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ObjectivesObjectives Describe the new kind of portraiture that emerges during Describe the new kind of portraiture that emerges during
the early Renaissance. the early Renaissance. Contrast the developments in sculpture and architecture Contrast the developments in sculpture and architecture
in Italy and in Northern Europe. in Italy and in Northern Europe. Describe new techniques in painting and printmaking Describe new techniques in painting and printmaking
that become important during the Renaissance. that become important during the Renaissance.
Things to Know forThings to Know for
The differences between the two cultures:The differences between the two cultures: ITALY ITALY change was inspired by humanism (emphasis on change was inspired by humanism (emphasis on
past)past)
NORTHERN EUROPE NORTHERN EUROPE change driven by religious reform change driven by religious reform (Reformation), Christian values, extension of Gothic art. (Reformation), Christian values, extension of Gothic art. Interest in symbolism, realism & naturalism Interest in symbolism, realism & naturalism Women painters have higher statusWomen painters have higher status More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life.More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders (adopted in Italy)Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders (adopted in Italy)
NORTHERN NORTHERN RENAISSANCERENAISSANCE
Historical BackgroundHistorical Background
New middle class from personal wealth instead New middle class from personal wealth instead of inherited wealthof inherited wealth Many Art PatronsMany Art Patrons
Focus on Focus on HumanismHumanism Extended EducationExtended Education
Led to the Protestant ReformationLed to the Protestant Reformation
……ContinuedContinued
Burgundy = Central France, Belgium, Burgundy = Central France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the NetherlandsLuxembourg, and the Netherlands
Intuitive PerspectiveIntuitive Perspective Approximating the appearance of things growing Approximating the appearance of things growing
smaller and closer together in the distancesmaller and closer together in the distance Atmospheric PerspectiveAtmospheric Perspective
Applied to landscape scenes based on observation Applied to landscape scenes based on observation that distant elements appear less distinct and less that distant elements appear less distinct and less colorful than things close bycolorful than things close by
Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity, and Flight into EgyptAnnunciation, Visitation, Nativity, and Flight into Egypt
Champmol Altarpiece
Melchior Broederlam
1393-1399
Oil on Wood Panel
Well of MosesWell of Moses Life-Size Stone Life-Size Stone
FiguresFigures Old Testament Old Testament
ProphetsProphets DistinctDistinct
Well of Moses
Claus Sluter
1395-1496
Limestone
Tres Riches Heures(Very Rich Hours)
Limbourg Brothers
1413-1416
Three Brothers: Paul, Herman, Three Brothers: Paul, Herman, and Jeanand Jean
Entered the service of Duke John Entered the service of Duke John BerryBerry Very Lavish Book of HoursVery Lavish Book of Hours
Selection of prayers and readingsSelection of prayers and readings Included both peasant labors and Included both peasant labors and
aristocratic pleasuresaristocratic pleasures
Women ArtistsWomen Artists
Typically learned to paint from their relativesTypically learned to paint from their relatives Formal apprenticeships weren’t open to womenFormal apprenticeships weren’t open to women
Book of HoursBook of Hours Pictorial Space – Pictorial Space –
WindowsWindows Mary of Mary of
Burgundy Burgundy appears twiceappears twice
Rosary = Mary’s Rosary = Mary’s DevotionDevotion
Carnations = Carnations = Nails of ChristNails of Christ
Iris’ = Mary’s Iris’ = Mary’s griefgrief
Mary at Her Devotions
Mary of Burgundy Painter
1482
Fiber ArtsFiber Arts
