis winsvlas:

`me veTanxmebi, rom miwebi unda gaiyidos. magaliTad statistika arsebobs, rom milioni heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo miwa aris daumuSavebeli da fuWdeba, milioni heqtari rom gaiyidos, miwis gadasaxadiT ramxela Tanxa Seva saxelmwifoSi da mere es miwa rom damuSavdes, es fuli isev saqarTveloSi itrialebs, SeiZleba mogeba waiRos iman, magram gadasaxadebiT saqarTvelo mainc ar dazaraldeba~ (kaci, 25-30 )

rac SeexebaT oponentTa pozicias _ gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom miwebis gasxvisebam SeiZleba dadebiTad imoqmedos qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, magram aseTi tendenciiT SeiZleba sul ufro didi teritoria gaiyidos ucxoelebze, rac moma-valSi am teritoriis dakargvas gamoiwvevs. miwis gasxvisebis momxreebisTvis prioriteti ekonomikuri winsvlaa, Sesabamisad, isini yuradRebas swored ekonomikur faqtorebze amaxvileben, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebisTvis ekonomkaze ufro mniSvnelovania teritoriis dakargis safrTxe da amitom urCevniaT, qveyanam ijariT gasces miwebi da naklebi investicia Semovides, vidre teritoriis dakargvis `SesaZlebloba~ dauSvan:

`miyidviT ara imitom, rom rodesac am konkretul miwaze mTeli ufleba aqvs ucxoels da bevri Camova, erTi pata-ra nakveTi rom gaiyidos, es SesaZloa ar iyos problema,

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magram intensiur saxes miiRebs, mere qveyana daikarge-ba, saqarTvelo. Tbilisi darCeba marto~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-24).

àmas rom gavyveT, mivdivarT sadamde, rom erT mSvenier dRes gayiduli iqneba qveyana. dRevandeli gadmosaxedi-dan ambobs Zalian simarTles da mec vemxrobi is, rom ekonomikur ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. magram amas sa-damde mivyvarT?~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 25-30 ).

amgvarad, ucxoelTaTvis miwis miyidvis sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebiT axalgazrdebis asakobriv jgufSi respondentTa pasuxebi SeiZleba or kategoriad daiyos: miwis gasxvisebis momxreebad da mowinaarmdegeebad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, monawileebi miwis myidvel ucxoelebTan TanamSromlobaze amaxvileben yuradre-bas da amas xsnian pragmatuli, saxelmwifosTvis sasargeblo, grZelvadian Sedegze orientirebuli midgomiT. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am kategoriis warmomadgenlebs ufro meti mimReb-loba aqvT imigrantebis, rogorc ucxo jgufis mimarT.

ucxoelebisTvis miwis miyidvis mowinaaRmdegeebi ki amgvar qmedebas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis winapirobad aRiqvamen. maTTvis miwis `sxvisTvis~ miyidva am `sxvebisTvis~ teritoriisa da Sesabamisi resursebis daTmoba-sTan, maT momravlebasa da, sabolood, eTnikurad qarTvelebis raodenobriv SemcirebasTan asocirdeba.

ufrosi asakis respondentebSi azrTa mcire sxvadasxvaoba gamovlinda. dafiqsirda zogadi tendencia, romlis Tanaxmad, am asakobrivi kategoriis warmomadgenlebi, axalgazrdebis jgufTan SedarebiT, ufro uaryofiTad arian ganwyobili mi-wis gasxvisebasTan dakavSirebiT da TavianT pozicias katego-riuli gancxadebebiT gamoxataven:

`mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqes unda SeeZlos yidva.~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-55)

àra, ra Tqma unda, ar unda gaiyidos imitom, rom rasac gayidi, ginda ojaxidan, ginda saxelmwifodan, dakargu-lia, veRar daibruneb.~(fokus jgufi, qali, 56+ )

am asakobriv jgufSi dasaxelebul iqna is konkretuli ero-vnuli (eTno-kulturuli) da rasobrivi jgufebic, romelTa

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mimarT respondentebs yvelaze naklebi mimRebloba aqvT; ese-nia: Savkanianebi, Cinelebi, indoelebi, iranelebi da Turqebi. rac Seexeba uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezs, upirvelesad, aRiniSna am eTnikuri (erovnuli) jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-li mravalricxovnoba, rac uSualo safrTxed aRiqmeba respon-dentebis mier da eTnikurad qarTvelebis Semcireba/gaqroba-sTan asocirdeba. dasaxelda aseve eTno-kulturuli gansxva-vebebi da konkurencia Sromis bazarze. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom, rodesac qveyanaSi amdeni socialurad SeWirvebuli qarT-veli cxovrobs, uwinaresad, swored maT unda mieniWoT upira-tesoba da ara `sxva~ jgufis warmomadgenlebs:

`ratom unda iyidos Cinelma, rodesac amxela miwebi gva-qvs da amdeni gaWirvebuli adamiani gvyavs? im gaWirve-bul xalxs miscen da aaSenebs iq saxls da iqneba.~ (qali, 31- 45)

respondentebis pasuxebSi mkafiod ikveTeba ekonomikuri konkurenciis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli SfoTva, romelic ma-terialuri resursebis dakargvis SiSiT aris gamowveuli. amg-vari SfoTva vlindeba `sxvebis~ mimarT miuReblobasa da eTni-kuri qarTvelebis mimarT Sidajgufuri solidarobis gaZlie-rebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, resursebis `Cven jgufSi~ darCenasa da Sida gadanawilebazea orientirebuli.

rac Seexeba ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis moqa-laqeebs, maT mimarT miwis gasxvisebis konteqstSi uaryofiTi mosazrebebi ar dafiqsirebula. savaraudod, es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc erT-erTma respondentmac aRniSna, magaliTad, evropis qveynis moqalaqeebi iSviaTad yiduloben saqarTvelo-Si miwebs:

èvropelebi ar yiduloben egre heqtrobiT miwebs.~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45)

zemoT mokled ukve dasaxelda is mizezebi, romlebic gana-pirobebs respondentebis miuReblobas konkretuli erovnuli (eTno-kulturuli) da rasobrivi jgufebis mimarT. aRiniSnu-li mizezebi SesaZlebelia ramdenime faqtorad gaerTiandes:

a) teritoriis dakargvis SiSi: yvela CamoTvlili jgufi, ra-sobrivi, erovnuli, eTnikuri Tu kulturuli TvalsazrisiT,

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mkveTrad gansxvavebul `sxvad~ aRiqmeba, romelic qarTuli erovnuli identobis erT-erT fundamentur komponents _ qarTul miwas isakuTrebs. xolo miwis da teritoriis dacva qarTvelebisTvis, istoriulad, uSualod ukavSirdeba ero-vnuli identobis SenarCunebas. amasTan, swored es jgufebi asocirdebian yvelaze xSirad saqarTveloSi miwis masobriv da didi farTobiT SeZenasTan, rac mosaxleobaSi badebs eWvsa da SiSs, rom isini bolomde aiTviseben qarTul teritorias da, sabolood, eTnikurad qarTvelebs aRaraferi darCebaT:

`saqarTveloSi yvela miwis mtkaveli gayidulia, moma-valma Taobam raRa gaakeTos Tu araferi darCaT~ (fokus -jgufi, qali, 46-55).

ès ubeduri qarTuli miwa gapoxilia Cveni sisxliT da modis iraneli da yvela oxeri da yidulobs~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 46-55).

`risTvis iklavdnen Cveni winaprebi Tavs? am erTi goji miwis SesanarCuneblad. aq aris CanTxeuli sisxli, naT-qvamic aris, qarTul miwas xeli rom mouWiro sisxli ga-movao~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

b) calmxrivi mogebis aRqma: respondentebisTvis ucxoelebis mier miwis yidva calmxriv mogebasTan asocirdeba, anu moge-buli rCeba mxolod `sxva~, ùcxo~ mxare da es xdeba Sida jgu-fis teritoriuli resursis xarjze. amgvari aRqma, bunebrivia, `mtrobisa~ da konkurenciis gancdas aZlierebs:

ìyida axla Cinelma tye da ar giSvebs SigniT, cocxali magaliTebia, ar uSveben SigniT, rom fiCxi gamoitanos zamTarSi daanTos cecxli, gaTbes da a.S. saZovrebs veRar iyenebs, saqoneli ver mihyavs da e.i. ra gamodis. im Cinelma unda gaixaros, im Cinels xom awyobs, roca iyide es miwa, an tye unda gayidos, an mdinareSi eleqtrosadguri an Tevzi, aTasnairi Tevzi. qarTveli unda Caiwios am dros gverdze, amitom geubnebi~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+ ).

`mere es moyvanili produqcia gaaqvs da TviTon Soulobs fuls~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55).

am konteqstSi xazgasasmelia, rom ufrosi asakis responden-tebs Soris miwis gasxvisebis an ijariT misi gacemis momxreTa

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argumentebic (axalgazrdebis jgufis msgavsad), upirvelesad, ekonomikur sargebels, am gziT miRebul mogebasa da qveynisT-vis sasikeTo investiciebis zrdas ukavSirdeba:

`roca xedav, rom ar amuSaveben, jobia sxvam iyidos da ga-moiyenos, biujetSi fuli Sevides~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

Tumca, axalgazrdebis jgufisgan gansxvavebiT, maTi azriT, miwis SeZenis msurveli ucxoelebis mimarT garkveuli moTxov-nebi da kriteriumebi unda iyos dawesebuli. am moTxovnebis erTi nawili samoqalaqo-ekonomikur sferos moicavs, maga-liTad, moqalaqeobis miRebis, adgilobrivi muSaxelis dasaqme-bas, xolo meore _ eTno-kulturuls, magaliTad, eTnikurad qarTvelze daqorwineba, qarTuli enis Seswavla.

sainteresoa, rom imigrantebis eTnikurad qarTvelebze da-qorwinebis sakiTxisadmi respondentebi ambivalentur damoki-debulebas amJRavneben; erTi mxriv, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, isini uaryofiTad afaseben, zogadad, qarTveli qalis imi-grantze daqorwinebas, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi qali `sxvis~ STamomavlobas gaagrZelebs. Tumca, meore mxriv, miwis gasx-visebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, isini ucxoelebis asimilaciis erT-erT instrumentad swored qarTvel qalze daqorwinebas gani-xilaven:

ìjariT unda gadaeces, unda mieCvios yvela Cvens kul-turas da enas~ ( fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

`Cemi azriT, miwis yidvaze cenzis daweseba cota Znelia, magram miwa aris safuZveli am qveyanaSi damkvidrebis. sa-xelmwifo unda awesebdes raRac wess, Tundac aiZulos enis swavla, moqalaqeobis miReba, an moiyvanos qarTveli coli~ (fokus jgufi, qali,31 -45).

ìjariT gadacemis SemTxvevaSi, weli unda iyos gansaz-Rvruli, minimumze iyo gadasuli da ra sargeblobas moutans saxelmwifos da xalxs, es aris pirvel rigSi. es sakiTxi unda iyos dayenebuli, vin iSromebs iq, es sakiTxi unda iyos da am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, rom gaices ijariT, oRond mokle vadiT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 56+).

ufrosi asakobrivi jgufis im respondentebSic, romle-bic ucxoelebisTvis miwis miyidvas emxrobian, igrZnoba eTno-

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kulturuli (imigrantebis gansxvavebuli ena, kultura) da ekonomikuri (SesaZloa imigrantebma meti mogeba naxon, vid-re adgilobrivma mosaxleobam) faqtoriT gamowveuli SfoT-va, magram miwis gasxvisebis mowinaaRmdegeebisgan gansxvavebiT, miwis gayidvis akrZalvis nacvlad Sualedur gzas amjobineben _ ùcxo~ jgufis warmomadgenelTa mimarT iseTi winapirobe-bis dawesebas moiTxoven, rom am gziT `ganeitraldes~ maTgan momdinare safrTxeebi, rogorc eTno-kulturuli, aseve eko-nomikuri TvalsazrisiT. aseTi midgomiT, erTi mxriv, mcirdeba SfoTva da, meore mxriv, asparezi Tavisufldeba Sida jgufis ekonomikuri mogebisTvisac.

eqspertebi, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis miwis miyidvasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro met dadebiT aspqets afiqsireben, vidre ua-ryofiTs. umTavresi argumenti, romelsac isini asaxeleben, aris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda. maTi ganmartebiT, ucxoelebis mier miwis SeZenas ebmis: axali investiciebis Semodineba, samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, mogebis gadasaxadis saqarTvelos biujetSi gadaricxva, auTvisebeli miwis nakveTebis damuSaveba da a.S. es yvelaferi ki, sabolood, qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobasa da keTildReobis maCveneblis zrdaSi transformirdeba:

`Cemi damokidebuleba sakmaod liberaluria, me veranair problemas ver vxedav, rom Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqes aqvs miwis SeZenis, sawarmos an saxlis aSenebis ufleba, aseve unda hqondes ucxoelsac. me amaSi safrTxes ver vxedav. piriqiT, is xels Seuwyobs, ekonomikis ganviTa-rebas da piriqiT ucxoelebis waxaliseba unda xdebodes investiciebis mozidvis mizniT~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

erT-erTi eqsperti miwis gasxvisebaze moratoriumisa da SezRudvebis dawesebas wamgebian qmedebad afasebs, romelic azianebs rogorc TiToeul moqalaqes, aseve mTlianad sazoga-doebas da saxelmwifos:

àra, me piriqiT vambobdi, rom ekonomikisTvis es [miwis gasxvisebis akrZalva] aris cudi, adamianTa 99%-Tvis es aris cudi. umravlesobis indiferentulobidan, rome-lic aris wamgebiani, miviReT aseTi mavnebluri Sedegi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

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rac Seexeba uaryofiT aspeqtebs, romlebic ucxoelebisTvis miwis miyidvas ukavSirdeba, eqspertTa azriT, arsebobs gark-veuli albaToba da safrTxe imisa, rom miwis myidvel ucxoel-sa da adgilobrivi eTnikuri umravlesobis warmomadgenlebs Soris urTierToba daiZabos da saqme realur konfliqtamdec ki mivides. amgvari daZabulobisa Tu konfliqtebis warmomqm-nel faqtorad eqspertebi mkveTr kulturul gansxvavebebs asaxeleben da paralels avleben, magaliTad, religiuri umci-resobebis mimarT aRmocenebul konfliqtebTan:

`daukrefavSi ar unda gadavideT da konfliqtamde ar unda mivideT, religiur dapirispirebamde. Tundac aWa-raSi, aseT incidentebs hqonda adgili.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

rac Seexeba miwis gasxvisebis sakiTxisadmi mosaxleobis da-mokidebulebis Sefasebas eqspertTa mier, am mxriv maTi azri orad gaiyo. eqspertTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom sazogadoe-bis mimarTeba, zogadad, uaryofiTia da amas eTno-kulturuli da RirebulebiTi gansxvavebebiT da materialur resursebze konkurenciis SiSiT xsnis. qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis miwis Semsyidveli `sxva~, safrTxis Semcvelad imitom ganixileba, rom jer erTi, fundamenturi maxasiaTeblebiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Sida jgufisgan da meore _ Sida jgufs ar gaaC-nia am `sxvasTan~ mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis gamocdileba, ar aqvs sakmarisi informacia, rac daabalansebda am ùcxo~ jgu-fis, rogorc safrTxis aRqmas. Sida jgufma ar icis, ras unda elodos miwis SeZenis msurveli, misgan radikalurad gansxva-vebuli ucxoelisgan, romelic, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, misi momavali konkurentia. savaraudod, es kidev ufro amZaf-rebs imis gancdas, rom SesaZloa `sxva~ `moerios~, ùcxom ajo-bos~ (da am fonze isev aqtualizdeba eTnikurad qarTvelebis Semcirebisa da fizikuri gaqrobis SiSi):

`visac eSinia, man naklebi icis amis Sesaxeb imitom, rom mis gverdiT gamoCnda gansxvavebuli kanis feris, Tva-lis feris, aRmsareblobis, eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis mqone adamiani, romelic misi konkurentia raRacaSi, ma-galiTad, SeiZina miwa, daiwyo misi damuSaveba~ ( siRrmis-euli interviu, eqsperti ).

