OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18:1 The Roots of Imperialism€¦ · OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18: Section 2 o We will examine the causes of the Spanish-American War. o We will examine the major battles

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18:1 The Roots of Imperialism

o We will identify the key factors that influenced America to expand.

o We will analyze how the U.S. took its steps toward increased global power.

o We will examine the chain of events leading up to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.

(Pro 23:10) Remove not the old

landmark; and enter not into the

fields of the fatherless:

CHAPTER 18: America Becomes A World Power

• Imperialism: The policy by

which the strong nations

extend their political,

military, and economic

control over weaker

territories.

Reasons for Imperialism

• One reason for the rush to grab colonies

was the desire for raw materials and

natural resources.

• This was especially true of Europe and

Japan.

• These were called extractive colonies

where the imperial country extracted or

removed raw materials from the colony

and shipped them to the home country.


• Possession of colonies gave

nations an edge in the

competition for global resources.

• In contrast to other world powers,

the resource-rich United States

had fewer concerns about

shortages of raw materials in the

nineteenth century.


• In fact America’s surplus of

goods and commodities led to

the need to expand to other

markets to sell their products.

• Because domestic consumption

could not satisfy the production.

• Roosevelt believed the need for

the U.S. to become a world

power.

Need For Military Strength:

• To expand and protect their interests

among the world, Imperialist nations built

up their military strength.

• Alfred T. Mahan a military historian and an

officer in the U.S. Navy played a key role in

transforming America into a naval power.

• He argued that great nations had powerful

navies.

Need For Military Strength:

• Mahan called upon the U.S. to build a modern

fleet.

• Mahan argued that the US would need to acquire

foreign bases where American ships could refuel

and gather fresh supplies.

• The U.S. expanded and modernized its navy by

building new steel-plated steam-powered

battleships such as the U.S.S. Maine.

• By 1900, the U.S. had the third largest navy in the

world.

• Today America has the most powerful navy in the

world.

• Imperialists around the world used the

ideas of racial, national and cultural

superiority to justify imperialism.

• One of these ideas was Social Darwinism,

the belief that life consists of competitive

struggles in where only the fittest survive.

• Social Darwinists felt that certain nations

and races were superior to others and

therefore were destined to rule over inferior

peoples and cultures.

• Americans embraced Social Darwinism

because they believed that God had

granted them the right and responsibility to

settle the frontier.

• They spoke of America’s “Manifest Destiny”

to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

• Josiah Strong, a American missionary

believed that it was the mission of America,

to spread Western values to weaker or less

civilized nations, to gain converts for

Christianity.

• Pro_14:31 He that oppresseth

the poor reproacheth his Maker:

but he that honoureth him hath

mercy on the poor.

• (Rom 13:10) Love worketh no ill

to his neighbour: therefore love is

the fulfilling of the law.

• Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted that

the frontier had been closed by gradual

settlement in the nineteenth century.

• Turner thought that the frontier helped

ambitious Americans to secure a fresh start

and pursue their fortunes.

• It had served as a “safety valve” siphoning off

potential discontent.

• With the frontier closed, some thought to keep

the “Safety valve” open and to avoid internal

conflict, America should expand overseas.

America’s Steps to a World Power:

• In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of American warships into present-day Tokyo Bay, Japan.

• Prior to Perry’s arrival, Japan had denied the rest of the world access to its ports.

• With the lavish gifts presented to the emperor and also the superior weapons and steamships the Japanese agreed to open trade with America.


• In 1867 the U.S. took

possession of the Midway

Islands.

• Treaties in 1875 and 1887

increased trade with the

Hawaiian Islands and gave

the U.S. the right to build a

naval base at Pearl Harbor.


• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.

• It was scoffed at first.

• The “icebox” was rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources.

• Alaska also greatly expanded America’s reach across the Pacific.

U.S. Influence in Latin America Grows:

• 1889 First International Pan-

American Conference spearheaded

by James Blaine, secretary of state,

paved the way for the construction

of the Pan-American Highway

system.

U.S. Acquires Hawaii

• Hawaiian Islands had been

economically linked to the United

States for almost a century.

• Since the 1790s, American

merchant ships had stopped at

Hawaii on their way to East Asia.


• Missionaries had established Christian churches and schools on the islands.