Flemish tapestriesFlemish tapestries Lavish DetailsLavish Details Finest in EuropeFinest in Europe
MaterialsMaterials WoolWool SilkSilk SilverSilver GoldGold
Many tapestries didn’t survive the French Rev.Many tapestries didn’t survive the French Rev. burned to retrieve precious materialsburned to retrieve precious materials
The Unicorn TapestryThe Unicorn Tapestry People and animals in a dense field of trees and People and animals in a dense field of trees and
flowersflowers Unicorn:Unicorn:
Cloven HoovesCloven Hooves Goat’s BeardGoat’s Beard Horn thought to be an antidote to poisonHorn thought to be an antidote to poison
Unicorn became a symbol of the Incarnation of Unicorn became a symbol of the Incarnation of ChristChrist
Killing of the Unicorn equated to Christ’s deathKilling of the Unicorn equated to Christ’s death
……ContinuedContinued
LionLion CourageCourage
StagStag ResurrectionResurrection
SerpentSerpent EvilEvil
RabbitsRabbits FertilityFertility
DogsDogs FidelityFidelity
Unicorn At the Fountain
Unicorn Tapestry
1495-1505
Painting in Flanders 15Painting in Flanders 15thth Cen Cen
Economy based on textilesEconomy based on textiles Provided $$$ for the arts to flourishProvided $$$ for the arts to flourish
Civic groups, town councils, and wealthy Civic groups, town councils, and wealthy merchants = Patronsmerchants = Patrons
Perfected the technique of oil as a mediumPerfected the technique of oil as a medium
Center = Annunciation Center = Annunciation Symbolizing the Purity and Mission of the VirginSymbolizing the Purity and Mission of the Virgin
BookBook Extinguished CandleExtinguished Candle TowelsTowels Fire ScreenFire Screen
Right = Right = Joseph setting Joseph setting a mousetrapa mousetrap
Left = Left = Two donors Two donors kneelingkneeling
Setting = Flemish Setting = Flemish HomeHome
Jan Van EyckJan Van Eyck
Campin’s contemporaryCampin’s contemporary Traveled on missions for Duke PhillipTraveled on missions for Duke Phillip Used oil on woodUsed oil on wood Applied oil in thin layers that allowed Applied oil in thin layers that allowed
brushstrokes to blend perfectlybrushstrokes to blend perfectly Ghent AltarpieceGhent Altarpiece
Ghent AltarpieceGhent Altarpiece
Painted by Jan and Hubert Van EyckPainted by Jan and Hubert Van Eyck Polyptych: Many panelsPolyptych: Many panels CenterCenter
God wearing the crown of Saint PeterGod wearing the crown of Saint Peter John the BaptistJohn the Baptist Virgin MaryVirgin Mary Flanked by musicians and Adam and EveFlanked by musicians and Adam and Eve
Cain and Abel depicted above EveCain and Abel depicted above Eve BottomBottom
All saints gather to adore the Lamb of GodAll saints gather to adore the Lamb of God Lamb stands on an altar Lamb stands on an altar Blood = Fountain of LifeBlood = Fountain of Life
Ghent Altarpiece (Closed)
Jan and Hubert Van Eyck
1432
Oil
Man in Red TurbanMan in Red Turban
““As I Can”As I Can” Believed to be a self-portrait of Jan Van Believed to be a self-portrait of Jan Van
EyckEyck No religious undertonesNo religious undertones Physical appearance seems magnifiedPhysical appearance seems magnified Painting in High DefPainting in High Def
Man in a Red Turban
Jan Van Eyck
1433
Oil on Wood
Arnolfini and his WifeArnolfini and his Wife
Suggests a wedding or betrothalSuggests a wedding or betrothal ““Jan Van Eyck was present”Jan Van Eyck was present” Arnolfini is a member of an Italian merchant family living Arnolfini is a member of an Italian merchant family living
in Flandersin Flanders Hold hand of a woman before two witnessesHold hand of a woman before two witnesses SymbolismSymbolism
Dog: FidelityDog: Fidelity Shoes: Holy GroundShoes: Holy Ground Saint Margaret: ChildbirthSaint Margaret: Childbirth Oranges: FertilityOranges: Fertility Medallions on Mirror: Depictions from the PassionMedallions on Mirror: Depictions from the Passion Candle: God’s All Seeing Eye, and UnityCandle: God’s All Seeing Eye, and Unity