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èSinia masac, vinc TviTon miyida es miwa, misi iyo da mi-yida, an sawarmo an raRaca da eSinia gaucnobiereblad, gayida da iqve aqvs axsna: imitom gavyide, rom miWirda, magram eSinia imis, rom gayida viRacaze, romelic sxva aris, ar aris am Cven jgufis wevri, mere amas vai Tu raRac cudi mohyves~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi, am sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT, gamoikveTa eqspertTa umravlesobisgan gansxvavebuli poziciac, romlis Tanaxmad, miwis gasxvisebis mimarT sazoga-doebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, sinamdvileSi, konkretu-li interesebis mqone, garkveuli mcire jgufebis mier lobi-rebuli da mosaxleobisTvis Tavsmoxveuli xedvaa, romelic ar asaxavs mTliani sazogadoebis realur ganwyobilebas:

`me ar mgonia, rom amas umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom sa-frTxis Semcvelia. xSirad kargad organizebul umci-resobebs SeuZliaT sakuTari pozicia moaxvion Tavs sa-zogadoebas, romelic xSirad indiferentulia sakiTxis mimarT da, saboloo jamSi, amiT agebs~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, eqsperti).

eqspertebis azriT, saxelmwifom, miuxedavad imis, rogori iyo Tavad misi pozicia, sazogadoebisgan momdinare `dakveTa~ Seasrula da amitom daawesa moratoriumi miwis gasxvisebaze, amitom gaamkacra savizo mimosvla. saxelmwifos mier gadadg-muli es nabijebi eqspertebma Secdomad Seafases, radgan sazo-gadoebis eTno-kulturuli nacionalizmis Semcvel interesebs ufro meti prioriteti mianiWes, vidre ekonomikur sargebels, rac mTlianobaSi, qveynisTvis wamgebiania:

`saerTo jamSi rom grovdeba aseTi ukmayofileba ad-gilobriv doneze, rasakvirvelia, amas iTvaliswinebs mTavroba. SeiZleba mTavrobasac hqondes liberaluri damokidebuleba da moxdes amis [miwis gasxvisebis] waxa-liseba, magram winaarmdegobas ver uwevs sazogadeobis azrs~ ( siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

miwis gasxvisebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT eqspertebi gamo-savals saxelmwifos mier mkafio regulaciebis dawesebasa da `Sualeduri modelis~ amoqmedebaSi xedaven. maTi ganmartebiT, am SemTxvevaSi, arc eTnikuri umravlesobis da arc saxelmwi-

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fos grZelvadiani ekonomikuri interesebi ar dazaraldeba. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom am problemis mogvarebaSi umTavresi roli swored saxelmwifom unda ikisros, romelsac erTiani xedva, strategia da politika unda hqondes Camoyalibebuli aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT:

àmis regulacia SeiZleba, risi ufleba mivceT. qveyanazea damokidebuli isev, magaliTad, gvaqvs 500 heqtari miwa, romelsac veravin amuSavebs, aravin amuSavebs. aris inve-stori, magaliTad, arabi, romelic yidulobs am miwas an iRebs mravalwliani ijariT. amas sWirdeba kargad gaazre-buli politika~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

3.3.2. `Cven~ jgufis SigniT, RirebulebaTa sistemis safuZvelze gansazRvruli `sxva~

zemoT ukve visaubreT eTno-kulturuli `sxvis~ Sesaxeb, rome-lic ̀ Cven~ jgufisgan ZiriTadad swored eTnikuri niSniT gamoi-yofa. axla ganvixilavT sxva sqemas, roca diferenciacia Tavad eTnikuri erTobis SigniT xdeba RirebulebiTi gansvlis safuZ-velze. eTno-kulturuli `sxvisgan~ gansxvavebiT, Rirebulebi-Ti sistemis safuZvelze gansazRvruli `sxva~ `Cven~ jgufisTvis miweril kulturul da RirebulebiT sistemas upirispirdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu wina SemTxvevaSi jgufis eqs-kluzia swored eTnikurobis markerisa da masTan dakavSirebu-li iseTi kulturuli faqtorebis safuZvelze xdeba, rogoric aris, magaliTad, ena, amjerad saubaria eTnikur qarTvelebze, romlebic, garkveuli Taviseburebebis gamo, fokus-jgufis monawileebis mier `naklebad~ qarTvelebad aRiqmebian. Rirebu-lebaTa sistemis safuZvelze gansazRvrul ̀ sxvebSi~, ZiriTadad, religiuri da seqsualuri umciresobebi moiazrebian.

religiuri umciresobebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, fokus jgufebis sadiskusio gegma iT-valiswinebda saubars diqotomiis (`Cven~ da `sxva~) Sesaxeb, eTno-kulturuli gagebiT, xolo religiuri da seqsualuri umciresobebis Tema da am mxriv gansazRvruli `sxva~ diskusiis procesSi monawileebma Tavad gamoacalkeves.

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fokus jgufebSi ganxilvisas gamoikveTa, rom xSirad mona-wileebi eTnikurobasa da religias erT konteqstSi axseneben da erTmaneTs TavisTavad ukavSireben _ qarTuli nacionalu-ri identoba maTTvis, rogorc ukve araerTxel iTqva, marTl-madidebel qristianobasac gulisxmobs. religiuri faqtoris mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT cxadad vlindeba, rodesac respon-dentebi qarTvelobiT, ̀ Cven~ jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobiT ga-mowveul siamayis gancdaze saubroben:

`rodesac qarTveli xar da marTlmadidebeli amayi unda iyo~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45 ).

`Zalian amayi viyavi, rodesac gavige, rom metexis xidTan 100 aTasma mowamem xats fexi ar daadga da amis gamo maT Tavebi mohkveTes da mtkvarSi gadayares~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

imis gamo, rom marTlmadidebloba mWidrod ukavSirdeba qarTvelobis zogad saxes, Sesabamisad, `Cven~ jgufis wevrebad naklebad aRiqmebian is adamianebi, romlebic am markeris mixed-viT umravlesobas ar miekuTvnebian. amitom, ucxod da proble-murad ganixileba sxva sarwmunoebis salocavebis aSeneba:

`sarwmunoebac gvyofs. sarwmunoeba yvelaze mniSvne-lovania, Cven marTlmadideblebi varT, viRac kaToli-kea, viRac musulmania, CemTvis pativsacemia, magram un-daT meCeTebis aRmarTva. magis winaaRmdegi var~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

qarTul realobaSi eTnikuri da religiuri identobebis ga-dajaWvulobis Sesaxeb saubroben eqspertebic. maTi mosazre-biT, mosaxleobis aRqmaSi `qarTveli~ da `marTlmadidebeli~ erTmaneTTan gaigivebuli cnebebia. amasTan, marTlmadideblo-ba garkveul upiratesobad aRiqmeba, romelic `Cven~ jgufs axasiaTebs da gamorCeulobas aniWebs mas:

`mTavari problema aris religiurobis is aRqma, rac um-ravlesobas aqvs. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi marTlma-didebloba aRqmulia, rogorc eqskluziuri, gamorCeu-li aRmsarebloba, romelic marto qarTvelebs axa-siaTebT da aqedan gamomdinare arsebobs upiratesobis gancda, romelic saqarTvelos gabrwyinebas, gamorCeu-lobas gulisxmobs~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

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eqspertTa ganmartebiT, pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, qarTve-loba sarwmunoebrivi faqtoriT ganisazRvreba, gansakuTrebiT aqtualizdeba swored religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenle-bis mimarT. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom vinaidan qarTuli erovnu-li identoba marTlmadideblobasac gulisxmobs, aqedan gamomdi-nare, gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobis warmomadgenelTa aqtiuroba safrTxed aRiqmeba. erT-erTi eqspertis dakvirvebiT, religiuri umciresobebis marginalizeba ara mxolod mosaxleobis, aramed sa-xelmwifos donezec xdeba, rasac adasturebs is, rom saqarTvelos religiur-kulturuli Zeglebidan qarTulad aRiqmeba mxolod marTlmadidebluri Zeglebi da saxelmwifoc swored maT icavs:

`qarTuli erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis nawi-lad ver aris miCneuli saqarTveloSi arsebuli kul-turuli Zeglebi, magaliTad, meCeTebi. davuSvaT, aWa-raSi aris ramdenime Zalian saintereso meCeTi, romelic agebulia eTnikurad qarTvelebis mier da eTnikurad qarTvelebi loculoben, magram is miekuTneba araqri-stianul sakulto nagebobas da swored amitom isini ver xvdebian dacul monumentebs Soris. da is ar aRiqme-ba qarTul monumentad. arada realurad is qarTuli Zeglia~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

zemoTac aRiniSna, rom religiur umciresobas SeiZleba mi-vakuTvnoT eTnikurad qarTveli araqristianebi, magaliTad, aWareli muslimebi, romelTa eqskluzia `Cven~ jgufidan swo-red religiuri gansxvavebulobis gamo xdeba. meore mxriv, re-ligiuri umciresobis kategoria xSirad gadafaravs eTnikuri umciresobebis kategoriasac. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT, ro-desac eTnikuri umciresobebis WrilSi religiuri gansxvavebu-lobac erTveba, eTnikurad araqarTvelebis mimarT mimRebloba kidev ufro problemur xasiaTs iZens:

èrTi mxriv, mimaCnia, rom wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo gacnobiereba imisa, rom esenic (eTnikuri umciresobebi) iseTive Tanasworuflebiani moqalaqeebi arian, rogorc sxvebi, magram rogorc ki TamaSSi CaerTo religia, aR-moCnda, rom e.i. maTi religiac unda vaRiaroT xom Tanas-worad, da maTac unda SeZlon meCeTebis an a.S. aSeneba. aq ki ukve gaCnda mtkice uari da miuRebloba~ (siRrmiseu-li interviu, eqsperti).

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eqspertebis SefasebiT, mosaxleobaSi religiuri umcire-sobebis mimarT Semwynarebloba gacilebiT naklebia, vidre eT-nikuri umciresobebis mimarT. amasTan, tradiciuli religiebi SedarebiT ufro misaRebad aRiqmeba, vidre axali, seqtis ti-pis religiebi:

`religiuri sakiTxi yvelaze cxare sakiTxia. SedarebiT ufro miRebuli aris sazogadeobaSi e.w. `tradiciuli~ religuri jgufebi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

zogadad, eqspertebTan interviuebisa da fokus jgufebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom religiuri Rirebulebebi qarTuli erovnuli identobis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqmeba, rac re-ligiur umciresobebs, faqtobrivad, Sida jgufidan `gareT~ aZevebs. aqve unda iTqvas, rom marTlmadideblobis qarTul erovnul identobasTan Serwymuloba, religiuri umciresobe-bis garda, kidev erTi jgufTan _ seqsualur umciresobebTan urTierTobaSi warmoSobs daZabulobas, rac qvemoT dawvrile-biT iqneba ganxiluli.

sazogadoebis damokidebuleba seqsualur umciresobaTa mimarT

qarTveli sazogadoebis damokidebuleba seqsualuri umcire-sobebisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTia, ris damadasturebladac, Cveulebriv, saxeldeba 2013 wlis 17 maiss, homofobiasTan, bi-fobiasa da transfobiasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso dRes ga-marTuli aqciis darbeva moqalaqeebis mier. 2013 wlis maisSi Tbilisis mosaxleobasTan Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebi aCvenebs (kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri, gamokiTxva saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, maisi, 2013), rom TbiliselebisTvis seqsualuri umciresobebi, kriminalebis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze arasasurveli jgufia. gamokiTx-ulTa 29.2 % acxadebs, rom ar isurvebda, misi mezobeli homo-seqsuali yofiliyo. sxva kvlevis Tanaxmad ki (kavkasiis kvlevi-Ti resursebi, erovnul-demokratiuli institutis dakveTiT, NDI _ gamokiTxva politikuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, aprili, 2015), mosaxleobis reprezentatuli gamokiTxva adasturebs, rom sazogadoebis TiTqmis naxevrisTvis (49 %) seqsualuri um-

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ciresobebis uflebebis dacva ar aris mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.rac Seexeba fokus jgufis monawileebs, rogorc ukve aRi-

niSna, Cveni sadiskusio gegma ar iTvaliswinebda religiuri da seqsualuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs, magram respon-dentebma Tavad gamoyves seqsualuri umciresobebi, rogorc erT-erTi `sxva~ jgufi. axalgazrdebi, seqsualur umciresoba-Ta Sesaxeb saubrisas, uaryofiT damokidebulebas ar avlenen. isini ufro yuradRebas amaxvileben arsebul diskriminaciul garemoze. maTi azriT, seqsualur umciresobebTan dakavSire-buli sakiTxebi sazogadoebas or nawilad hyofs da umravle-sobisTvis amgvari umciresobebi miuRebelia. am dapirispirebis mxared axalgazrdebi religiur instituts _ marTlmadidebel eklesias da morwmune sazogadoebas asaxleben:

`konfliqti, rac vTqviT, lgbt sazogadoebasa da marTlma-didebel sazogadoebas Soris~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 18-30).

àseve lgbt pirebi da es qvekategoriebi SeiZleba gamo-vyoT eklesiis mxriv, romelic yofs sazogadoebas~ (fo-kus jgufi, kaci, 18-30).

axalgazdebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufrosi asakis respondente-bis damokidebuleba seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT mkveT-rad uaryofiTia:

`magram gei paradi, gavnadgurdi, seriozulad geubnebi, xom alalad unda Tqva adamianma. maSin vigrZeni, rom me kacad aRar vargivar-meTqi, imitom, mindoda, rom iaraRi ameRo da damexoca xalxi.~ (fokus- jgufi, kaci, 31+)

seqsualur umciresobebze saubrisas, ufros asakobriv jgufSi, Semdegi sakiTxebi gamoiyo:

• seqsualuri umciresobebi, rogorc qarTul tradi-ciul-kulturul modelTan Seusabamo jgufebi: re-spondentebis azriT, seqsualuri umciresobebi qarTul tradiciebsa da mentalitets ewinaaRmdegeba: `bodiSi da gei paradebi CavataroT, es cota qarTul mentalitets ver iRebs.~ (fokus-jgufi, qali, 31+); dRes Tavs ar unda mogvaxvion, rom Caataron aRlumi, Cven sxva tradi-ciebi gvaqvs, Cven ver SeveguebiT (fokus-jgufi, kaci, 31+). aRiniSna, agreTve, is faqtic, rom seqsualuri um-

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ciresobebi tradiciul genderul `rolebs~ amaxinjeben: `kaci kacs aRar hgavs da qali qals, gaxleCili ar aris? gaivso qalaqi cisferebiT~(fokus jgufi, respondenti kaci, 31+). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom seqsualuri umciresobe-bis SemTxvevaSi ̀ Cven~ jgufi mTavar ganmasxvavebel marke-rad swored kulturul faqtorebs da Rirebulebebs iS-veliebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri umciresobe-bis warmomadgenlebi SesaZloa eTnikurad `Cven~ jgufs miekuTvnebodnen, maTi gandevna tradiciul-kulturuli modelidan (romelic, Tavis mxriv, ̀ Cven~ jgufis idento-bis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens) imdenad masStaburia, rom SeuZlebelia am umciresobis warmomadgenlebis `Cven~ jgufis wevrebad miCneva.

• seqsualur umciresobaTa aqtiurobis sakiTxi: respon-dentebis msjelobidan gamomdinare, calke unda gamoiyos maTTvis miuRebeli jgufis aqtiurobis sakiTxi, radgan irkveva, rom problema swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac se-qsualuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi aRar imalebian, sajarod Cndebian da TavianT uflebebsa da moTxovneb-zec iwyeben saubars: ` gogo rom gogosTan gaivlis, ram-deni SemTxvevaa. adrec iyo, magram Cumad iyo~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31+); `saerTod es geebi Cven dros rogor gamoyofdnen da rogor aRiarebdnen da aseTi rame ar xdeboda, an davxocavdiT an CavwixlavdiT, aseTi rame ar xdeboda da amas ver SeveguebiT Cven. isini calke sad da ras akeTeben, Cven arc vigebdiT~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31+). am konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia aizenStadtis (Eisenstadt, 2000) debuleba, imis Sesaxeb, rom modernul sazogadoe-baSi interesTa konfliqti maSin aRmocendeba, rodesac sazogadoebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebuli interese-bis mqone jgufebi TviTgamorkvevasa da TavianTi ufle-bebis dacvas iwyeben.

• seqsualuri umciresobebis sakiTxi, rogorc `gare-dan~ (dasavleTidan), iZulebiT Tavsmoxveuli Tema: re-spondentebis pasuxebidan gamomdinare, fiqsirdeba aseve tendencia, rom seqsualur umciresobaTa sakiTxi ganxi-

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lul iqnes, rogorc `garedan~ (dasavleTidan, evropidan) Tavsmoxveuli problema. respondentebi miiCneven, rom swored evropuli struqturebi da Crdilo-atlanti-kuri aliansi aiZulebs saqarTvelos mTavrobas, daicvas seqsualuri umciresobebis uflebebi: `Tundac mTavro-bas unda kanonis miReba, rom gaerTiandnen natoSi unda dawesdes da kanonad unda miviRoT, rom SeZlon aRlu-mis Catareba~ (qali, fokus jgufi, 31+); `sxvanairad ar migviReben da mTavrobac eTanxmeba yvelafers~ (kaci, fokus jgufi, 31+). savaraudoa, rom fokus jgufis mona-wileebi seqsualur umciresobebs, rogorc miuRebel jgufs, evropasTan da dasavleTTan akavSireben da amis meSveobiT cdiloben maT kategorizacias `sxva~ jgufad.

eqspertebis azriT, sazogadoebas yvelaze naklebi mimReb-loba swored seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT aqvs da amis mizezad isini Semdeg faqtorebs asaxeleben: ganaTlebis siste-mis xarvezebi, saxelmwifoebrivi gamocdilebis nakleboba, seq-sualur umciresobaTa aqtiurobis zrda, gavlenian religiur institutTan (eklesiasTan) da politikosebTan dapirispireba, eTno-religiuri identoba da nacionalizmi:

àseve is, rom ewinaaRmdegebi eklesias da a.S. egeni aris ZiriTadad, rac moqmedebs imitom, rom Sen realurad xar Zalian arapopularuli jgufis wevri, romelsac almacerad uyureben, romelic uflebebs iTxov da ki-dev bedav da upirispirdebi yvelaze gavlenian institu-ciebs da politikosebs qveyanaSi~ (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, eqsperti).

rac Seexeba eTno-religiur identobas, erT-erTi eqspertis ganmartebiT, am identobaSi mocemulia `Cven~ jgufis wevris normatuli da sasurveli maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, hete-roseqsualoba, mkafiod gansazRvruli genderuli rolebi da dominanti religiis (am SemTxvevaSi marTlmadideblobis) fun-damenturi dogmebis gaziareba:

`gasagebia, rom Tu vlaparakobT eTnikur-religiur iden-tobaze, aq cxadia, rom ideali, romelic centrSia aris: sisxliT qarTveli, heteroseqsuali, ZiriTadad mamakaci. qali daqvemdebarebul poziciaSia. yvelaferi, rac amis-

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gan gansxvavdeba: eTnikurad, religiurad, seqsualurad, iqneba gandevnili.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

`nacionalizmi dgas metwilad uniformulobis ideaze, rom Cven varT erTi eri, bevri saerTo gvakavSirebs, tra-dicia iqneba Tu genetikuri kodi Tu raRacebi da amasTa-nave moiazrebs mkafio genderul rolebs, gansakuTre-biT kacebs rac exebaT. Sen Tu gadadixar am sistemidan, maSinve aRiqmebi, rogorc erovnuli ideis winaaRmdeg moqmedi adamiani an adamianebis jgufi.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti)

Sesabamisad, rogorc eqspertebi aRniSnaven, rac ufro gansxvavebulia romelime jgufis wevrebis maxasiaTeblebi am markerebisgan, miT ufro maRalia maTi marginalizebisa da mi-uReblobis xarisxi. eqspertebi seqsualuri umciresobebisa da nacionalizmis urTierTmimarTebaze saubrisas aseve gamoyo-fen demografiis sakiTxsac:

`plius amas, reproduqciis TvalsazrisiTac, naciona-lizmis erT-erTi nawilia es demografiuli panika, rom Cven gadavSendebiT, amitom Sen gWirdeba is, rom viRacam moaxerxos reproducireba, amisi yvelaze martivi meqa-nizmi aris birTvuli ojaxi, romelzec dgas nacionaliz-mi. bevri faqtoria realurad, magram faqti is aris, rom yvelaze metad, albaT feministebi da lgbt adamianebi ewinaaRmdegebian am genderuli rolebis status-kvos. im sistemas, romelsac Sen gTavazobs nacionalisturi ideo-logia, magas varRvevT, imitom, rom Sen iwyeb saubars ara erze, aramed individualur Tavisuflebaze. iwyeb sau-bars imaze, rom adamiani ar aris reproduqciis manqana da me ar var valdebuli, samSoblos bavSvebi gavuCino, Tu me minda Svilis yola, imitom minda, rom me minda da bavSvi ar aris saTamaSo, sityvaze vambob ra. magitomac aris xolme Zalian miuRebeli~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

zogadad, eqspertebTan Catarebul siRrmiseul intervi-uebSi gamoiyo da identificirebul iqna is ZiriTadi mizeze-bi, romlebic xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi seqsualuri umci-resobebis mimarT miuReblobas. es faqtorebi, umTavresad, stabiluri institutebis rRvevasa da fizikuri gaqrobis SiSs ukavSirdeba.

