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(007)

1-2 (03).pmd 2/1/2012, 2:25 AM1


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1-2 (09).pmd 2/1/2012, 2:25 AM1


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31-1-2012


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1-2 (10).pmd 2/1/2012, 2:25 AM1


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ay;xm;wJh xkwfvkyfedkifrItajcjyZ,m;rS a&;qGJcdkif;w,f qdkygpdkY/ ay;xm;wJh xkwfvkyfedkifrI tajcjyZ,m;u

edkifiHrSm&SdwJh tiftm;pkawGeJYxkwfEdkifwJh qefESifhtxnftwGJrsm;udk azmfjyxm;vQif 'DZ,m;rS xkwfvkyfedkifrI

tajcjyrsOf;auG;udk a&;qGJEdkifzdkY yxrOD;pGm azmfjyxm;wJh ukefpnfESpfrsdK; (qefESifh txnf) udk a'gifvdkuf0if½dk;

rSm ukefpnfwpfrsKd; (Oyrm-rwfyJ(wif;)? tvsm;vdkuf0if½kd;rSm ukefpnfwpfrsKd; (Oyrm-txnf(udkuf))udk

pau;wdwdususrSefrSefuefuefowfrSwfNyD; 0if½dk;ESpfcka&;qGJ&ygr,f/ Oyrm - a'gifvdkuf0if½dk;rSm rwfyJudk

wpfpifwDrDwmvQif (10)wif;? tvsm;vdkuf0if½dk;rSm txnfudk wpfpifwDrDwmvQif (10)udkuf[lí

owfrSwf&ygr,f/

xkwfvkyfEkdifrItajcjyZ,m;

trSwfpOf rwfyJ(wif;) txnf(udkuf)

u 80 0

c 60 40

* 40 70

C 20 90

i 0 100

xkwfvkyfEkdifrItajcjyrsOf;auG;

0if½dk;ESpfckudk pau;rSefuefpGm a&;qGJNyD;rS Z,m;rSmay;xm;wJh ukefpnfyrmPtwGJrsm;udk *&yfay:rSm

rSwfom;&ygr,f/ rSwfom;xm;wJh trSwfrsm;udk qufvdkufvQif xkwfvkyfEdkifrItajcjyrsOf;auG;udk&r,f/

a&;qGJxm;wJhxkwfvkyfedkifrItajcjyrsOf;auG;ay:rSm ukefpnfyrmPtwGJrsm;udk trSwfpOf u? c? *? C? i

vdkUrSefrSefuefuefazmfjy&r,f/ xkwfvkyfedkifrItajcjyrsOf;auG;udk a&;qGJcdkif;vQif a&;qGJwJhtqifhwdkif;twGuf

trSwfay;w,fqdkwmudk wynfhwdkY odapvdkygw,f/ azmfjyoGm;wJhtwdkif; ra&;qGJ? rrSwfom;cJhvQif trSwf

jynfh &EdkifrSmr[kwfyg/ xkwfvkyfedkifrItajcjyrsOf;auG;ay:&Sd trSwfwpfckrSwpfckodkY ajymif;a&TUxkwfvkyf

jcif;[m ukefpnfwpfckudk wdk;xkwfzdkU aemufukefpnfwpfrsKd;udk avQmhxkwf&r,fqdkwJh abm*aA'bmom&yf&JU

ta&;BuD;wJh tcGifhtvrf;p&dwfoabmw&m;rsm;udkazmfjyw,f/ pmrsufESm 16 aumfvH 1 odkY

1-2 (15).pmd 2/1/2012, 2:25 AM1


pmrsufESm 15 rS

ukefpnfwpfck&JU tcGifhtvrf;p&dwfu ,if;ukefpnfwpf,lepfwdk;xkwfzdkY pGefYvTwfvdkuf&wJh tjcm;ukefpnf

yrmPjzpfw,f/

Oyrm- txnfudk trSwf(c)rStrSwf(*)odkY wdk;xkwfvkyfygutxnf\ tcGifhtvrf;p&dwfudk wGufyg

vdkYar;xm;vQif

trSwf (c)wGif rwfyJ 60 wif;ESihf txnf 40 udkuf

trSwf (*)wGif rwfyJ 40 wif;ESihf txnf 70 udkuf

txnfudktrSwf(c)rStrSwf(*)odkUwdk;xkwfvkyfygu txnf\tcGifhtvrf;p&dwf?