• Americans had also established sugar cane plantations there.

• In 1887 American planters convinced King Kalakaua to amend the Hawaiian constitution so that voting rights were limited to only wealthy land owners which were white land owners.

U.S. Acquires Hawaii • American planters were faced

with two crisis to their profits.

• First, U.S. tariff law imposed duties on previously duty-free Hawaiian sugar.

• This made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than sugar produced in the U.S.

• The sugar-growers in Hawaii thought they would suffer decreasing sales and profits.


• Second, Queen Lilluokalani in

1891 succeeded her brother,

after his death and was a

nationalist.

• She abolished the Hawaiian

constitution that gave political

power to the white minority.

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• With the backing of U.S. officials, planters in 1893 help overthrow the queen.

• John Stevens, U.S. minister to Hawaii, ordered the U.S. Marines to help the rebels seize power.

• The new government, led by wealthy planter Sanford B. Dole asked President Benjamin Harrison to annex Hawaii into the U.S.


• President Harrison signed the treaty of annexation but could not get the required senate approval before Grover Cleveland became president.

• Cleveland ordered a full investigation which revealed that the majority of the Hawaiian people did not approve the treaty.

• Cleveland refused to sign the agreement.

• Ultimately, by the Spanish American War, congress declared Hawaii a U.S. territory.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

• During this time of imperialism, Christians began to believe in Social Darwinism. Is Social Darwinism and Christianity compatible?

• What do you think of Imperialism? Do you think nations practice imperialism today? If so, what examples do you see?

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18: Section 2

o We will examine the causes of the

Spanish-American War.

o We will examine the major battles

of the War.

o We will describe the

consequences of the war

including the debate over

imperialism.

Lev_19:16 Thou shalt not go up

and down as a talebearer among

thy people: neither shalt thou

stand against the blood of thy

neighbour: I am the LORD.

The Spanish American War:

• In 1897 American entrepreneurs

had invested $50 million in sugar

cane plantations and other

ventures in Cuba, which was 90

miles from Florida.

• These businessmen saw Cuba as

a growing market.


• The island was unstable

and in the midst of a

rebellion against the ruling

Spanish.

• The rebels used guerrilla

tactics of hit and run raids

against Spanish forces.


• Spain responded by setting up concentration camps where tens of thousands died of disease and starvation.

• Meanwhile the Cubans and Spanish destroyed American property.

• Many Americans favored the Cubans for their revolutionary heritage and sympathy against Spanish brutality.


• Rival Newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst heightened the public’s dislike of the Spanish government.

• Called the Yellow press because a popular comic strip character called the Yellow kid made sensationalistic headlines and exaggerated the Spanish atrocities.

The Spanish American War: o In February 1898, the Journal published a

private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome.

o Spain’s ambassador to Washington, DC.

o The letter, stolen by Cuban rebels and leaked to

Hearst called McKinley a “weak and a stupid

politician.”

o Hearst sensationalized the headline as “Worst

insult to the United States in Its History.”

o Letter fueled American aggressive nationalism,

and inflamed relations with Spain.


• At the same time.

• The battleship Maine which McKinley ordered to Havana Harbor to protect Americans blew up killing 266 of the 350 crew.

• The newspapers immediately accused Spain and war fever gripped the nation with sensationalistic headlines.

• Although a special naval board inquiry found Spain responsible, later years cast doubt if Spain was to blame.


• In April, Congress authorized

McKinley’s request to fight the

Spanish.

• McKinley called for 100,000

volunteers but 200,000

enlisted.


• On May 1 1898, Commodore George Dewey steamed his squadron of ships to Manila Bay in the Spanish-held Philippines.

• The Americans completely surprised the Spanish fleet that were stationed there and no American was killed while 400 Spanish sailors lost their lives.


• While Dewey was winning an astounding victory over the Spanish navy, Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo was defeating the Spanish army.

• Like the Cubans, the Filipinos were fighting for freedom from Spain.

• In August, after some 15,000 U.S. soldiers had landed on the islands, Spanish troops surrendered to the United States.

U.S. Forces Win In Cuba

• American troops landed in Cuba in

June 1898; U.S. Marines captured

Guantanamo Bay.

• And a force of 17,000 soldiers

under U.S. army General William

Shafter stormed ashore east of

Santiago.