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interviuebi sazogadoebrivi azris SemqmnelebTan

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebis mosazrebiT, mo-saxleobis Rirebulebebze garkveul gavlenas sxvadasxva saxis aqtorebi axdenen: politikosebi, media, eklesia, saganmanaT-leblo sistema, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. isini garkveul rols TamaSoben iseT procesebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `Cven~ jgufisTvis garkveuli Taviseburebebis miwera da amis safuZvelze `sxvebis~ gamoyofa. zemoxsenebuli aqtorebis xed-vis warmosaCenad, kvlevis farglebSi, maTTan siRrmiseuli in-terviuebi Catarda.

politikosebi eTnikuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb

gamokiTxuli politikosebi aqcents ufro inkluziuri tipis politikur erze akeTeben, magram, sagulisxmoa, rom erovnuli identobis WrilSi, eTnikuri markeris wvlili sxvadasxva po-litikosisTvis sxvadasxvaa. respondentebis nawili aRniSnavs, rom qarTveli mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis eTnikuroba na-cionaluri identobis umTavresi markeria, Tumca, Tavad is am maxasiaTebels sakvanZod ar miiCnevs da aqcenti ufro samoqa-laqo tipis markerebze gadaaqvs:

`me da Cems xalxs sxvadasxvanairad gvgonia rogorc Cans ra aris qarTuli identoba. (...) zogierTebs hgoniaT, rom 100% eTnikuri qarTveloba, maT Soris, swori orienta-ciiT da xuTosnobiT aris. es niSnavs imas, rom arc erTi umciresoba qarTveli ar aris, maT Soris, seqsualuri umciresobac ki. dadgeba dro, roca yvelas mSvenivrad ecodineba ra aris nacionaluri identoba. nacionalu-ri identoba aris am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis erTad dgoma momavlis amocanebis winaSe, es aris mTavari. vinc erTad xedavs Tavis Tavs gansacdelSi da momavlisken, is aris erTi nacia. am SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, eTnikur warmomavlobas aqvs, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli mniSvnelo-ba, magram gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis igi ar aris, nacia da eTnosi sxvadasxva terminia~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi)

alternatiuli pozicia, marTalia, erTi SexedviT, eTnikur umciresobebs eris Semadgenel nawilad ganixilavs, magram eris

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SinaarsSi, ZiriTadad, qarTul èTnikur Rirebulebebs~ moiaz-rebs, eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT ki mxolod toleranto-bis mniSvnelobas afiqsirebs:

(`qarTul SinaarsSi~ igulisxmeba) is tradiciebi, ramac saxelmwifoebrioba Semoinaxa dRemde da rac, erTi mx-riv, Cveni qarTuli eTnikuri Rirebulebebis dacvas da ganvrcobas gulisxmobs da, meore mxriv, am konteqstSi tolerantul damokidebulebas Cveni qveynis terito-riaze mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT, ramac unda gansazRvros harmoniuli ganviTareba qarTveli erisa, rogorc politikuri erisa (siRrmiseuli inter-viu, politikosi).

sainteresoa, rom umciresobebis mimarT tolerantoba de-klarirebuli saxiT rig politikosebTan qarTveli sazogadoe-bis erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebad gvevlineba maSin, rodesac Tavadve axseneben umciresobebisadmi mimReblobis problemas mosaxleobaSi:

`CemTvis Zalian kompleqsuria erovnuli identoba da maT Soris aris igive tolerantoba, igive kacTmoyva-reoba, igive Semwynarebloba. (...) umciresobebi, Zalian samwuxarod, Cven unda viswavloT, magram Zalian sam-wuxarod, jerjerobiT mainc rTuladaa saqme, yvelaze miuRebeli mainc es aris sazogadoebaSi, me rasac vuy-ureb. Zalian bevrs davdivar, vxvdebi xalxs, rogorc po-litikosi, valdebuli var, ver warmoidgenT, ramdenad miuRebelia, es xalxi kiTxvebs roca gisvams, Tqven rom moxvalT, amas yvelafers xom gaumklavdebiT? Zalian rTulia. (...) Sovinisturi ganwyobebic arsebobs absolu-turad da ar moSlila, samwuxarod~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, politikosi).

imis miuxedavad, rom zogadad, mimReblobis problemaze saubroben, politikosebis SefasebiT, rogorc saxelmwifos midgoma, aseve sazogadoebrivi damokidebuleba eTnikuri um-ciresobebis mimarT 90-iani wlebis Semdgom ukeTesobisken Seicvala. miuxedavad saxelmwifo enis codnis da politikuri CarTulobis problemebis arsebobisa, eTnikur umciresobebSi, oficialuri politika maT mimarT inkluziuria _ saxelmwifos ufro gaazrebuli aqvs, rom Tavad unda Seitanos wvlili eT-

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nikuri umciresobebis integraciaSi, amasTan, maRali Tanamde-bobis piris mier politikuri oponentis eTnikur warmomavlo-baze apelireba ùkulturobad~ iTvleba, xolo mosaxleobis farTo masebis doneze `Sereuli sisxli~ naklebad problemu-rad aRiqmeba:

`Cemi azriT, ukve Zalian did ukulturobad iTvleba is, rom sazogado moRvawe, politikosi an maRali Cinis mo-qalaqe iyenebs siZulvilis, diskriminaciul da homofo-biuri enis elementebs, an eTnikuri enis elementebs, ro-gorc mowinaaRmedegis `gaSavebisTvis~. me vgrZnob, rom qarTveli sazogadoeba, rogorc maRali kulturisa da evropuli tradiciis matarebeli sazogadoeba am mxriv gaizarda.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi)

`qarTveli nacia axla yalibdeba, kacma rom Tqvas da saerTod SeiZleba saubari imaze, rom moqalaqee-bi qarTvelebi arian, ukve aRaravin ar ganicdis imas, rom rogor SeiZleba qarTveli iyos is, Tu bebias erqva sirana, aseTi sakiTxebi aRar aris mtkivneuli, (...) manam-de iTvleboda, rom eTnikur umciresobas unda uyvardes (saqarTvelo) uangarod, axla iTvleba, rom Cven raRac unda gavakeToT imisTvis, rom eTnikurma umciresobam, magaliTad, iswavlos saxelmwifo ena. manamde iTvlebo-da, rom Cven gavxdiT damoukideblebi da 80 wlis somexma ratom ar icis qarTuli ena? erT dReSi unda iswavlos da Cagvabaros. axla mivxvdiT, rom amisTvis saWiroa 80 wlis ki ara 5 wlis somexTan daviwyoT muSaoba, rom iswavlos saxelmwifo ena~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

politikosebi imigrantebis Sesaxeb

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politikosebi, ucxo-elebisTvis miwis miyidvasTan dakavSirebiT, or gansxvavebul pozicias afiqsireben. umravlesoba, miuxedavad politikuri orientaciisa, miesalmeba ucxoelze miwis gasxvisebas, radgan es qveynis ekonomikisaTvis mniSvnelovan da sasargeblo nabi-jad miaCnia. eqspertebis msgavsad, politikosebisTvisac miwis amgvari gasxviseba samuSao adgilebis SeqmnasTan, investiciebis CadebasTan da qveynis stabilurobasTan aris dakavSirebuli:

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`me marTali giTxraT, marTla Sinaganad liberali var da Zalian dadebiTad vuyureb amas. im SemTxvevaSi Tuki eko-nomika ganviTardeba, Tuki investicia Caideba, Tuki meti samuSao adgilis perspeqtiva gaCndeba da a.S. araviTari problema ar aris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

politikosebi am sakiTxs mxolod ekonomikuri poziciidan ar ganixilaven da materialuri sargeblis garda, usafrTxoe-bis Temazec saubroben. maTi azriT, miwis gasxviseba usafrT-xoebis erTgvar garantiadac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli, rad-gan, rac ufro meti qveynis warmomadgenels eqneba sakuTari miwis nakveTebi saqarTveloSi, miT ufro did iqneba maTi dain-tereseba da motivacia, rom stabiluroba da simSvide Senar-Cundes qveyanaSi:

`Cven erTaderTi riTic SegviZlia, rom Tavi davicvaT, Tu miwas iyidis germaneli, britaneli, Cineli da a.S.. be-vri maTganis interesSi iqneba, rom es teritoria iyos stabiluri da daculi da TiToeuli im qveynis vis war-momadgenlisac iqneba es miwa, maT interesebSi iqneba, rom aq iyos stabiluroba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, po-litikosi).

politikosebi sazogadoebaSi arsebul uaryofiT damokide-bulebas da SiSs imis Taobaze, rom miwis yidviT ùcxoebi~ te-ritoriebs wagvarTmeven _ iracionalurs uwodeben. zogierTi maTgani aseTi SiSis arsebobas ganaTlebis naklebobas miawers da aRniSnavs, rom im adamianebs, romelTac miwis gasxvisebis eSiniaT, hgoniaT, rom amiT qarTvelobas dakargaven:

ìseTive SiSia, rogoricaa mamis saxelTan dakavSirebiT. pasportSi Tu ar weria, rom qarTveli xar, ukve qarTve-li aRar xar~ siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

qarTvelobis dakargvis SiSi an e.w. ìracionaluri SiSi~, rogorc politikosebi uwodeben, swored zemoT, adre naxseneb SiSTan _ kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gaqrobis, eTnikurad qarTvelebis raodenobrivi Semcirebisa da fizikuri gaqrobis SiSTan aris dakavSirebuli.

politikosebi aseve aRniSnaven, rom adgilobrivebis mtru-li damokidebuleba miwis mflobeli ucxoeli moqalaqeebis mi-marT ekonomikuri konkurenciiT aris ganpirobebuli:

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àris meore momenti, Cinelebi movidnen Cvens miwaze, ro-melzec modis erTi mosavali da moiyvanes sami mosavali. qarTvelebma manamde ar daiSales maTi cema-tyepa sanam, imaTac ar moiyvanes erTi mosavali, anu SeaSfoTa Cinel-Ta Sromismoyvareobam~(siRrmiseuli interviu, politi-kosi).

es kidev erTxel adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi ùcxo~ jgufis mimarT mtruli mimarTeba izrdeba, xolo rodesac resursebi ase Tu ise balansdeba da Sida jgufi ise aRar aRiqvams, rom `sxva~ mas arTmevs dovlaTs da misi resursebis xarjze iRebs sargebels, _ problemebi gvardeba.

ucxoelebisTvis miwis miyidvis momxre politikosebi am sakiTxis uaryofiT aspeqtad asaxeleben sazogadoebaSi so-cialuri daZabulobis momatebas. maTi azriT, es ukavSirdeba im mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romlebic SeiZleba mohyves miwis gasxvisebas, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis Cveul saarsebo garemozec aisaxeba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, am adamianebis Sesabamis reaqcias gamoiwvevs aRniSnuli cvlilebebisadmi:

`marTlac, rodesac Taobebi miCveulni arian sofelSi cxovrebas da ician, rom sadRac saZovari aqvT. ki ar aris es normaluri ekonomikuri struqtura, patara miwis nakveTebiT raime ekonomikuri Sedegi hqondes vinmes Ta-viTvis an qveynisTvis, magram raRaceebs angariSis gaweva sWirdeba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

politikosebi miiCneven, rom am problemis gadaWra SesaZle-belia mosaxleobisTvis meti informaciis miwodebisa da kar-gad gaazrebuli regulaciebis dawesebiT. maTi daskvniT, saTa-nado winapirobebisa da SezRudvebis SemuSaveba moxsnis im so-cialur daZabulobas, romelic ucxoelebisTvis miwis miyidvis Temas axlavs Tan.

miwis gasxvisebis oponenti politikosis msjeloba, ZiriTa-dad, agebulia im winaaRmdegobaze, rom ekonomikuri moge-bis sanacvlod (rac miwis gasxvisebas ukavSirdeba), icvleba, uaresdeba erovnuli demografiuli viTareba. amgvari argu-mentacia `Cven~ jgufis umciresobaSi aRmoCenis safrTxeze mi-aniSnebs da am ègzistencialur safrTxesTan~ SedarebiT eko-nomikur mogebas meorexarisxovnad miiCnevs:

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`demografiuli suraTis xelovnurad cvlileba _ es aris mtruli ganwyobis realizacia sakuTari qveynis winaaRm-deg konkretuli sargeblis sanacvlod. sxva amas araferi ar ewodeba. aseT safrTxes me aRviqvam, rogorc egzisten-cialur safrTxes, vinaidan, Tu amas kampaniuri politi-kuri xasiaTi mieca da mkafiod da kargad dafinansebulia, amave dros, Cven Zalian cota xanSi aRmovCndebiT umcire-sobaSi~ (politikosi, siRrmiseuli interviu).

zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikosebis mosazrebebi ucxoelebisTvis miwis miyidvis Taobaze, or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa _ pirvel SemTxvevaSi, miwis gasxvisebis momxreebi ekono-mikuri faqtorebiT amarTleben aseT nabijs da saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblod miaCniaT amgvari praqtika, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet kontrargumentad gamoiye-neba eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis raodenobrivi Semcire-bisa da fizikuri gaqrobis safrTxe.

politikosebi religiur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli politikosebis mosaz-rebebi religiuri umciresobebis Taobaze, orad gaiyo: erTni miiCneven, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi am tipis umcire-sobebisadmi damokidebuleba mkveTrad uaryofiTia, meoreni ki ase ar fiqroben. respondentebis pirveli nawilis Tval-sazrisi eqspertTa poziciis analogiuria _ mosaxleoba re-ligiur umciresobebs, ZiriTadad, `sxvebad~ aRiqvams da maT mimarT mimRebloba arasakmarisia. amis dasadastureblad erT-erTi politikosi im mRelvarebas ixsenebs, romelic religi-uri organizaciebisTvis sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusiT registraciis uflebis miniWebas mohyva _ es saka-nonmdeblo cvlileba bevrma `marTlmadideblobis dakargvis safrTxed~ miiCnia:

`rodesac sxva konfesiebs, garda qarTuli marTlmadi-debluri eklesiisa, miecaT ufleba, rom daregistri-rebuliyvnen, rogorc `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri~, amas mohyva didi demonstracia. erTi es maxsovs, rasac didi vnebaTaRelvebi moyva da amis gancda, aRqma iyo, rom wagvlekaven sxvebi, davkargavT marTlmadide-

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blobas da amitom ar unda hqondeT maT aseTi ufleba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

politikosebis meore nawilis azriT ki, saqarTveloSi re-ligiuri mravalferovnebis mimarT Semwynarebloba erovnul identobasTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli faqtoria; amito-mac, religiuri umciresobebisadmi mimRebloba maRalia da am mxriv konfliqtebi ar gaCaRebula. amis erT-erT magaliTad dasaxelda Zveli Tbilisis teritoriaze, sxvadasxva konfesiis (tradiciuli religiebis: marTlmadidebluri, grigorianuli-somxuri, mahmadianuri da iudeuri) samlocveloebis lamis gv-erdigverd Tanaarseboba:

èklesiuri (dapirispireba) naklebad arsebobs imitom, rom saqarTveloSi es mainc kulturuli momentia, marto leseliZeze rom amoivli, yvelaferi erTad aris abano-TubanSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

politikosebi seqsualur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb

Cven mier gamokiTxuli politikosebis umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom seqsualuri umciresobebi yvelaze miuRebel jgufs war-moadgens sazogadoebisTvis. sxva tipis umciresobaTagan gansx-vavebiT, maT mimarT umravlesoba uaryofiT damokidebulebas Riad, agresiuladac ki gamoxatavs da fizikuri Zaladobis fa-qtebic dafiqsirda:

`mgonia, rom es homofobiuri ganwyobilebebi gacilebiT mZlavria. SeiZleba uxeSad JRerdes, magram gancda maqvs, rom am Temis warmomadgenlebi sicocxlis ganadgurebis safrTxis qveS dganan, maSin, rodesac sxva SemTxvevaSi, SeiZeba raRac konfliqti iyos~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

erT-erTi politikosis azriT, sazogadoeba ar aris mzad Tanasworobis idea gaiziaros. misi azriT, antidiskrimina-ciuli kanoni evropasTan asocirebis gamo iqna miRebuli, Tum-ca mosaxleobis didi nawili ewinaaRmdegeba am kanonis Sinaarss, gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT.

sxva politikosis azriT, umravlesobis mier seqsualuri um-ciresobebis mimarT aseTi mZlavri uaryofiTi damokidebulebis

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mizezi Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSia. Tavis mxriv, es SiSi ma-namde marginalizebuli jgufebis aqtiurobis zrdas ukavSir-deba, radgan seqsualuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi ukve naklebad imalebian da TavianTi uflebebis dacvasac moiTxoven. es ki aqamde arsebuli wesrigisa da Zalauflebrivi ierarqiis cvlilebas moiTxovs, rac, upirvelesad, Zalauflebis mqone um-ravlesobisTvis aris miuRebeli da safrTxis Semcveli:

ìsini amboben, rom, ki batono, gqondeT sxva orientacia, magram amas nu afiSirebT. swored am logikaSi aris Zal-auflebis SenarCunebis survili da SiSi imisa, rom Zal-aufleba ar davkargoTo. Tu ar afiSirebs e.i. Cems sazo-gadoebriv struqturas ar ebrZvis, xoda TavisTvis iyos~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

meore mxriv, politikosebTan Catarebuli interviuebis farglebSi, gamoiTqva gansxvavebuli mosazrebac am Temaze. kerZod, aRiniSna, rom samoqalaqo qorwineba mxolod mamakacsa da qals Soris aris dasaSvebi da es debuleba saqarTvelos qristianuli kulturisadmi mikuTvnebulobas daukavSirda:

ìs, rom samoqalaqo qorwinebis subieqtebi unda iyvnen qali da mamakaci, rac dadgenilia RvTisgan da amas ka-cobrioba saukuneebis manZilze ar ayenebda eWvqveS, me mgoni CvenTvisac, 2000wlovani qristianuli kulturis matarebeli qveynisTvisac, unda iyos yovelgvari eWvis gamomricxavi mniSvnelovani mocemuloba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

respondenti yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom seq-sualur umciresobaTa mimarT sazogadoeba protests gamoxa-tavs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed sxva qveynebSic. amis dasadastureblad politikosi evropuli qveynebis magaliTebs asaxelebs da aRniSnavs, rom seqsualuri umciresobebisadmi uarofiTi pozicia globalur masStabebs aRwevs:

`me Zalian gulisyuriT vadevneb im faqtsac Tvals, rom igive StudgardSi, igive safrangeTSi Tu italiaSi mar-valmilioniani marSebi swored im genderis Teoriisgan Tavis aridebas eZRvneba, romelic skolaSi inergeba iqac. ase rom, saqarTvelo ar aris gamonaklisi globalur sa-myaroSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, politikosi).

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SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikosebTan Catarebuli siRr-miseuli interviuebis farglebSi, seqsualur umciresobaTa sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi pozicia. politikosebis erTi nawili aRniSnavs, rom sazogadoebis um-ravlesoba miuReblobiT gamoirCeva seqsualuri umciresobe-bis mimarT da amis mizezad Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSi da Tanasworobis ideisadmi mzaobis nakleboba saxeldeba.

meore nawilis azriT ki, seqsualuri umciresobebi qri-stianuli kulturisTvis miuRebelia, amasTanave, maT mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba globaluri xasiaTis movlenaa da es ar aris mxolod saqarTvelos Tavisebureba.

mediawarmomadgenlebi umciresobaTa Sesaxeb

mediawarmomadgenlebis SefasebiT, qarTvel sazogadoebaSi yvelaze miuReblad seqsualuri da religiuri umciresobebi iTvleba, eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT ki ufro toleran-tuli damokidebulebaa.

umciresobaTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba, ZiriTadad, aqtualobis mixedviT, axali ambebis formatiT xdeba. Tumca, aseve dasaxel-da Toq-Sous tipis gadacemebi, sadac umciresobebis warmomad-genlebs sadiskusiod iwveven. respondentebi xazgasmiT aRniS-naven, rom gaSuqebisas isini sakmaod mgrZnobiared reagireben zemoxsenebuli jgufebis problemebze _ afiqsireben, ganixi-laven Cagvris faqtebs da cdiloben daamkvidron pozicia, rom eTnikuri, religiuri Tu seqsualuri gansxvavebulobis gamo adamiani sazogadoebidan ar unda iriyebodes:

`Cven yovelTvis vcdilobT, rom davanaxoT am xalxs garkveulwilad, vinc daCagrulebis rolSi aRmoCnde-bian, davanaxoT, rom es (Cagvra) ar aris normaluri, es Cveni sazogadoebis nawilia da zustad iseTive adamia-nia, rogorc me, rogorc Tqven da danarCeni sxva da im se-qsualuri an religiuri orientaciiT adamianis garCeva ar SeiZleba, rodesac Sen gaqvs pretenzia, rom xar evro-peli da migaCnia, rom im Rirebulebebs iziareb, romels-ac evropa da dasavleTi zogadad iziarebs~ (siRrmiseu-li interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli);

`vfiqrob, rom Zalian kargi siuJeti iyo, Jurnalisti

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cdilobda eCvenebina, rom esec adamiania, Cven yvelas Cveni ufleba gvaqvs da aravis aqvs ufleba Cemi seq-sualuri, eTnikuri, religiuri gansxvavebulobis gamo Cemze ufro metad igrZnos Tavi. Tu vinme igrZnobs, es mxolod misi da misi sibnelis problemaa~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

aRiniSna, rom telearxebi xSirad xdebian sazogadoebis kri tikis obieqtebi imis gamo, rom seqsualur da religiur umciresobebs uTmoben dros; Tumca, respondentebis TqmiT, kritikis paralelurad, imatebs aseT telegadacemaTa reitin-gic. Toq-Sous tipis gadacemebSi, umciresobebis warmomadgen-lebTan erTad, xSirad monawileoben aseve maTTan dapirispi-rebuli mxareebic, magaliTad, eklesiis warmomadgenlebi, rac, sabolood, rig SemTxvevaSi, konfrontaciiT mTavrdeba:

`mosula yvela mxare, maT Soris sapatriarqoc, romelic me vityodi, am SemTxvevaSi mxarea da, ra Tqma unda, Cxu-biT dasrulebula~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediis war-momadgeneli).

`ra Tqma unda, Cven vxdebiT sazogadoebis kritikis obie-qti imis gamo, rom amden dros vuTmobT maT, Tumca yo-velTvis davuTmobT am xalxs eTers, yovelTvis unda gamoTqvan Tavisi azri zustad imitom, rom isini Cveni sazogadoebis nawilia. (...) reitingi imatebs, magram lanZ-Rva-ginebac imatebs pirdapirproporciulad~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

yvela respondenti aRniSnavs, rom umjobesia umciresobaTa Sesaxeb Temebi sxvadasxva gadacemaSi iyos ganxiluli, vidre arsebobdes calke gadacema specialurad aseTi TematikisTvis, radgan amgvari kategorizacia kidev ufro Seuwyobs xels ze-moxsenebuli jgufebis danarCeni sazogadoebisgan gamijvnas. iTqva isic, rom umciresobaTa Sesaxeb informacia mxolod aqtualuri movlenebis WrilSi ki ar unda Suqdebodes, aramed garkveuli periodulobiT:

`calke gadacema, romelSic Txroba midis erTi konkre-tuli jgufis Sesaxeb _ saboloo jamSi, gamodis, rom es Tema aris gamoyofili yvelaferi sxvisgan, mTeli sain-formacio velidan, mTeli SemoqmedebiTi procesisgan

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da mas, rogorc wesi, uyurebs xolme is jgufi, romel jgufsac exeba aseTi gadacemebi, rogorc wesi. Cven vT-qviT, rom es ar aris swori, realurad umjobesi iqneba Temebi, romelic exebaT sxvadasxva jgufebs, sxvadasxva gansxvavebulobebs, moxdes maTi integrireba yvela sxva danarCen produqtSi. (...) da iqneba garkveuli periodu-lobiT. ar daelodeba imas, rom sanam viRacas ar cemen an viRac ar gamova quCaSi da rames ar ityvis, manamde amaze ar vlaparakobT. am Temebze unda visaubroT~ (siRrmis-euli interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

sayuradReboa, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis SemTxvevaSi, problema aris ara mxolod maTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba, aramed maTi informirebuloba. rogorc zemoT aRi-niSna, qarTuli enis arcodnis gamo, qarTulenovani telegad-acemebi da, zogadad, qarTulenovani media maTTvis naklebad aqtualuri da naklebad xelmisawvdomia. erT-erTi responden-tis TqmiT, enobrivi barieris gamo, eTnikur umciresobebs sin-qronuli Targmanis saSualebiT unda miewodebodeT mTliani sainformacio gamoSveba:

àmocana aris erTi, maT Sesaxeb informaciis integrire-ba saerTo sainformacio velSi, anu maT Sesaxeb informa-ciis miwodeba yvelasTvis da ara mxolod maTTvis. meore, saerTo sainformacio nakadis miwodeba maTTvis, ara 12 wuTis, aramed imdenis, ramdensac vawvdiT yvela sxvas danarCens. xvdebiT, ramdenad rTuli amocanaa? Tu amas ar vakeTebT, e.i. arafers vakeTebT. Tu Cven vsaubrobT imaze, rom maTi integrireba unda moxdes raRacnairad, maTi integrireba unda moxdes, jer erTi, saerTo sain-formacio velSi da meore, is informacia, romelic gva-qvs ganzraxuli sxvebisTvis, unda mivides iqamde~ (siRr-miseuli interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

rac Seexeba imigrantebTan dakavSirebuli Temebis gaSuqebas, ganxilvis procesSi gamoikveTa, rom aseT sakiTxebze yuradRe-ba, Cveulebriv, maSin maxvildeba, roca imigrantebTan dakavSi-rebiT raime Zaladobis faqti moxdeba. meore mxriv, kritikuli SeniSvnebi gamoiTqva aseve am sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis misamarTiTac. magaliTad, miwis ucxoelebisTvis miyidvasTan, agreTve savizo barierebis dawesebasa da imigraciis SezRu-

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dvasTan dakavSirebiT. respondentebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier aRniSnuli savizo barierebis gauqmebaSi didi wvlili mi-uZRvis swored medias da mis aqtiurobas:

`xelovnuri barierebis Seqmna ar SeiZleba xalxisTvis, rom qveyanaSi ver Semovidnen. piriqiT, rac SeiZleba SeRa-vaTiani pirobebi unda gqondes, rom meti studenti moi-zido, is studenti avtomaturad fulia am qveynisTvis, is studenti fuls ixdis Tavis swavlaSi da igive biznes-meni rom Semodis, raRacisTvis Semodis aq, am SemTxvevaSi ufro metad gaxsnili unda iyos qarTuli mxare. sxvaTa Soris, am media politikamac Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo imi-tom, rom mere mouwiaT, saxelmwifos mouwia am Tavisi gadawyvetilebis ukan waReba da savizo barierebi gaauq-ma~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, mediis warmomadgeneli).

saganmanaTleblo sistemis warmomadgenlebi umciresobaTa Sesaxeb

ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebmac qarTvel sazogadoeba-Si yvelaze miuRebul jgufebad, uwinaresad, seqsualuri da religiuri umciresobebi daasaxeles da aseve ucxoelebic:

`yvelaze naklebi mimRebloba aqvT seqsualuri umcire-sobebis mimarT, mere religiuri umciresobebi, mere uc-xoelebi. ucxoelebs Soris: rusebi, mere amerikelebi da istoriaSi rom aswavles, rom mtrebi arian: somxebi, Tur-qebi~. (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis war-momadgeneli)

zogadad, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi, ganaTlebis sistema umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs erovnuli erTobis wevrTa kulturuli homogenizaciis procesSi. kvlevis farglebSi Cven mier Catarebul interviuebidan irkveva, rom saskolo- saganmanaTleblo diskurss mniSvnelovani wvlili Seaqvs `Cven~ jgufidan `sxvebis~ gamoyofaSi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba eTni-kur da religiur umciresobebs. aq gamomJRavnda, erTi mxriv, saswavlo gegmasTan da, meore mxriv, maswavleblebTan dakavSi-rebuli problemebi.

respondentebi miiCneven, rom 2007-2008 wlebis Semdeg sas-wavlo gegma, garkveulwilad, Seicvala da ufro inkluziuri

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gaxda, vidre manamde iyo, magaliTad, Tu adre saxelmZRvane-loebi azerbaijanelebisa da somxebisgan, faqtobrivad, mtris xats qmnida, axla aseTi ram naklebad xdeba. garda amisa, Semu-Savda specialuri saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic moswavleebs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi xalxebis kulturasa da tradiciebs acnobs. amis miuxedavad, respondentebi miuTiTeben, rom pro-blemebi kvlavac mravlad aris:

`saxelmZRvaneloebSi ewera pirdapir aseTi teqstiT: javaxeTSi, rusebis wyalobiT Casaxldnen somxebi da es iyo naRmi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis wanaaRm-deg da 80-iani wlebis bolos iq isev daiwyes Casaxle-ba qarTvelebma, xelaxla gaisma mxiaruli xmebi da isev gacocxlda is mxare. aseTi teqstebi pirdapir ewera. pirdapir ewera, rom isini saSinlebi arian, safrTxes gvi-qmnian da Cven amas unda vuSveloT ase. aseTi saxelmZR-vaneloebi Semdeg, sabednierod, aRar iyo~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

ìs, rom aRar aris gansxvavebulobis mimarT SiSi, es kidev ar niSnavs, rom mimRebloba aris, im etapze varT, rom davZ-lieT seriozuli dapirispirebebi realobasTan an gansx-vavebulobasTan. esec Zalian warmatebulia imitom, rom gaqra zizRis ena, gaqra mtris saxis tiraJirebis mcdel-obebi, magram es mTlad Tavisufali mainc ar aris~ (siRr-miseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

respondentebis Sefasebebi exmianeba saskolo saxelmZR-vaneloebis kvlevaTa Sedegebs (RvinianiZe, barqaia, 2014; mam-edovi, 2016,), romlebmac gamoavlina, rom moswavleebisTvis gankuTvnili wignebi kvlavac Seicavs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis mimarT diskrimina-ciis elementebs da xels uwyobs `Cven~ jgufisgan maT gamo-calkevebas. magaliTad, rig saxelmZRvaneloebSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi da azerbaijanlebi ufro somxeTisa da azer-baijanis konteqstSi ganixilebian da naklebad warmogvidgebian qarTveli eris ganuyofel nawilad. zemoxsenebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad, xSirad samoqalaqo ganaTlebis sagnis nacvlad mas-wavleblebi istoriis gakveTils atareben.

Cven mier gamokiTxuli respondentebi miiCneven, rom sa-

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xelmZRvaneloebis problema SedarebiT ufro martivi mosagva-rebelia, vidre maswavleblebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis daZleva, radgan, xSirad, miuxedavad imisa, ra weria saxelmZ-RvaneloSi, maswavlebli mainc Tavisi piradi damokidebulebis mixedviT aswavlis sagans. maswavlebeli, Tavisi gadmosaxedi-dan, cdilobs patriotebad aRzardos moswavleebi, rac, Cveu-lebriv, gulisxmobs marTlmadideblobis aqcentirebasa da `sxvebisagan~ mtris xatis Seqmnas. respondentebis mosazrebebi emTxveva erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegebs (`religia sajaro sko-lebSi~), sadac aRniSnulia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi maswavleble-bi Tavs movaled miiCneven moswavleTa marTlmadidebluri rw-mena ganamtkicon da sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevari moswavleebic `moaqcion~:

`maswavlebeli cota ufro mZimea, vidre saxelmZRvane-lo. maswavlebeli verbalur doneze gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas da es kargad Cans, roca pedagogebs xvdebi moswavleebis gareSe~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ga-naTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

`maswavleblebs e.w. dafaruli kurikulumi aqvT, rac SeiZleba oficialurad arsad ar weria, magram maT war-modgenaSi arsebobs, rom TavianTi moswavleebi unda aRzardon patriotebad, im gagebiT, rom am xalxma Sein-arCunos Tavisi identoba, vTqvaT, igive religiuri kuTxiT da es mniSvnelovani problemaa. nacionalistu-ria im gagebiTac, rom xSirad eubnebian moswavleebs, rom maT emuqrebaT safrTxeebi qveynis garedan da unda SeZ-lon am safrTxeebTan gamklaveba, rac aris arasasurveli gavlenebi maTze. magaliTad: tradiciebis dakargva, an sakuTari enobrivi kuTvnilebis dakargva~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

maswavleblebis amgvari `TviTSemoqmedebis~ garda, sakmaod problemurad ganixileba saganmanaTleblo procesSi eklesiis CarTulobac. erT-erTi repondentis TqmiT, arsebobs prece-denti, roca istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi, sxva aRmsareblobis cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebis CamoTvlas, eklesia protestiT gamoexmaura:

`sapartiarqo Tavis droze aprotestebda, rom meSvide

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klasis istoriis wignSi weria sxva aRmsareblobis da sxva religiis cnobili qarTvelebio. am siaSi sad ariano marTlmadideblebio, ratom ar weriano~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

respondentebis TvalsazrisiT, umciresobebis mimarT mim-Reblobis gazrdis misaRwevad, saxelmZRvaneloebis cvlile-basTan erTad, saWiroa saganmanaTleblo sistemis farglebSi umciresobebis jgufebTan urTierTkomunikaciis gaaqtiureba, raTa saskolo garemo ufro inkluziuri gaxdes:

`skolebSi unda iyos bevri manifestacia identobis sxva mxaris. arsebobs plakatebi, sadac weria `gaumarjos raRacas~, magram ar aris, vTqvaT, fotoebi `Tbilisis istoria~, sadac ewereboda, rom es aris somexi gamyidve-li, somexi kintoebi, rom hgoniaT, rom kintauri qarTu-li cekvaa. mniSvnelovania eqskursiebis dagegmva, rome-lic specialurad amazea orientirebuli, saxelmZRvane-loebis ganviTareba~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTle-bis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

respondentebma imigraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebzec isaubres da am SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTaTad, pakistaneli, indoeli da indonezieli studentebi iqna naxsenebi. imigraciis proce-si pozitiurad fasdeba imis safuZvelze, rom adgilobrivebi maTTvis axal kulturasa da Rirebulebebs ecnobian:

`me mgoni, rom Zalian dadebiTi gavlena aqvT Cvens stu-dentebze. ai, magaliTad, samedicinoSi Zalian bevri urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTSi, jer iseTi ara, rogoric unda hqondeT, mainc jguf-jgufad cxovroben TavisT-vis, magram socializacias mainc axerxeben erTmaneTSi da qarTvelebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom dain-axon, rom raRac sxva kulturac arsebobs. ZiriTadad pakistaneli, indoelebi, indonezielebi arian, isini axerxeben, rom TviTorganizeba gaukeTon raRac kultu-rul RonisZiebebs~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

studentebis garda, yuradReba gamaxvilda imigrant moswav-leebzec da am mxriv gamoikveTa zogadi problema _ saqarTve-los ganaTlebis sistemis moumzadebloba imigrant bavSvebTan samuSaod. aRiniSna aseve, konkretulad, dasavleTis qveyne-

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bidan Camosuli bavSvebis adaptaciis sirTule saqarTveloSi saskolo swavlebis ufro avtoritarul stilTan:

`(dasavleTis qveynidan Camosuli bavSvi) arasasurve-li tipia klasSi imitom, rom zustad imas ambobs, rasac fiqrobs da rasac ambobs, imis dacva SeuZlia da maswav-leblebi iZaxian, rom yvelaferSi cxvirs hyofs. ar hyofs yvelaferSi cxvirs, is gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebu-lebas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

`ganaTlebis sistemam jer ar icis, amas (imigrant bavSvs) rogor unda gaumklavdes. (...) bavSvebs ver rTaven, aras-worad udgebian. magaliTad, eubnebian: Sen prezentacia iranze gaakeTe, amas aRar SeuZlia Tavis iranze laparaki, unda rom iyos iseTi, rogorc yvela. zogma qarTuli ar icis da ar ician aswavlon qarTuli, rogorc meore ena, es problema aris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgeneli).

eklesiis warmomadgeneli umciresobebis Sesaxeb

eklesiis warmomadgenlis mosazrebiT, marTlmadidebloba da qarTuli erovnuli identoba erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, radgan swored marTlmadideblur wiaRSi moaxerxa qarTvelma xalxma avtonomiurad ganeviTarebina mSobliuri ena da kul-tura, rac sxva religiis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Sesabamisad, respondentisTvis marTlmadideblobis Ralati qarTvelobis Ralatad aRiqmeba, da piriqiT. sagulisxmoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi respondentis mosazrebebi exmianeba fokus jgu-febis monacemebs, sadac religiuri umciresobebi aseve `sx-vebad,~ àrasrulyofil~ qarTvelebad ganixileba:

`me Tu vRalatob marTlmadideblobas, amiT vRalatob qarTvelobas, me Tu vRalatob qarTvelobas, amiT vRa-latob marTlmadideblobas, magram am erTobaSi umaRle-si aris qristianoba da erovnuloba aris daqvemdebarebu-li~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

swored im argumentis safuZvelze, rom mxolod marTlma-didebloba iZleva saSualebas qveyanam unikaluri kultura ga-naviTaros, eklesiis warmomadgenlis azriT, SeuZlebelia ar-

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sebobdes qarTul-mahmadianuri an qarTul-kaTolikuri kul-turuli Zeglebi:

àr arsebobs sakuTriv qarTul-musulmanuri kultu-ra. sxvaTaSoris, ara imitom ar arsebobs, rom qarTvel muslimanebs ar SeeZloT ramis Seqmna, saqme imaSia, rom musulmanoba ar iZleva amis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. (...) xdeba universalizacia, ver Seqmni islamSi sakuTar ero-vnul kulturas, ver Seqmni kaTolicizmSi sakuTar ero-vnul kulturas~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis war-momadgeneli).

respondenti qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis yvelaze miuRe-bel jgufad seqsualur umciresobebs asaxelebs da aRniSnavs, rom misi piradi poziciac analogiuria. homoseqsualobas is afasebs rogorc daavadebas da rogorc codvas. aqedan gamom-dinare, es Tema misTvis mniSvnelovania da 17 maisis (romelic, saerTaSoriso masStabiT, homofobiis sawinaaRmdego dRed iTvleba) ojaxis siwmindis dRed gamocxadebas misTvis sagange-bo datvirTva aqvs _ rodesac qarTveli eri ojaxis siwmindis dRes izeimebs, lgbt aqtivistebi ufro metad marginalizebu-lebi gamoCndebian:

`specialurad gaiTvala, ra Tqma unda, imitom, rom am dRes mTeli eri ukve zeimobs ojaxis siwmindis dRes da yvela SemTxvevaSi, im adamianebis vTqvaT gareT gamosv-la, romelic izeimeben, romc izeimon da gamovidnen, am grandiozulobasTan SedarebiT, is iseTi mcire gamoCn-deba, rom... `(siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomad-geneli)

lgbt aqtivistebis sajaro sivrceSi Semosvla respondentis mier momavalSi `homoseqsualobis dakanonebis~ safrTxed aRiqme-ba da amis dasturad dasavleTis qveynebis magaliTs asaxelebs:

`me sul amas vambob, rom es iyo troas cxeni, Tu es gauvi-dodaT, es ganviTardeboda. ratom fiqrobT, rom ar mox-deboda ise, rogorc moxda es evropaSi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesiis warmomadgenlisTvis lgbt Temi, zogadad, swored dasavleTTan asocirdeba. misi azriT, ùz-neoba~ dasavleTidan modis da amas qveynisTvis mniSvnelovan

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safrTxed miiCnevs. mas miaCnia, rom dasavleTi naklebad scems pativs qarTvelebis nebas, romelic `homoseqsualobis dakano-nebas~ ewinaaRmdegeba, es ki, Tavis mxriv, Cveni mosaxleobis antidasavlur ganwyobilebebs aZlerebs:

`ras uSlis, magaliTad, evropas da amerikas is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi pativs miageben ojaxis instituts da ar undaT homoseqsualizmi daakanonon, rogorc norma? ra problemas uqmnis?~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomadgeneli).

seqsualuri umciresobebis garda, respondenti imigraciis Temazec saubrobs da am konteqstSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mi-wis ucxoelebisTvis miyidvis sakiTxze da aRniSnavs, rom sa-qarTveloSi miwis gasxviseba ar unda xdebodes:

àmerikelebs xom vbaZavT, amaSi ratom ar vbaZavT. miwas ver iyidi amerikaSi, veravin iyidis amerikaSi, yvela miwa amerikis saxelwmifos sakuTreba, iyos aqac ese, proble-ma ar aris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eklesiis warmomad-geneli).

arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi umciresobaTa Sesaxeb

eqspertTa SefasebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze liberalur da inkluziur Rirebulebebze ori-entirebul aqtorebad gvevlinebian da rig SemTxvevebSi maTi aqtivobebis samizne jgufebi swored umciresobaTa warmomad-genlebisgan Sedgeba. vinaidan respondentebi CvenTvis sain-tereso jgufebTan muSaoben, umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze maT mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi, zemoT ukve ganvixileT, rogorc eqspertTa Sefasebebi. amave dros, maTi mosazrebebi sayuradReboa im mxrivac, rom isini warmoaCenen arasamTavrobo seqtoris rols sazogadoebaSi ̀ sxvebis~ inklu-ziis mimarTulebiT.

zogadad, mosaxleobis mier yvelaze naklebad misaReb jgu-febad, arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebic, seq-sualur da religiur umciresobebs da aseve Savkanian imigran-tebs asaxeleben. interviuebSi gamoikveTa, rom arasamTavrobo seqtoris aqtivobebi moicavs, erTi mxriv, umciresobaTa ad-

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vokatirebas, informirebas maTi uflebebis Taobaze, umcire-sobaTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavebul sakanonmde-blo cvlilebaTa Tu politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da realuri amoqmedebis xelSewyobas da, meore mxriv, Sesabamis sakiTxebze sazogadoebis umravlesobis yuradRebis gamaxvi-lebas, samoqalaqo cnobierebis donis asamaRleblad aqtiur saqmianobas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. Tumca, arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebi, danarCen eqspertTa msgavsad, miiCneven, rom maTi mcdelobebisa da ukve miRweuli garkveuli Sedegebis miuxedavad, arasamTavrobo seqtoris gavlena mosax-leobis farTo fenebze jer kidev sakmaod sustia:

àrasamTavrobo seqtorma bevri gaakeTa qveynis pro-gresisTvis, igive kanonmdebloba, rac gvaqvs, praqti-kaSi rac keTdeba kargi sxvadasxva Cagruli jgufebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, bevri ram movida ara-samTavrobo seqtoris ZalisxmeviT, magram rom vTqva, rom arasamTavrobo seqtorma moaxerxa da Rirebulebeb-ze maincdamainc didi gavlena iqonia, magasac ver vityvi~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris war-momadgeneli).

interviuebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ara-samTavrobo organizaciaTa susti gavlena, garkveulwilad, gamowveulia maT mimarT sazogadoebis uaryofiTi ganwyobile-bebiTa da ndobis naklebobiT. am faqtorebs ki respondente-bi ramdenime mizeziT xsnian: upirvelesad dasaxelda is, rom, marTalia, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi aqtiurad muSaoben umciresobebaTa mimarT met mimReblobaze, magram xSirad maTi yuradRebis miRma rCeba mwvave socialuri sakiTxebi, romlebic sazogadoebis umravlesobas awuxebs. garda amisa, aRiniSna, rom arasamTavrobo seqtors xSirad uwevs dapirispireba eklesiis warmomadgenlebTan (magaliTad, religiur da seqsualur umci-resobebTan dakavSirebiT) da, aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis mier arasamTavrobo organizaciebi erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian institutTan, eklesiasTan konfrontaciaSi ganixileba:

ènjioebis dRis wesrigebSi ar Cans socialuri sakiTxebi da raRacnairad im pirobebSi, rodesac sazogadoebis um-ravlesobas sxva sakiTxebi awuxebs (ra Tqma unda, es imas

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ar niSnavs, rom enjioebi umravlesobis an Rirebulebebs an survilebs unda akmayofilebdnen, namdvilad ar aris ase, magram), raRaca tipis balansis da socialuri sakiT-xebis aqtualizebis saWiroebas vxedav~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

ènjioebis mimarT negatiur damokidebulebas aZlie-rebs is dapirispireba, romelic eklesiasa da samoqala-qo sazogadoebas Soris arsebobs. (...) SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ZiriTadi Tematikebi, eklesiis mxridan rac aris ga-problemebuli, es aris lgbt sakiTxebi, qalTa uflebebi, antidiskriminaciuli kanoni, es aris is sakiTxi, sadac Zalian kargad Cans RirebulebiTi gansxvaveba eklesias da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris~ (siRrmiseuli in-terviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

zemoxsenebul mizezebTan erTad, interviuebSi gamoikveTa, rom arasamTavrobo seqtoris mimarT undobloba sazogadoeba-Si gavrcelebul e.w. `grantiWamiobis~ stereotipsac ukavSir-deba _ vinaidan umciresobebis, anu `sxvad~ aRqmuli jgufebis problemebi umravlesobis mier qveynisTvis mniSvnelovnad ar aRiqmeba, am sakiTxebis aqtualizacia arasamTavrobo organiza-ciebis mier sazogadoebaSi fasdeba, rogorc xelovnuri, yal-bi, ucxouri grantis misaRebad atexili aurzauri:

`grantiWamiobis koncepti ukavSirdeba ara imas, rom adamianebi, magaliTad, amboben, rom lgbt uflebebs vi-cav, magram sinamdvileSi ar icaven da Wamen fuls (...), aramed ukavSirdeba imas, rom is problema, romelzec Sen ambob, rom muSaob, problema saerTod ar aris qveynisT-vis da Sen igoneb am problemas tyuilad da Wam fuls. amiT cdiloben imis gakeTebas, rom lgbt adamianebi ar iCagrebian, qalebi ar iCagrebian da Tqven axla zixarT, tyuilebs igonebT da amiT iRebT fuls~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

respondentebis azriT, problemas warmoadgens aseve ara-samTavrobo seqtoris politizebis sakiTxic, anu eWvebi ima-sTan dakavSirebiT, rom esa Tu is arasamTavrobo organizacia ama Tu im politikuri partiis mier finansdeba da, Sesabamisad, am partiebis an dasavleTis dakveTas asruleben.

`rodesac enjioebi samarTlianad kritikulebi arian

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mTavrobis mimarT, apelireba xdeba imaze maRalCinos-nebis mxridan, rom amaT ar mousminoT imitom, rom es nacmoZraobas emsaxureba, iq viRac gamova da ityvis, rom amaT dasavleTidan fuli aqvT miRebuli da yuriT moT-reuli programebi aqvT~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, ara-samTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

arasamTavrobo seqtoris dasavleTTan asocireba ukavSirde-ba aseve Rirebulebebis Temas, romelic fokus jgufebis Sede-gebis analizis drosac dafiqsirda. garkveuli Rirebulebebis safuZvelze `Cven~ jgufidan gamoyofili romelime `sxva~ jgu-fi (gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri umciresobebi), romelTa uf-lebebsac xSirad swored arasamTavrobo organizaciebi icaven, ùcxod~ da dasavleTidan Tavsmoxveulad aRiqmeba. am sakiTxze yuradRebas amaxvileben arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgen-lebic da amgvar bmas prorusuli propagandis nawilad miiCneven:

`yvelaze seriozulad rac muSaobs, es aris mizogenuri da homofobiuri diskursi: dasavleTi, feministi qale-bi, `gapidarasteba~ saqarTveloSi da esec zrdis antida-savlur ganwyobebs. (...) dasavleTi _ garyvnili, perver-siulia, xolo wminda ojaxebs icavs ruseTi. calkeuli agentebi saqarTveloSi am diskurss aseve awarmoeben~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris war-momadgeneli).

respondentebis azriT, imisaTvis, rom arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebis aqtivoba ufro efeqtiani iyos, sazogadoebasTan muSaobisas maT, erTi mxriv, naklebad evrocentruli midgo-ma unda gamoiyenon da aqcenti ufro avTentur, adgilobriv praqtikaze unda gadmoitanon da, meore mxriv, mniSvnelovania, rom arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba iyos ara swavlebaze orientirebuli da ierarqiuli, aramed ufro efuZnebodes gamocdilebis gaziarebas. amasTan, aRiniS-na, rom komunikacia gansakuTrebiT nayofieria, Tuki gamocdi-lebis gamziarebeli Tavad aris `sxvad~ aRqmuli jgufis wevri da sakuTar gamocdilebaze saubrobs:

`maqsimalurad unda dacalo ena am evrocentrizmisgan da raRac tipis orientalizmebisgan, romelic CvenTan aris, rom raRac iqidan unda viswavloT. avTenturi nacionalu-

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ri praqtikebi da narativebi unda aRmovaCinoT, ubralod amas muSaoba unda da amas aravin ar akeTebs~ (siRrmiseu-li interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli).

`Sen rodesac midixar adamianebTan im ganwyobiT, rom Sen imas raRac unda aswavlo, rogorc wesi, Cemi gamocdile-bidan, es aris Zalian cudi imitom, rom ierarqias aweseb Tavidanve da auditorias es arasdros moswons. (...) me imisTvis ki ar movedi, rom Sen raRac gaswavlo, ubralod giziareb Cems gamocdilebas, SeiZleba konkretul sa-kiTxze meti vicode imitom, rom uSualod Cemi cxovrebaa da plius amas Cemi samuSao sferos nawilia da me amas ga-giziareb, me ar gaswavli, me Sen giziareb. eg moqmedebs xolme kargad. aseve is moqmedebs, rodesac pirvel pirSi saubrobs adamiani, Zalian kargad moqmedebs~ (siRrmiseu-li interviu, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli.)

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, zemoT CamoTvlili jgu-febi ìnternalur sxvebad~, an ùcxoebad~ aRiqmebian, radgan isini yvela markeris mixedviT ki ar Tanxvdebian `Cven~ jgu-fisTvis miweril anTropologiur Tu kulturul Tavise-burebebs, aramed mxolod nawilobriv, Sesabamisad, maT Sida jgufis naklebad srulfasovan wevrebad ganixilaven. ufro metic, rig SemTxvevebSi ùcxoebis~ `sxvebad~ gansazRvra xde-ba maTi mikuTvnebiT saqarTvelos gareT arsebul `sxva~ jgu-febTan, magaliTad, eTnikuri umciresobebi aRiqmebian maTi istoriuli warmoSobis qveynebTan kavSirSi, xolo seqsualuri umciresobebi _ dasavleTTan asocirdebian. amave dros, kvle-vis farglebSi mosaxleobasTan Catarebulma fokus-jgufebma da eqspertTa interviuebmac aCvena, rom rogorc eTno-kul-turul, aseve RirebulebiTi sistemis safuZvelze gamoyofil ìnternalur sxvebs~ swored is aerTianebT, rom TiToeuli maTgani `Cven~ jgufisadmi dapirispirebul Zalad da realur safrTxed aRiqmeba. faqtobrivad, yvela es jgufi qarTuli kulturisa da Rirebulebebis gadagvarebis, eTno-kulturuli qarTvelebis raodenobrivi Semcirebisa da, sabolood, mTlia-nad qarTveli eris fizikuri gaqrobis SiSTan asocirdeba.

