• Objectives:– Name the two properties of all matter

– Describe how volume and mass are measured

– Compare mass and weight

– Explain the relationship between mass and inertia

Everything Is Made of Matter

• What is Matter?– Matter is anything that has volume and mass.

• What is volume?– Volume is the amount of space taken up or occupied

by an object

• What is mass?– Mass is the amount of matter that something is made

of

What is The Difference Between Mass and

Weight?

– a measure of the amount of matter in an object.

– always constant for an object no matter where the object is in the universe.

– measured with a balance.

– expressed in kilograms (kg), grams (g), and milligrams (mg).

– a measure of the gravitational force on an object.

– varied depending on where the object is in relation to the Earth (or any other large body in the universe).

– measure with a spring scale

– expressed in newtons (N)

– the amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an object.

– is measured with a graduated cylinder– expressed in milliliters (ml) or cubic

centimeters (cm3).• The volume of the sun is about 1 million times

larger than the volume of the Earth.• The volume of a raindrop is 0.09ml, which means

that it would take almost 4,000 raindrops to fill a soda can.

Properties of M atter

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• Objectives– Give examples of matter’s different properties

– Describe how density is used to identify different substances

– Compare physical and chemical properties

– Explain what happens to matter during physical and chemical changes.

• Matter has both physical and chemical properties.

• Density can be used to identify different types of matter

• Matter goes through both physical and chemical changes.

• A property is a “special” quality or characteristic of matter.

• Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter

• Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties.

• Examples of physical properties include:– Mass– Volume– Odor– Color– Texture– Size– Shape

• The following table lists some more physical properties that are useful in describing or identifying matter

Physical Property Definition ExampleThermal conductivity The ability to transfer

thermal energy from one area to another

Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so hot chocolate in a plastic-foam cup will not burn your hand

State The physical form in which a substance exists, such as a solid, liquid, or gas

Lice is water in its solid state

Malleability The ability to be pounded into thin sheets

Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into sheets to make foil.

Ductility The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire

Copper is often used to make wiring

Solubility The ability to dissolve in another substance

Sugar dissolves in water

Density Mass per unit volume Sinkers are made of lead because lead is more dense than water

Density is a useful property for identifying substances for two reasons.

1) The density of a particular substance is ALWAYS the same at a given pressure and temperature

2) The density of one substance is usually different from that of another substance

Substance Density

(g/cm3)

Substance Density

(g/cm3)Helium (gas) 0.0001663 Copper (solid) 8.96

Oxygen (gas) 0.001331 Silver (solid) 10.50

Water (liquid) 1.00 Lead (solid) 11.35

Iron pyrite (solid)

5.02 Mercury (liquid)

13.55

Zinc (solid) 7.13 Gold (solid) 19.32

Densities of Common Substances at 20 degrees Celsius

To find an object’s density (D), first measure its mass (m) and volume (v). Then use the following equation:

D = m / v

Units for density are expressed using a mass unit divided by a volume unit, such as g/cm3 or g/ml

Remember, you measure mass with a balance and you measure volume with a graduated cylinder.

•1. List three physical properties of water.

•2. Why does a golf ball feel heavier than a table- tennis ball?

•3. Describe how you can determine the relative densities of liquids.

•4. How could you determine that a coin is not pure silver?

• Describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties

• For example, a piece of wood can be burned to create new substances (ash and smoke) with properties different from the original piece of wood.

– Flammability

– Nonflammability

– Reactivity with oxygen

– Reactivity with acid

– Reactivity with water• (reactivity just means that when two substances get

together, something can happen.)

• Chemical properties can be observed with your senses. However, chemical properties aren’t as easy to observe as physical properties.

• You can observe the flammability of wood only while the wood is burning

• You can observe the nonflammability of gold only when you try to burn it and it won’t burn

• Remember, a substance ALWAYS has its chemical properties. A piece of wood is flammable even when it’s not burning!

Why do cars rust??• Most car bodies are made

from steel, which is mostly iron

• Iron has many desirable physical properties, including strength, malleability, and a high melting point

• Iron also has many desirable chemical properties, including nonreactivity with oil and gasoline.

• However, one unfavorable chemical property of iron is its reactivity with oxygen. When iron is exposed to oxygen, it rusts.

• Because paint doesn’t react with oxygen, it provides a barrier between oxygen and the iron in the steel. If the paint chips, it exposes the iron in the car’s body to oxygen. The iron will rust and eventually crumble away.