txnf\tcGifhtvrf;p&dwf= ?

rwfyJ = R? txnf = C? ajymif;vJrI = Δ [kowfrSwfvQif

txnf\ tcGifhtvrf;p&dwf =

ajymif;vJoGm;aomrwfyJyrmP Δ R = 40 - 60 = -20 wif;

ajymif;vJoGm;aomtxnfyrmP

Δ

C = 70 - 40 = 30 udkuf

txnf\ tcGifhtvrf;p&dwf =

= -20^ 30

= - 0.67

tcGifhtvrf;p&dwfu tEkwfvu©Pmjzpfaejcif;[m txnfudkwdk;xkwfzdkY rwfyJudk avQmhxkwf&wJh

oabmudk azmfjyygw,f/

tcef;(2)rSm 0,fvdktm;ESifha&mif;vdktm; qef;ppfrItajccHrltcef;rS ukefpnffrsm;\ tcsuftvufrsm;

ay;xm;NyD; 0,fvdktm;ESifha&mif;vdktm;rsOf;rsm;a&;qGJí tm;rQta&twGufESifh aps;EIef;tay: tusKd;ouf

a&mufyHkudk wGufcsufoHk;oyfcdkif;Edkifygw,f/

Oyrm(1)-oD;ESHzsufydk;usjcif;aMumifh rwfyJaps;uGuf\ tm;rQtajctaeay: tusKd;oufa&mufyHkudk

yHkqGJía0zefoHk;oyfyg/

oD;ESHzsufydk;usjcif;aMumifh a,bk,stm;jzifh rwfyJtxGuf(xkwfvkyfrI)udk avsmhaprnfjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh rwfyJxkwfvkyfrIavsmhenf;jcif;onf rwfyJa&mif;vdktm;udkavsmhaprnfjzpf&m 0,fvdktm;rajymif;

vJonfh tajctaewGif a&mif;vdktm;avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh aps;uGufwGif tm;rQaps;EIef;jrifhwufvmNyD;

ta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyfaomtm;rQukefpnfta&twGufavsmhoGm;rnfjzpfonf/

oD;ESHzsufydk;usjcif;aMumifhrwfyJaps;uGuftay:tusKd;oufa&mufyHk

xkwfukef NNP udk wGufcdkif;wJhar;cGef; ar;Edkifygw,f/

,if;wdkUudk wGufEdkifzdkU wdkif;jynf0ifaiGwGufcsufenf;oHk;enf; wpfenf;tm;jzifh toHk;p&dwfenf;? ukefxGuf

enf;ESifh 0ifaiGenf;wdkUudk aoaocsmcsm rSwfom;xm;zdkU vdkygw,f/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm ay;xm;

aom udef;*Pef;rsm;onf usyfoef;aygif;jzifh ar;xm;onfqdkygu usyfoef;aygif;xnfhay;&efvdkygonf/

usyfoef;aygif;rxnfhygu tajzrSef xGuf&Sdaeaomfvnf; trSwfjynfh&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/

Oyrm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\2004 ckESpftwGuf wdkif;jynf0ifaiGqdkif&m udef;*Pef;rsm;udk 1996 ckESpf

yHkaoaps;EIef;rsm;t& atmufygZ,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/

yHkwGif DD onf rlv0,fvdktm;rsOf;auG;? SS onf rlva&mif;vdktm;rsOf;auG; jzpfonf/ DD ESifh

SS jzwf&m trSwf E onf rlvtm;rQajctrSwfjzpfí rlvtm;rQ aps;EIef;onf OP0 jzpfNyD; rlvtm;rQ

rwfyJta&twGufonf OQ0 jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif oD;ESHzsufydk;usjcif;aMumifh rwfyJaps;uGuf rlva&mif;vdk

tm;rsOf;auG;onf vuf0JbufodkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;NyD; a&mif;vdktm;rsOf;auG;topf S1S

1 udk jzpfay:aponf/

S1S

1 onf DD rsOf;auG;udk trSwf E

1 wGifjzwfí tm;rQaps;EIef;topf OP

1 ESihf tm;rQrwfyJta&

twGuf OQ1 udk jzpfay:aprnf/ þwGif aps;EIef; OP

1onf aps;EIef; OP

0 xufrsm;NyD; rwfyJta&twGuf

OQ1 onfvnf; OQ

0 xufenf;aMumif;awG Y&dS&ygonf/

tcef;(2)rSm 0,fvdktm;tavsmhtwif;udk udef;*Pef;ay;xm;NyD; wGufcsufoHk;oyfcdkif;Edkifao;w,f/

Oyrm- ar;cGef;u qefaps;uGufwGif qefaps;EIef;onf wpfwif;vQif usyf(5000)rS usyf(6000)odkY wufoGm;

aomtcg qef0,f,lrnfhta&twGufrSm wif;(100)rS wif;(90)odkU avsmhoGm;ygu qefaps;EIef;

usyf (6000)&Sd 0,fvdktm;\ aps;EIef;tavsmhtwif;udk wGufcsufoHk;oyfyg[k ar;xm;vQif qef\ 0,fvdktm;

tavsmhtwif;onf qef0,f,lrnfhta&twGufajymif;vJrI&mcdkifEIef;udk qefaps;EIef;ajymif;vJrI &mcdkifEIef;eJY

pm;jcif;jzifh &Edkifygw,f/

qef0,f,lrnfhta&twGufajymif;vJrI&mcdkifEIef;udkwGufonhftcg (ajymif;vJoGm;wJhta&twGuf - rlv

ta&twGuf) ÷ (rlvta&twGuf) _ (100)jzifhwGufcsuf&r,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh (90-100) ÷ (100) _

(100)= -10% jzpfr,f/ qefaps;EIef;ajymif;vJrI&mcdkifEIef;udkwGuf&mwGifvnf; (ajymif;vJoGm;wJh aps;EIef; -

rlvaps;EIef;) ÷ (rlvaps;EIef;) _ (100)jzifh wGufcsuf&r,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh (6000-5000) ÷ (5000) _

(100) = 20% &r,f/

'gaMumifh qefaps;EIef; usyf(6000)&Sd 0,fvdktm;\aps;EIef;tavsmhtwif;udk wGuf&mwGif (-10%) ÷

(20%) = - 0.5 jzpfw,f/

&&SdwJhtajzudkoHk;oyf&mrSm 0,fvdktm; tavsmhtwif;[m wpfxufBuD;ovm;/ wpfxufenf;ovm;

qdkwmudkMunfh&r,f/ wpfxufBuD;vQif 0,fvdktm;tavsmhtwif;rsm;w,f/ wpfxufi,faevQif 0,fvdk

tm; tavsmhtwif;enf;w,fvdkY ajym&r,f/

tck wGufcsufxm;wJh qef&JU0,fvdktm; tavsmhtwif;u (0.5) jzpfNyD; wpfxufenf;wJhtwGuf

qef&JU0,fvdktm; tavsmhtwif;enf;w,fvdkY oHk;oyf&rSmjzpfw,f/

tcef; (3) wdkif;jynf0ifaiGeJY ywfoufNyD; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&JU wdkif;jynf0ifaiGqdkif&m udef;*Pef;rsm;

ay;xm;NyD; pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwfukef GDP ? pkpkaygif; wdkif;jynfxkwfukef GNP ? tom;wif wdkif;jynf

pm;oHk;rIwefzdk; 35958

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwefzdk; 12635

tpdk;&toHk;p&dwf 23575

ydkYukefwefzdk; 6528

oGif;ukefwefzdk; 5106

EdkifiHjcm;odkYtom;wifay;&aom0ifaiG -222

jyKef;wD;rIwefzdk; 6382

taMumif;t&m usyfoef;aygif;

pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwfukef? pkpkaygif;wdkif;jynfxkwfukef? tom;wifwdkif;jynfxkwfukefwdkYudk wGufcsufyg/

(1) pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfukef =

pm;oHk;rIwefzdk; + &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwefzdk;+tpdk;&toHk;p&dwf + ydkYukefwefzdk;-oGif;ukefwefzdk;

35958 + 12635 + 23575 + 6528 – 5016 = 73590 usyfoef;aygif;

(2) pkpkaygif;wdkkif;jynfxkwfukef = pkpkaygif;jynfwGif; - EdkifiHjcm;odkYtom;wifay;

xkwfukef &aom0ifaiG

= 73590 - (- 222)

= 73812 usyfoef;aygif;

(3) tom;wifwdkif;jynfxkwfukef = pkpkaygif;wdkif;jynfxkwfukef - jyKef;wD;rIwefzdk;

= 73812 - 6382

= 67430 usyfoef;aygif;

tcef;(4)aiGaMu;ESihf bPfvkyfief;wGifpm;oHk;olrsm;\ aps;qEIef;udef;wGufcsufrIESihf ywfoufNyD;

aps;qEIef;udef;ajymif;vJonhftwGuf pm;oHk;ukefpnfwdkY\ aps;EIef;rnfrQajymif;vJoGm;onfudk wGufcsufonhf

ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; aoaocsmcsm rSwfom;xm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ xdkYjyif aiGaMu;ta&twGuf oDtdk&DrS aiGaMu;

vSnfhywfrIt&dSef? aiGaMu;yrmP? taxGaxGaps;EIef;tqihf? ukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm; tay;t,ljyKvkyfrI

yrmP ponfwdkYudk &Smcdkif;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; avhvmxm;&ef vdktyfygw,f/

tcef;(5) jynfolYb@ma&;tcef;rSvnf; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ 0ifaiGESihf 0ifaiGcGefay;aqmif&onhf

yrmPwdkYudkay;xm;NyD; tcGefEIef;wGufcsufonfhar;cGef;rsKd;vnf;ar;Edkifygw,f/

Oyrm/ /tdrfaxmifpk 3 pk \0ifaiGESifh 0ifaiGcGefay;aqmif&onfhyrmPudk azmfjyxm;onf/

u 50000 500 -

c 80000 1000 -

* 100000 2000 -

tdrfaxmifpk 0ifaiG (usyf^v) 0ifaiGcGefyrmP(usyf) tcGefEIef;

(u)tdrfaxmifpkwpfckpDtwGuf tcGefEIef;udkwGufyg/

(c) 0ifaiGcGefonf rnfonfhtcGefpnf;MuyfrIyHkoP²mefjzpfoenf;/

tdrfaxmifpk ]]u}}

ay;aqmif&rnfhtcGefyrmP

(u)tdrfaxmifpk ]]u}}\tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef; = ----------------------------- x 100

tdrfaxmifpk ]]u}} \ESpfpOf0ifaiG

500

= ——-—- x 100 = 1%

50000

tdrfaxmifpk ]]c}}

ay;aqmif&rnfhtcGefyrmP

tdrfaxmifpk ]]c}} \tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef; = ----------------------------- x 100

tdrfaxmifpk ]]c}} \ESpfpOf0ifaiG

1000

= ——-—- x 100 = 1.25 %

80000

tdrfaxmifpk]]*}}ay;aqmif&rnfhtcGefyrmP

tdrfaxmifpk ]]*}}\tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef; = ----------------------------- x 100

tdrfaxmifpk]]*}}\ESpfpOf0ifaiG

2000

= ——-—--- x 100 = 2 %

100000

(c) tdrfaxmifpk]]u}}\0ifaiG 50000 usyftwGuf tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef;rSm 1%?

tdrfaxmifpk]]c}} \0ifaiG 80000 usyftwGuf tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef;rSm 1.20% ESifh

tdrfaxmifpk ]]*}} \0ifaiG 100000 usyftwGuf tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef;rSm 2% jzpfw,f/

xdkYaMumifh tdrfaxmifpktoD;oD;twGuf tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef;toD;oD;udkavhvmMunfhygu 0ifaiG

jrifhrm;aom tdrfaxmifpktay: pnf;MuyfaomtcGefEIef;onf 0ifaiGedrfhaom tdrfaxmifpkay: pnf;Muyf

aom tcGefEIef;xufrsm;onfudkawG Y&onf/ txufyg tcGefpnf;MuyfrI ykHoP²mef[m 0ifaiGtqifhjrifhrm;

vmonfESifhtrQ tcGefpnf;MuyfrIEIef;vnf; rsm;vmwmaMumifh EIef;wkd;cGefjzpfonf[k oHk;oyfajzqdk&rSm

jzpfw,f/ pmrsufESm 17 aumfvH 1 odkY

1-2 (16).pmd 2/1/2012, 2:25 AM1


jiif;csufxkwf&efor®efpm(w&m;rusifhxHk; udk"Oya'trdefU-5? enf;Oya'-20)

ausmufqnfNrdK Ue,fw&m;½kH;awmfü2011ckESpf w&m;rBuD;rItrSwf-72

OD;atmifausmfpdk; ESifh OD;wifhvGif(4if;\taxGaxGudk,fpm;vS,f&ol)

OD;udk;atmifw&m;vdk w&m;NydKif

OD;wifhvGif xef;Zifawmfaus;&Gm? ausmufqnfNrdKUe,f (,ckae&yf

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OD;udk;atmifrS "mwfajrMoZmzkd;aMuG;usefaiGusyf 2666900 &vdkaMumif;ESifh

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pm&Gufpmwrf; tp&SdonfwdkYudk oifESifhtwl ,laqmifvm&rnf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf oifhudk,fpm;vS,fa&SUaevufwGif xnfhtyfydkYvdkuf&rnf/ oifuxkacsvTmwifoGif;vdkvQif trIrqdkifrDav;&ufu wifoGif;&rnf/

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Munf0if;

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ausmufqnfNrdKU e,fw&m;½kH;


ausmufqnfNrdK Ue,fw&m;r½kH;awmfü2011ckESpf w&m;rBuD;rItrSwf-70

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Munfh½Ivdkonfh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh oifuxkacswifjy trSDjyKvdkonfhpm&Gufpmwrf;tp&SdonfwdkYudk oifESifhtwl ,laqmifvm&rnf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf oifhudk,fpm;vS,fa&SUaevufwGif xnfhtyfydkYvdkuf&rnf/ oifu

xkacsvTmwifoGif;vdkvQif trIrwdkifrDav;&ufu wifoGif;&rnf/2012ckESpf Zefe0g&D 19&ufwGif þ½kH;wHqdyf½dkufESdyfí uREkfyfvufrSwf

a&;xdk;xkwfay;vdkufonf/ Munf0if;

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a':rdk;rdk;cdkif ESifh 1/ OD;xdefvif;2/ a':vGifvGifodef;3/ a':eef;pdefñGefU(c)

a':a&TñGefU4/ a':oDwm

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onfh-

2002-2003 ckESpftwGufydkYukefaps;qEIef;udef; = 85.7

oGif;ukefaps;qEIef;udef; = 82.2 a&;NyD;

ydkYukefaps;qEIef;udef;

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oGif;ukefaps;qEIef;udef;

85.7

tpm;oGif;jcif;jzifhwGufcsufEdkifygonf/ ------- _ 100 = 104.3 tajzxGufcJhvQif

82.2

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twGuf ukefzvS,frItcsKd;udk qufvufwGufEdkifygw,f/

2003-2004 ckESpftwGuf ydkYukefaps;qEIef;rSm = 85.7

oGif;ukefaps;qEIef;rSm = 86.3

ydkYukefaps;qEIef;udef;

ukefzvS,frItcsKd; = —————————----------- _ 100

oGif;ukefaps;qEIef;udef;

85.7

= ———--- _ 100 = 99.3

86.3

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15 wGif yg&Sdaom wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ odrSwfzG,f&m ½lyaA'bmom&yfpmaMumif;a& 33? 42?44? 45 wdkUudk atmufazmfjyygtwkdif; jyifqifzwf½Iyg&ef/

T = V p g -mg = 110 × 1.3 ×10 – 50 × 10 = 930 Nheat loss due to convection? (Assume q = 1.7 × 10-3 W m-2 K-1)

T2 -T

1 = 33 - 29 = 4 HC = 4 K, A = 1.5 m2, q = 1.7 × 10-3 W m-2 K-1, H = ?

H = qA(T2 -T1) = 1.7 × 10-3 × 1.5 × 4 = 10.2 × 10-3 = 0.01 W

1-2 (17).pmd 2/1/2012, 2:25 AM1


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