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eTnikur umciresobebsa da imigrantebze saubrisas fokus jgufis monawileebi gansakuTrebulad amaxvileben yuradRebas ùcxotomelebis~ xarjze qarTvelebis raodenobrivi Semcire-bisa da kidev ufro mZime demografiuli krizisis saSiSroe-baze (ukanaskneli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mosax-leoba, daaxloebiT, 5 milion 400 aTasidan _ 1989 w., 3 milion 720 aTasamde _ 2014 w., anu TiTqmis mesamediT _ 30%-iT Sem-cirda.http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/populati-on/agceris%20cinascari%20shedegebi_30.04.2015.pdf). ùcxotomelis~ cneba saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, religiur umciresobebsac moicavs, radgan aq religia (marTlamdidebluri qristianoba) gadajaWvulia erovnul identobasTan. demografiuli sakiTxe-bi aqtualuria aseve lgbt Temisadmi damokidebulebaSic _ Tu ùcxotomelebis~ SemTxvevaSi eTnikurad qarTvelebis Semcire-bis SiSi eTnikurad araqarTvelebis raodenobis zrdas ukavSir-deba, am SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, demografiul krizisze pasuxism-gebloba im qarTvelebs ekisrebaT, romlebic Sida jgufisTvis miweril genderul da sqesobriv normebs ar iziareben da eris gamravlebaSi wvlilis SetanasTan naklebad asocirdebian.

demografiul problemebze yuradReba gaamaxviles Cven mier gamokiTxulma politikosebmac. Tu, erTi mxriv, demografiuli safrTxe `sxva~ jgufebs, magaliTad, imigrantebs ukavSirdeba, meore mxriv, es Tema `sxva~ jgufebis marginalizaciis gareSec xdeba, radgan imis warmodgena, rom qarTvelma erma met-nakle-bad Soreul perspeqtivaSi SeiZleba aRar iarsebos, SfoTvas iwvevs: `miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani aris yvelaferi, mainc guli dagwydeba, rom 100 wlis mere Seni STamomavloba rom ar iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom dRevandeli adamiani ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi momavali STamomavloba, mainc, na-cionaluri TvalsazrisiT, es guldawyvetis sagani unda iyos da aris (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, `sxvebis~ TviTgamoxatva da so-cialur-politikur arenaze Riad gamoCena Sida jgufis wevrebs Soris safrTxis gancdas gansakuTrebiT amZafrebs (Eisenstadt, 2000). Cven mier gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, piradi Tu politikuri TviTgamoxatvis Rirebuleba saqarTveloSi nakle-bad waxalisebulia, rac gansakuTrebul problemas swored im

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jgufebis mimarT qmnis, romlebic `Cven~ jgufisTvis miweril kulturul normebs ar iziareben: ̀ qarTvelisTis problemuri aris piradi cxovrebis sajaro demonstrireba da sakuTari grZnobebis sajarod gamoxatva, miT umetes, Tu es grZnobebi ar ewereba davuSvaT kulturul normaSi. (...) magaliTad yve-lam SeiZleba icodes, rom mavani geia da yvela patiobdes mas amas da saZmakaco-samegobro urTierTobebSi mas ise eqceod-nen, TiTqos arc araferi xdeba, magram sakmarisia man Tavi-si identobis Sesaxeb xmamaRla daiwyos saubari da sajarod gamoacxados vin aris is, aq moxdeba Zalian didi problema. es mainc dakavSirebulia pirad cxovrebasTan. samarcxvino da a.S. qarTveli ar SeiZleba egeTi, rom qarTvelebi yve-lani magari qalebi da kacebi varT da ar arian sxvanairebi (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti); ̀ Cven ̀ vitanT~ sxvebs Cvens gverdiT _ `vitanT~ manam, sanam es sxvebi ar daiwyeben saku-Tar uflebebze saubars~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

es kavSirSia inglehartis mier SemoTavazebul diqoto-miasTan, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebebi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu razea is orientirebuli: TviTgamoxatvaze Tu gadarCenaze (Inglehart, Weltzel, 2005). rogorc RirebulebaTa kv-levis monacemebi aCvenebs, saqarTveloSi wamyvani swored tra-diciuli da gadarCenaze orientirebuli Rirebulebebia (WVS, 2015). qarTuli kulturis gadarCenaze da Sesabamis Rirebule-bebze orientacias afiqsireben rogorc Cven mier gamokiTxuli eqspertebi, aseve fokus jgufis monawileebic. amis mizezad mosaxleobis mier, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri gaWirveba saxelde-ba: àdamiani, romelic gamomuSavebaze da dRiur sazrdoze fiqrobs, imas arc evropuli Rirsebebi adardebs, arc ameri-kuli civilizacia ainteresebs, is ubralod gadarCenisTvis ibrZvis. Cven is eri varT, romelic am stadiaSi varT, vibrZ-viT gadarCenisTvis~ (fokus jgufi, qali, 31-45).

eqspertebis SefasebiT, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, egzisten-cialuri SfoTvisa da gadarCenaze orientacias iwvevs, ro-gorc mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, umuSevroba da qveynidan axalgazrdebis migraciis tendencia, aseve ruseTTan dakavSi-rebuli mudmivi safrTxis gancda, okupirebuli regionebis arseboba da araintegrirebuli eTnikuri umciresobebi. es

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yvelaferi erTad xels uwyobs eris gaqrobasTan dakavSirebu-li SfoTvis aqtualizacias, rac Tavis mxriv, safuZvels qmnis gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimarT frTxili da uaryofiTi damo-kidebulebisTvis. `saerTod, Cveni kultura ZiriTadad aris gadarCenaze orientirebuli kultura, es ar aris kultura, romelic ganviTarebaze fiqrobs, Cven gvaqvs Zalian didi Si-Sebi Cvens gadarCenasTan dakavSirebiT, es srulebiT bune-brivi aris Tundac im pirobebSi, ra pirobebSic axla Cven varT: afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, ruseTis gavlena, Cven myife saxelmwifo gvaqvs. es aris aseve is, rom Zalian bevri adami-ani cxovrobs saqarTveloSi, romelic qarTul enas ar flo-bs da ar unda integracia qarTvel sazogadoebaSi, an Cven ver vaxerxebT maT davexmaroT am integraciul procesSi am mimarTulebiT, es momenti qmnis erTgvari safrTxis Segne-bas, vaime ar gadavSende an ar gavnadgurde, rogorc eri.~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti); `SiSi zogadad aris imis, rom gaurkvevelia xvalindeli dRe da ra iqneba. puris fuli geqneba, Tu ar geqneba. nu puris fuli SeiZleba met-naklebad gqondes, magram vinme rom avad gagixdes, SeZleb Tu ara, rom umkurnalo?~(siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

SfoTvis gamomwvevi CamoTvlili faqtorebis garda, eqsper-tebTan interviuebSi dasaxelda aseve is arastabiluroba da gaurkvevloba, rac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg dominirebs saqarTveloSi. eqspertTa ganmartebiT, sabWoTa sistemis dan-grevas mohyva simyaris gancdis moSla da im epoqis adamianebs uWirT imasTan Segueba, rom `simyare~ aRar arsebobs da `Tavi-sufali curvis~ mdgomareobaSi imyofebian: `SiSi imis mimarT ki ar aris rac moxdeba, aramed imis mimarT aris, rac ukve mox-da. sinamdvileSi daculi samyaro 25 wlis win ukve daingra. (...) sinamdvileSi Cven Tavisufal curvaSi varT, magram arian adamianebi, romlebsac urCevniaT, rom es ar aRiaron da Tqvan, rom ara _ Cven unda gavagrZeloT ise cxovreba, rogorc vc-xovrobdiT. rogor vcxovrobdiT? Cven bolo 25 welia sru-liad gaSvebulebi varT, aranairi Camoyalibebuli damcavi me-qanizmebi ar aris~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

meore mxriv, SfoTvis wyarod globalizaciisa da evropei-zaciis procesebi gvevlineba (Delanty, 2008), romelzec yurad-

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Rebas amaxvileben, rogorc fokus jgufebis monawileebi, aseve Cven mier gamokiTxuli eqspertebic. zemoT dawvrilebiT iyo ganxiluli, rogor warmoSobs globalizaciasTan dakavSire-buli imigraciis procesebi `Cven~ jgufis yofna-aryofnasTan dakavSirebul SiSs. qarTuli erovnuli identobisa da tradi-ciebis dakargvis safrTxesTan asocirdeba evropeizaciis pro-cesic: `sazogadoeba ganicdis, rom SeiZleba Cven raRac dav-kargoT, rac saqarTvelos identobis nawilia. evrokavSirTan da evropasTan daaxloebas aqvs gavlena SigniT saqarTveloSi identobis sakiTxze~ (siRrmiseuli interviu, eqsperti).

eqspertTa SefasebiT, evropeizaciis konteqtsSi, erovnul identobasa da RirebulebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi yvela-ze met simwvaves seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT iZens. meore mxriv, mosaxleobasTan Catarebuli fokus jgufebic gviCvenebs, rom socialur-politikur arenaze lgbt Temis gaaqtiureba swored evrokavSiris mier Tavsmoxveul procesad miiCneva, rac aseve xels uwyobs am jgufis nacionaluri identobidan margina-lizaciasa da ̀ sxvad~ aRqmas. lgbt Temis garda, evropasTan aso-cirdebian seqtis tipis, aratradiciuli religiuri organiza-ciebic: `(...) midis e.w. Camoyalibeba arasamarTeblivi, aramar-Tali Rirebulebebis. gveubnebian, rom Cven evropisken unda miviswrafodeT, ras viRebT iqedan? kargi aviRoT, evropasac aqvs dadebiTi, ra Tqma unda, magram rodesac Cven gvaiZule-ben, rom bodiSi da gei paradebi CavataroT, es cota qarTul mentalitets ver iRebs~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 46-55); ìeRova, seqtebi ZaliT givardebian ojaxebSi. es seqtebi modian evro-pidan~ (fokus jgufi, kaci, 31-45).

zemoaRniSnul Sexedulebebsa da daskvnebs Tu SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTno-kulturuli da RirebulebiTi si-stemis safuZvelze gamoyofili ùcxoebis~ mimarT SiSi, Zi-riTadad, qarTvelebis kulturul da fizikur gaqrobas ukav-Sirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, egzistencialuri safrTxis mZ-afri gancda da umciresobebis `Cven~ jgufidan eqskluzia, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes TviTgadarCenasTan aso-cirebuli, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis dominantobas, meore mxriv ki, globalizaciisa da evropeizaciis mimarT sazogadoe-bis, rogorc erovnuli erTobis, TavdacviT reaqciebs.

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4. Semajamebeli daskvna

kvlevis zemoganxiluli Sedegebi garkveul safuZvels iZle-va qarTuli erovnuli identobisa da qarTveli sazogadoe-bis RirebulebiTi sistemis Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis Ca-mosayalibeblad. kvlevis Teoriul nawilSi aRniSnuli iyo is sirTule, romelic ukavSirdeba iseTi terminebis ganmar-tebas, rogoricaa: èri~, èrovnuli~, èTnikuri~, `samoqala-qo~. iTqva isic, rom nacionalizmis diferenciacia `samoqa-laqod~ da èTnikurad~ pirobiTi da analizisTvis naklebe-feqtiania (БРУБЕЙКЕР, 2012), Tumca, alternatiuli varianti jer kidev ar aris damkvidrebuli Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi da amitom kvlevis farglebSi, nacionalizmis ori saxis diferenciaciisTvis viyenebT terminebs: ̀ samoqalaqo-politikuri~ da èTno-kulturuli~.

kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa da politikosTa mier qarTuli erovnuli identoba, ZiriTadad, ganisazRvra ara rogorc ukve Camoyalibebuli kategoria, aramed rogorc procesi, romelic eqvemdebareba drois gavlenas, anu cvalebadi politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu kulturuli garemos zemoqmedebas. ISSP-is 2013 wlis èrovnuli identobis~ Sesaxeb raodenobrivi kvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, qarTuli erov-nuli identobis markerebi or faqtorad dajgufda: eTno-kulturul (gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi, qarTvelad grZnob-de Tavs, SegeZlos qarTulad saubari, iyo marTlmadidebeli qristiani) da samoqalaqo-politikurad (dabadebuli iyo sa-qarTveloSi, iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqe da cxovrebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi gqondes gatarebuli). sayuradReboa, rom arc erT faqtorSi ar gaerTianda da arc calke faqtoris sa-xiT gamoiyo `saqarTvelos politikuri institutebisa da ka-nonebis mimarT pativiscemis~ indikatori (es SesaZloa aixsnas imiT, rom Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erovnuli saxelmwi-fo institutebi jer kidev ar aris mkafiod asocirebuli arc eTno-kulturul da arc samoqalaqo identobasTan). rogorc

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qalebis, aseve kacebis mier yvela asakobriv jgufSi `WeSmari-ti qarTvelis~ gansasazRvrad gamoiyo sami yvelaze mniSvne-lovani kriteriumi: Tavs grZnobde qarTvelad, SegeZlos qar-Tulad saubari da gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi, anu rogorc mamakacebisTvis, aseve qalebisTvis, asakis miuxedavad, ufro mniSvnelovania `qarTvelobis~ eTno-kulturuli markerebi, vidre samoqalaqo-politikuri. demografiuli cvladebidan erovnuli identobis samoqalaqo-politikuri markerebisadmi damokidebulebaze gavlenas ar axdens sqesi, Tumca, mciredi gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba asakis niSniT, kerZod, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, rogorc `WeSmariti qarTvelis~ maxasiaTebeli, axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebisTvis ufro mniSvnelova-nia, vidre ufrosi asakis moqalaqeTaTvis; aqve unda iTqvas, rom gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba yvelaze metad amayobs saqarTvelos istoriiT da miRwevebiT kulturis sfe-rosa da sportSi, xolo saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri sistemiT siamayis maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcirea.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevaSi monawile politikosTa azriT, qarTuli erovnuli identobis qvakuTxedad unda CaiTvalos erTmaneTze morgebuli eTno-kulturuli da samoqalaqo-po-litikuri faqtorebi.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom fokus jgufebis mona-wileni yvelaze Zlier emociur siaxloves saqarTvelosTan ganicdian da saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba nebismieri sxva qvey-nis moqalaqeobas urCevniaT. samSoblos Semdeg respondente-bi yvelaze met siaxloves evropasTan grZnoben. maTi azriT, qarTvelebis dasavleTisken ltolva Tavisuflebis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli da evropasTan TviTidentifikaciis mizez-ad saerTo Rirebulebebi asaxeleben, kerZod, Tavisufleba da tolerantoba. xazgasasmelia, rom evropasTan siaxloves, Zi-riTadad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi, dasaqmebule-bi da studentebi ganicdian da am mxriv mniSvnelovania aseve politikis Sesaxeb informirebulobis done _ rac ufro nakle-bia gamokiTxulTa informirebuloba politikis Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebad axlos grZnoben isini Tavs evropasTan. Sede-gebma gviCvena, rom sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufis respondente-bi, siaxlovis gansazRvrisas, ZiriTadad, im qveynebsa Tu regio-

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nebs asaxeleben, romelTanac aqvT an hqoniaT piradi kavSiri. ufrosi asakis respondentebi ufro xSirad asaxeleben ruseTs an kavkasias, radgan iTvaliswineben megobrul, naTesaur, re-ligiur Tu istoriul kavSirebs da urTierTobis gamocdile-bas. msjelobisas SeimCneva maTi erTgvari ambivalenturi damo-kidebuleba _ evropa maTTvis aqtualuri Tvalsawieris miRmaa da mas xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc `Sors~ arsebul sivrces, romelsac saqarTvelo araferSi sWirdeba. meore mxriv, ru-seTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia TiTqos ar aZlevT uflebas, rom okupant qveyanasTan siaxlove igrZnon da daafiqsiron.

respondentTa nawilis azriT, evropa garkveuli tipis sa-frTxesac warmoadgens saqarTvelosTvis. dasavleTidan Semo-sul liberalur Rirebulebebs isini eWvis TvaliT uyureben da SiSoben, rom qarTvelebma TavianTi erovnuli Tavisebure-bebi da kultura ar dakargon; gamoikveTa aseve sapirispiro mosazrebac, rom swored kulturuli siaxlovisa da Rirebu-lebebis msgavsebis safuZvelze qarTvelebi ufro axlos evro-pelebTan arian. kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli fokus jgu-febis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom respondentebi mgrZnobiareni arian modernizaciisa da globalizaciis procesisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli gaurkvevlobis mimarT da mas qarTuli erovnu-li identobisTvis safrTxed aRiqvamen. dasavleTisa da masTan dakavSirebuli liberaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT qarTvel sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyoba Zalian hgavs SfoTvas, ro-melsac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, jerard delanti am saukunis damaxasiaTebel Strixs uwodebs (Delanty, 2008). Tanamedrove epoqaSi SfoTva warmoiSva daucvelobis donis amaRlebis fon-ze, riskisa da gaurkvevlobis im siWarbesTan erTad, romels-ac gza gauxsna globalizaciam. zogadad ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropeli `sxvebi~, msoflios sxva regionebis warmomad-genlebTan SedarebiT ufro naklebad ucxoebi arian Cveni sa-zogadoebisTvis, radgan Sida jgufi, eTno-kulturuli mar-kerebis mixedviT, nakleb gansxvavebas xedavs Tavis Tavsa da evropelebs Soris; siaxlovis gancda evropelebTan gacilebiT maRalia, vidre azielebTan, afrikelebTan da a.S.

gamokiTxul respondentTa azriT, moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs

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saxelmwifoSi mimdinare samoqalaqo da politikur procesebSi CarTulobas. maTi umravlesobis damokidebuleba samoqala-qo valdebulebebisadmi asakisa da sqesis mxriv homogenuria. samoqalaqo valdebulebebis nawilSi gamoiyo sami Tematuri faqtori: solidaroba, politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeoba da kanonis uzenaesoba; solidarobis faqtori ufro metad dama-xasiaTebelia axalgazrda da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone re-spondentebisTvis.

sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebisadmi mosax-leobis damokidebulebis analizma gviCvena, rom erT-erTi sak-vanZo faqtori aris ndoba konkretuli institutis mimarT. ek-lesia amJamad swored ndobis maRali maCveneblis safuZvelze ikveTeba yvelaze gavlenian institutad, politikuri partie-bisadmi ndobis nakleboba ki gansazRvravs mosaxleobis dabal aqtivobas politikur da samoqalaqo sferoSi. kvlevis farg-lebSi gamokiTxuli eqspertebi da fokus jgufebis monawileni skeptikurad afaseben qarTul politikur speqtrs. politiku-ri partiebis SemTxvevaSi ZiriTad problemad unda CaiTvalos saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gaazrebuli koncefciis, grZelva-diani xedvis ararseboba, rac politikur partiebs aiZulebs, amomrCevlis cvalebad ganwyobebs moergon. fokus jgufebis monawileTa umravlesoba undoblobas gamoxatavs politikuri partiebis mimarT. imedgacruebisa da ukmayofilebis ZiriTad mizezad mosaxleobis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da maso-brivi umuSevroba saxeldeba.

siRrmiseuli interviuebis farglebSi gamokiTxulma TiT-qmis yvela eqspertma erovnul identobaze gavlenis momxden aqtorTa Soris dResdReobiT yvelaze Zlier institutad ek-lesia daasaxela. eklesiis siZliere efuZneba mis mimarT sa-zogadoebis ndobas. eqspertTa erTi nawilis azriT, qarTuli erovnuli identoba formirebis procesSia. Sesabamisad, ver vityviT, rom mocemul etapze erovnuli identoba mxolod erTi romelime institutis, Tundac eklesiis, gavlenas ganic-dis. miuxedavad imisa, rom religia, rogorc erovnuli iden-tobis maxasiaTebeli TandaTan sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeba, paralelurad alternatiuli diskursebis gavlenac Zlierde-ba, rac Tanamedrove procesebis Tanamdevi movlenaa.