Arnolfini and his Wife
Jan Van Eyck
1434
Oil on Wood
The DepositionThe Deposition
Rogier Van Der WeydenRogier Van Der Weyden AltarpieceAltarpiece Popular themePopular theme DramaticDramatic EmotionalEmotional Jesus in the centerJesus in the center
Last Judgment AltarpieceLast Judgment Altarpiece
Painted for a hospitalPainted for a hospital Archangel Michael dressed in white Archangel Michael dressed in white
dominates the center under Goddominates the center under God Mary and John at the edge of the rainbowMary and John at the edge of the rainbow Barren earth at the bottomBarren earth at the bottom Figures reacting to the Judgment of GodFigures reacting to the Judgment of God Patrons depicted on the frontPatrons depicted on the front
The Last Judgment Altarpiece
Rogier van der Weyden
1433
Portrait of a Lady
Rogier van der Weyden
1455
Oil and Tempera on Wood
A Goldsmith and His ShopA Goldsmith and His Shop
Goldsmith believed to be Saint EligiusGoldsmith believed to be Saint Eligius Patron Saint of MetalworkPatron Saint of Metalwork
Goldsmith weighs a jeweled ring as a Goldsmith weighs a jeweled ring as a couple looks oncouple looks on
Double horned headdress fashionable Double horned headdress fashionable during mid-centuryduring mid-century
Mirror shows the street outsideMirror shows the street outside
A Goldsmith and His Shop
Petrus Christus
1449
Oil
Wrongful Execution of the CountWrongful Execution of the Count
Empress falsely accuses a count of sexual Empress falsely accuses a count of sexual improprietyimpropriety
Otto has the count beheadedOtto has the count beheaded Countess receives husbands headCountess receives husbands head Empress is burning at the stake in the Empress is burning at the stake in the
background…Karma is a….background…Karma is a…. Use of atmospheric perspectiveUse of atmospheric perspective
Wrongful Exevution of the Count
Dirck Bouts
1470-75
Oil on Wood
Justice of Otto III
Dirck Bouts
1470-75
Oil on Wood
Portinari AltarpiecePortinari Altarpiece
Hugo Van Der GoesHugo Van Der Goes Dean of the painters guild in GhentDean of the painters guild in Ghent
Commissioned by Tommaso PortinariCommissioned by Tommaso Portinari Head of the Medici bankHead of the Medici bank
Wings contain the Portinari familyWings contain the Portinari family NativityNativity Glass vessel = Mary’s wombGlass vessel = Mary’s womb Blue flowers remind Mary of future sorrowsBlue flowers remind Mary of future sorrows Scattered violets symbolize humilityScattered violets symbolize humility
Portinari Altarpiece (Open)
Hugo van der Goes
1474-76
Oil on Wood
Fouquet DiptychFouquet Diptych
Jean Fouquet strongly influenced by Jean Fouquet strongly influenced by Flemish realismFlemish realism
Painted a diptych showing Chevalier Painted a diptych showing Chevalier praying to the Virgin and Childpraying to the Virgin and Child
Nearly grisailleNearly grisaille Saint wears ritual clothSaint wears ritual cloth Large stone on gospel = martyrdomLarge stone on gospel = martyrdom
Etienne Chevalier and Saint Stephen
Jean Fouquet
1450
Oil on Wood
Virgin and Child
Jean Fouquet
1450
Oil on Wood
Flamboyant StyleFlamboyant Style
Flamboyant = FlamingFlamboyant = Flaming Repeated, twisted, flamelike traceryRepeated, twisted, flamelike tracery
Elaborate architectural decorationElaborate architectural decoration Themes of natureThemes of nature Church of Saint-MacLou in Rouen Church of Saint-MacLou in Rouen
embodies this styleembodies this style
Church of Saint-Maclou, Rouen
Pierre Robin
1432-1521
Normandy, France
Miraculous Drought of FishesMiraculous Drought of Fishes
Konrad WitzKonrad Witz Largest commission before his early deathLargest commission before his early death Dedicated to Saint PeterDedicated to Saint Peter Depicts Jesus’ calling of the fishermanDepicts Jesus’ calling of the fisherman
Miraculous Drought of Fishes
Konrad Witz
1444
Oil on Wood