• Bumpers are rust free because they are coated with a barrier of chromium, which is nonreactive with oxygen.

• Obviously car manufacturers use plastic products to reduce the effects of rust.

• A new car contains up to 180 kilograms of plastic. Back in 1970, cars contained only about 27 kilograms of plastic.

• Can you think of areas in a car where plastic is used?

• What is the advantages of using plastic parts instead of metal parts.

• You can describe matter by both physical and chemical properties.

• The properties that are most useful in identifying a substance are its characteristic properties.

• Scientists rely on characteristic properties to identify and classify substances.

• The following table compares both physical and chemical properties of some common substances.

Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties

Substance Physical Property Chemical Property

Helium Less dense than air Nonflammable

Wood Grainy texture Flammable

Baking soda White powder Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles

Powdered sugar White powder Does not react with vinegar

Rubbing alcohol Clear liquid Flammable

Red food coloring Red color Reacts with bleach and loses color

Iron Malleable Reacts with oxygen

• A physical change is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance.

• For example, if you break a piece of chalk in two, you change its physical properties of size and shape.

• No matter how many times you break it, chalk is still chalk.

– Turn a stick of butter into liquid butter to make popcorn tasty

– Dissolve sugar in water, the sugar seems to disappear into the water. But the identity of the sugar does not change. If you taste the water, you will also still taste the sugar.

• Freezing water for ice cubes• Sanding a piece of wood• Cutting your hair• Crushing an aluminum can• Bending a paper clip• Mixing oil and vinegar• Sharpening a pencil• Dissolving salt in water• Washing your hair• Polishing your head

• A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties.

• Chemical changes and chemical properties are not the same process. A chemical property describes a substance’s ability to go through a chemical change; a chemical change is the actual process in which that substance changes into another substance.

Soured milk smells bad because bacteria have formed new substances in the milk

The hot gas formed when hydrogen and oxygen join to make water helps blast the space shuttle into orbit

Effervescent tablets bubble when the citric acid and baking soda in them react with water.

The Statue of Liberty is made of shiny, orange-brown copper. But the metal’s interaction with carbon dioxide and water has formed a new substance, copper carbonate, and made this landmark lady green over time.

• The formation of acid precipitation is the result of numerous chemical changes

– When fossil fuels are burned, a chemical change takes place involving sulfur (found in the fossil fuel) and oxygen from the air.

– This chemical change produces sulfur dioxide, a gas.– When sulfur dioxide enter the atmosphere, it undergoes

another chemical change by mixing with water and oxygen.– This chemical change produces sulfuric acid, the primary

source of acid precipitation.– Acid precipitation can kill trees and make ponds and lakes

unable to support life.

• Clues to a chemical change occurring might involve:– Color changes– Fizzing or foaming– Heat given off– Production of sound light, or odor

• For example, when baking a cake you observe:– Batter rising and turning brown– Spongy texture created by gas bubbles– Smell of the sweet aroma of the cake

1. Classify each of the following properties as either physical or chemical:

a. Reacts with water?b. Dissolves in acetonec. Is blued. Does not react with hydrogen

2. List three clues that indicate a chemical change might be taking place

3. Describe the difference between physical changes and chemical changes in terms of what happens to the matter involved in each kind of change.

• Matter is anything that has volume and mass• Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object• The volume of liquids is expressed in liters and milliliters• The volume of solid objects is expressed in cubic units, such as

cubic centimeters• Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of• Mass and weight are not the same thing. Weight is a measure of

the gravitational force exerted on an object, usually in relation to the Earth

• Mass is usually expressed in milligrams, grams, and kilograms• The newton is the SI unit of force, so weight is expressed in

newtons• Inertia is the tendency of all objects to resist any change in

motion. Mass is a measure of inertia. The more massive an object is, the greater its inertia.

What is What is Matter?Matter?

Describing MatterDescribing Matter• Physical properties of matter can be observed without changing the

identity of the matter• Density is the amount of matter in a given space, or the mass per

unit volume• The density of a substance is always the same at a given pressure and

temperature regardless of the size of the sample of the substance.• Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to

change into a new substance with different properties• Chemical properties can be observed only when one substance might

become a new substance• The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same

whether the sample observed is large or small• When a substance undergoes a physical change, its identity remains

the same.• A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed

into new substances with different properties.