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sasuliero pirTan Catarebuli siRrmiseuli intervius Se-degebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amJamad eklesiis winaSe arsebuli umTavresi gamowveva aris rogorc mrevlis, aseve sasuliero pirebis ganaTlebis problema. eklesiis war-momadgenlis azriT, mrevls, upirvelesad, swored eklesiam unda misces dadebiTi magaliTi.

winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa TvalsazrisiT, amJamad saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo seqtori umTavresia im institutebs Soris, romlebic samoqalaqo iden-tobis Camoyalibebaze zrunaven, riTic TavisTavad upirispir-debian eTno-kulturul identobas. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom saWiroa arasamTavrobo seqtoris muSaobis strategiis gadaxe-dva, radgan didi resursis xarjvis miuxedavad, Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, isini ver xedaven iseTi masStabis cvlilebebs, rogoric daaxloebiT ocdaxuTwlian muSaobas unda mohyolo-da.

gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi fi-qroben, rom dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi moqmedi arasamTavro-bo organizaciebis ZiriTadi saqmianobis sfero saxelmwifos kritika da monitoringia, rac, sabolood, sazogadoebisgan maT daSorebas iwvevs. sazogadoebrivi ndobis deficits ara-samTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi ukavSireben im faqts, rom isini nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben sazogadoebis umravlesobisTvis mtkivneul da aqtualur sakiTxebs. respon-dentebis azriT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqcia ar aris umravlesobis problemebis mogvareba, magram, meore mx-riv, isini xedaven TavianT saqmianobaSi socialuri sakiTxebis aqtualizaciis saWiroebas. siRrmiseuli interviuebis farg-lebSi gamokiTxuli arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenle-bis TvalsazrisiT, arasamTavroboebisadmi sazogadoebis ndo-bis naklebobas xels uwyobs aseve am seqtoris politizaciis mcdeloba.

mosaxleobasTan Catarebuli fokus jgufebi da eqspert-Ta interviuebi gviCvenebs, rom, zogadad, tolerantul da-mokidebulebasTan erTad, eTnikuri umciresobebi erovnuli identobis safuZvelze gansazRvrul `Cven~ jgufSi naklebad moiazrebian. gansxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis

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gamo, isini `sxvebad~ aRiqmebian da Sida jgufis wevrebisTvis (romlebsac am SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi warmoadgenen) iseT safrTxeebTan asocirdebian, rogoric aris, magaliTad, teritoriis an ekonomikuri resursebis miTviseba. ufro zo-gadad ki, aRniSnuli tipis safrTxeebi qarTvelebis ricxobriv Semcirebasa da Tavis qveyanaSi umciresobad gadaqcevis an saer-Tod gaqrobis SiSs ukavSirdeba. daaxloebiT msgavsi tendencia vlindeba imigrantebis mimarTac. imigrantebis matebis xarjze eTnikurad qarTvelebis raodenobrivi klebis SiSTan erTad, gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom imigran-tebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven da `Cven~ jgufis materialur resursebs iTviseben. Sesabamisad, gamokiTxuli respondentebis mier imigrantebis-admi gamomJRavnebuli uaryofiTi damokidebuleba upirvele-sad, swored am faqtorebs efuZneba.

imigrantebi da erovnuli umciresobebi, rasobrivi, ero-vnuli, eTnikuri Tu kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, mkveTrad gansxvavebul `sxvad~ aRiqmeba, romelic qarTuli erovnuli identobis erT-erT fundamentur komponents _ qarTul miwas isakuTrebs. xolo miwisa da teritoriis dacva qarTvelebisT-vis, istoriulad, uSualod ukavSirdeba erovnuli identobis SenarCunebas. axalgazrda respondentebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufrosi asakis respondentebi ufro met miuReblobas amJRav-neben imigrantebis mimarT.

kvlevis farglebSi mosaxleobasTan Catarebuli fokus jgufebisa da eqspertTa interviuebidan gamomdinare, SeiZ-leba iTqvs, rom, rogorc eTno-kulturuli, aseve Rirebu-lebiTi sistemis safuZvelze gamoyofil ìnternalur sx-vebs~ (igulisxmeba religiuri da seqsualuri umciresobebi) swored is aerTianebT, rom TiToeuli maTgani `Cven~ jgufi-sadmi dapirispirebul Zalad da realur safrTxed aRiqmeba. faqtobrivad, yvela es jgufi qarTuli kulturisa da Rire-bulebebis gadagvarebis, eTno-kulturuli qarTvelebis rao-denobrivi Semcirebisa da, sabolood, mTlianad qarTveli eris fizikuri gaqrobis SiSTan asocirdeba. eTnikur umciresobebsa da imigrantebze saubrisas fokus jgufis monawileebi gansa-kuTrebiT amaxvileben yuradRebas ùcxotomelebis~ xarjze

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qarTvelebis raodenobrivi Semcirebisa da kidev ufro mZime demografiuli krizisis saSiSroebaze.

dasasruls, imeds gamovTqvamT, rom winamdebare kvleva, misi Sedegebi da maTze damyarebuli daskvnebi, met-naklebad asa-xavs qarTveli sazogadoebis Tanamedrove saxes da garkveul wvlils Seitans qarTuli erovnuli identobisa da Rirebule-bebiTi sistemis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

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_ 368 _

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cialur mecnierebaTa seria.

_ 370 _

7. danarTi

ISSP 2013 erovnuli identoba

Q. 1. ramdenad axlos grZnobT Tavs... (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod

erTi ujra TiToeul xazze)

Zalian axlos axlos

arc ise axlos

saerTod ar vgrZnob siaxloves

miWirs pasuxis gacema

a) Tqvens qalaqTan o o o o o

b) Tqvens raionTan o o o o o

g) saqarTvelosTan o o o o o

d) evropasTan o o o o o

Q. 2. zogi adamianis azriT, qvemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebi mniSvnelova-nia imisTvis, rom WeSmariti (naRdi) qarTveli iyo. sxvebi Tvlian, rom arc ise mniSvnelovania. Tqven rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli sakiTxi?Tavs... (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra TiToeul xazze)

Zalian mniSvne-lovania

sakmaod mniSvne-lovania

arc ise mniSvne-lovania

saerTod araa mniSvne-

lovania

miWirs pasuxis gacema

a. dabadebuli iyo saqarTveloSi o o o o o

b. gqondes saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba o o o o o

g. cxovrebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi gqondes gatarebuli o o o o o

d. SegeZlos qarTulad saubari o o o o o

e. iyo marTlmadide-beli qristiani o o o o o

v. pativs scemde saqar-Tvelos politikur in-s titutebsa da kanonebs o o o o o

z. Tavs grZnobde qarTvelad o o o o o

T. gyavdes qarTveli winaprebi o o o o o

_ 371 _

Q. 3. ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT mocemul de-bulebebs? (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra TiToeul xaz ze)

srul

iad

veTan

xmeb

i

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r v

eTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba mirCevnia nebismieri sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas.

o o o o o o

b. dResdReobiT saqarTvelos realobaSi arsebobs rigi sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc saqarTvelosi mrcxvenia.

o o o o o o

g. msoflio gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda, sxva qveynebis mosaxleoba qarTvelebis msgavsi rom iyos.

o o o o o o

d. mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelo ukeTesi qveyanaa, vidre sxva qveynebis umraveloba.

o o o o o o

e. xalxma mxari unda dauWiros sakuTar qveyanas maSinac ki, rodesac is araswori gziT midis.

o o o o o o

v. meamayeba qarTveloba, rodesac Cemi qveyana saerTaSoriso sportul RonisZiebebze warmatebiT gamodis.

o o o o o o

z. xSirad ise ver vamayob saqarTveloTi, rogorc visurvebdi. o o o o o o

T. msoflio ukeTesi iqneboda, qarTvelebi saqarTvelos naklovanebebs rom aRiarebdnen.

o o o o o o

_ 372 _

Q. 4. ramdenad amayobT saqarTveloTi qvemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxeb-Si? (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra TiToeul xazze)

Zal

ian

vama

yob

sakm

aod v

amay

ob

arc i

se v

amay

ob

saer

Tod a

r

vama

yob

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. imiT, Tu rogor muSaobs demokratia o o o o o

b. saqarTvelos politikuri gavleniT msoflioSi

o o o o o

g. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri miRwevebiT o o o o o

d. misi socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemiT o o o o o

e. misi samecniero da teqnikuri miRwevebiT o o o o o

v. misi sportuli miRwevebiT o o o o o

z. misi miRwevebiT xelovnebisa da literaturis sferoebSi

o o o o o

T. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT o o o o o

i. misi istoriiT o o o o o

k. mis mier sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela jgufis samarTliani da Tanaswori mopyrobiT o o o o o

_ 373 _

axla gvinda ramdenime SekiTxva dagisvaT saqarTvelos urTierTobe-

bis Sesaxeb sxva qveynebTan.

Q. 5. ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT mocemul debule-bebs? (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra TiToeul xazze)

srul

iad

veTan

xebi

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r v

eTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. erovnuli ekonomikis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelom unda SezRudos ucxouri produqtebis importi.

o o o o o o

b. saerTaSoriso organizaciebs unda hqondeT iZulebis ufleba garkveuli problemebis gadasawyvetad, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, garemos dabinZureba.

o o o o o o

g. saqarTvelom sakuTari interesebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos maSinac ki, Tu es sxva erebTan konfliqts gamoiwvevs.

o o o o o o

d. ucxoelebs ar unda hqondeT saqarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba. o o o o o o

e. saqarTvelos televizia upiratesobas qarTul filmebsa da programebs unda aniWebdes. o o o o o o

_ 374 _


srul

iad

veTan

xmeb

i

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. didi saerTaSoriso kompaniebi sul ufro met zians ayeneben adgilobriv bizness saqarTveloSi.

o o o o o o

b. Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi ukeTesi produqtebi xdeba xelmisawvdomi.

o o o o o o

g. zogadad, saqarTvelom im saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos, romlis wevricaa, maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba maT ar eTanxmeba.

o o o o o o

d. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobas Zalauflebis did nawils arTmeven.

o o o o o o

e. sakuTar Tavs msoflios moqalaqed ufro vTvli, vidre romelime qveynis.

o o o o o o

_ 375 _

axla gvinda ramdenime SekiTxva dagisvaT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb

umciresobebTan dakavSirebiT.


srul

iad

veTan

xmeb

i

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r v

eTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. SeuZlebelia srulad gaqarTveldnen is adamianebi, romlebic saqarTvelos wes-Ceulebebsa da tradiciebs ar iziareben.

o o o o o o

b. mTavroba unda daexmaros eTnikur umciresobebs, rom sakuTari wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi SeinarCunon.

o o o o o o

Q. 8. zogs miaCnia, rom qveynisTvis ukeTesia, Tuki sxvadasxva raso-brivi da eTnikuri jgufebi sakuTar gansxvavebul wes-Cveule-bebsa da tradiciebs SeinarCuneben. sxvebi fiqroben, rom um-jobesia, Tuki es jgufebi sazogadoebasTan adaptacias moax-denen da masSi gaiTqvifebian. am mosazrebebidan romeli ufro axlosaa Tqvens TvalsazrisTan?

a. sazogadoebisTvis umjobesia, Tuki es jgufebi gansxvavebul wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs SeinarCuneben. o

b. umjobesia, Tuki es jgufebi sazogadoebasTan adaptacias moaxdenen da masSi gaiTqvifebian. o

miWirs pasuxis gacema o

_ 376 _

Q. 9. sxva qveynebidan Camosul, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb imigrante-bze sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs (ìmigrantebSi~ igulisxmeba is adamianebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad Camo-dian). ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT mocemul debulebebs? (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra TiToeuli xazze)

srul

iad

veTan

xmeb

i

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r v

eTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. imigrantebi danaSaulis ricxvs zrdian.

o o o o o o

b. imigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis zogadad kargia. o o o o o o

g. imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven. o o o o o o

d. imigrantebi axali ideebisa da kulturis SemotaniT qarTul sazogadoebas aumjobeseben.

o o o o o o

e. imigrantebi qarTul kulturas Zirs uTxrian. o o o o o o

v. saqarTveloSi legalurad mcxovreb imigrantebs, romlebsac ar aqvT qveynis moqalaqeoba, iseTive uflebebi unda hqondeT, rogorc qarTvel moqalaqeebs.

o o o o o o

z. saqarTvelom ufro mkacr zomebs unda mimarTos, raTa ar dauSvas aralegaluri imigrantebi.

o o o o o o

T. legaluri imigrantebisaTvis iseve unda iyos xelmisawvdomi sajaro ganaTleba (ufaso sajaro saSualo skolebi), rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis.

o o o o o o

_ 377 _

Q. 10. rogor fiqrobT, dRes saqarTveloSi imigrantebis raodenoba unda...

bevrad gaizardos o

cotaTi gaizardos o

igive darCes o

cotaTi Semcirdes o

bevrad Semcirdes o


Q.11. imigrantebis Sesaxeb qvemoT CamoTvlili debulebebidan romeli ufro axlosaa Tqvens TvalsazrisTan?

imigrantebma sakuTari kultura unda SeinarCunon da ara saqarT-

velos kultura SeiTvison o

imigrantebma sakuTari kulturac unda SeinarCunon da saqarTvelos

kulturac unda SeiTvison o

imigrantebma sakuTar kulturaze uari unda Tqvan da saqarTvelos

kultura unda SeiTvison o


Q. 12. ramdenad amayobT imiT, rom qarTveli xarT?

Zalian vamayob o

sakmaod vamayob o

arc ise vamayob o

sruliad ar vamayob o

ar var qarTveli o


_ 378 _

Q13. ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT imas, rom patriotuli grZnobebi saqarTveloSi...

(gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra TiToeul xazze)

srul

iad

veTan

xmeb

i

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

a. aZlierebs saqarTvelos pozicias msoflioSi o o o o o o

b. saqarTveloSi aratolerantobas (Seuwynareblobas) iwvevs o o o o o o

g. saWiroa imisTvis, rom saqarTvelom erTianoba SeinarCunos

o o o o o o

d. imigrantebis mimarT negatiur damokidebulebebs iwvevs o o o o o o

Q. 14. xarT Tu ara saqarTvelos moqalaqe?

diax o

ara o

Q. 15. Tqveni dabadebisas, orive, arc erTi Tu mxolod erTi mSobeli iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqe?

orive mSobeli saqarTvelos moqalaqe iyo o

mxolod mama iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqe o

mxolod deda iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqe o

arc erTi mSobeli ar iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqe o

_ 379 _

arasavaldebulo

Q. 16. ramdenad xSirad gsmeniaT an wagikiTxavT evrokavSirze?

xSirad o

sakmaod xSirad o

arc ise xSirad o

saerTod ara o


Tu Q 16-ze miiReT pasuxi `saerTod ara,~ arasavaldebulo kiTxvebis

danarCeni nawili gamotoveT.