• Shafter’s army consisted of

state National Guard units

that were poorly equipped

and also the African

American Ninth and Tenth

Calvary regiments from the

western frontier.


• Another cavalry unit was organized and commanded by the future President Theodore Roosevelt.

• His Rough Riders consisted of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners who relished adventure and the “strenuous life.”


• The Ninth and Tenth

Calvary and the Rough

Riders gained fame in the

battles for Kettle and San

Juan Hills where they

stormed up the hills to

secure the high ground.


• Two days after the battle of San

Juan Hill, the Spanish Navy made

a desperate attempt to escape,

• But the U.S. forces blockaded the

harbor and destroyed the Spanish

fleet.

• U.S. forces also occupied the

island of Puerto Rico.


• Almost 3,000 Americans

died during the war only 380

died in combat.

• Disease, especially malaria

and yellow fever caused most

of the deaths.

Effects of the War:

• Treaty of Paris signed by Spain and U.S. in 1898 officially ended the war.

• Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam.

• It also sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.

Effects of the War:

• The Teller Amendment passed by

Congress when it declared war

on Spain prevented the U.S. from

annexing Cuba but it did not

prevent the U.S. from taking over

the Philippines.

Effects of the War: • Imperialists including McKinley argued

that the U.S. should rule the Philippines to uplift and civilize the nation.

• It was also a valuable stepping stone to trade with China.

• And other nations would most likely take over if the U.S. didn’t.

• Anti-Imperialists argued that imperialism was a crime and was led by such as Mark Twain and William Jennings Bryan.

Effects of the War:

• The debate climaxed in the senate floor in ratifying the Treaty of Paris in Feb 1899, where the Senate voted 57 to 27 in favor of the treaty.

• A single yes vote ratified the treaty.

• In 1900 McKinley ran against Bryan, and also had Roosevelt, the hero of San Juan as his running mate.

• McKinley and Roosevelt soundly defeating Bryan and the U.S. now solidified itself as a world power and an empire.

• It was a turning point in the history of American foreign policy.

U.S. and East Asia • Filipino Nationalist leader Emilio

Aguinaldo thought that the U.S. was an ally for Filipino independence and was disillusioned when America maintained its possession.

• Aguinaldo organized an insurrection or rebellion against U.S. rule.

• The rebels believed they were fighting for the same principles of self- rule that had inspired America’s colonial patriots during the American Revolution.

U.S. and East Asia

• Filipino insurgents relied on

guerrilla warfare, a form of

nontraditional warfare

generally involving small

bands of fighters to attack

behind American lines.

U.S. and East Asia

o America used extraordinary

measures to crush the

rebellion.

o Like the Spanish in Cuba, the

U.S. gathered civilians into

overcrowded concentration

camps.

U.S. and East Asia

o In the spring of 1901, the

Americans captured

Aguinaldo.

o Although the fighting did not

end immediately, his capture

marked the beginning of the

end of the insurrection.

U.S. and East Asia

• This war took more lives than the Spanish American War.

• Nearly 5,000 Americans, and 200,000 Filipinos died in the fighting.

• The U.S. government sent more than 100,000 troops to fight in the war and spent upwards of $400 million to defeat the insurgency.

U.S. and East Asia

• Self Rule: In 1901, William

Howard Taft a future president of

the U.S. became governor of the

Philippines.

• Taft wanted the island to recover

from the rebellion.

U.S. and East Asia

• He censored the press and placed dissidents in Jail to maintain order.

• To win support of the Filipino people, he extended limited self-rule and ordered construction of schools, roads, and bridges.

• In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act, that pledged that the Philippines would ultimately get their independence.

• Which happened 30 years later after World War II.


Do you think the United States needs to

expand its territory and involve itself in other

nations in order to maintain its power or do

you think the U.S. should concern itself with

what is going on within its borders?

U.S. and China

• In 1899, the once mighty China was

in disarray as Imperialist nations

such as Britain, France, Germany,

and Russia carved China into

distinct spheres of influence.

• Within its zone, each power had

privileged access to Chinese ports

and markets.

U.S. and China

• The U.S. through Secretary of State

John Hay issued a series of notes

to foreign diplomats in 1899 that

the U.S. expected equal treatment

in commerce and business in

China.

U.S. and China o With growing influence of outsiders, some

Chinese joined secret societies.

o One was the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, won the nickname “Boxers” from Europeans because its members trained in martial arts.

o This society celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized western ways.

o They also condemned Chinese converts to Christianity.

o They rebelled against the “foreign devils.”

U.S. and China

• In May 1900 the Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats’ district in Beijing.

• A multinational force of European, American, and Japanese troops was sent to the Chinese capital to squash the Boxer Rebellion.

U.S. and China

• An initial force of 2,100 troops grew to more than 20,000 including 2,000 Americans.

• After putting down the rebellion, European powers compelled China’s imperial government to pay an indemnity, or money to repair damage caused by the rebellion.

U.S. and China

• This caused more

nationalistic fervor and

the last emperor was

overthrown in 1911.

U.S. and China

• America asserted an Open Door Policy, where Hay stated that the U.S. did not want colonies in China, it just wanted free trade there.

• As an act of good will, the U.S. used some of the indemnity money it received from China to fund scholarships for Chinese students to study in America.

Tensions Rise Between Japan and the U.S.

• Japan disapproved of European carving up of the region, and took offense to the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria, a region of China that bordered Russia.

• Japan fought Russia in the Russo-Japanese War and defeated the Russians.


• In 1905 representatives of Russia and Japan met in Portsmouth New Hampshire to negotiate the end of the Russo-Japanese war.

• When talks stalled, President Teddy Roosevelt intervened and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty.

• Roosevelt won a noble peace prize.

• It showed America’s growing influence in world affairs.


• Growing Anti-Asian sentiment in the west coast, in the fall of 1906, the San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children attending public schools with white children.

• This angered the Japanese.

• Roosevelt negotiated the gentlemen’s agreement with Japan.

• The agreement pledged to end segregation policy while Japan agreed to limit emigration of its citizens in the U.S.

THE GREAT WHITE FLEET SETS SAIL

• Roosevelt also promoted military preparedness to protect U.S. interests in Asia.

• Expressing rising concerns about Japan’s territorial expansion at the expense of China, Korea, and Russia.

• The president won congressional support for a new force of navy ships known as the Great White Fleet.

THE GREAT WHITE FLEET SETS SAIL

o In 1907, Roosevelt sent this

armada of 16 white

battleships on a “good will

cruise” around the world.

o This demonstrated

America’s increased

military power in the world.


Is there Imperialism Today?


Do you think America should use its influence to

spread their ideas of a democratic form of

government and their way of life to other nations?

What do you think of American foreign policy (How

America dealt with other nations) at this time? Do

you see similarities today or differences?

IMPERIALISM

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18: Section 4

o We will examine what happened

to Puerto Rico and Cuba after the

Spanish-American War.

o We will analyze the effects of

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy.

o We will compare Wilson’s moral

diplomacy with the foreign policies

of his predecessors.

Dan_7:7 After this I saw in the night

visions, and behold a fourth beast,

dreadful and terrible, and strong

exceedingly; and it had great iron

teeth: it devoured and brake in

pieces, and stamped the residue

with the feet of it: and it was diverse

from all the beasts that were before

it; and it had ten horns.

THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:

• After the Spanish American War expunged the Spanish from Puerto Rico, the territory remained under direct U.S. military rule.

• In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which established a civil government in Puerto Rico.


• The act authorized the

President of the U.S. to

appoint a governor and part of

the Puerto Rican legislature.

• Puerto Ricans could fill the

rest of the legislature in a

general election.


• The U.S. military withdrew from Cuba in 1902 but added the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution.

• The amendment restricted the rights of newly independent Cubans and effectively brought the island within the U.S. sphere.


• It prevented Cuba from signing a treaty with another nation without American approval.

• It also required Cuba to lease naval stations to the U.S.

• It gave the U.S. right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba.

• The Cubans did not like this but it was a way for America to leave while the U.S. did not want to risk Cuba being an outpost to a hostile power.

Roosevelt Pursues Big Stick Diplomacy:

• A doctrine using a strong military to achieve its goals;

• Roosevelt believed that the U.S. had a moral responsibility to “civilize” or “uplift” weaker nations.

• Roosevelt also felt that America’s elite, its statesmen and captains of industry had to accept the challenge of international leadership.

AMERICA BUILDS THE PANAMA CANAL

• In the late 1800s a French company sought to build a canal in Panama but failed.

• It ended in selling the rights to the U.S. for $40 million in 1903.

• Before it could build the Canal, the U.S. needed the consent of the Columbian government which Panama was then part of.

• Columbia demanded more than the U.S. wanted to pay.


• Roosevelt dispatched warships off the Panama coast and supported a Panamanian rebellion.

• Columbia decided to give Panama its independence.

• More than 35,000 workers helped dig the Panama Canal often in very difficult conditions.


• Completion of the Canal depended on scientific breakthroughs of doctors to combat tropical diseases.

• Still more than 5,000 canal workers died from disease and accidents.

• But in 1914, the canal opened cutting some 8,000 nautical miles off the trip from the West Coast to the East Coast of the U.S.

Roosevelt updates the Monroe Doctrine:

• Some Latin American nations

were not able to pay their debts to

foreign investors that led to the

possible interference of European

nations.

• Roosevelt proposed the Roosevelt

Corollary that updated the Monroe

doctrine for an age of economic

imperialism.


• In the event a Latin American Nation commits chronic wrongdoing that would justify Europeans to military intervention, the U.S. would assume the role of police power.

• This change, Roosevelt argued merely reasserted America’s long standing policy of keeping the Western Hemisphere free from European intervention.


• Latin American nations

resented the U.S. asserted

role saying they could police

themselves.


• When William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt, he continued on the course but modified to Dollar diplomacy.

• Dollar Diplomacy aimed to increase American investments in business and banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean.

• In plantations, mines, oil wells, railways, and other ventures in those regions.

• However Taft also had to resort at times to the big stick to protect American business interests in Nicaragua in setting up a pro American government.


• In 1912 Woodrow Wilson became president.

• He criticized his Republican predecessors.

• Instead of conquest, Wilson advocated a policy called “moral diplomacy” of human rights, national integrity, and opportunity.


• However Wilson used the

military such as in Haiti in 1915

to protect American

investments and to guard

against potential German or

French aggression in the nation.

U.S. And Mexico

• For decades, Mexican dictator Porfirion Diaz catered to the rich while most of Mexico struggled in poverty.

• In 1911, Francisco Madero led the Mexican Revolution that toppled Diaz.

• Madero was committed to reforms but was a weak administrator.

U.S. And Mexico

• In 1913, General Victoriano

Huerta seized power and executed

Madero.

• Huerta pledged to protect

American investments but under

moral diplomacy Wilson refused to

recognize his government and

sent Marines to install Venustiano

Carranza as president.

U.S. And Mexico

• Although most Mexicans

supported Carranza he was

slow to bring reforms and

rebels again rose up, this time

under the leadership of

Francisco Pancho Villa.

• Initially Wilson sought good

relations with Villa.

U.S. And Mexico

• However American Support disappeared in 1916.

• Villa’s forces crossed into New Mexico and raided the town of Columbus leaving 18 Americans dead.

• President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and more than 10,000 troops on a punitive expedition to Mexico.

U.S. And Mexico

• But Villa was never caught.

• World War I diverted attention

away from him, and Pershing

was reassigned to lead

expeditionary forces to France

for World War I.

A World Power:

• A generation earlier, few would believe it possible that more than one million American troops would engage in a large scale war in Europe.

• But the triumph over Spain and U.S. actions in Asia and Latin America demonstrated that America had emerged as a world power.

• Now World War I would test that new global strength.

True Expansion • The symbols of earthly governments are

wild beasts, but in the kingdom of Christ, men are called upon to behold, not a ferocious beast, but the Lamb of God. Not as a fierce tyrant did he come, but as the Son of man; not to conquer the nations by his iron power.... He came as the divine Restorer, bringing to oppressed and down-trodden humanity the rich and abundant grace of Heaven, that by the power of his righteousness, man, fallen and degraded though he was, might be a partaker of divinity. {SW, December 24, 1907 par. 3}

True Expansion • “And this gospel of the kingdom shall

be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come.” Matthew 24:14

• Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. Matthew 28:19-20.


How do you think nations that are richer and

stronger treat nations that are weaker?

Documents

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18:1 The Roots of Imperialism€¦ · OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18: Section 2 o We will examine the causes of the Spanish-American War. o We will examine the major battles