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8/7/2019 o.b Presentation(2)
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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
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TOPIC:- PERCEPTION
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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?
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What is the situation of water in the glass?
Half full or
Half empty?
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Are the circles really rotating or not?
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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?DEFENITION:-
PERCEPTION is a process by which individuals
organize and interpret their sensory impression in order to give
meaning to their environment.
Society in which we live in creates our perceptions, but in general
perceptions are just few inches away from facts or they are created due
to ignorance of facts or they are created as we do not want to accept the
truth or the fact as it is.
Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on
reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.
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FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE
PERCEPTION:-
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When an individual looks at target and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, the
interpretation is heavily influenced by the personal characteristics of the individual
perceiver.
Personal characteristics that affect the perception are:-
Personality
Motives
Interests
Past experience etc.
Characteristics of the target affect the perception
e.g.:- Loud people are more likely to be noticed in group than quite ones.
The context in which we see objects or events also has an impact on perception.
The time at which we see an object can influence attention, as can location, light, heat
or any number of situational factors.
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PERSON PERCEPTION: MAKING JUDGMENTS ABOUT
OTHERS
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different
situations.
Consensus: response is the same as others to same
situation.
Consistency: responds in the same way over time.
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Attribution Theory:-
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Errors and Biases in Attributions
Fundamental Attribution Error:-
The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence ofinternal factors when making judgments about thebehavior of others.
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Errors and Biases in Attributions (contd)
Self-Serving Bias:-
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors while putting the blame
for failures on external factors.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Selective Perception:-
People selectively interpret
what they see on the basisof their interests,background, experience,and attitudes.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Halo Effect:-
Drawing a general impression about an individual on the
basis of a single characteristice.g.:- Halo effect may take place when a consumer has a
favorable experience with i-pods leads to him purchasing i-
macs simple because it manufacture by apple.
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Contrast Effects:-
Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are
affected by comparisons with other people recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on the same
characteristics.
e.g.:- A simple physical way of illustrating
perceptual contrast is to put one hand into hot
water and other into cold water then move them
both to lukewarm water. The cold hand will feel
hot and the hot hand will feel cold.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Projection:-
Attributing ones own
characteristics to other people.
Stereotyping:-
Judging someone on the basisof ones perception of the
group to which that person
belongs.
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Specific Applications in Organizations
Employment Interview:-Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of
interviewers judgments of applicants.
Performance Expectations:-
Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower orhigher performance of employees reflects preconceived
leader expectations about employee capabilities.
Ethnic Profiling:-A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is
singled outtypically on the basis of race or ethnicityfor
intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.
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Specific Applications in Organizations (contd)
Performance Evaluations:-
Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions
of appraisers of another employees job performance.
Employee Effort:-
Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment
subject to perceptual distortion and bias.
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Top manager
They determine theirorganizations goals,what
products or services to
offer,how best finance
operations ,where to locate
a new manufacturing plant.
The link between Perceptions and Individual Decision Making
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Middle and Lower
level manager
Middle and Lower level
managers determine
production schedules,select a
new employees,and decide
how pay raises are to beallocated.
The link between Perceptions and Individual Decision Making
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Nonmanagerial
employee
Nonmanagerial employees
also make decisions that
affect their jobs and the
organizations for which they
work.They decide whether
to come to work on anygiven day,how much effort
to put forth at work,and
whether to comply with a
request made by the boss.
The link between Perceptions and Individual Decision Making
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The Link Between Perceptions and Individual Decision
Making
ProblemA perceiveddiscrepancy
between the current state
of affairs and a desired
state.
Decisions
Choices made from
among alternativesdeveloped from data
perceivedas relevant.
Perception of
the decisionMaker
Outcomes
Finally ,Throughout the entire decision making process,perceptual
distortions often surface that can bias analysis and conclusions.
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FOR EXAMPLE:-
The Controversy around the Indian
cricket teams tour of Australia illustrates
how perception leads to dicision making.
During the tour,Indian cricketerHarbhajan Singh supposedly
used the word monkey for Andrew
Symonds, an australian cricketer,in
response to a provoking remark from
Symonds.
Singhs remark was seen by the
Australian side as a racist term.
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Cricket Australia,Team
members,Australian media and
people of australia thought from
andrew symonds point of view.
According to their perception they
just took in mind Harbhajan singhs
statement calling andrew symond a
monkey.
While on other hand in our country
india,We all supported Harbhajan
singh and supported him from all
sense of mind.
This is only because of different
perception of indian and australian
state of mind.
This perception,believed by many
to be a perceptual error, worsened
the already strained relations
between the players and fans of the
countries.
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Thank You
Submitted by-
DIPAK PRAJAPATI
PRANAY UPADHYAY
JINAL PATEL
JAY PATEL
PINAKIN PATEL