Q. 17 zogadad, rogor fiqrobT, saqarTvelo miiRebs raime sargebels evrokavSiris wevrobiT Tu ara?

Zalian did sargebels miiRebs o

did sargebels miiRebs o

sakmao sargebels miiRebs o

mxolod mcire sargebels miiRebs o

aranair sargebels ar miiRebs o


arasdros msmenia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb o

Q. 18. ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT qvemoT CamoTvlil deb-ulebebs? (gTxovT, moniSnoT mxolod erTi ujra)

srul

iad

veTan

xmeb

i

veTan

xmeb

i

arc v

eTan

xmeb

i,

arc a

r v

eTan

xmeb

i

ar v

eTan

xmeb

i

srul

iad a

r

veTan

xmeb

i

miWi

rs

pasu

xis

gacem

a

saqarTvelom evrokavSiris gadawyveti-lebebis mixedviT unda imoqmedos maSinac ki, Tu maT ar eTanxmeba

o o o o o o

_ 380 _

Q. 19. zogadad, rogor fiqrobT, wevri qveynebis xelisuflebebTan SedarebiT, evrokavSirs unda hqondes gacilebiT meti, meti, imdenive, naklebi Tu gacilebiT naklebi Zalaufleba?

gacilebiT meti o

meti o

imdenive o

naklebi o

gacilebiT naklebi o


Q. 20. dRes rom referendumi Catardes imis gadasawyvetad, gaxdes Tu ara saqarTvelo evrokavSiris wevri qveyana, xmas sasargeblod miscemdiT Tu winaaRmdeg?

sasargeblod mivcemdi xmas o

winaaRmdeg mivcemdi xmas o


_ 381 _

fokus jgufis sadiskusio gegma

1. rogor fiqrobT, ra Rirebulebebis garSemo erTiandeba qarTveli sazogadoeba da ra Rirebulebebi hyofs mas?

2. rogor Seicvala es Rirebulebebi Tqvens Taobasa da Tqvens wina Taobas Soris?

3. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT romelime movlena/situacia, roca gansakuTrebuli siamaye/sircxvili igrZeniT imis gamo, rom qarTveli xarT? ratom?

4. rogor fiqrobT, unda arsebobdes Tu ara erovnebis/eTni-kurobis grafa piradobis mowmobebSi? ratom?/ratom ara?

5. Tqveni azriT, gulisxmobs Tu ara moqalaqeoba garkveul valdebulebebs? ras? ratom?

6. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad axlos grZnoben qarTvelebi Tavs kavkasielebTan, rusebTan da evropelebTan? ratom? Tqven visTan ufro axlos grZnobT Tavs? ratom?

7. rogor fiqrobT, saerTaSoriso masStabiT, ra uqmnis yve-laze did safrTxes qarTvel sazogadoebas?

8. Tqveni azriT, ra tipis problemebi aqvT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs? ra rols unda asru-lebdes saxelmwifo eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSire-biT?

9. TqvenTvis Tu iqneboda misaRebi, eTnikuri umciresobe-bis warmomadgenelTa xilva saqarTvelos pirvel pirebad (magaliTad, prezidentad/premier-ministrad)? ratom?/ratom ara?

10. rogor fiqrobT, unda hqondeT Tu ara ucxoelebs sa-qarTveloSi miwis yidvis ufleba? ratom?

11. Tqveni azriT, ra uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs saqarTveloSi imigracias?

12. Tqveni azriT, ra uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs saqarTvelodan emigracias?

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sazogadoebrivi azris SemqmnelebTan sadiskusio gegma

arasamTavrobo seqtori:

1. romel Rirebulebebs gamoyofdiT qarTveli eris da-saxasiaTeblad? Tqveni azriT, ra wvlili Seaqvs ara-samTavrobo seqtors RirebulebaTa CamoyalibebaSi? ra wvlili Seaqvs am Rirebulebebis cvlilebaSi?

2. ra aris Tqveni ZiriTadi aqtivobebi da vizea mimar-Tuli?zogadad, vin aris arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ZiriTadi samizne jgufi: mosaxleoba Tu xelisufleba?

3. rogoria mosaxleobis ndoba arasamTavrobo organiza-ciebis mimarT? xSirad ikveTeba agresia, rogorc `gare-dan Semotanili~ Rirebulebebis gamavrceleblebis, ro-gor pasuxobs amas arasamTavrobo seqtori?

4. Tqveni azriT, dResdReobiT romeli Temebia yvelaze metad, da naklebad aqtualuri dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis?

5. qarTul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebidan romlebi axdenen gavlenas mosaxleobis Rirebulebebis Camoyali-beba/ cvlilebaze?

6. romel reformas an sakanonmdeblo cvlilebas daasaxe-lebdiT, romelmac sazogadoebaSi yvelaze didi winaaRm-degoba gamoiwvia, rogorc nacionaluri identobisTvis safrTxis Semcvelma? riT axsniT am winaaRmdegobas?

7. arsebuli saerTaSoriso safrTxeebidan, romeli migaCni-aT saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze saxifaTod?

8. rogor gansazRvravdiT saqarTvelos nacionalur interess?

9. romel sazogadoebriv aqtorebTan TanamSromlobT, da romel aqtorebTanaa rTuli TanamSromloba/romeli aqtorebi giqmnian gamowvevas? (magaliTad daasaxelebdiT Tu ara konkretuli SemTxvevebs?)

10. romel jgufebs gamoyofdiT, romelTa mimarTac sazoga-doebas yvelaze naklebi da meti mimRebloba aqvs? rogor axsniT amas?

_ 383 _

11. rogor Seicvala Tqvens mier dasaxelebuli jgufebis mi-marT damokidebuleba bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

12. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifo politikas umciresobe-bis mimarT?

13. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifos mier, zogadad, religi-uri organizaciebis dafinansebis politikas, ra uaryo-fiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba amas hqondes?

_ 384 _

ganaTlebis sfero:

1. zogadad, romel Rirebulebebs gamoyofdiT qarTveli erisa da qarTuli nacionaluri identobis dasaxasiaTe-blad?

2. romel arsebul Rirebulebebs daasaxelebdiT Cvens sa-zogadoebaSi, romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaerTian-eba an konfliqti?

3. rogor daaxasiaTebT dRevandel saganmanaTleblo dis-kurss? Tqveni azriT, ra wvlili Seaqvs dRevandel sa-ganmanaTleblo diskurss sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa CamoyalibebaSi?

4. rogor fiqrobT, Seicvala Tu ara qarTuli Rirebulebe-bis sistema bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi? amJamad romel Tanamedrove procesebs gamoyofdiT qarTul realobaSi, romlebic qarTuli erovnuli identobis saxes cvlis? raSi gamoixateba es cvlilebebi? Tqveni azriT, rogor aisaxeba es cvlilebebi dRevandel saganmanaTleblo sf-eroSi (sistemaSi)?

5. zogadad, rogor SeafasebT saqarTvelos saganmanaT-leblo sistemas da mis gavlenas Cveni qveynis mosaxleoba-ze? ras efuZneba dRevandeli saganmanaTleblo sistemis (zogadi da umaRlesi) arsebuli saswavlo gegma? (ra kon-cefcia aqvT, ra miznebi aqvT, ra RirebulebiT sistemas iziareben da cdiloben rom danergon da rogor ?)

6. rogor SeafasebT bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi mimdinare procesebs ? ra Seicvala, ra darCa? ra sirTuleebs gamohyofdiT?

7. romel mniSvnelovan reformebs gamoyofdiT, romlebmac cvlileba moitana saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi da aseve imoqmeda mosaxleobis cnobierebasa da ganaTlebis done-ze?

8. rogor SeafasebdiT dRevandeli saganmanaTleblo si-stemis avtonomiurobas? (saswavlo gegmis Sedgena de-

_ 385 _

centralizacia (skolaSi arasamTavroboebis da kvleviTi centrebis SeSvebisTvis nebarTva), universitetis avto-nomiuroba, sxva sazogadoebriv aqtorebTan TanamSrom-loba, romeli aqtorebi qmnian gamowvevebs?) (magaliTad daasaxelebdiT Tu ara konkretuli SemTxvevebs?)

9. rogor figurirebs marTlmadidebluri religiis fa-qtori saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi? gansxvavdeba Tu ara formaluri midgoma da araformaluri praqtikebi?


11. romeli jgufebi gaxsendebaT, romelTa mimarTac sazoga-doebas yvelaze naklebi da meti mimRebloba aqvs? rogor axsniT amas? ra rols TamaSobs saganmanaTleblo siste-ma am jgufebTan mimarTebaSi? magaliTad, rogor arian isini warmoCenili saxelmZRvaneloebSi? rogoria Tavad maswavlebelTa roli am mxriv?

12. ra azris xarT skolebSi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis swavle-basTan dakavSirebiT? ra mizans isaxavs es sagani? ra sir-Tuleebs awydebian maswavleblebi am sagnis swavlebisas?

13. ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebis momtania imigra-ciis da emigraciis procesebi saqarTvelosTvis?

_ 386 _

politikis sfero:

1. Tqveni azriT, ra gansazRvravs (qmnis) qarTul nacio-nalur identobas?

2. romel Rirebulebebs gamoyofdiT qarTveli eris dasaxa-siaTeblad? ra wvlili Seaqvs Tqveni azriT, dRevandel (saSinao/sagareo) politikur diskurss sazogadoebis Ri-rebulebaTa CamoyalibebaSi?

3. qarTul politikur sivrceSi mimdinare procesebidan, romlebi axdenen gavlenas mosaxleobis Rirebulebebis cvlilebaze?

4. dResdReobiT (saqarTveloSi) ramdenad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen politikuri aqtorebi sazogadoebri-vi azris Camoyalibebaze, nacionaluri Rirebulebebis SenarCunebasa Tu ganaxleba-transformaciaze?

5. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg ganxorcielebul ro-mel reformas an sakanonmdeblo cvlilebas gamoyofdiT, romelmac sazogadoebaSi yvelaze didi winaaRmdegoba ga-moiwvia, rogorc nacionaluri identobisTvis safrTxis Semcvelma? riT axsniT am winaaRmdegobas?


7. rogor gansazRvravdiT saqarTvelos nacionalur inter-ess? arsebobs Tu ara amasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani po-zicia ZiriTad politikur aqtorebs Soris? gamoyofdiT Tu ara sferoebs, sadac nacionaluri interesi SeiZleba ufro maRla dadges, vidre romelime saerTaSoriso gaer-Tianebis (igulisxmeba gaero an evrokavSiri) interesi?

8. romeli jgufebi gaxsendebaT, romelTa mimarTac sazo-gadoebas yvelaze naklebi da meti mimRebloba aqvs? ro-gor axsniT amas?

9. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifo politikas umciresobe-bis mimarT?

_ 387 _


11. ra dadebiT da uaryofiT faqtorebs daasaxelebdiT, ucxoelebze miwis gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT?

12. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifos mier, zogadad, re-ligiuri organizaciebis dafinansebis politikas, ra ua-ryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba amas hqondes?

_ 388 _

mediis sfero:

1. romel Rirebulebebs gamoyofdiT qarTveli eris dasaxa-siaTeblad? Tqveni azriT, ra wvlili Seaqvs medias qarT-veli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis CamoyalibebaSi an maT cvlilebaSi?

2. Rirebulebebis SenarCuneba/cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, Tu migaCniaT, rom konkretulad Tqvens arxs aqvs gark-veuli wvlili Setanili? (magaliTebi);

3. sazogadoebrivi sferoebidan, romel sferos gamoyof-diT, romelsac yvelaze meti yuradReba eqceva media-sivrceSi?

4. Tqveni azriT, dResdReobiT, romeli Temebia yvelaze me-tad an naklebad aqtualuri sazogadoebisTvis da rogor aisaxeba es mediaSi? (magaliTebi);

5. Tqveni azriT, interesTa TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs Tu ara gansxvaveba qarTvel mayurebels Soris (socialuri da demografiuli kategoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT). Tu gansx-vaveba arsebobs, rogor aRwerdiT am gansxvavebas? rogor aisaxeba mayureblis mravalferovneba Tqvens saeTero badeze? sxva ra prioritetebis mixedviT kompleqtdeba Tqveni arxis satelevizio bade?

6. dResdReobiT arsebuli saerTaSoriso safrTxeebidan, romlis gaSuqebas uTmobT yvelaze met saeTero dros? romeli migaCniaT saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze ufro saxi-faTod?

7. rogor gansazRvravdiT saqarTvelos nacionalur inter-ess? arsebobs Tu ara amasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani po-zicia mediis warmomadgenlebs Soris? arsebobs Tu ara raime Tema, romlis gaSuqebisas, nacionaluri interese-bidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba SeizRudoT?

8. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens arxs internetmauwyebloba? vin aris misi ZiriTadi momxmarebeli? rogorc cvlis internet-mauwyebloba mayurebelTan komunikacias?

_ 389 _

9. romeli jgufebi gaxsendebaT, romelTa mimarTac sazo-gadoebas yvelaze naklebi da meti mimRebloba aqvs? ro-gor axsniT amas? rogor xdeba am umciresobebTan dakav-Sirebuli Temebis gaSuqeba? ra sirTuleebs awydebiT am dros?

10. romel jgufs eTmoba yvelaze meti dro? ramdenad xSi-rad amzadebT gadacemebs/reportaJebs umciresobaTa Sesaxeb? iwvevT Tu ara umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs Tqvens arxze da xdeba Tu ara maTTan arsebul pro-blemebze msjeloba? Tu ara, ratom?

11. ramdenad aqtualuria emigracia/imigraciis sakiTxi me-diisTvis? ra TvalsazrisiT da ra konteqstSi Suqdeba es sakiTxebi, raze maxvildeba yuradReba, ra aris ZiriTadi Sinaarsi?

_ 390 _

eklesiis sfero:

1. Tqveni azriT, ra gansazRvravs (qmnis) qarTul erovnul identobas?

2. romel Rirebulebebs gamoyofdiT qarTveli eris dasa-xasiaTeblad? rogor SeafasebdiT eklesiis wvlils sa-zogadoebis RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT (Camoyalibeba, SenarCuneba, ganaxleba-transformacia)?

3. qarTvel sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebidan, romeli axdens gavlenas misi Rirebulebebis cvlilebaze?

4. saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli 25 wlis manZilze mravaljer iyo sakmaod daZabuli politikuri dapirispireba. rogo-ri iyo eklesiis roli am procesebSi? icvleboda Tu ara is (eklesiis roli)? rogori unda iyos eklesiis roli?

5. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg ganxorcielebul ro-mel reformas an sakanonmdeblo cvlilebas gamoyofdiT, romelmac sazogadoebaSi yvelaze didi winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia, rogorc erovnuli identobisTvis safrTxis Semcvelma? riT axsniT am winaaRmdegobas?


7. Tqveni azriT, vin SeiZleba miviCnioT saqarTvelos me-gobrad saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT? visgan modis yve-laze didi safrTxe?

8. interviuebSi safrTxed xSirad ikveTeba ruseTi. Tqven ras fiqrobT am sakiTxze?

9. rogor gansazRvravdiT saqarTvelos nacionalur inter-ess? gamoyofdiT Tu ara sferoebs, sadac nacionaluri interesi SeiZleba erTaderTi interesi iyos?


_ 391 _


12. arsebobs eklesiis dafininasebis sxvadasxva modelebi, rogor SeafasebdiT saqarTveloSi arsebuli dafinanse-bis models? ra uaryofiTi an dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZle-ba hqondes mas?

_ 392 _

sadiskusio gegma eqspertebTan:

1. Tqveni azriT, ra gansazRvravs (ra qmnis) qarTul ero-vnul identobas? romeli aqtorebi/institutebi monawi-leoben qarTuli nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibebis procesSi (ufro metad)?

2. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad Zlieria dRes qarTvelobis gancda sazogadoebaSi? arsebobs Tu ara formula, rome-lic gansazRvravda, Tu rogori unda iyos `kargi~ qarT-veli?

3. romel movlenas/faqts gamoyofdiT, romelsac qarTvele-bi saamayod/samarcxvinod aRiqvamen?

4. romel Rirebulebebs gamoyofdiT qarTuli nacionalu-ri identobis dasaxasiaTeblad?

5. romel arsebul Rirebulebebs daasaxelebdiT Cvens sa-zogadoebaSi, romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaerTian-eba an konfliqti?

6. rogor fiqrobT, Seicvala Tu ara qarTuli Rirebulebe-bis sistema bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

7. romel Tanamedrove procesebs gamoyofdiT qarTul re-alobaSi, romlebic qarTuli erovnuli identobis saxes cvlis? raSi gamoixateba es cvlilebebi?

8. Tqveni azriT, aris Tu ara sazogadoeba mzad im cvlile-bisTvis, romelic am (Tanamedrove) procesebs/globali-zacias moaqvs?

9. rogor gansazRvravT qarTul nacionalizms, qarTul pa-triotizms?

10. gamoyofdiT Tu ara sferoebs, sadac nacionaluri inte-resi SeiZleba erTaderTi interesi iyos? (Tu ki, ratom? an Tu ara, ratom?)

11. rogor fiqrobT, ra Sedegi moitana erovnebis (eTnikuri gagebiT) grafis amoRebam piradobis mowmobidan sazoga-doebisTvis?

_ 393 _

12. romel saerTaSoriso safrTxes daasaxelebdiT, romelic qarTul sazogadoebas saSiSroebas uqmnis? an Seuqmnida?

13. Tqveni azriT, ra tipis problemebi aqvT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs?

14. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifo politikas eTnikuri um-ciresobebis mimarT? xedavT Tu ara am mxriv saxelmwifo politikis Secvlis aucileblobas?


16. ra dadebiT da ra uaryofiT faqtorebs daasaxelebdiT, ucxoelebze miwis gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT?

17. ras daukavSirebT imigraciis da emigraciis procesebs saqarTveloSi? rogor SeafasebT am procesebs? ra moaqvs am procesebs CvenTvis? (dadebiTi da uaryofiTi);

18. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifos mier, zogadad, religi-uri organizaciebis dafinansebis politikas, ra uaryo-fiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes amas?

19. rogor SeafasebdiT saxelmwifosa da qarTul marTlma-dideblur eklesias Soris gaformebul konstituciur SeTanxmebas (`konkordats~)?

Documents

o t a qarTuli in ce d a ri gi identoba: konfliqti integraciacss.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/identity_geo.pdf · (modernizacia), romelic gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom